PubChem é um banco de dados de moléculas operado e mantido pelo National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), que faz parte da National Library of Medicine, que por sua vez integra a National Institutes of Health do Estados Unidos da América. Pode-se consultar gratuitamente através da internet. Para além disso podem-se descarregar os dados de milhões de estruturas via FTP. A maioria das moléculas listadas em PubChem possui um peso molecular inferior a 2000 unidades de massa atómica. A American Chemical Society tentou restringir as suas actividades, alegando que competiam com o Chemical Abstracts Service. Mais de 80 provedores de bases de dados contribuem para o crescimento do PubChem.[1]
O pubchem permite o acesso à sua tabela periódica no endereço https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/periodic-table.
Ao clicar em algum elemento, por exemplo o hidrogênio (H), é aberta uma janela modal com as principais propriedades do hidrogênio, contendo um botão "Hidrogen Element Page".
Clicando no botão "Hidrogen Element Page" o site é redirecionado para página de sumário dos elementos da tabela periódica no endereço https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/element/1.
No canto lateral direito superior pode ser observado o botão "Download".
Clicando em Download
Clicando no botão "Save" do formato JSON é baixado o arquivo "tpes_nt_ATOMIC NUMBER_118.json" no seu disco local, no diretório configurado para downloads.
Fecha-se a janela de download e seleciona-se o próximo elemento, o hélio (He).
Repete-se o procedimento de download com o botão "Download" e "Save" no formato JSON da janela modal de download.
Repete-se este processo para cada um dos 118 elementos da tabela periódica.
Após os dados terem sido todos baixados, teremos um diretório local com 118 arquivos com o formato json, com os dados relativos a cada um dos elementos da tabela periódica.
... 
O conteúdo dos arquivos é semelhante,
Com o Windows, o conteúdo dos diversos arquivos no formato json pode ser concatenado junto em um único arquivo com o comando list.
list *.json tpp-lista-elementos.jsUsando uma janela de comando de texto do Windows, aberta com o aplicativo CMD, executado a partir do prompt do Windows.
O arquivo tpp-objeto-elementos.js contém agora os dados de todos os 118 elementos, e dois pequenos ajustes precisam ser realizados para que os arquivos JSON sejam convertidos para um objeto JavaScript que possa ser utilizado no projeto TPP.
Para estes ajustes é utilizado o programa Notepad++, um editor de textos excelente para a edição de código de programação em diferentes linguagens, no nosso caso HTML, CSS e Javascript, principalmente.
O primeiro ajuste é declarar uma variável com nome elementos igual a um vetor (array), com o caracter de início de vetor "[" na primeira linha e o caracter de fim de vetor "]" na última linha.
var elementos = [
...
]O segundo ajuste é separar a sequência de objetos com uma vírgula.
O objeto de um elemento acaba com um caracter de fim de bloco "}" na primeira coluna e o objeto seguinte é iniciado com o caracter de início de bloco "{":
...
}
{
...Para que estes objetos possam ser transformados em itens do vetor listaElementos ajustado acima um caracter de separação "," deve ser colocado após o caracter de fim de bloco "}" da declaração que se encerra de dados do objeto do elemento a ser separado do seguinte.
...
},
{
...
Após os dados terem sido todos baixados, teremos um diretório local com 118 arquivos com o formato json, com os dados relativos a cada um dos elementos da tabela periódica.
O conteúdo dos arquivos é semelhante, sendo apresentado a seguir
{
"Record": {
"RecordType": "AtomicNumber",
"RecordNumber": 1,
"RecordTitle": "Hydrogen",
"Section": [
{
"TOCHeading": "Identifiers",
"Description": "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
"Section": [
{
"TOCHeading": "Element Name",
"Description": "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
"URL": "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01022.html",
"Information": [
{
"ReferenceNumber": 1,
"Name": "Element Name",
"Value": {
"StringWithMarkup": [
{
"String": "Hydrogen"
}
]
}
},
{
"ReferenceNumber": 3,
"Name": "Element Name",
"Value": {
"StringWithMarkup": [
{
"String": "Hydrogen"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
"TOCHeading": "Element Symbol",
"Description": "Element symbol, Also called atomic symbol, typically consists of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet derived from the element name in one of several languages.",
"URL": "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
"Information": [
{
"ReferenceNumber": 1,
"Name": "Element Symbol",
"Value": {
"StringWithMarkup": [
{
"String": "H"
}
]
}
},
{
"ReferenceNumber": 3,
"Name": "Element Symbol",
"Value": {
"StringWithMarkup": [
{
"String": "H"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
"TOCHeading": "InChI",
"Description": "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
"URL": "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
"Information": [
{
"ReferenceNumber": 1,
"Name": "InChI",
"Value": {
"StringWithMarkup": [
{
"String": "InChI=1S/H"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
"TOCHeading": "InChI Key",
"Description": "International Chemical Identifier hash (InChIKey) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
"URL": "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
"Information": [
{
"ReferenceNumber": 1,
"Name": "InChI Key",
"Value": {
"StringWithMarkup": [
{
"String": "YZCKVEUIGOORGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
"TOCHeading": "Properties",
"Description": "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
"URL": "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
"Section": [
{
"TOCHeading": "Atomic Weight",
"Description": "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
"URL": "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
"Information": [
{
"ReferenceNumber": 3,
"Name": "Atomic Weight",
"Value": {
"StringWithMarkup": [
{
"String": "[1.007 84, 1.008 11]"
}
]
}
},
{
"ReferenceNumber": 4,
"Value": {
"StringWithMarkup": [
{
"String": "1.00794"
}
]
}
},
{
"ReferenceNumber": 5,
"Value": {
"StringWithMarkup": [
{
"String": "1.008"
}
]
}
},
{
"ReferenceNumber": 6,
"Name": "Atomic Weight",
"Value": {
"StringWithMarkup": [
{
"String": "[1.00784,1.00811]"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
"TOCHeading": "Electron Configuration",
"Description": "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
"URL": "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
"Information": [
{
"ReferenceNumber": 5,
"Value": {
"StringWithMarkup": [
{
"String": "1s1",
"Markup": [
{
"Start": 2,
"Length": 1,
"Type": "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
},
{
"ReferenceNumber": 6,
"Name": "Electron Configuration",
"Value": {
"StringWithMarkup": [
{
"String": "1s"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
"TOCHeading": "Atomic Radius",
"Description": "Atomic radius is the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell containing electrons.",
"URL": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_radius",
"Information": [
{
"ReferenceNumber": 5,
"Name": "Van der Waals Atomic Radius",
"Value": {
"StringWithMarkup": [
{
"String": "120 pm (Van der Waals)"
}
]
}
},
{
"ReferenceNumber": 8,
"Name": "Empirical Atomic Radius",
"Reference": [
"J.C. Slater, J Chem Phys, 1964, 41(10), 3199-3205. DOI:10.1063/1.1725697"
],
"Value": {
"Number": [
25
],
"Unit": "pm (Empirical)"
}
},
{
"ReferenceNumber": 8,
"Name": "Covalent Atomic Radius",
"Reference": [
"B. Cordero, V. Gómez, A.E. Platero-Prats, M. Revés, J. Echeverría, E. Cremades, F. Barragán, S. Alvarez, Dalton Trans. 2008, 21, 2832-2838. DOI:10.1039/b801115j PMID:18478144."
],
"Value": {
"StringWithMarkup": [
{
"String": "31(5) pm (Covalent)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
"TOCHeading": "Oxidation States",
"Description": "Oxidation state gives the degree of oxidation of an atom in terms of counting electrons.",
"URL": "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/O/O04365.html",
"Information": [
{
"ReferenceNumber": 4,
"Value": {
"StringWithMarkup": [
{
"String": "+1, -1"
}
]
}
},
{
"ReferenceNumber": 5,
"Value": {
"StringWithMarkup": [
{
"String": "−1, +1 (an amphoteric oxide)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
"TOCHeading": "Ground Level",
"Description": "Also called ground-state level. The ground state electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom with lower energy levels.",
"URL": "https://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/ASD/Html/iehelp.html#IEGROUNDLEV",
"Information": [
{
"ReferenceNumber": 6,
"Name": "Ground Level",
"Value": {
"StringWithMarkup": [
{
"String": "2S1/2",
"Markup": [
{
"Start": 0,
"Length": 1,
"Type": "Superscript"
},
{
"Start": 2,
"Length": 3,
"Type": "Subscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
"TOCHeading": "Ionization Energy",
"Description": "Ionization energy is the minimum energy required to eject an electron out of a neutral atom or molecule in its ground state.",
"URL": "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/I/I03199.html",
"Information": [
{
"ReferenceNumber": 4,
"Value": {
"StringWithMarkup": [
{
"String": "13.598 eV"
}
]
}
},
{
"ReferenceNumber": 6,
"Name": "Ionization Energy",
"Value": {
"StringWithMarkup": [
{
"String": "13.598434599702 eV (Theoretical value.)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
"TOCHeading": "Electronegativity",
"Description": "The concept electronegativity was introduced by L. Pauling as the power of an atom to attract electrons to itself.",
"URL": "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01990",
"Information": [
{
"ReferenceNumber": 8,
"Name": "Pauling Scale Electronegativity",
"Reference": [
"A.L. Allred, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 1961, 17(3-4), 215-221. DOI:10.1016/0022-1902(61)80142-5"
],
"Value": {
"Number": [
2.2
],
"Unit": "(Pauling Scale)"
}
},
{
"ReferenceNumber": 8,
"Name": "Allen Scale Electronegativity",
"Reference": [
"L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1989, 111, 9003. DOI:10.1021/ja00207a003; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek and L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 2780. DOI:10.1021/ja992866e; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek, E.T. Knight, J.F. Capitani and L.C Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 5132. DOI:10.1021/ja9928677"
],
"Value": {
"Number": [
2.3
],
"Unit": "(Allen Scale)"
}
}
]
},
{
"TOCHeading": "Electron Affinity",
"Description": "Electron affinity refers to energy required to detach an electron from the singly charged negative ion.",
"URL": "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01977",
"Information": [
{
"ReferenceNumber": 8,
"Name": "Electron Affinity",
"Reference": [
"R.T Myers, J. Chem. Edu., 1990, 67(4), 307. DOI:10.1021/ed067p307"
],
"Value": {
"Number": [
0.754
],
"Unit": "eV"
}
},
{
"ReferenceNumber": 8,
"Name": "Electron Affinity",
"Reference": [
"R.J. Zollweg, J. Chem. Phys., 1969, 50, 4251. DOI:10.1063/1.1670890"
],
"Value": {
"Number": [
0.77
],
"Unit": "eV"
}
}
]
},
{
"TOCHeading": "Atomic Spectra",
"Description": "Atomic and ionic spectral lines originate from specified electronic transitions between energy levels of atoms and ions, respectively.",
"URL": "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00502.html",
"Information": [
{
"ReferenceNumber": 6,
"Name": "Atomic Spectra",
"URL": "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/lines_hold.pl?el=H",
"Value": {
"StringWithMarkup": [
{
"String": "Lines Holdings"
}
]
}
},
{
"ReferenceNumber": 6,
"Name": "Atomic Spectra",
"URL": "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/levels_hold.pl?el=H",
"Value": {
"StringWithMarkup": [
{
"String": "Levels Holdings"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
"TOCHeading": "Physical Description",
"Description": "Physical description, also know as physical characteristics, refers to physical appearance of element substances.",
"Information": [
{
"ReferenceNumber": 4,
"Value": {
"StringWithMarkup": [
{
"String": "Gas"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
"TOCHeading": "Element Classification",
"Description": "Elements can be classified few groups according to each element's chemical properties.",
"Information": [
{
"ReferenceNumber": 4,
"Value": {
"StringWithMarkup": [
{
"String": "Non-metal"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
"TOCHeading": "Element Period Number",
"Description": "The element period number refers to a horizontal row of the periodic table. The periodic table has 7 periods.",
"URL": "https://www.britannica.com/science/periodic-table-of-the-elements/The-periodic-table#ref80835",
"Information": [
{
"ReferenceNumber": 4,
"Value": {
"StringWithMarkup": [
{
"String": "1"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
"TOCHeading": "Element Group Number",
"Description": "Element group refers to a set of chemical elements in the same vertical column of the periodic table",
"URL": "https://www.britannica.com/science/group-periodic-table",
"Information": [
{
"ReferenceNumber": 4,
"Value": {
"StringWithMarkup": [
{
"String": "1"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
"TOCHeading": "Density",
"Description": "Density is a degree of consistency measured by the quantity of mass per unit volume",
"URL": "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/D/D01590.html",
"Information": [
{
"ReferenceNumber": 4,
"Value": {
"StringWithMarkup": [
{
"String": "0.00008988 grams per cubic centimeter"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
"TOCHeading": "Melting Point",
"Description": "The melting point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from solid to liquid at atmospheric pressure",
"URL": "https://www.britannica.com/science/melting-point",
"Information": [
{
"ReferenceNumber": 4,
"Value": {
"StringWithMarkup": [
{
"String": "13.81 K (-259.34°C or -434.81°F)"
}
]
}
},
{
"ReferenceNumber": 5,
"Value": {
"StringWithMarkup": [
{
"String": "-259.16°C"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
"TOCHeading": "Boiling Point",
"Description": "Boiling Point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from liquid to gas at atmospheric pressure",
"URL": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_point",
"Information": [
{
"ReferenceNumber": 4,
"Value": {
"StringWithMarkup": [
{
"String": "20.28 K (-252.87°C or -423.17°F)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
"TOCHeading": "Estimated Crustal Abundance",
"Description": "The estimated element abundance in earth crust",
"URL": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust",
"Information": [
{
"ReferenceNumber": 4,
"Value": {
"StringWithMarkup": [
{
"String": "1.40×103 milligrams per kilogram",
"Markup": [
{
"Start": 7,
"Length": 1,
"Type": "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
"TOCHeading": "Estimated Oceanic Abundance",
"Description": "The estimated element abundance in ocean",
"Information": [
{
"ReferenceNumber": 4,
"Value": {
"StringWithMarkup": [
{
"String": "1.08×105 milligrams per liter",
"Markup": [
{
"Start": 7,
"Length": 1,
"Type": "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
"TOCHeading": "History",
"Description": "Element discovery and related information in history",
"Information": [
{
"ReferenceNumber": 3,
"Name": "History",
"Value": {
"StringWithMarkup": [
{
"String": "The name derives from the Greek hydro for \"water\" and genes for \"forming\" because it burned in air to form water. Hydrogen was discovered by the English physicist Henry Cavendish in 1766.",
"Markup": [
{
"Start": 32,
"Length": 5,
"Type": "Italics"
},
{
"Start": 54,
"Length": 5,
"Type": "Italics"
}
]
}
]
}
},
{
"ReferenceNumber": 4,
"Value": {
"StringWithMarkup": [
{
"String": "Scientists had been producing hydrogen for years before it was recognized as an element. Written records indicate that Robert Boyle produced hydrogen gas as early as 1671 while experimenting with iron and acids. Hydrogen was first recognized as a distinct element by Henry Cavendish in 1766. Composed of a single proton and a single electron, hydrogen is the simplest and most abundant element in the universe. It is estimated that 90% of the visible universe is composed of hydrogen."
},
{
"String": "Hydrogen is the raw fuel that most stars 'burn' to produce energy. The same process, known as fusion, is being studied as a possible power source for use on earth. The sun's supply of hydrogen is expected to last another 5 billion years."
}
]
}
},
{
"ReferenceNumber": 5,
"Value": {
"StringWithMarkup": [
{
"String": "From the Greek word hydro (water), and genes (forming). Hydrogen was recognized as a distinct substance by Henry Cavendish in 1776. Diagram of a simple hydrogen atom.",
"Markup": [
{
"Start": 20,
"Length": 5,
"Type": "Italics"
},
{
"Start": 39,
"Length": 5,
"Type": "Italics"
}
]
},
{
"String": "Hydrogen is the most abundant of all elements in the universe. The heavier elements were originally made from hydrogen atoms or from other elements that were originally made from hydrogen atoms."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
"TOCHeading": "Uses",
"Description": "Uses information in industry and other fields",
"Information": [
{
"ReferenceNumber": 4,
"Value": {
"StringWithMarkup": [
{
"String": "Hydrogen is a commercially important element. Large amounts of hydrogen are combined with nitrogen from the air to produce ammonia (NH3) through a process called the Haber process. Hydrogen is also added to fats and oils, such as peanut oil, through a process called hydrogenation. Liquid hydrogen is used in the study of superconductors and, when combined with liquid oxygen, makes an excellent rocket fuel.",
"Markup": [
{
"Start": 134,
"Length": 1,
"Type": "Subscript"
}
]
},
{
"String": "Hydrogen combines with other elements to form numerous compounds. Some of the common ones are: water (H2O), ammonia (NH3), methane (CH4), table sugar (C12H22O11), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and hydrochloric acid (HCl).",
"Markup": [
{
"Start": 103,
"Length": 1,
"Type": "Subscript"
},
{
"Start": 119,
"Length": 1,
"Type": "Subscript"
},
{
"Start": 134,
"Length": 1,
"Type": "Subscript"
},
{
"Start": 152,
"Length": 2,
"Type": "Subscript"
},
{
"Start": 155,
"Length": 2,
"Type": "Subscript"
},
{
"Start": 158,
"Length": 2,
"Type": "Subscript"
},
{
"Start": 183,
"Length": 1,
"Type": "Subscript"
},
{
"Start": 185,
"Length": 1,
"Type": "Subscript"
}
]
},
{
"String": "Hydrogen has three common isotopes. The simplest isotope, called protium, is just ordinary hydrogen. The second, a stable isotope called deuterium, was discovered in 1932. The third isotope, tritium, was discovered in 1934."
}
]
}
},
{
"ReferenceNumber": 5,
"Value": {
"StringWithMarkup": [
{
"String": "Great quantities of hydrogen are required commercially for nitrogen fixation using the Haber ammonia process, and for the hydrogenation of fats and oils. It is also used in large quantities in methanol production, in hydrodealkylation, hydrocracking, and hydrodesulfurization. Other uses include rocket fuel, welding, producing hydrochloric acid, reducing metallic ores, and filling balloons."
},
{
"String": "The lifting power of 1 cubic foot of hydrogen gas is about 0.07 lb at °C, 760 mm pressure."
},
{
"String": "The hydrogen fuel cell is a developing technology that will allow great amounts of electrical power to be obtained using a source of hydrogen gas."
},
{
"String": "Consideration is being given to an entire economy based on solar- and nuclear-generated hydrogen. Public acceptance, high capital investment, and the high cost of hydrogen with respect to today's fuels are but a few of the problems facing such an economy. Located in remote regions, power plants would electrolyze seawater; the hydrogen produced would travel to distant cities by pipelines. Pollution-free hydrogen could replace natural gas, gasoline, etc., and could serve as a reducing agent in metallurgy, chemical processing, refining, etc. It could also be used to convert trash into methane and ethylene."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
"TOCHeading": "Sources",
"Description": "Sources (where the element come from) information for the given element",
"Information": [
{
"ReferenceNumber": 5,
"Value": {
"StringWithMarkup": [
{
"String": "Hydrogen is estimated to make up more than 90% of all the atoms three quarters of the mass of the universe! This element is found in the stars, and plays an important part in powering the universe through both the proton-proton reaction and carbon-nitrogen cycle. Stellar hydrogen fusion processes release massive amounts of energy by combining hydrogens to form helium."
},
{
"String": "Production of hydrogen in the U.S. alone amounts to about 3 billion cubic feet per year. Hydrogen is prepared by"
},
{
"String": "▸ steam on heated carbon,"
},
{
"String": "▸ decomposition of certain hydrocarbons with heat,"
},
{
"String": "▸ reaction of sodium or potassium hydroxide on aluminum"
},
{
"String": "▸ electrolysis of water, or"
},
{
"String": "▸ displacement from acids by certain metals."
},
{
"String": "Liquid hydrogen is important in cryogenics and in the study of superconductivity, as its melting point is only 20 degrees above absolute zero."
},
{
"String": "Tritium is readily produced in nuclear reactors and is used in the production of the hydrogen bomb."
},
{
"String": "Hydrogen is the primary component of Jupiter and the other gas giant planets. At some depth in the planet's interior the pressure is so great that solid molecular hydrogen is converted to solid metallic hydrogen."
},
{
"String": "In 1973, a group of Russian experimenters may have produced metallic hydrogen at a pressure of 2.8 Mbar. At the transition the density changed from 1.08 to 1.3 g/cm3. Earlier, in 1972, at Livermore, California, a group also reported on a similar experiment in which they observed a pressure-volume point centered at 2 Mbar. Predictions say that metallic hydrogen may be metastable; others have predicted it would be a superconductor at room temperature.",
"Markup": [
{
"Start": 164,
"Length": 1,
"Type": "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
"TOCHeading": "Compounds",
"Description": "Related compounds information to this element",
"Information": [
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tocHeading: "Identifiers",
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tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
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{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
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{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
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information: [
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{
tocHeading: "Ionization Energy",
description: "Ionization energy is the minimum energy required to eject an electron out of a neutral atom or molecule in its ground state.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/I/I03199.html",
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name: "Ionization Energy",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "13.598434599702 eV (Theoretical value.)"
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]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electronegativity",
description: "The concept electronegativity was introduced by L. Pauling as the power of an atom to attract electrons to itself.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01990",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Pauling Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"A.L. Allred, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 1961, 17(3-4), 215-221. DOI:10.1016/0022-1902(61)80142-5"
],
value: {
number: [
2.2
],
unit: "(Pauling Scale)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Allen Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1989, 111, 9003. DOI:10.1021/ja00207a003; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek and L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 2780. DOI:10.1021/ja992866e; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek, E.T. Knight, J.F. Capitani and L.C Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 5132. DOI:10.1021/ja9928677"
],
value: {
number: [
2.3
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unit: "(Allen Scale)"
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},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Affinity",
description: "Electron affinity refers to energy required to detach an electron from the singly charged negative ion.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01977",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.T Myers, J. Chem. Edu., 1990, 67(4), 307. DOI:10.1021/ed067p307"
],
value: {
number: [
0.754
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unit: "eV"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.J. Zollweg, J. Chem. Phys., 1969, 50, 4251. DOI:10.1063/1.1670890"
],
value: {
number: [
0.77
],
unit: "eV"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Spectra",
description: "Atomic and ionic spectral lines originate from specified electronic transitions between energy levels of atoms and ions, respectively.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00502.html",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/lines_hold.pl?el=H",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Lines Holdings"
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value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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},
{
tocHeading: "Physical Description",
description: "Physical description, also know as physical characteristics, refers to physical appearance of element substances.",
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value: {
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string: "Gas"
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}
}
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},
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tocHeading: "Element Classification",
description: "Elements can be classified few groups according to each element's chemical properties.",
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value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Non-metal"
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]
}
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},
{
tocHeading: "Element Period Number",
description: "The element period number refers to a horizontal row of the periodic table. The periodic table has 7 periods.",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/periodic-table-of-the-elements/The-periodic-table#ref80835",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "1"
}
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},
{
tocHeading: "Element Group Number",
description: "Element group refers to a set of chemical elements in the same vertical column of the periodic table",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/group-periodic-table",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "1"
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tocHeading: "Density",
description: "Density is a degree of consistency measured by the quantity of mass per unit volume",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/D/D01590.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "0.00008988 grams per cubic centimeter"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Melting Point",
description: "The melting point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from solid to liquid at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/melting-point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "13.81 K (-259.34°C or -434.81°F)"
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}
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value: {
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string: "-259.16°C"
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},
{
tocHeading: "Boiling Point",
description: "Boiling Point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from liquid to gas at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_point",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "20.28 K (-252.87°C or -423.17°F)"
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}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Crustal Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in earth crust",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust",
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value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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},
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tocHeading: "Estimated Oceanic Abundance",
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value: {
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string: "Scientists had been producing hydrogen for years before it was recognized as an element. Written records indicate that Robert Boyle produced hydrogen gas as early as 1671 while experimenting with iron and acids. Hydrogen was first recognized as a distinct element by Henry Cavendish in 1766. Composed of a single proton and a single electron, hydrogen is the simplest and most abundant element in the universe. It is estimated that 90% of the visible universe is composed of hydrogen."
},
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string: "Hydrogen is the raw fuel that most stars 'burn' to produce energy. The same process, known as fusion, is being studied as a possible power source for use on earth. The sun's supply of hydrogen is expected to last another 5 billion years."
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tocHeading: "Uses",
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length: 2,
type: "Subscript"
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length: 2,
type: "Subscript"
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length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
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length: 1,
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string: "Hydrogen has three common isotopes. The simplest isotope, called protium, is just ordinary hydrogen. The second, a stable isotope called deuterium, was discovered in 1932. The third isotope, tritium, was discovered in 1934."
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{
string: "The lifting power of 1 cubic foot of hydrogen gas is about 0.07 lb at °C, 760 mm pressure."
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{
string: "The hydrogen fuel cell is a developing technology that will allow great amounts of electrical power to be obtained using a source of hydrogen gas."
},
{
string: "Consideration is being given to an entire economy based on solar- and nuclear-generated hydrogen. Public acceptance, high capital investment, and the high cost of hydrogen with respect to today's fuels are but a few of the problems facing such an economy. Located in remote regions, power plants would electrolyze seawater; the hydrogen produced would travel to distant cities by pipelines. Pollution-free hydrogen could replace natural gas, gasoline, etc., and could serve as a reducing agent in metallurgy, chemical processing, refining, etc. It could also be used to convert trash into methane and ethylene."
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tocHeading: "Sources",
description: "Sources (where the element come from) information for the given element",
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{
string: "Production of hydrogen in the U.S. alone amounts to about 3 billion cubic feet per year. Hydrogen is prepared by"
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{
string: "▸ steam on heated carbon,"
},
{
string: "▸ decomposition of certain hydrocarbons with heat,"
},
{
string: "▸ reaction of sodium or potassium hydroxide on aluminum"
},
{
string: "▸ electrolysis of water, or"
},
{
string: "▸ displacement from acids by certain metals."
},
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string: "Liquid hydrogen is important in cryogenics and in the study of superconductivity, as its melting point is only 20 degrees above absolute zero."
},
{
string: "Tritium is readily produced in nuclear reactors and is used in the production of the hydrogen bomb."
},
{
string: "Hydrogen is the primary component of Jupiter and the other gas giant planets. At some depth in the planet's interior the pressure is so great that solid molecular hydrogen is converted to solid metallic hydrogen."
},
{
string: "In 1973, a group of Russian experimenters may have produced metallic hydrogen at a pressure of 2.8 Mbar. At the transition the density changed from 1.08 to 1.3 g/cm3. Earlier, in 1972, at Livermore, California, a group also reported on a similar experiment in which they observed a pressure-volume point centered at 2 Mbar. Predictions say that metallic hydrogen may be metastable; others have predicted it would be a superconductor at room temperature.",
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tocHeading: "Compounds",
description: "Related compounds information to this element",
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string: "Although pure hydrogen is a gas, we find very little of it in our atmosphere. Hydrogen gas is so light that, uncombined, hydrogen will gain enough velocity from collisions with other gases that they will quickly be ejected from the atmosphere. On earth, hydrogen occurs chiefly in combination with oxygen in water, but it is also present in organic matter such as living plants, petroleum, coal, etc. It is present as the free element in the atmosphere, but only less than 1 ppm by volume. The lightest of all gases, hydrogen combines with other elements sometimes explosively to form compounds."
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{
string: "Normal hydrogen at room temperature contains 25% of the para form and 75% of the ortho form. The ortho form cannot be prepared in the pure state. Since the two forms differ in energy, the physical properties also differ. The melting and boiling points of parahydrogen are about 0.1°C lower than those of normal hydrogen."
}
]
}
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stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "See more information at the Hydrogen compound page."
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string: "5.035311493 ± 0.00009602"
},
{
string: "6.044955437 ± 0.000272816"
},
{
string: "7.052749 ± 0.001078 [Estimated]"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Half Life and Uncertainty",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Stable"
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{
string: "Stable"
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{
string: "12.32 y ± 0.02"
},
{
string: "139 ys ± 10"
},
{
string: ">910 ys"
},
{
string: "290 ys ± 70"
},
{
string: "500 ys [Estimated]"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Discovery Year",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1920"
},
{
string: "1932"
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{
string: "1934"
},
{
string: "1981"
},
{
string: "1987"
},
{
string: "1984"
},
{
string: "2003"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Decay Modes, Intensities and Uncertainties [%]",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "IS=99.9885±7%"
},
{
string: "IS=0.0115±7%"
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{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
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}
]
},
{
string: "n=100%"
},
{
string: "2n=100%"
},
{
string: "n ?; 3n ?"
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{
string: "2n ?"
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]
}
}
]
}
]
}
],
reference: [
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referenceNumber: 1,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "PubChem",
description: "Data deposited in or computed by PubChem",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
sourceName: "Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)",
sourceID: "e1",
name: "H",
description: "The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.",
url: "https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/",
anid: 6590228
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
sourceName: "Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)",
sourceID: "a1",
name: "Hydrogen",
description: "Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report) and CIAAW. The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/",
url: "http://www.ciaaw.org/hydrogen.htm",
licenseURL: "http://www.ciaaw.org/bylaws.htm",
anid: 2292382
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{
referenceNumber: 4,
sourceName: "Jefferson Lab, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "jlab1",
name: "Hydrogen",
description: "Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/",
url: "https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele001.html",
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licenseURL: "https://www.jlab.org/privacy-and-security-notice",
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referenceNumber: 5,
sourceName: "Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "lanl1",
name: "Hydrogen",
description: "The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.",
url: "https://periodic.lanl.gov/1.shtml",
anid: 507181
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
sourceName: "NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory",
sourceID: "e1",
name: "Hydrogen",
description: "The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Elements/elInfo.pl?element=1",
licenseURL: "https://www.nist.gov/pml/database-disclaimer",
anid: 2292618
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description: "The element property data was retrieved from publications.",
anid: 7660002
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sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "1",
name: "Hydrogen",
description: "This section provides all form of data related to element Hydrogen.",
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{
record: {
recordType: "AtomicNumber",
recordNumber: 10,
recordTitle: "Neon",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01022.html",
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]
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{
tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
description: "Element symbol, Also called atomic symbol, typically consists of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet derived from the element name in one of several languages.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Symbol",
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string: "Ne"
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}
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{
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name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Ne"
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]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "InChI=1S/Ne"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI Key",
description: "International Chemical Identifier hash (InChIKey) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI Key",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "GKAOGPIIYCISHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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value: {
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name: "Atomic Weight",
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]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
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},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Electron Configuration",
value: {
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length: 1,
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]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Radius",
description: "Atomic radius is the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell containing electrons.",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_radius",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
name: "Van der Waals Atomic Radius",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "154 pm (Van der Waals)"
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]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Covalent Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"B. Cordero, V. Gómez, A.E. Platero-Prats, M. Revés, J. Echeverría, E. Cremades, F. Barragán, S. Alvarez, Dalton Trans. 2008, 21, 2832-2838. DOI:10.1039/b801115j PMID:18478144."
],
value: {
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string: "58 pm (Covalent)"
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}
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]
},
{
tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
description: "Oxidation state gives the degree of oxidation of an atom in terms of counting electrons.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/O/O04365.html",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ground Level",
description: "Also called ground-state level. The ground state electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom with lower energy levels.",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/ASD/Html/iehelp.html#IEGROUNDLEV",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ground Level",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ionization Energy",
description: "Ionization energy is the minimum energy required to eject an electron out of a neutral atom or molecule in its ground state.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/I/I03199.html",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
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string: "21.565 eV"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ionization Energy",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "21.564541 eV"
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]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electronegativity",
description: "The concept electronegativity was introduced by L. Pauling as the power of an atom to attract electrons to itself.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01990",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Allen Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1989, 111, 9003. DOI:10.1021/ja00207a003; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek and L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 2780. DOI:10.1021/ja992866e; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek, E.T. Knight, J.F. Capitani and L.C Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 5132. DOI:10.1021/ja9928677"
],
value: {
number: [
4.787
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unit: "(Allen Scale)"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Affinity",
description: "Electron affinity refers to energy required to detach an electron from the singly charged negative ion.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01977",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.T Myers, J. Chem. Edu., 1990, 67(4), 307. DOI:10.1021/ed067p307"
],
value: {
number: [
0
],
unit: "eV"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.J. Zollweg, J. Chem. Phys., 1969, 50, 4251. DOI:10.1063/1.1670890"
],
value: {
number: [
-0.3
],
unit: "eV"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Spectra",
description: "Atomic and ionic spectral lines originate from specified electronic transitions between energy levels of atoms and ions, respectively.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00502.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/lines_hold.pl?el=Ne",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Lines Holdings"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/levels_hold.pl?el=Ne",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Levels Holdings"
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]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Physical Description",
description: "Physical description, also know as physical characteristics, refers to physical appearance of element substances.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Gas"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Classification",
description: "Elements can be classified few groups according to each element's chemical properties.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Non-metal"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Period Number",
description: "The element period number refers to a horizontal row of the periodic table. The periodic table has 7 periods.",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/periodic-table-of-the-elements/The-periodic-table#ref80835",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "2"
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]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Group Number",
description: "Element group refers to a set of chemical elements in the same vertical column of the periodic table",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/group-periodic-table",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "18 - Noble Gas"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Density",
description: "Density is a degree of consistency measured by the quantity of mass per unit volume",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/D/D01590.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "0.0008999 grams per cubic centimeter"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Melting Point",
description: "The melting point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from solid to liquid at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/melting-point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "24.56 K (-248.59°C or -415.46°F)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "-258.59°C"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Boiling Point",
description: "Boiling Point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from liquid to gas at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "27.07 K (-246.08°C or -410.94°F)"
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}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "-246.046°C"
}
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}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Crustal Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in earth crust",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "5×10-3 milligrams per kilogram",
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}
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}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Oceanic Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in ocean",
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "1.2×10-4 milligrams per liter",
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}
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}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "History",
description: "Element discovery and related information in history",
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referenceNumber: 3,
name: "History",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "The name derives from the Greek neos for \"new\". It was discovered from its bright orange spectral lines by the Scottish chemist William Ramsay and the English chemist Morris William Travers in 1898 from a liquefied air sample.",
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value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Neon was discovered by Sir William Ramsay, a Scottish chemist, and Morris M. Travers, an English chemist, shortly after their discovery of the element krypton in 1898. Like krypton, neon was discovered through the study of liquefied air. Although neon is the fourth most abundant element in the universe, only 0.0018% of the earth's atmosphere is neon."
}
]
}
},
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referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "From the Greek word neos, new. Discovered by Ramsay and Travers in 1898. Neon is a rare gaseous element present in the atmosphere to the extent of 1 part in 65,000 of air. It is obtained by liquefaction of air and separated from the other gases by fractional distillation."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Uses",
description: "Uses information in industry and other fields",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "The largest use for neon gas is in advertising signs. Neon is also used to make high voltage indicators and is combined with helium to make helium-neon lasers. Liquid neon is used as a cryogenic refrigerant. Neon is highly inert and forms no known compounds, although there is some evidence that it could form a compound with fluorine."
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Although neon advertising signs account for the bulk of its use, neon also functions in high-voltage indicators, lightning arrestors, wave meter tubes, and TV tubes. Neon and helium are used in making gas lasers. Liquid neon is now commercially available and is finding important application as an economical cryogenic refrigerant."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Compounds",
description: "Related compounds information to this element",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Neon is a very inert element, however, it has been reported to form a compound with fluorine. It is still questionable if true compounds of neon exist, but evidence is mounting in favor of their existence. The ions, Ne+, (NeAr)+, (NeH)+, and (HeNe+) are known from optical and mass spectrometric studies. Neon also forms an unstable hydrate."
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 7,
name: "Compounds",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Neon",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "See more information at the Neon compound page."
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}
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},
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description: "Isotopes are variants of a chemical element which contain different neutron number",
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value: {
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section: [
{
tocHeading: "Isotope Mass and Abundance",
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},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Mass, Half Life, and Decay",
description: "This section provides the information from the Nubase2016. The number after the ± refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton. The '?' refers to 'not determined or qualified'. For further explainations, click read more below.",
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{
string: "18.005708693 ± 0.00000039"
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{
string: "19.001880903 ± 0.000000171"
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{
string: "19.99244017619 ± 0.00000000168"
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string: "21.991385109 ± 0.000000018"
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string: "22.994466900 ± 0.000000112"
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string: "26.000516496 ± 0.000019784"
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string: "27.007569462 ± 0.000097445"
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string: "28.012130767 ± 0.000135339"
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string: "29.019753000 ± 0.0001605"
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string: "30.024992235 ± 0.000271875"
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{
string: "31.033474816 ± 0.000285772"
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{
string: "32.039720 ± 0.00054 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "33.049380 ± 0.00064 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "34.056728 ± 0.000551 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "17.274 s ± 0.010"
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{
string: "Stable"
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{
string: "Stable"
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{
string: "Stable"
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{
string: "197 ms ± 2"
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string: "31.5 ms ± 1.3"
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string: "20 ms ± 1"
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string: "14.7 ms ± 0.4"
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string: "7.22 ms ± 0.18"
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{
string: "3.4 ms ± 0.8"
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string: "3.5 ms ± 0.9"
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string: "Not-specified ± <260ns"
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{
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referenceNumber: 1,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "PubChem",
description: "Data deposited in or computed by PubChem",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
sourceName: "Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)",
sourceID: "e10",
name: "Ne",
description: "The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.",
url: "https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/",
anid: 6590237
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
sourceName: "Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)",
sourceID: "a10",
name: "Neon",
description: "Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report) and CIAAW. The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/",
url: "http://www.ciaaw.org/neon.htm",
licenseURL: "http://www.ciaaw.org/bylaws.htm",
anid: 2292391
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{
referenceNumber: 4,
sourceName: "Jefferson Lab, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "jlab10",
name: "Neon",
description: "Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/",
url: "https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele010.html",
licenseNote: "Please see citation and linking information: https://education.jlab.org/faq/index.html",
licenseURL: "https://www.jlab.org/privacy-and-security-notice",
anid: 507072
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{
referenceNumber: 5,
sourceName: "Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "lanl10",
name: "Neon",
description: "The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.",
url: "https://periodic.lanl.gov/10.shtml",
anid: 507190
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
sourceName: "NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory",
sourceID: "e10",
name: "Neon",
description: "The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Elements/elInfo.pl?element=10",
licenseURL: "https://www.nist.gov/pml/database-disclaimer",
anid: 2292627
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
sourceName: "PubChem Elements",
sourceID: "10",
name: "Ne",
description: "The element property data was retrieved from publications.",
anid: 7660011
},
{
referenceNumber: 7,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "10",
name: "Neon",
description: "This section provides all form of data related to element Neon.",
anid: 694303
}
]
}
},
{
record: {
recordType: "AtomicNumber",
recordNumber: 11,
recordTitle: "Sodium",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01022.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Sodium"
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]
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},
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referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Sodium"
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]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
description: "Element symbol, Also called atomic symbol, typically consists of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet derived from the element name in one of several languages.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Na"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Na"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "InChI=1S/Na"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI Key",
description: "International Chemical Identifier hash (InChIKey) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI Key",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "KEAYESYHFKHZAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "22.989 769 28(2)"
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]
}
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}
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value: {
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}
},
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name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "22.98976928(2)"
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}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
information: [
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value: {
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referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Electron Configuration",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "[Ne]3s"
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]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Radius",
description: "Atomic radius is the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell containing electrons.",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_radius",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
name: "Van der Waals Atomic Radius",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "227 pm (Van der Waals)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Empirical Atomic Radius",
reference: [
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],
value: {
number: [
180
],
unit: "pm (Empirical)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Covalent Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"B. Cordero, V. Gómez, A.E. Platero-Prats, M. Revés, J. Echeverría, E. Cremades, F. Barragán, S. Alvarez, Dalton Trans. 2008, 21, 2832-2838. DOI:10.1039/b801115j PMID:18478144."
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},
{
tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
description: "Oxidation state gives the degree of oxidation of an atom in terms of counting electrons.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/O/O04365.html",
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]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ground Level",
description: "Also called ground-state level. The ground state electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom with lower energy levels.",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/ASD/Html/iehelp.html#IEGROUNDLEV",
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value: {
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}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ionization Energy",
description: "Ionization energy is the minimum energy required to eject an electron out of a neutral atom or molecule in its ground state.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/I/I03199.html",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
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string: "5.139 eV"
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]
}
},
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name: "Ionization Energy",
value: {
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string: "5.13907696 eV"
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]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electronegativity",
description: "The concept electronegativity was introduced by L. Pauling as the power of an atom to attract electrons to itself.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01990",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Pauling Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"A.L. Allred, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 1961, 17(3-4), 215-221. DOI:10.1016/0022-1902(61)80142-5"
],
value: {
number: [
0.93
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unit: "(Pauling Scale)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Allen Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1989, 111, 9003. DOI:10.1021/ja00207a003; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek and L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 2780. DOI:10.1021/ja992866e; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek, E.T. Knight, J.F. Capitani and L.C Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 5132. DOI:10.1021/ja9928677"
],
value: {
number: [
0.869
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unit: "(Allen Scale)"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Affinity",
description: "Electron affinity refers to energy required to detach an electron from the singly charged negative ion.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01977",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.T Myers, J. Chem. Edu., 1990, 67(4), 307. DOI:10.1021/ed067p307"
],
value: {
number: [
0.548
],
unit: "eV"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.J. Zollweg, J. Chem. Phys., 1969, 50, 4251. DOI:10.1063/1.1670890"
],
value: {
number: [
0.54
],
unit: "eV"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Spectra",
description: "Atomic and ionic spectral lines originate from specified electronic transitions between energy levels of atoms and ions, respectively.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00502.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/lines_hold.pl?el=Na",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Lines Holdings"
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}
},
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referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/levels_hold.pl?el=Na",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Levels Holdings"
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}
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{
tocHeading: "Physical Description",
description: "Physical description, also know as physical characteristics, refers to physical appearance of element substances.",
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value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Solid"
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},
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tocHeading: "Element Classification",
description: "Elements can be classified few groups according to each element's chemical properties.",
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value: {
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string: "Metal"
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},
{
tocHeading: "Element Period Number",
description: "The element period number refers to a horizontal row of the periodic table. The periodic table has 7 periods.",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/periodic-table-of-the-elements/The-periodic-table#ref80835",
information: [
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value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "3"
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]
}
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},
{
tocHeading: "Element Group Number",
description: "Element group refers to a set of chemical elements in the same vertical column of the periodic table",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/group-periodic-table",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "1 - Alkali Metal"
}
]
}
}
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},
{
tocHeading: "Density",
description: "Density is a degree of consistency measured by the quantity of mass per unit volume",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/D/D01590.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "0.97 grams per cubic centimeter"
}
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}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Melting Point",
description: "The melting point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from solid to liquid at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/melting-point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "370.95 K (97.80°C or 208.04°F)"
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]
}
},
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referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
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string: "97.8°C"
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},
{
tocHeading: "Boiling Point",
description: "Boiling Point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from liquid to gas at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_point",
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value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "1156 K (883°C or 1621°F)"
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string: "883°C"
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tocHeading: "Estimated Crustal Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in earth crust",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust",
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value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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},
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tocHeading: "History",
description: "Element discovery and related information in history",
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string: "The name derives from the English soda and Latin sodanum for \"headache remedy\". The symbol Na derives from the Latin natrium for \"natron\" (soda in English). Sodium was discovered in 1807 by the English chemist Humphry Davy from electrolysis of caustic soda (NaOH).",
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}
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tocHeading: "Description",
description: "Description about this element",
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string: "Sodium, like every reactive element, is never found free in nature. Sodium is a soft, bright, silvery metal which floats on water. Decomposition in water results in the evolution of hydrogen and the formation of the hydroxide. It may or may not ignite spontaneously on water, depending on the amount of oxide and metal exposed to the water. It normally does not ignite in air at temperatures below 115°C."
}
]
}
}
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{
tocHeading: "Uses",
description: "Uses information in industry and other fields",
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},
{
string: "Sodium also forms many useful compounds. Some of the most common are: table salt (NaCl), soda ash (Na2CO3), baking soda (NaHCO3), caustic soda (NaOH), Chile saltpeter (NaNO3) and borax (Na2B4O7·10H2O).",
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string: "An alloy of sodium with potassium, NaK, is an important heat transfer agent."
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tocHeading: "Sources",
description: "Sources (where the element come from) information for the given element",
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string: "Sodium is present in fair abundance in the sun and stars. The D lines of sodium are among the most prominent in the solar spectrum. Sodium is the fourth most abundant element on earth, comprising about 2.6% of the earth's crust; it is the most abundant of the alkali group of metals."
},
{
string: "It is now obtained commercially by the electrolysis of absolutely dry fused sodium chloride. This method is much cheaper than that of electrolyzing sodium hydroxide, as was used several years ago."
}
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}
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{
tocHeading: "Compounds",
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},
{
string: "Among the many compounds that are of the greatest industrial importance are common salt (NaCl), soda ash (Na2CO3), baking soda (NaHCO3), caustic soda (NaOH), Chile saltpeter (NaNO3), di- and tri-sodium phosphates, sodium thiosulfate (hypo, Na2S2O3 • 5H2O), and borax (Na2B4O7 • 10H2O).",
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string: "See more information at the Sodium compound page."
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tocHeading: "Handling and Storage",
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tocHeading: "Isotope Mass and Abundance",
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},
{
string: "34.034010000 ± 0.0006435"
},
{
string: "35.041043 ± 0.00072 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "36.049708 ± 0.000728 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "37.057471 ± 0.000737 [Estimated]"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Half Life and Uncertainty",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Not-specified"
},
{
string: "1.3 zs ± 0.4"
},
{
string: ">1 as"
},
{
string: "447.9 ms ± 2.3"
},
{
string: "22.422 s ± 0.010"
},
{
string: "2.601 y ± 0.0022"
},
{
string: "243 ns ± 2"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "14.957 h ± 0.004"
},
{
string: "20.18 ms ± 0.10"
},
{
string: "59.1 s ± 0.6"
},
{
string: "1071.28 ms ± 0.25"
},
{
string: "9 us ± 2"
},
{
string: "301 ms ± 6"
},
{
string: "30.5 ms ± 0.4"
},
{
string: "44.1 ms ± 0.9"
},
{
string: "48.4 ms ± 1.7"
},
{
string: "17.35 ms ± 0.40"
},
{
string: "12.9 ms ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "8.2 ms ± 0.4"
},
{
string: "5.5 ms ± 1.0"
},
{
string: "1.5 ms ± 0.5"
},
{
string: "Not-specified ± <180ns"
},
{
string: "1 ms ± >1.5us [Estimated]"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Discovery Year",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: ""
},
{
string: "2004"
},
{
string: "1969"
},
{
string: "1950"
},
{
string: "1940"
},
{
string: "1935"
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: "1921"
},
{
string: "1934"
},
{
string: "1961"
},
{
string: "1943"
},
{
string: "1958"
},
{
string: "1987"
},
{
string: "1968"
},
{
string: "1969"
},
{
string: "1969"
},
{
string: "1969"
},
{
string: "1969"
},
{
string: "1972"
},
{
string: "1972"
},
{
string: "1983"
},
{
string: "1983"
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: "2002"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Decay Modes, Intensities and Uncertainties [%]",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "p ?"
},
{
string: "p=?"
},
{
string: "p=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%; β+α=25.0±0.4%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
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{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
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},
{
string: "IT=100%"
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{
string: "IS=100."
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string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT≈100%; β-=0.05%",
markup: [
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=0.13±0.4%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=0.58±1.2%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=25.9±2.3%; β-2n=0%[Estimated]",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 10,
length: 1,
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=30±0.4%; β-2n=1.15±2.5%; β-α=5.5e-5±0.2%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 39,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=37.3±5.4%; β-2n=0.87±2.4%; β-3n<0.05%",
markup: [
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type: "Superscript"
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type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=24±0.7%; β-2n=8±0.2%",
markup: [
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string: "β-=100%; β-n=47±0.6%; β-2n=13±0.3%",
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start: 10,
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string: "β-=100%; β-2n≈50%; β-n≈15%",
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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},
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string: "β-=100%; β-n=60%[Estimated]; β-2n=10%[Estimated]",
markup: [
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length: 1,
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type: "Superscript"
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "n ?"
},
{
string: "β- ?; β-n=100%[Estimated]; β-2n=50%[Estimated]",
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length: 1,
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}
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}
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}
],
reference: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "PubChem",
description: "Data deposited in or computed by PubChem",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
sourceName: "Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)",
sourceID: "e11",
name: "Na",
description: "The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.",
url: "https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/",
anid: 6590238
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
sourceName: "Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)",
sourceID: "a11",
name: "Sodium",
description: "Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report) and CIAAW. The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/",
url: "http://www.ciaaw.org/sodium.htm",
licenseURL: "http://www.ciaaw.org/bylaws.htm",
anid: 2292392
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
sourceName: "Jefferson Lab, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "jlab11",
name: "Sodium",
description: "Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/",
url: "https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele011.html",
licenseNote: "Please see citation and linking information: https://education.jlab.org/faq/index.html",
licenseURL: "https://www.jlab.org/privacy-and-security-notice",
anid: 507073
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
sourceName: "Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "lanl11",
name: "Sodium",
description: "The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.",
url: "https://periodic.lanl.gov/11.shtml",
anid: 507191
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
sourceName: "NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory",
sourceID: "e11",
name: "Sodium",
description: "The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Elements/elInfo.pl?element=11",
licenseURL: "https://www.nist.gov/pml/database-disclaimer",
anid: 2292628
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
sourceName: "PubChem Elements",
sourceID: "11",
name: "Na",
description: "The element property data was retrieved from publications.",
anid: 7660012
},
{
referenceNumber: 7,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "11",
name: "Sodium",
description: "This section provides all form of data related to element Sodium.",
anid: 694304
}
]
}
},
{
record: {
recordType: "AtomicNumber",
recordNumber: 12,
recordTitle: "Magnesium",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01022.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Magnesium"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Magnesium"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
description: "Element symbol, Also called atomic symbol, typically consists of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet derived from the element name in one of several languages.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Mg"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Mg"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "InChI=1S/Mg"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI Key",
description: "International Chemical Identifier hash (InChIKey) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI Key",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[24.304, 24.307]"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "24.305"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "24.31"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[24.304,24.307]"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[Ne]3s2",
markup: [
{
start: 6,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Electron Configuration",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[Ne]3s2",
markup: [
{
start: 6,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Radius",
description: "Atomic radius is the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell containing electrons.",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_radius",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
name: "Van der Waals Atomic Radius",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "173 pm (Van der Waals)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Empirical Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"J.C. Slater, J Chem Phys, 1964, 41(10), 3199-3205. DOI:10.1063/1.1725697"
],
value: {
number: [
150
],
unit: "pm (Empirical)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Covalent Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"B. Cordero, V. Gómez, A.E. Platero-Prats, M. Revés, J. Echeverría, E. Cremades, F. Barragán, S. Alvarez, Dalton Trans. 2008, 21, 2832-2838. DOI:10.1039/b801115j PMID:18478144."
],
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "141(7) pm (Covalent)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
description: "Oxidation state gives the degree of oxidation of an atom in terms of counting electrons.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/O/O04365.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "+2"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "+2, +1 (a strongly basic oxide)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ground Level",
description: "Also called ground-state level. The ground state electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom with lower energy levels.",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/ASD/Html/iehelp.html#IEGROUNDLEV",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ground Level",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1S0",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 2,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ionization Energy",
description: "Ionization energy is the minimum energy required to eject an electron out of a neutral atom or molecule in its ground state.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/I/I03199.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "7.646 eV"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ionization Energy",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "7.646236 eV"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electronegativity",
description: "The concept electronegativity was introduced by L. Pauling as the power of an atom to attract electrons to itself.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01990",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Pauling Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"A.L. Allred, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 1961, 17(3-4), 215-221. DOI:10.1016/0022-1902(61)80142-5"
],
value: {
number: [
1.31
],
unit: "(Pauling Scale)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Allen Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1989, 111, 9003. DOI:10.1021/ja00207a003; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek and L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 2780. DOI:10.1021/ja992866e; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek, E.T. Knight, J.F. Capitani and L.C Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 5132. DOI:10.1021/ja9928677"
],
value: {
number: [
1.293
],
unit: "(Allen Scale)"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Affinity",
description: "Electron affinity refers to energy required to detach an electron from the singly charged negative ion.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01977",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.T Myers, J. Chem. Edu., 1990, 67(4), 307. DOI:10.1021/ed067p307"
],
value: {
number: [
0
],
unit: "eV"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.J. Zollweg, J. Chem. Phys., 1969, 50, 4251. DOI:10.1063/1.1670890"
],
value: {
number: [
-0.22
],
unit: "eV"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Spectra",
description: "Atomic and ionic spectral lines originate from specified electronic transitions between energy levels of atoms and ions, respectively.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00502.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/lines_hold.pl?el=Mg",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Lines Holdings"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/levels_hold.pl?el=Mg",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Levels Holdings"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Physical Description",
description: "Physical description, also know as physical characteristics, refers to physical appearance of element substances.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Solid"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Classification",
description: "Elements can be classified few groups according to each element's chemical properties.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Metal"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Period Number",
description: "The element period number refers to a horizontal row of the periodic table. The periodic table has 7 periods.",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/periodic-table-of-the-elements/The-periodic-table#ref80835",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "3"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Group Number",
description: "Element group refers to a set of chemical elements in the same vertical column of the periodic table",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/group-periodic-table",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "2 - Alkaline Earth Metal"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Density",
description: "Density is a degree of consistency measured by the quantity of mass per unit volume",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/D/D01590.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1.74 grams per cubic centimeter"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Melting Point",
description: "The melting point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from solid to liquid at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/melting-point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "923 K (650°C or 1202°F)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "650°C"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Boiling Point",
description: "Boiling Point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from liquid to gas at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1363 K (1090°C or 1994°F)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1091°C"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
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string: "Magnesium oxide (MgO), also known as magnesia, is the second most abundant compound in the earth's crust. Magnesium oxide is used in some antacids, in making crucibles and insulating materials, in refining some metals from their ores and in some types of cements. When combined with water (H2O), magnesia forms magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)2), better known as milk of magnesia, which is commonly used as an antacid and as a laxative.",
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{
string: "It is also used as a reducing agent in the production of pure uranium and other metals from their salts. The hydroxide (milk of magnesia), chloride, sulfate (Epsom salts), and citrate are used in medicine. Dead-burned magnesite is employed for refractory purposes such as brick and liners in furnaces and converters."
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reference: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "PubChem",
description: "Data deposited in or computed by PubChem",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
sourceName: "Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)",
sourceID: "e12",
name: "Mg",
description: "The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.",
url: "https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/",
anid: 6590239
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
sourceName: "Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)",
sourceID: "a12",
name: "Magnesium",
description: "Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report) and CIAAW. The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/",
url: "http://www.ciaaw.org/magnesium.htm",
licenseURL: "http://www.ciaaw.org/bylaws.htm",
anid: 2292393
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
sourceName: "Jefferson Lab, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "jlab12",
name: "Magnesium",
description: "Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/",
url: "https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele012.html",
licenseNote: "Please see citation and linking information: https://education.jlab.org/faq/index.html",
licenseURL: "https://www.jlab.org/privacy-and-security-notice",
anid: 507074
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referenceNumber: 5,
sourceName: "Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "lanl12",
name: "Magnesium",
description: "The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.",
url: "https://periodic.lanl.gov/12.shtml",
anid: 507192
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
sourceName: "NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory",
sourceID: "e12",
name: "Magnesium",
description: "The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Elements/elInfo.pl?element=12",
licenseURL: "https://www.nist.gov/pml/database-disclaimer",
anid: 2292629
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
sourceName: "PubChem Elements",
sourceID: "12",
name: "Mg",
description: "The element property data was retrieved from publications.",
anid: 7660013
},
{
referenceNumber: 7,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "12",
name: "Magnesium",
description: "This section provides all form of data related to element Magnesium.",
anid: 694305
}
]
}
},
{
record: {
recordType: "AtomicNumber",
recordNumber: 13,
recordTitle: "Aluminum",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01022.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Aluminum"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Aluminium"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
description: "Element symbol, Also called atomic symbol, typically consists of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet derived from the element name in one of several languages.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Al"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Al"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "InChI=1S/Al"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI Key",
description: "International Chemical Identifier hash (InChIKey) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI Key",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "26.981 5384(3)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "26.9815385"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "26.98"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "26.9815385(7)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "[Ne]3s23p1",
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length: 1,
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start: 9,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Electron Configuration",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "[Ne]3s2 3p",
markup: [
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start: 6,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Radius",
description: "Atomic radius is the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell containing electrons.",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_radius",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
name: "Van der Waals Atomic Radius",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "184 pm (Van der Waals)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Empirical Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"J.C. Slater, J Chem Phys, 1964, 41(10), 3199-3205. DOI:10.1063/1.1725697"
],
value: {
number: [
125
],
unit: "pm (Empirical)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Covalent Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"B. Cordero, V. Gómez, A.E. Platero-Prats, M. Revés, J. Echeverría, E. Cremades, F. Barragán, S. Alvarez, Dalton Trans. 2008, 21, 2832-2838. DOI:10.1039/b801115j PMID:18478144."
],
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "121(4) pm (Covalent)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
description: "Oxidation state gives the degree of oxidation of an atom in terms of counting electrons.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/O/O04365.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "+3"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "+3, +2, +1, −1, −2 (an amphoteric oxide)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ground Level",
description: "Also called ground-state level. The ground state electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom with lower energy levels.",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/ASD/Html/iehelp.html#IEGROUNDLEV",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ground Level",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "2P°1/2",
markup: [
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start: 0,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 3,
length: 3,
type: "Subscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ionization Energy",
description: "Ionization energy is the minimum energy required to eject an electron out of a neutral atom or molecule in its ground state.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/I/I03199.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "5.986 eV"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ionization Energy",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "5.985769 eV"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electronegativity",
description: "The concept electronegativity was introduced by L. Pauling as the power of an atom to attract electrons to itself.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01990",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Pauling Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"A.L. Allred, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 1961, 17(3-4), 215-221. DOI:10.1016/0022-1902(61)80142-5"
],
value: {
number: [
1.61
],
unit: "(Pauling Scale)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Allen Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1989, 111, 9003. DOI:10.1021/ja00207a003; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek and L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 2780. DOI:10.1021/ja992866e; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek, E.T. Knight, J.F. Capitani and L.C Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 5132. DOI:10.1021/ja9928677"
],
value: {
number: [
1.613
],
unit: "(Allen Scale)"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Affinity",
description: "Electron affinity refers to energy required to detach an electron from the singly charged negative ion.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01977",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.T Myers, J. Chem. Edu., 1990, 67(4), 307. DOI:10.1021/ed067p307"
],
value: {
number: [
0.441
],
unit: "eV"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.J. Zollweg, J. Chem. Phys., 1969, 50, 4251. DOI:10.1063/1.1670890"
],
value: {
number: [
0.2
],
unit: "eV"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Spectra",
description: "Atomic and ionic spectral lines originate from specified electronic transitions between energy levels of atoms and ions, respectively.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00502.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/lines_hold.pl?el=Al",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Lines Holdings"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/levels_hold.pl?el=Al",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Levels Holdings"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Physical Description",
description: "Physical description, also know as physical characteristics, refers to physical appearance of element substances.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Solid"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Classification",
description: "Elements can be classified few groups according to each element's chemical properties.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Metal"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Period Number",
description: "The element period number refers to a horizontal row of the periodic table. The periodic table has 7 periods.",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/periodic-table-of-the-elements/The-periodic-table#ref80835",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "3"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Group Number",
description: "Element group refers to a set of chemical elements in the same vertical column of the periodic table",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/group-periodic-table",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "13"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Density",
description: "Density is a degree of consistency measured by the quantity of mass per unit volume",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/D/D01590.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "2.70 grams per cubic centimeter"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Melting Point",
description: "The melting point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from solid to liquid at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/melting-point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "933.437 K (660.323°C or 1220.581°F)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "660.32°C"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Boiling Point",
description: "Boiling Point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from liquid to gas at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "2792 K (2519°C or 4566°F)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "2470°C"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Crustal Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in earth crust",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "8.23×104 milligrams per kilogram",
markup: [
{
start: 7,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Oceanic Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in ocean",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "2×10-3 milligrams per liter",
markup: [
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start: 4,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
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]
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "History",
description: "Element discovery and related information in history",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "History",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "The name derives from the Latin, alum and alumen for \"stringent\" because the early Romans called any substance with a stringent taste alum. The element was known in prehistoric times. In 1825, the Danish physicist, Hans Christian Oersted, isolated impure aluminium. The pure metal was first isolated by the German chemist Friedrich Wöhler in 1827.",
markup: [
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start: 33,
length: 4,
type: "Italics"
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start: 42,
length: 6,
type: "Italics"
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]
}
]
}
},
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Although aluminum is the most abundant metal in the earth's crust, it is never found free in nature. All of the earth's aluminum has combined with other elements to form compounds. Two of the most common compounds are alum, such as potassium aluminum sulfate (KAl(SO4)2·12H2O), and aluminum oxide (Al2O3). About 8.2% of the earth's crust is composed of aluminum. Scientists suspected than an metal existed in alum as early as 1787, but they did not have a way to extract it until 1825. Hans Christian Oersted, a Danish chemist, was the first to produce tiny amounts of aluminum. Two years later, Friedrich Wöhler, a German chemist, developed a different way to obtain aluminum. By 1845, he was able to produce samples large enough to determine some of aluminum's basic properties. Wöhler's method was improved in 1854 by Henri Étienne Sainte-Claire Deville, a French chemist. Deville's process allowed for the commercial production of aluminum. As a result, the price of aluminum dropped from around $1200 per kilogram in 1852 to around $40 per kilogram in 1859. Unfortunately, aluminum remained too expensive to be widely used.",
markup: [
{
start: 266,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
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start: 268,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
},
{
start: 273,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
},
{
start: 300,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
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{
start: 302,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
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]
}
]
}
},
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referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "From the Latin word alumen, alum. The ancient Greeks and Romans used alum as an astringent and as a mordant in dyeing. In 1761 de Morveau proposed the name alumine for the base in alum, and Lavoisier, in 1787, thought this to be the oxide of a still undiscovered metal."
},
{
string: "Friedrich Wohler is generally credited with having isolated the metal in 1827, although an impure form was prepared by Oersted two years earlier. In 1807, Davy proposed the name aluminium for the metal, undiscovered at that time, and later agreed to change it to aluminum. Shortly thereafter, the name aluminum was adopted to conform with the \"ium\" ending of most elements."
},
{
string: "Aluminium was also the accepted spelling in the U.S. until 1925, at which time the American Chemical Society decided to use the name aluminum thereafter in their publications. See the Wikipedia entry on Aluminium for additional discussion on the spelling of this element."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Description",
description: "Description about this element",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Pure aluminum, a silvery-white metal, possesses many desirable characteristics. It is light, it is nonmagnetic and nonsparking, stands second among metals in the scale of malleability, and sixth in ductility."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Uses",
description: "Uses information in industry and other fields",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Two important developments in the 1880s greatly increased the availability of aluminum. The first was the invention of a new process for obtaining aluminum from aluminum oxide. Charles Martin Hall, an American chemist, and Paul L. T. Héroult, a French chemist, each invented this process independently in 1886. The second was the invention of a new process that could cheaply obtain aluminum oxide from bauxite. Bauxite is an ore that contains a large amount of aluminum hydroxide (Al2O3·3H2O), along with other compounds. Karl Joseph Bayer, an Austrian chemist, developed this process in 1888. The Hall-Héroult and Bayer processes are still used today to produce nearly all of the world's aluminum.",
markup: [
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start: 484,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
},
{
start: 486,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
},
{
start: 490,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "With an easy way to extract aluminum from aluminum oxide and an easy way to extract large amounts of aluminum oxide from bauxite, the era of inexpensive aluminum had begun. In 1888, Hall formed the Pittsburgh Reduction Company, which is now known as the Aluminum Company of America, or Alcoa. When it opened, his company could produce about 25 kilograms of aluminum a day. By 1909, his company was producing about 41,000 kilograms of aluminum a day. As a result of this huge increase of supply, the price of aluminum fell rapidly to about $0.60 per kilogram."
},
{
string: "Today, aluminum and aluminum alloys are used in a wide variety of products: cans, foils and kitchen utensils, as well as parts of airplanes, rockets and other items that require a strong, light material. Although it doesn't conduct electricity as well as copper, it is used in electrical transmission lines because of its light weight. It can be deposited on the surface of glass to make mirrors, where a thin layer of aluminum oxide quickly forms that acts as a protective coating. Aluminum oxide is also used to make synthetic rubies and sapphires for lasers."
}
]
}
},
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{
string: "These alloys are of vital importance in the construction of modern aircraft and rockets. Aluminum, evaporated in a vacuum, forms a highly reflective coating for both visible light and radiant heat. These coatings soon form a thin layer of the protective oxide and do not deteriorate as do silver coatings. They are used to coat telescope mirrors and to make decorative paper, packages, and toys."
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{
string: "Aluminum can now be produced from clay, but the process is not economically feasible at present. Aluminum is the most abundant metal to be found in the earth's crust (8.1%), but is never found free in nature. In addition to the minerals mentioned above, it is also found in granite and in many other common minerals."
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reference: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "PubChem",
description: "Data deposited in or computed by PubChem",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
sourceName: "Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)",
sourceID: "e13",
name: "Al",
description: "The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.",
url: "https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/",
anid: 6590240
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
sourceName: "Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)",
sourceID: "a13",
name: "Aluminium",
description: "Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report) and CIAAW. The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/",
url: "http://www.ciaaw.org/aluminium.htm",
licenseURL: "http://www.ciaaw.org/bylaws.htm",
anid: 2292394
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{
referenceNumber: 4,
sourceName: "Jefferson Lab, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "jlab13",
name: "Aluminum",
description: "Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/",
url: "https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele013.html",
licenseNote: "Please see citation and linking information: https://education.jlab.org/faq/index.html",
licenseURL: "https://www.jlab.org/privacy-and-security-notice",
anid: 507075
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{
referenceNumber: 5,
sourceName: "Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "lanl13",
name: "Aluminum",
description: "The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.",
url: "https://periodic.lanl.gov/13.shtml",
anid: 507193
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
sourceName: "NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory",
sourceID: "e13",
name: "Aluminum",
description: "The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Elements/elInfo.pl?element=13",
licenseURL: "https://www.nist.gov/pml/database-disclaimer",
anid: 2292630
},
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referenceNumber: 8,
sourceName: "PubChem Elements",
sourceID: "13",
name: "Al",
description: "The element property data was retrieved from publications.",
anid: 7660014
},
{
referenceNumber: 7,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "13",
name: "Aluminum",
description: "This section provides all form of data related to element Aluminum.",
anid: 694306
}
]
}
},
{
record: {
recordType: "AtomicNumber",
recordNumber: 14,
recordTitle: "Silicon",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01022.html",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Silicon"
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{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Silicon"
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}
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]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
description: "Element symbol, Also called atomic symbol, typically consists of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet derived from the element name in one of several languages.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
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string: "Si"
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name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Si"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "InChI=1S/Si"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI Key",
description: "International Chemical Identifier hash (InChIKey) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI Key",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "[28.084, 28.086]"
}
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}
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{
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value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "28.0855"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
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string: "28.09"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "[28.084,28.086]"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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name: "Electron Configuration",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "[Ne]3s2 3p2",
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type: "Superscript"
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Radius",
description: "Atomic radius is the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell containing electrons.",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_radius",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
name: "Van der Waals Atomic Radius",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "210 pm (Van der Waals)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Empirical Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"J.C. Slater, J Chem Phys, 1964, 41(10), 3199-3205. DOI:10.1063/1.1725697"
],
value: {
number: [
110
],
unit: "pm (Empirical)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Covalent Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"B. Cordero, V. Gómez, A.E. Platero-Prats, M. Revés, J. Echeverría, E. Cremades, F. Barragán, S. Alvarez, Dalton Trans. 2008, 21, 2832-2838. DOI:10.1039/b801115j PMID:18478144."
],
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "111(2) pm (Covalent)"
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]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
description: "Oxidation state gives the degree of oxidation of an atom in terms of counting electrons.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/O/O04365.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "+4, +2, -4"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "4, 3, 2, 1 −1, −2, −3, −4 (an amphoteric oxide)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ground Level",
description: "Also called ground-state level. The ground state electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom with lower energy levels.",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/ASD/Html/iehelp.html#IEGROUNDLEV",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ground Level",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "3P0",
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length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
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]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ionization Energy",
description: "Ionization energy is the minimum energy required to eject an electron out of a neutral atom or molecule in its ground state.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/I/I03199.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "8.152 eV"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ionization Energy",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "8.15168 eV"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electronegativity",
description: "The concept electronegativity was introduced by L. Pauling as the power of an atom to attract electrons to itself.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01990",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Pauling Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"A.L. Allred, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 1961, 17(3-4), 215-221. DOI:10.1016/0022-1902(61)80142-5"
],
value: {
number: [
1.9
],
unit: "(Pauling Scale)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Allen Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1989, 111, 9003. DOI:10.1021/ja00207a003; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek and L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 2780. DOI:10.1021/ja992866e; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek, E.T. Knight, J.F. Capitani and L.C Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 5132. DOI:10.1021/ja9928677"
],
value: {
number: [
1.916
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unit: "(Allen Scale)"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Affinity",
description: "Electron affinity refers to energy required to detach an electron from the singly charged negative ion.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01977",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.T Myers, J. Chem. Edu., 1990, 67(4), 307. DOI:10.1021/ed067p307"
],
value: {
number: [
1.385
],
unit: "eV"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.J. Zollweg, J. Chem. Phys., 1969, 50, 4251. DOI:10.1063/1.1670890"
],
value: {
number: [
1.36
],
unit: "eV"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Spectra",
description: "Atomic and ionic spectral lines originate from specified electronic transitions between energy levels of atoms and ions, respectively.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00502.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/lines_hold.pl?el=Si",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Lines Holdings"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/levels_hold.pl?el=Si",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Levels Holdings"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Physical Description",
description: "Physical description, also know as physical characteristics, refers to physical appearance of element substances.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Solid"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Classification",
description: "Elements can be classified few groups according to each element's chemical properties.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Semi-metal"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Period Number",
description: "The element period number refers to a horizontal row of the periodic table. The periodic table has 7 periods.",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/periodic-table-of-the-elements/The-periodic-table#ref80835",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "3"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Group Number",
description: "Element group refers to a set of chemical elements in the same vertical column of the periodic table",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/group-periodic-table",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "14"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Density",
description: "Density is a degree of consistency measured by the quantity of mass per unit volume",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/D/D01590.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "2.3296 grams per cubic centimeter"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Melting Point",
description: "The melting point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from solid to liquid at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/melting-point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1687 K (1414°C or 2577°F)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1414°C"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Boiling Point",
description: "Boiling Point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from liquid to gas at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "3538 K (3265°C or 5909°F)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "3265°C"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Crustal Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in earth crust",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "2.82×105 milligrams per kilogram",
markup: [
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type: "Superscript"
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]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Oceanic Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in ocean",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "2.2 milligrams per liter"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "History",
description: "Element discovery and related information in history",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "History",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "The name derives from the Latin silex and silicis for \"flint\". Amorphous silicon was discovered by the Swedish chemist Jöns Jacob Berzelius in 1824. Crystalline silicon was first prepared by the French chemist Henri Sainte-Claire Deville in 1854.",
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Silicon was discovered by Jöns Jacob Berzelius, a Swedish chemist, in 1824 by heating chips of potassium in a silica container and then carefully washing away the residual by-products. Silicon is the seventh most abundant element in the universe and the second most abundant element in the earth's crust. Today, silicon is produced by heating sand (SiO2) with carbon to temperatures approaching 2200°C.",
markup: [
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length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
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}
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referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "From the Latin. word silex, silicis, flint. In 1800, Davy thought silica to be a compound and not an element; but in 1811, Gay Lussac and Thenard probably prepared impure amorphous silicon by heating potassium with silicon tetrafluoride."
},
{
string: "In 1824 Berzelius, generally credited with the discovery, prepared amorphous silicon by the same general method and purified the product by removing the fluosilicates by repeated washings. Deville in 1854 first prepared crystalline silicon, the second allotropic form of the element."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Description",
description: "Description about this element",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Crystalline silicon has a metallic luster and grayish color. Silicon is a relatively inert element, but it is attacked by halogens and dilute alkali. Most acids, except hydrofluoric, do not affect it. Elemental silicon transmits more than 95% of all wavelengths of infrared, from 1.3 to 6.y micro-m."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Uses",
description: "Uses information in industry and other fields",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Two allotropes of silicon exist at room temperature: amorphous and crystalline. Amorphous appears as a brown powder while crystalline silicon has a metallic luster and a grayish color. Single crystals of crystalline silicon can be grown with a process known as the Czochralski process. These crystals, when doped with elements such as boron, gallium, germanium, phosphorus or arsenic, are used in the manufacture of solid-state electronic devices, such as transistors, solar cells, rectifiers and microchips."
},
{
string: "Silicon dioxide (SiO2), silicon's most common compound, is the most abundant compound in the earth's crust. It commonly takes the form of ordinary sand, but also exists as quartz, rock crystal, amethyst, agate, flint, jasper and opal. Silicon dioxide is extensively used in the manufacture of glass and bricks. Silica gel, a colloidal form of silicon dioxide, easily absorbs moisture and is used as a desiccant.",
markup: [
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},
{
string: "Silicon forms other useful compounds. Silicon carbide (SiC) is nearly as hard as diamond and is used as an abrasive. Sodium silicate (Na2SiO3), also known as water glass, is used in the production of soaps, adhesives and as an egg preservative. Silicon tetrachloride (SiCl4) is used to create smoke screens. Silicon is also an important ingredient in silicone, a class of material that is used for such things as lubricants, polishing agents, electrical insulators and medical implants.",
markup: [
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stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Silicon is one of man's most useful elements. In the form of sand and clay it is used to make concrete and brick; it is a useful refractory material for high-temperature work, and in the form of silicates it is used in making enamels, pottery, etc. Silica, as sand, is a principal ingredient of glass, one of the most inexpensive of materials with excellent mechanical, optical, thermal, and electrical properties. Glass can be made in a very great variety of shapes, and is used as containers, window glass, insulators, and thousands of other uses. Silicon tetrachloride can be used as iridize glass."
},
{
string: "Hyperpure silicon can be doped with boron, gallium, phosphorus, or arsenic to produce silicon for use in transistors, solar cells, rectifiers, and other solid-state devices which are used extensively in the electronics and space-age industries."
},
{
string: "Hydrogenated amorphous silicon has shown promise in producing economical cells for converting solar energy into electricity."
},
{
string: "Silicon is important to plant and animal life. Diatoms in both fresh and salt water extract Silica from the water to build their cell walls. Silica is present in the ashes of plants and in the human skeleton. Silicon is an important ingredient in steel; silicon carbide is one of the most important abrasives and has been used in lasers to produce coherent light of 4560 A."
},
{
string: "Silcones are important products of silicon. They may be prepared by hydrolyzing a silicon organic chloride, such as dimethyl silicon chloride. Hydrolysis and condensation of various substituted chlorosilanes can be used to produce a very great number of polymeric products, or silicones, ranging from liquids to hard, glasslike solids with many useful properties."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Sources",
description: "Sources (where the element come from) information for the given element",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Silicon is present in the sun and stars and is a principal component of a class of meteorites known as aerolites. It is also a component of tektites, a natural glass of uncertain origin."
},
{
string: "Silicon makes up 25.7% of the earth's crust, by weight, and is the second most abundant element, being exceeded only by oxygen. Silicon is not found free in nature, but occurs chiefly as the oxide and as silicates. Sand, quartz, rock crystal, amethyst, agate, flint, jasper, and opal are some of the forms in which the oxide appears. Granite, hornblende, asbestos, feldspar, clay, mica, etc. are but a few of the numerous silicate minerals."
},
{
string: "Silicon is prepared commercially by heating silica and carbon in an electric furnace, using carbon electrodes. Several other methods can be used for preparing the element. Amorphous silicon can be prepared as a brown powder, which can be easily melted or vaporized. The Czochralski process is commonly used to produce single crystals of silicon used for solid-state or semiconductor devices. Hyperpure silicon can be prepared by the thermal decomposition of ultra-pure trichlorosilane in a hydrogen atmosphere, and by a vacuum float zone process."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Compounds",
description: "Related compounds information to this element",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 7,
name: "Compounds",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Silicon",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "See more information at the Silicon compound page."
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}
}
],
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{
referenceNumber: 2,
sourceName: "Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)",
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anid: 6590241
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{
referenceNumber: 3,
sourceName: "Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)",
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name: "Silicon",
description: "Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report) and CIAAW. The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/",
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description: "Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/",
url: "https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele014.html",
licenseNote: "Please see citation and linking information: https://education.jlab.org/faq/index.html",
licenseURL: "https://www.jlab.org/privacy-and-security-notice",
anid: 507076
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
sourceName: "Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "lanl14",
name: "Silicon",
description: "The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.",
url: "https://periodic.lanl.gov/14.shtml",
anid: 507194
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
sourceName: "NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory",
sourceID: "e14",
name: "Silicon",
description: "The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Elements/elInfo.pl?element=14",
licenseURL: "https://www.nist.gov/pml/database-disclaimer",
anid: 2292631
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
sourceName: "PubChem Elements",
sourceID: "14",
name: "Si",
description: "The element property data was retrieved from publications.",
anid: 7660015
},
{
referenceNumber: 7,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "14",
name: "Silicon",
description: "This section provides all form of data related to element Silicon.",
anid: 694307
}
]
}
},
{
record: {
recordType: "AtomicNumber",
recordNumber: 15,
recordTitle: "Phosphorus",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01022.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Phosphorus"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Phosphorus"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
description: "Element symbol, Also called atomic symbol, typically consists of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet derived from the element name in one of several languages.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "P"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "P"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "InChI=1S/P"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI Key",
description: "International Chemical Identifier hash (InChIKey) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI Key",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "30.973 761 998(5)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "30.973761998"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "30.97"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "30.973761998(5)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "[Ne]3s23p3",
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 9,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Electron Configuration",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "[Ne]3s2 3p3",
markup: [
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start: 6,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Radius",
description: "Atomic radius is the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell containing electrons.",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_radius",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
name: "Van der Waals Atomic Radius",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "180 pm (Van der Waals)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Empirical Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"J.C. Slater, J Chem Phys, 1964, 41(10), 3199-3205. DOI:10.1063/1.1725697"
],
value: {
number: [
100
],
unit: "pm (Empirical)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Covalent Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"B. Cordero, V. Gómez, A.E. Platero-Prats, M. Revés, J. Echeverría, E. Cremades, F. Barragán, S. Alvarez, Dalton Trans. 2008, 21, 2832-2838. DOI:10.1039/b801115j PMID:18478144."
],
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "107(3) pm (Covalent)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
description: "Oxidation state gives the degree of oxidation of an atom in terms of counting electrons.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/O/O04365.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "+5, +3, -3"
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]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "5, 4, 3, 2, 1, −1, −2, −3 (a mildly acidic oxide)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ground Level",
description: "Also called ground-state level. The ground state electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom with lower energy levels.",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/ASD/Html/iehelp.html#IEGROUNDLEV",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ground Level",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "4S°3/2",
markup: [
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start: 0,
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type: "Superscript"
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start: 3,
length: 3,
type: "Subscript"
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]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ionization Energy",
description: "Ionization energy is the minimum energy required to eject an electron out of a neutral atom or molecule in its ground state.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/I/I03199.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "10.487 eV"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ionization Energy",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "10.486686 eV"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electronegativity",
description: "The concept electronegativity was introduced by L. Pauling as the power of an atom to attract electrons to itself.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01990",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Pauling Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"A.L. Allred, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 1961, 17(3-4), 215-221. DOI:10.1016/0022-1902(61)80142-5"
],
value: {
number: [
2.19
],
unit: "(Pauling Scale)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Allen Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1989, 111, 9003. DOI:10.1021/ja00207a003; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek and L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 2780. DOI:10.1021/ja992866e; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek, E.T. Knight, J.F. Capitani and L.C Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 5132. DOI:10.1021/ja9928677"
],
value: {
number: [
2.253
],
unit: "(Allen Scale)"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Affinity",
description: "Electron affinity refers to energy required to detach an electron from the singly charged negative ion.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01977",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.T Myers, J. Chem. Edu., 1990, 67(4), 307. DOI:10.1021/ed067p307"
],
value: {
number: [
0.746
],
unit: "eV"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.J. Zollweg, J. Chem. Phys., 1969, 50, 4251. DOI:10.1063/1.1670890"
],
value: {
number: [
0.71
],
unit: "eV"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Spectra",
description: "Atomic and ionic spectral lines originate from specified electronic transitions between energy levels of atoms and ions, respectively.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00502.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/lines_hold.pl?el=P",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Lines Holdings"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/levels_hold.pl?el=P",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Levels Holdings"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Physical Description",
description: "Physical description, also know as physical characteristics, refers to physical appearance of element substances.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Solid"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Classification",
description: "Elements can be classified few groups according to each element's chemical properties.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Non-metal"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Period Number",
description: "The element period number refers to a horizontal row of the periodic table. The periodic table has 7 periods.",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/periodic-table-of-the-elements/The-periodic-table#ref80835",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "3"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Group Number",
description: "Element group refers to a set of chemical elements in the same vertical column of the periodic table",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/group-periodic-table",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "15 - Pnictogen"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Density",
description: "Density is a degree of consistency measured by the quantity of mass per unit volume",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/D/D01590.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1.82 grams per cubic centimeter"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Melting Point",
description: "The melting point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from solid to liquid at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/melting-point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "317.30 K (44.15°C or 111.47°F)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "44.15(whitephosphorus)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Boiling Point",
description: "Boiling Point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from liquid to gas at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "553.65 K (280.5°C or 536.9°F)"
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]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "280.5(whitephosphorus)"
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]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Crustal Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in earth crust",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "1.05×103 milligrams per kilogram",
markup: [
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type: "Superscript"
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}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Oceanic Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in ocean",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "6×10-2 milligrams per liter",
markup: [
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type: "Superscript"
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]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "History",
description: "Element discovery and related information in history",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 3,
name: "History",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "The name derives from the Greek phosphoros for \"bringing light\" because it has the property of glowing in the dark. This was also the ancient name for the planet Venus, when it appears before sunrise. Phosphorus was discovered by the German merchant Hennig Brand in 1669.",
markup: [
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}
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}
},
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "In what is perhaps the most disgusting method of discovering an element, phosphorus was first isolated in 1669 by Hennig Brand, a German physician and alchemist, by boiling, filtering and otherwise processing as many as 60 buckets of urine. Thankfully, phosphorus is now primarily obtained from phosphate rock (Ca3(PO4)2).",
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referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "From the Greek phosphoros, light bearing; ancient name for the planet Venus when appearing before sunrise. Brand discovered phosphorus in 1669 by preparing it from urine."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Description",
description: "Description about this element",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Phosphorus exists in four or more allotropic forms: white (or yellow), red, and black (or violet). Ordinary phosphorus is a waxy white solid; when pure it is colorless and transparent. White phosphorus has two modifications: alpha and beta with a transition temperature at -3.8°C."
},
{
string: "It is insoluble in water, but soluble in carbon disulfide. It takes fire spontaneously in air, burning to the pentoxide."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Uses",
description: "Uses information in industry and other fields",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Phosphorus has three main allotropes: white, red and black. White phosphorus is poisonous and can spontaneously ignite when it comes in contact with air. For this reason, white phosphorus must be stored under water and is usually used to produce phosphorus compounds. Red phosphorus is formed by heating white phosphorus to 250°C (482°F) or by exposing white phosphorus to sunlight. Red phosphorus is not poisonous and is not as dangerous as white phosphorus, although frictional heating is enough to change it back to white phosphorus. Red phosphorus is used in safety matches, fireworks, smoke bombs and pesticides. Black phosphorus is also formed by heating white phosphorus, but a mercury catalyst and a seed crystal of black phosphorus are required. Black phosphorus is the least reactive form of phosphorus and has no significant commercial uses."
},
{
string: "Phosphoric acid (H3PO4) is used in soft drinks and to create many phosphate compounds, such as triple superphosphate fertilizer (Ca(H2PO4)2·H2O). Trisodium phosphate (Na3PO4) is used as a cleaning agent and as a water softener. Calcium phosphate (Ca3(PO4)2) is used to make china and in the production of baking powder. Some phosphorus compounds glow in the dark or emit light in response to absorbing radiation and are used in fluorescent light bulbs and television sets.",
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string: "In recent years, concentrated phosphoric acids, which may contain as much as 70% to 75% P2O5 content, have become of great importance to agriculture and farm production. World-wide demand for fertilizers has caused record phosphate production. Phosphates are used in the production of special glasses, such as those used for sodium lamps.",
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string: "Bone-ash calcium phosphate is used to create fine chinaware and to produce mono-calcium phosphate, used in baking powder."
},
{
string: "Phosphorus is also important in the production of steels, phosphor bronze, and many other products. Trisodium phosphate is important as a cleaning agent, as a water softener, and for preventing boiler scale and corrosion of pipes and boiler tubes."
},
{
string: "Phosphorus is also an essential ingredient of all cell protoplasm, nervous tissue, and bones."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Sources",
description: "Sources (where the element come from) information for the given element",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Never found free in nature, it is widely distributed in combination with minerals. Phosphate rock, which contains the mineral apatite, an impure tri-calcium phosphate, is an important source of the element. Large deposits are found in Russia, in Morocco, and in Florida, Tennessee, Utah, Idaho, and elsewhere."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Production",
description: "Substance or material production for related element",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "White phosphorus may be made by several methods. By one process, tri-calcium phosphate, the essential ingredient of phosphate rock, is heated in the presence of carbon and silica in an electric furnace or fuel-fired furnace. Elementary phosphorus is liberated as vapor and may be collected under phosphoric acid, an important compound in making super-phosphate fertilizers."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Compounds",
description: "Related compounds information to this element",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 7,
name: "Compounds",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Phosphorus",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "See more information at the Phosphorus compound page."
}
]
}
}
],
section: [
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string: "[P-3]"
},
{
string: "[P-]"
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{
string: "[30P]"
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{
string: "[33P]"
}
]
}
},
{
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},
{
string: "32.972"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Handling and Storage",
description: "Handling and Storage information",
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{
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{
string: "Phosphorus is very poisonous, 50 mg constituting an approximate fatal dose. Exposure to white phosphorus should not exceed 0.1 mg/m3 (8-hour time-weighted average per 40-hour work week). White phosphorus should be kept under water (as it is dangerously reactive in air) and should be handled with forceps, as contact with the skin may cause severe burns.",
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string: "When exposed to sunlight or when heated in its own vapor to 250°C, it is converted to the red variety, which does not phosphoresce in air as does the white variety. This form does not ignite spontaneously and is not as dangerous as white phosphorus. It should, however, be handled with care as it does convert to the white form at some temperatures and it emits highly toxic fumes of the oxides of phosphorus when heated. The red modification is fairly stable, sublimes with a vapor pressure of 1 atm at 17C, and is used in the manufacture of safety matches, pyrotechnics, pesticides, incendiary shells, smoke bombs, tracer bullets, etc."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Isotopes",
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string: "1"
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{
tocHeading: "Isotope Mass and Abundance",
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},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Mass, Half Life, and Decay",
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start: 0,
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type: "Superscript"
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{
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},
{
string: "46P",
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},
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{
string: "24.035770 ± 0.00054 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "25.021190 ± 0.00043 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "26.011780 ± 0.00021 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "26.011780 ± 0.00021 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "26.999224409 ± 0.000028277"
},
{
string: "27.992326585 ± 0.000001236"
},
{
string: "28.981800368 ± 0.000000385"
},
{
string: "29.978313489 ± 0.000000069"
},
{
string: "30.97376199863 ± 0.00000000072"
},
{
string: "31.973907643 ± 0.000000042"
},
{
string: "32.971725694 ± 0.00000117"
},
{
string: "33.973645887 ± 0.00000087"
},
{
string: "34.973314053 ± 0.000002003"
},
{
string: "35.978259619 ± 0.000014078"
},
{
string: "36.979606956 ± 0.000040738"
},
{
string: "37.984303105 ± 0.000077918"
},
{
string: "38.986285865 ± 0.000120929"
},
{
string: "39.991288865 ± 0.000164876"
},
{
string: "40.994654000 ± 0.000129"
},
{
string: "42.001084000 ± 0.0003375"
},
{
string: "43.005024000 ± 0.0005955"
},
{
string: "44.011219 ± 0.000537 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "45.016747 ± 0.000537 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "46.024659 ± 0.000751 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "47.031895 ± 0.000859 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "260 ms ± 80"
},
{
string: "270.3 ms ± 0.5"
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{
string: "4.142 s ± 0.015"
},
{
string: "2.498 m ± 0.004"
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string: "Stable"
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{
string: "14.268 d ± 0.005"
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{
string: "25.35 d ± 0.11"
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{
string: "12.43 s ± 0.10"
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{
string: "47.3 s ± 0.8"
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{
string: "5.6 s ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "2.31 s ± 0.13"
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{
string: "640 ms ± 140"
},
{
string: "282 ms ± 24"
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{
string: "150 ms ± 8"
},
{
string: "101 ms ± 5"
},
{
string: "48.5 ms ± 1.5"
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string: "35.8 ms ± 1.3"
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string: "18.5 ms ± 2.5"
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string: "8 ms ± >200ns [Estimated]"
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{
string: "4 ms ± >200ns [Estimated]"
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reference: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "PubChem",
description: "Data deposited in or computed by PubChem",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
sourceName: "Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)",
sourceID: "e15",
name: "P",
description: "The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.",
url: "https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/",
anid: 6590242
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
sourceName: "Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)",
sourceID: "a15",
name: "Phosphorus",
description: "Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report) and CIAAW. The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/",
url: "http://www.ciaaw.org/phosphorus.htm",
licenseURL: "http://www.ciaaw.org/bylaws.htm",
anid: 2292396
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{
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sourceName: "Jefferson Lab, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "jlab15",
name: "Phosphorus",
description: "Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/",
url: "https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele015.html",
licenseNote: "Please see citation and linking information: https://education.jlab.org/faq/index.html",
licenseURL: "https://www.jlab.org/privacy-and-security-notice",
anid: 507077
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{
referenceNumber: 5,
sourceName: "Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "lanl15",
name: "Phosphorus",
description: "The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.",
url: "https://periodic.lanl.gov/15.shtml",
anid: 507195
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
sourceName: "NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory",
sourceID: "e15",
name: "Phosphorus",
description: "The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Elements/elInfo.pl?element=15",
licenseURL: "https://www.nist.gov/pml/database-disclaimer",
anid: 2292632
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
sourceName: "PubChem Elements",
sourceID: "15",
name: "P",
description: "The element property data was retrieved from publications.",
anid: 7660016
},
{
referenceNumber: 7,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "15",
name: "Phosphorus",
description: "This section provides all form of data related to element Phosphorus.",
anid: 694308
}
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}
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{
record: {
recordType: "AtomicNumber",
recordNumber: 16,
recordTitle: "Sulfur",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01022.html",
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name: "Element Name",
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string: "Sulfur"
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name: "Element Name",
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},
{
tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
description: "Element symbol, Also called atomic symbol, typically consists of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet derived from the element name in one of several languages.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
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name: "Element Symbol",
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{
tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
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name: "InChI",
value: {
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string: "InChI=1S/S"
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},
{
tocHeading: "InChI Key",
description: "International Chemical Identifier hash (InChIKey) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI Key",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
information: [
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},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
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]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Radius",
description: "Atomic radius is the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell containing electrons.",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_radius",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
name: "Van der Waals Atomic Radius",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "180 pm (Van der Waals)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Empirical Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"J.C. Slater, J Chem Phys, 1964, 41(10), 3199-3205. DOI:10.1063/1.1725697"
],
value: {
number: [
100
],
unit: "pm (Empirical)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Covalent Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"B. Cordero, V. Gómez, A.E. Platero-Prats, M. Revés, J. Echeverría, E. Cremades, F. Barragán, S. Alvarez, Dalton Trans. 2008, 21, 2832-2838. DOI:10.1039/b801115j PMID:18478144."
],
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
description: "Oxidation state gives the degree of oxidation of an atom in terms of counting electrons.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/O/O04365.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "+6, +4, -2"
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]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, −1, −2 (a strongly acidic oxide)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ground Level",
description: "Also called ground-state level. The ground state electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom with lower energy levels.",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/ASD/Html/iehelp.html#IEGROUNDLEV",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ground Level",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "3P2",
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}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ionization Energy",
description: "Ionization energy is the minimum energy required to eject an electron out of a neutral atom or molecule in its ground state.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/I/I03199.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "10.360 eV"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ionization Energy",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "10.36001 eV"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electronegativity",
description: "The concept electronegativity was introduced by L. Pauling as the power of an atom to attract electrons to itself.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01990",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Pauling Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"A.L. Allred, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 1961, 17(3-4), 215-221. DOI:10.1016/0022-1902(61)80142-5"
],
value: {
number: [
2.58
],
unit: "(Pauling Scale)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Allen Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1989, 111, 9003. DOI:10.1021/ja00207a003; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek and L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 2780. DOI:10.1021/ja992866e; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek, E.T. Knight, J.F. Capitani and L.C Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 5132. DOI:10.1021/ja9928677"
],
value: {
number: [
2.589
],
unit: "(Allen Scale)"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Affinity",
description: "Electron affinity refers to energy required to detach an electron from the singly charged negative ion.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01977",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.T Myers, J. Chem. Edu., 1990, 67(4), 307. DOI:10.1021/ed067p307"
],
value: {
number: [
2.077
],
unit: "eV"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.J. Zollweg, J. Chem. Phys., 1969, 50, 4251. DOI:10.1063/1.1670890"
],
value: {
number: [
2.04
],
unit: "eV"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Spectra",
description: "Atomic and ionic spectral lines originate from specified electronic transitions between energy levels of atoms and ions, respectively.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00502.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/lines_hold.pl?el=S",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Lines Holdings"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/levels_hold.pl?el=S",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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]
}
}
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},
{
tocHeading: "Physical Description",
description: "Physical description, also know as physical characteristics, refers to physical appearance of element substances.",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Solid"
}
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}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Classification",
description: "Elements can be classified few groups according to each element's chemical properties.",
information: [
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value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Non-metal"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Period Number",
description: "The element period number refers to a horizontal row of the periodic table. The periodic table has 7 periods.",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/periodic-table-of-the-elements/The-periodic-table#ref80835",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "3"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Group Number",
description: "Element group refers to a set of chemical elements in the same vertical column of the periodic table",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/group-periodic-table",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "16 - Chalcogen"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Density",
description: "Density is a degree of consistency measured by the quantity of mass per unit volume",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/D/D01590.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "2.067 grams per cubic centimeter"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Melting Point",
description: "The melting point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from solid to liquid at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/melting-point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "388.36 K (115.21°C or 239.38°F)"
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]
}
},
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referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "115.21°C"
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},
{
tocHeading: "Boiling Point",
description: "Boiling Point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from liquid to gas at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_point",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "717.75 K (444.60°C or 832.28°F)"
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}
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value: {
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string: "444.60°C"
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},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Crustal Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in earth crust",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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},
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tocHeading: "Estimated Oceanic Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in ocean",
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value: {
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tocHeading: "History",
description: "Element discovery and related information in history",
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string: "The name derives from the Latin sulphurium and the Sanskrit sulveri. Sulfur was known as brenne stone for \"combustible stone\" from which brim-stone is derived. It was known from prehistoric times and thought to contain hydrogen and oxygen. In 1809, the French chemists Louis-Joseph Gay-Lussac and Louis-Jacques Thenard proved the elemental nature of sulfur.",
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string: "Sulfur, the tenth most abundant element in the universe, has been known since ancient times. Sometime around 1777, Antoine Lavoisier convinced the rest of the scientific community that sulfur was an element. Sulfur is a component of many common minerals, such as galena (PbS), gypsum (CaSO4·2(H2O), pyrite (FeS2), sphalerite (ZnS or FeS), cinnabar (HgS), stibnite (Sb2S3), epsomite (MgSO4·7(H2O)), celestite (SrSO4) and barite (BaSO4). Nearly 25% of the sulfur produced today is recovered from petroleum refining operations and as a byproduct of extracting other materials from sulfur containing ores. The majority of the sulfur produced today is obtained from underground deposits, usually found in conjunction with salt deposits, with a process known as the Frasch process. Sulfur is a pale yellow, odorless and brittle material. It displays three allotropic forms: orthorhombic, monoclinic and amorphous. The orthorhombic form is the most stable form of sulfur. Monoclinic sulfur exists between the temperatures of 96°C and 119°C and reverts back to the orthorhombic form when cooled. Amorphous sulfur is formed when molten sulfur is quickly cooled. Amorphous sulfur is soft and elastic and eventually reverts back to the orthorhombic form.",
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tocHeading: "Description",
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},
{
string: "In 1975, University of Pennsylvania scientists reported synthesis of polymeric sulfur nitride, which has the properties of a metal, although it contains no metal atoms. The material has unusual optical and electrical properties."
},
{
string: "High-purity sulfur is commercially available in purities of 99.999+%."
},
{
string: "Amorphous or \"plastic\" sulfur is obtained by fast cooling of the crystalline form. X-ray studies indicate that amorphous sulfur may have a helical structure with eight atoms per spiral. Crystalline sulfur seems to be made of rings, each containing eight sulfur atoms, which fit together to give a normal X-ray pattern."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Uses",
description: "Uses information in industry and other fields",
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
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string: "Most of the sulfur that is produced is used in the manufacture of sulfuric acid (H2SO4). Large amounts of sulfuric acid, nearly 40 million tons, are used each year to make fertilizers, lead-acid batteries, and in many industrial processes. Smaller amounts of sulfur are used to vulcanize natural rubbers, as an insecticide (the Greek poet Homer mentioned \"pest-averting sulphur\" nearly 2,800 years ago!), in the manufacture of gunpowder and as a dying agent.",
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string: "In addition to sulfuric acid, sulfur forms other interesting compounds. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a gas that smells like rotten eggs. Sulfur dioxide (SO2), formed by burning sulfur in air, is used as a bleaching agent, solvent, disinfectant and as a refrigerant. When combined with water (H2O), sulfur dioxide forms sulfurous acid (H2SO3), a weak acid that is a major component of acid rain.",
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},
{
string: "It is used to make sulfite paper and other papers, to fumigate, and to bleach dried fruits. The element is a good insulator."
},
{
string: "Sulfur is essential to life. It is a minor constituent of fats, body fluids, and skeletal minerals."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Sources",
description: "Sources (where the element come from) information for the given element",
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referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
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string: "Sulfur is found in meteorites. R.W. Wood suggests that the dark area near the crater Aristarchus is a sulfur deposit."
},
{
string: "Sulfur occurs native in the vicinity of volcanos and hot springs. It is widely distributed in nature as iron pyrites, galena, sphalerite, cinnabar, stibnite, gypsum, epsom salts, celestite, barite, etc."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Production",
description: "Substance or material production for related element",
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},
{
string: "Sulfur also occurs in natural gas and petroleum crudes and must be removed from these products. Formerly this was done chemically, which wasted the sulfur; new processes now permit recovery. Large amounts of sulfur are being recovered from Alberta gas fields."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Compounds",
description: "Related compounds information to this element",
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string: "Organic compounds containing sulfur are very important. Calcium sulfur, ammonium sulfate, carbon disulfide, sulfur dioxide, and hydrogen sulfide are but a few of the many important compounds of sulfur."
}
]
}
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referenceNumber: 7,
name: "Compounds",
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value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "See more information at the Sulfur compound page."
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tocHeading: "Handling and Storage",
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}
]
}
}
]
},
{
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]
}
}
],
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Isotope Mass and Abundance",
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reference: [
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sourceName: "PubChem",
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{
referenceNumber: 2,
sourceName: "Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)",
sourceID: "e16",
name: "S",
description: "The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.",
url: "https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/",
anid: 6590243
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{
referenceNumber: 3,
sourceName: "Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)",
sourceID: "a16",
name: "Sulfur",
description: "Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report) and CIAAW. The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/",
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url: "https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele016.html",
licenseNote: "Please see citation and linking information: https://education.jlab.org/faq/index.html",
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sourceName: "NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory",
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name: "Sulfur",
description: "The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database",
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description: "The element property data was retrieved from publications.",
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referenceNumber: 7,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "16",
name: "Sulfur",
description: "This section provides all form of data related to element Sulfur.",
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recordTitle: "Chlorine",
section: [
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section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
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url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
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url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
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description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
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tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 9,
length: 1,
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}
},
{
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name: "Electron Configuration",
value: {
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Radius",
description: "Atomic radius is the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell containing electrons.",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_radius",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
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value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "175 pm (Van der Waals)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Empirical Atomic Radius",
reference: [
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],
value: {
number: [
100
],
unit: "pm (Empirical)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Covalent Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"B. Cordero, V. Gómez, A.E. Platero-Prats, M. Revés, J. Echeverría, E. Cremades, F. Barragán, S. Alvarez, Dalton Trans. 2008, 21, 2832-2838. DOI:10.1039/b801115j PMID:18478144."
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value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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]
},
{
tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
description: "Oxidation state gives the degree of oxidation of an atom in terms of counting electrons.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/O/O04365.html",
information: [
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value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, −1 (a strongly acidic oxide)"
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}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ground Level",
description: "Also called ground-state level. The ground state electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom with lower energy levels.",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/ASD/Html/iehelp.html#IEGROUNDLEV",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 6,
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stringWithMarkup: [
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}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ionization Energy",
description: "Ionization energy is the minimum energy required to eject an electron out of a neutral atom or molecule in its ground state.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/I/I03199.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "12.968 eV"
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}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ionization Energy",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "12.967633 eV"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electronegativity",
description: "The concept electronegativity was introduced by L. Pauling as the power of an atom to attract electrons to itself.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01990",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Pauling Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"A.L. Allred, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 1961, 17(3-4), 215-221. DOI:10.1016/0022-1902(61)80142-5"
],
value: {
number: [
3.16
],
unit: "(Pauling Scale)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Allen Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1989, 111, 9003. DOI:10.1021/ja00207a003; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek and L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 2780. DOI:10.1021/ja992866e; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek, E.T. Knight, J.F. Capitani and L.C Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 5132. DOI:10.1021/ja9928677"
],
value: {
number: [
2.869
],
unit: "(Allen Scale)"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Affinity",
description: "Electron affinity refers to energy required to detach an electron from the singly charged negative ion.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01977",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.T Myers, J. Chem. Edu., 1990, 67(4), 307. DOI:10.1021/ed067p307"
],
value: {
number: [
3.617
],
unit: "eV"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.J. Zollweg, J. Chem. Phys., 1969, 50, 4251. DOI:10.1063/1.1670890"
],
value: {
number: [
3.62
],
unit: "eV"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Spectra",
description: "Atomic and ionic spectral lines originate from specified electronic transitions between energy levels of atoms and ions, respectively.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00502.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/lines_hold.pl?el=Cl",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Lines Holdings"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/levels_hold.pl?el=Cl",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Levels Holdings"
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]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Physical Description",
description: "Physical description, also know as physical characteristics, refers to physical appearance of element substances.",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Gas"
}
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}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Classification",
description: "Elements can be classified few groups according to each element's chemical properties.",
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value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Non-metal"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Period Number",
description: "The element period number refers to a horizontal row of the periodic table. The periodic table has 7 periods.",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/periodic-table-of-the-elements/The-periodic-table#ref80835",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "3"
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]
}
}
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},
{
tocHeading: "Element Group Number",
description: "Element group refers to a set of chemical elements in the same vertical column of the periodic table",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/group-periodic-table",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "17 - Halogen"
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},
{
tocHeading: "Density",
description: "Density is a degree of consistency measured by the quantity of mass per unit volume",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/D/D01590.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "0.003214 grams per cubic centimeter"
}
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}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Melting Point",
description: "The melting point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from solid to liquid at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/melting-point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "171.65 K (-101.5°C or -150.7°F)"
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}
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value: {
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{
tocHeading: "Boiling Point",
description: "Boiling Point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from liquid to gas at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_point",
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value: {
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},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Crustal Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in earth crust",
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tocHeading: "History",
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string: "The name derives from the Greek chloros for \"pale green\" or \"greenish yellow\" colour of the element. It was discovered by the Swedish pharmacist and chemist Carl-Wilhelm Scheele in 1774. In 1810, the English chemist Humphry Davy proved it was an element.",
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},
{
tocHeading: "Description",
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tocHeading: "Uses",
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{
string: "Two of the most familiar chlorine compounds are sodium chloride (NaCl) and hydrogen chloride (HCl). Sodium chloride, commonly known as table salt, is used to season food and in some industrial processes. Hydrogen chloride, when mixed with water (H2O), forms hydrochloric acid, a strong and commercially important acid. Other chlorine compounds include: chloroform (CHCl3), carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), potassium chloride (KCl), lithium chloride (LiCl), magnesium chloride (MgCl2) and chlorine dioxide (ClO2).",
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string: "Chlorine is a very dangerous material. Liquid chlorine burns the skin and gaseous chlorine irritates the mucus membranes. Concentrations of the gas as low as 3.5 parts per million can be detected by smell while concentrations of 1000 parts per million can be fatal after a few deep breaths."
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]
}
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string: "It is also extensively used in the production of paper products, dyestuffs, textiles, petroleum products, medicines, antiseptics, insecticides, food, solvents, paints, plastics, and many other consumer products."
},
{
string: "Most of the chlorine produced is used in the manufacture of chlorinated compounds for sanitation, pulp bleaching, disinfectants, and textile processing. Further use is in the manufacture of chlorates, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, and in the extraction of bromine."
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{
string: "Organic chemistry demands much from chlorine, both as an oxidizing agent and in substitution, since it often brings many desired properties in an organic compound when substituted for hydrogen, as in one form of synthetic rubber."
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]
}
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tocHeading: "Sources",
description: "Sources (where the element come from) information for the given element",
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string: "In nature it is found in the combined state only, chiefly with sodium as common salt (NaCl), carnallite, and sylvite."
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]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Compounds",
description: "Related compounds information to this element",
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stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "See more information at the Chlorine compound page."
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},
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{
string: "42Cl",
markup: [
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type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "43Cl",
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start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "44Cl",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "45Cl",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "46Cl",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "47Cl",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "48Cl",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "49Cl",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "50Cl",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "51Cl",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Atomic Mass and Uncertainty [u]",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "28.029540 ± 0.00064 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "29.014130178 ± 0.000202555"
},
{
string: "30.004770 ± 0.00021 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "30.992448098 ± 0.0000037"
},
{
string: "31.985684637 ± 0.000000603"
},
{
string: "32.977451989 ± 0.000000419"
},
{
string: "33.973762491 ± 0.000000052"
},
{
string: "33.973762491 ± 0.000000052"
},
{
string: "34.968852694 ± 0.000000038"
},
{
string: "35.968306822 ± 0.000000038"
},
{
string: "36.965902584 ± 0.000000055"
},
{
string: "37.968010418 ± 0.000000105"
},
{
string: "37.968010418 ± 0.000000105"
},
{
string: "38.968008162 ± 0.000001859"
},
{
string: "39.970415469 ± 0.000034423"
},
{
string: "40.970684525 ± 0.000073777"
},
{
string: "41.973342000 ± 0.000064"
},
{
string: "42.974063700 ± 0.000066407"
},
{
string: "43.978116312 ± 0.000146346"
},
{
string: "44.980394353 ± 0.000146177"
},
{
string: "45.985121323 ± 0.000224006"
},
{
string: "46.989501 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "47.995405 ± 0.000537 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "49.001009 ± 0.000644 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "50.008309 ± 0.000644 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "51.015341 ± 0.000751 [Estimated]"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Half Life and Uncertainty",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Not-specified"
},
{
string: "Not-specified ± <10ps"
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{
string: "Not-specified ± <30ns"
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{
string: "190 ms ± 1"
},
{
string: "298 ms ± 1"
},
{
string: "2.503 s ± 0.0022"
},
{
string: "1.526 s ± 0.0004"
},
{
string: "31.99 m ± 0.03"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "301.3 ky ± 1.5"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "37.24 m ± 0.05"
},
{
string: "715 ms ± 3"
},
{
string: "56.2 m ± 0.6"
},
{
string: "1.35 m ± 0.02"
},
{
string: "38.4 s ± 0.8"
},
{
string: "6.8 s ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "3.13 s ± 0.09"
},
{
string: "560 ms ± 110"
},
{
string: "413 ms ± 25"
},
{
string: "232 ms ± 2"
},
{
string: "101 ms ± 5"
},
{
string: "100 ms ± >200ns [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "50 ms ± >200ns [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "20 ms ± >620ns [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "2 ms ± >200ns [Estimated]"
}
]
}
},
{
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name: "Discovery Year",
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stringWithMarkup: [
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string: ""
},
{
string: ""
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{
string: "1940"
},
{
string: "1934"
},
{
string: "1965"
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{
string: "1919"
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{
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{
string: "1919"
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{
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{
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{
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{
string: "1956"
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{
string: "1971"
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{
string: "1971"
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{
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{
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{
string: "1979"
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{
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{
string: "1989"
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{
string: "1989"
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{
string: "1989"
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{
string: "2009"
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string: "1990"
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}
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{
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name: "Decay Modes, Intensities and Uncertainties [%]",
value: {
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string: "p ?"
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{
string: "p=100%"
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{
string: "p ?"
},
{
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markup: [
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string: "β+=100%; β+α=0.054±0.8%; β+p=0.026±0.5%",
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string: "β+=100%",
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string: "β+=100%",
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string: "β+=55.4±0.6%; IT=44.6±0.6%",
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},
{
string: "IS=75.76±1%"
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string: "β-=98.1±0.1%; β+=1.9±0.1%",
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "IS=24.24±1%"
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string: "β-=100%",
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string: "IT=100%"
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string: "β-=100%",
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string: "β-=100%; β-n=0%[Estimated]",
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],
reference: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "PubChem",
description: "Data deposited in or computed by PubChem",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
sourceName: "Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)",
sourceID: "e17",
name: "Cl",
description: "The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.",
url: "https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/",
anid: 6590244
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
sourceName: "Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)",
sourceID: "a17",
name: "Chlorine",
description: "Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report) and CIAAW. The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/",
url: "http://www.ciaaw.org/chlorine.htm",
licenseURL: "http://www.ciaaw.org/bylaws.htm",
anid: 2292398
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
sourceName: "Jefferson Lab, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "jlab17",
name: "Chlorine",
description: "Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/",
url: "https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele017.html",
licenseNote: "Please see citation and linking information: https://education.jlab.org/faq/index.html",
licenseURL: "https://www.jlab.org/privacy-and-security-notice",
anid: 507079
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
sourceName: "Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "lanl17",
name: "Chlorine",
description: "The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.",
url: "https://periodic.lanl.gov/17.shtml",
anid: 507197
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
sourceName: "NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory",
sourceID: "e17",
name: "Chlorine",
description: "The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Elements/elInfo.pl?element=17",
licenseURL: "https://www.nist.gov/pml/database-disclaimer",
anid: 2292634
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
sourceName: "PubChem Elements",
sourceID: "17",
name: "Cl",
description: "The element property data was retrieved from publications.",
anid: 7660018
},
{
referenceNumber: 7,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "17",
name: "Chlorine",
description: "This section provides all form of data related to element Chlorine.",
anid: 694310
}
]
}
},
{
record: {
recordType: "AtomicNumber",
recordNumber: 18,
recordTitle: "Argon",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01022.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Argon"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Argon"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
description: "Element symbol, Also called atomic symbol, typically consists of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet derived from the element name in one of several languages.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Ar"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Ar"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "InChI=1S/Ar"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI Key",
description: "International Chemical Identifier hash (InChIKey) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI Key",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[39.792, 39.963]"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "39.948"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "39.95"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "39.948(1)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[Ne]3s23p6",
markup: [
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start: 6,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 9,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Electron Configuration",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "[Ne]3s2 3p6",
markup: [
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start: 6,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Radius",
description: "Atomic radius is the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell containing electrons.",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_radius",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
name: "Van der Waals Atomic Radius",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "188 pm (Van der Waals)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Covalent Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"B. Cordero, V. Gómez, A.E. Platero-Prats, M. Revés, J. Echeverría, E. Cremades, F. Barragán, S. Alvarez, Dalton Trans. 2008, 21, 2832-2838. DOI:10.1039/b801115j PMID:18478144."
],
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "106(10) pm (Covalent)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
description: "Oxidation state gives the degree of oxidation of an atom in terms of counting electrons.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/O/O04365.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "0"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "0"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ground Level",
description: "Also called ground-state level. The ground state electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom with lower energy levels.",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/ASD/Html/iehelp.html#IEGROUNDLEV",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ground Level",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1S0",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 2,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
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]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ionization Energy",
description: "Ionization energy is the minimum energy required to eject an electron out of a neutral atom or molecule in its ground state.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/I/I03199.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "15.760 eV"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ionization Energy",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "15.7596119 eV"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electronegativity",
description: "The concept electronegativity was introduced by L. Pauling as the power of an atom to attract electrons to itself.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01990",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Allen Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1989, 111, 9003. DOI:10.1021/ja00207a003; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek and L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 2780. DOI:10.1021/ja992866e; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek, E.T. Knight, J.F. Capitani and L.C Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 5132. DOI:10.1021/ja9928677"
],
value: {
number: [
3.242
],
unit: "(Allen Scale)"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Affinity",
description: "Electron affinity refers to energy required to detach an electron from the singly charged negative ion.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01977",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.T Myers, J. Chem. Edu., 1990, 67(4), 307. DOI:10.1021/ed067p307"
],
value: {
number: [
0
],
unit: "eV"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.J. Zollweg, J. Chem. Phys., 1969, 50, 4251. DOI:10.1063/1.1670890"
],
value: {
number: [
-0.37
],
unit: "eV"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Spectra",
description: "Atomic and ionic spectral lines originate from specified electronic transitions between energy levels of atoms and ions, respectively.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00502.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
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},
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{
string: "Once thought to be completely inert, argon is known to form at least one compound. The synthesis of argon fluorohydride (HArF) was reported by Leonid Khriachtchev, Mika Pettersson, Nino Runeberg, Jan Lundell and Markku Räsänen in August of 2000. Stable only at very low temperatures, argon fluorohydride begins to decompose once it warms above -246°C (-411°F). Because of this limitation, argon fluorohydride has no uses outside of basic scientific research."
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type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "ε=100%"
},
{
string: "IS=0.0629±0.7%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IS=99.6035±2.5%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n<0.2%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=38±0.6%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=29±0.6%; β-2n=0.3%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 23,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=37±0.7%; β-2n=0.1%[Estimated]",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β- ?; β-n=40%[Estimated]; β-2n=10%[Estimated]",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
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start: 7,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β- ?; β-n=30%[Estimated]; β-2n=7%[Estimated]",
markup: [
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
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start: 7,
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type: "Superscript"
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string: "β- ?; β-n=20%[Estimated]; β-2n=30%[Estimated]",
markup: [
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length: 1,
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],
reference: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "PubChem",
description: "Data deposited in or computed by PubChem",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
sourceName: "Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)",
sourceID: "e18",
name: "Ar",
description: "The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.",
url: "https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/",
anid: 6590245
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
sourceName: "Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)",
sourceID: "a18",
name: "Argon",
description: "Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report) and CIAAW. The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/",
url: "http://www.ciaaw.org/argon.htm",
licenseURL: "http://www.ciaaw.org/bylaws.htm",
anid: 2292399
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
sourceName: "Jefferson Lab, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "jlab18",
name: "Argon",
description: "Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/",
url: "https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele018.html",
licenseNote: "Please see citation and linking information: https://education.jlab.org/faq/index.html",
licenseURL: "https://www.jlab.org/privacy-and-security-notice",
anid: 507080
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
sourceName: "Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "lanl18",
name: "Argon",
description: "The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.",
url: "https://periodic.lanl.gov/18.shtml",
anid: 507198
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
sourceName: "NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory",
sourceID: "e18",
name: "Argon",
description: "The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Elements/elInfo.pl?element=18",
licenseURL: "https://www.nist.gov/pml/database-disclaimer",
anid: 2292635
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
sourceName: "PubChem Elements",
sourceID: "18",
name: "Ar",
description: "The element property data was retrieved from publications.",
anid: 7660019
},
{
referenceNumber: 7,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "18",
name: "Argon",
description: "This section provides all form of data related to element Argon.",
anid: 694311
}
]
}
},
{
record: {
recordType: "AtomicNumber",
recordNumber: 19,
recordTitle: "Potassium",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01022.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Potassium"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Potassium"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
description: "Element symbol, Also called atomic symbol, typically consists of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet derived from the element name in one of several languages.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "K"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "K"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "InChI=1S/K"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI Key",
description: "International Chemical Identifier hash (InChIKey) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI Key",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "39.0983(1)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "39.0983"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "39.10"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "39.0983(1)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[Ar]4s1",
markup: [
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start: 6,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Electron Configuration",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[Ar]4s"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Radius",
description: "Atomic radius is the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell containing electrons.",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_radius",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
name: "Van der Waals Atomic Radius",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "275 pm (Van der Waals)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Empirical Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"J.C. Slater, J Chem Phys, 1964, 41(10), 3199-3205. DOI:10.1063/1.1725697"
],
value: {
number: [
220
],
unit: "pm (Empirical)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Covalent Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"B. Cordero, V. Gómez, A.E. Platero-Prats, M. Revés, J. Echeverría, E. Cremades, F. Barragán, S. Alvarez, Dalton Trans. 2008, 21, 2832-2838. DOI:10.1039/b801115j PMID:18478144."
],
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "203(12) pm (Covalent)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
description: "Oxidation state gives the degree of oxidation of an atom in terms of counting electrons.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/O/O04365.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "+1"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "+1, −1 (a strongly basic oxide)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ground Level",
description: "Also called ground-state level. The ground state electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom with lower energy levels.",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/ASD/Html/iehelp.html#IEGROUNDLEV",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ground Level",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "2S1/2",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 2,
length: 3,
type: "Subscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ionization Energy",
description: "Ionization energy is the minimum energy required to eject an electron out of a neutral atom or molecule in its ground state.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/I/I03199.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "4.341 eV"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ionization Energy",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "4.34066373 eV"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electronegativity",
description: "The concept electronegativity was introduced by L. Pauling as the power of an atom to attract electrons to itself.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01990",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Pauling Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"A.L. Allred, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 1961, 17(3-4), 215-221. DOI:10.1016/0022-1902(61)80142-5"
],
value: {
number: [
0.82
],
unit: "(Pauling Scale)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Allen Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1989, 111, 9003. DOI:10.1021/ja00207a003; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek and L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 2780. DOI:10.1021/ja992866e; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek, E.T. Knight, J.F. Capitani and L.C Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 5132. DOI:10.1021/ja9928677"
],
value: {
number: [
0.734
],
unit: "(Allen Scale)"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Affinity",
description: "Electron affinity refers to energy required to detach an electron from the singly charged negative ion.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01977",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.T Myers, J. Chem. Edu., 1990, 67(4), 307. DOI:10.1021/ed067p307"
],
value: {
number: [
0.501
],
unit: "eV"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.J. Zollweg, J. Chem. Phys., 1969, 50, 4251. DOI:10.1063/1.1670890"
],
value: {
number: [
0.47
],
unit: "eV"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Spectra",
description: "Atomic and ionic spectral lines originate from specified electronic transitions between energy levels of atoms and ions, respectively.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00502.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/lines_hold.pl?el=K",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Lines Holdings"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/levels_hold.pl?el=K",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Levels Holdings"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Physical Description",
description: "Physical description, also know as physical characteristics, refers to physical appearance of element substances.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Solid"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Classification",
description: "Elements can be classified few groups according to each element's chemical properties.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Metal"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Period Number",
description: "The element period number refers to a horizontal row of the periodic table. The periodic table has 7 periods.",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/periodic-table-of-the-elements/The-periodic-table#ref80835",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "4"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Group Number",
description: "Element group refers to a set of chemical elements in the same vertical column of the periodic table",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/group-periodic-table",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1 - Alkali Metal"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Density",
description: "Density is a degree of consistency measured by the quantity of mass per unit volume",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/D/D01590.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "0.89 grams per cubic centimeter"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Melting Point",
description: "The melting point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from solid to liquid at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/melting-point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "336.53 K (63.38°C or 146.08°F)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "65.5°C"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Boiling Point",
description: "Boiling Point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from liquid to gas at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1032 K (759°C or 1398°F)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "759°C"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Crustal Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in earth crust",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "2.09×104 milligrams per kilogram",
markup: [
{
start: 7,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Oceanic Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in ocean",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "3.99×102 milligrams per liter",
markup: [
{
start: 7,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "History",
description: "Element discovery and related information in history",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "History",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "The name derives from the English \"potash\" or \"pot ashes\" because it is found in caustic potash (KOH). The symbol K derives from the Latin kalium via the Arabic qali for alkali. It was first isolated by the British chemist Humphry Davy in 1807 from electrolysis of potash (KOH).",
markup: [
{
start: 139,
length: 6,
type: "Italics"
},
{
start: 161,
length: 4,
type: "Italics"
}
]
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Although potassium is the eighth most abundant element on earth and comprises about 2.1% of the earth's crust, it is a very reactive element and is never found free in nature. Metallic potassium was first isolated by Sir Humphry Davy in 1807 through the electrolysis of molten caustic potash (KOH). A few months after discovering potassium, Davy used the same method to isolate sodium. Potassium can be obtained from the minerals sylvite (KCl), carnallite (KCl·MgCl2·6H2O), langbeinite (K2Mg2(SO4)3) and polyhalite (K2Ca2Mg(SO4)4·2H2O). These minerals are often found in ancient lake and sea beds. Caustic potash, another important source of potassium, is primarily mined in Germany, New Mexico, California and Utah. Pure potassium is a soft, waxy metal that can be easily cut with a knife. It reacts with oxygen to form potassium superoxide (KO2) and with water to form potassium hydroxide (KOH), hydrogen gas and heat. Enough heat is produced to ignite the hydrogen gas. To prevent it from reacting with the oxygen and water in the air, samples of metallic potassium are usually stored submerged in mineral oil.",
markup: [
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start: 465,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
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{
start: 469,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
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{
start: 488,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
},
{
start: 491,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
},
{
start: 495,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
},
{
start: 497,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
},
{
start: 517,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
},
{
start: 520,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
},
{
start: 526,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
},
{
start: 528,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
},
{
start: 532,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
},
{
start: 845,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
}
]
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "From the English word, potash - pot ashes; Latin kalium, Arab qali, alkali. Discovered in 1807 by Davy, who obtained it from caustic potash (KOH); this was the first metal isolated by electrolysis."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Description",
description: "Description about this element",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "It is one of the most reactive and electropositive of metals. Except for lithium, it is the lightest known metal. It is soft, easily cut with a knife, and is silvery in appearance immediately after a fresh surface is exposed. It rapidly oxidizes in air and must be preserved in a mineral oil such as kerosene."
},
{
string: "As with other metals of the alkali group, it decomposes in water with the evolution of hydrogen. It catches fire spontaneously on water. Potassium and its salts impart a violet color to flames."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Uses",
description: "Uses information in industry and other fields",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Potassium forms an alloy with sodium (NaK) that is used as a heat transfer medium in some types of nuclear reactors."
},
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string: "β+=100%",
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string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IS=93.2581±4.4%"
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string: "IS=0.0117±0.1%; β-=89.28±1.3%; β+=10.72±1.3%",
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string: "IT=100%"
},
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string: "IS=6.7302±4.4%"
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string: "β-=100%; β-n=1.14±1.5%",
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string: "β-=100%; β-n=86±0.9%",
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string: "β-=100%; β-n=29±0.3%; β-2n=10%[Estimated]",
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reference: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "PubChem",
description: "Data deposited in or computed by PubChem",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
sourceName: "Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)",
sourceID: "e19",
name: "K",
description: "The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.",
url: "https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/",
anid: 6590246
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
sourceName: "Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)",
sourceID: "a19",
name: "Potassium",
description: "Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report) and CIAAW. The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/",
url: "http://www.ciaaw.org/potassium.htm",
licenseURL: "http://www.ciaaw.org/bylaws.htm",
anid: 2292400
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{
referenceNumber: 4,
sourceName: "Jefferson Lab, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "jlab19",
name: "Potassium",
description: "Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/",
url: "https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele019.html",
licenseNote: "Please see citation and linking information: https://education.jlab.org/faq/index.html",
licenseURL: "https://www.jlab.org/privacy-and-security-notice",
anid: 507081
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{
referenceNumber: 5,
sourceName: "Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "lanl19",
name: "Potassium",
description: "The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.",
url: "https://periodic.lanl.gov/19.shtml",
anid: 507199
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
sourceName: "NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory",
sourceID: "e19",
name: "Potassium",
description: "The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Elements/elInfo.pl?element=19",
licenseURL: "https://www.nist.gov/pml/database-disclaimer",
anid: 2292636
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
sourceName: "PubChem Elements",
sourceID: "19",
name: "K",
description: "The element property data was retrieved from publications.",
anid: 7660020
},
{
referenceNumber: 7,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "19",
name: "Potassium",
description: "This section provides all form of data related to element Potassium.",
anid: 694312
}
]
}
},
{
record: {
recordType: "AtomicNumber",
recordNumber: 2,
recordTitle: "Helium",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01022.html",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Helium"
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]
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referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Helium"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
description: "Element symbol, Also called atomic symbol, typically consists of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet derived from the element name in one of several languages.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "He"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "He"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "InChI=1S/He"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI Key",
description: "International Chemical Identifier hash (InChIKey) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI Key",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
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string: "4.002 602(2)"
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]
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value: {
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}
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}
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}
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name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
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string: "4.002602(2)"
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}
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]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
information: [
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]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Radius",
description: "Atomic radius is the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell containing electrons.",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_radius",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
name: "Van der Waals Atomic Radius",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "140 pm (Van der Waals)"
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]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Covalent Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"B. Cordero, V. Gómez, A.E. Platero-Prats, M. Revés, J. Echeverría, E. Cremades, F. Barragán, S. Alvarez, Dalton Trans. 2008, 21, 2832-2838. DOI:10.1039/b801115j PMID:18478144."
],
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "28 pm (Covalent)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
description: "Oxidation state gives the degree of oxidation of an atom in terms of counting electrons.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/O/O04365.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "0"
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value: {
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},
{
tocHeading: "Ground Level",
description: "Also called ground-state level. The ground state electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom with lower energy levels.",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/ASD/Html/iehelp.html#IEGROUNDLEV",
information: [
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name: "Ground Level",
value: {
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type: "Subscript"
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]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ionization Energy",
description: "Ionization energy is the minimum energy required to eject an electron out of a neutral atom or molecule in its ground state.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/I/I03199.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "24.587 eV"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ionization Energy",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "24.587389011 eV"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electronegativity",
description: "The concept electronegativity was introduced by L. Pauling as the power of an atom to attract electrons to itself.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01990",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Allen Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1989, 111, 9003. DOI:10.1021/ja00207a003; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek and L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 2780. DOI:10.1021/ja992866e; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek, E.T. Knight, J.F. Capitani and L.C Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 5132. DOI:10.1021/ja9928677"
],
value: {
number: [
4.16
],
unit: "(Allen Scale)"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Affinity",
description: "Electron affinity refers to energy required to detach an electron from the singly charged negative ion.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01977",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.T Myers, J. Chem. Edu., 1990, 67(4), 307. DOI:10.1021/ed067p307"
],
value: {
number: [
0
],
unit: "eV"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.J. Zollweg, J. Chem. Phys., 1969, 50, 4251. DOI:10.1063/1.1670890"
],
value: {
number: [
-0.22
],
unit: "eV"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Spectra",
description: "Atomic and ionic spectral lines originate from specified electronic transitions between energy levels of atoms and ions, respectively.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00502.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/lines_hold.pl?el=He",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Lines Holdings"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/levels_hold.pl?el=He",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Levels Holdings"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Physical Description",
description: "Physical description, also know as physical characteristics, refers to physical appearance of element substances.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Gas"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Classification",
description: "Elements can be classified few groups according to each element's chemical properties.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Non-metal"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Period Number",
description: "The element period number refers to a horizontal row of the periodic table. The periodic table has 7 periods.",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/periodic-table-of-the-elements/The-periodic-table#ref80835",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Group Number",
description: "Element group refers to a set of chemical elements in the same vertical column of the periodic table",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/group-periodic-table",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "18 - Noble Gas"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Density",
description: "Density is a degree of consistency measured by the quantity of mass per unit volume",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/D/D01590.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "0.0001785 grams per cubic centimeter"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Melting Point",
description: "The melting point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from solid to liquid at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/melting-point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "0.95 K (-272.2°C or -458.0°F)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "-272.2°C"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Boiling Point",
description: "Boiling Point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from liquid to gas at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "4.22 K (-268.93°C or -452.07°F)"
}
]
}
},
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referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "-268.93°C"
}
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}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Crustal Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in earth crust",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "8×10-3 milligrams per kilogram",
markup: [
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start: 4,
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type: "Superscript"
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}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Oceanic Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in ocean",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "7×10-6 milligrams per liter",
markup: [
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start: 4,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
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}
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}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "History",
description: "Element discovery and related information in history",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 3,
name: "History",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "The name derives from the Greek helios for \"sun\". The element was discovered by spectroscopy during a solar eclipse in the sun's chromosphere by the French astronomer Pierre-Jules-Cesar Janssen in 1868. It was independently discovered and named helium by the English astronomer Joseph Norman Lockyer.",
markup: [
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start: 32,
length: 6,
type: "Italics"
}
]
},
{
string: "Helium was thought to be only a solar constituent until it was later found to be identical to the helium in the uranium ore cleveite by the Scottish chemist William Ramsay in 1895. The Swedish chemists Per Theodore Cleve and Nils Abraham Langet independently found helium in cleveite at about the same time."
}
]
}
},
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Helium, the second most abundant element in the universe, was discovered on the sun before it was found on the earth. Pierre-Jules-César Janssen, a French astronomer, noticed a yellow line in the sun's spectrum while studying a total solar eclipse in 1868. Sir Norman Lockyer, an English astronomer, realized that this line, with a wavelength of 587.49 nanometers, could not be produced by any element known at the time. It was hypothesized that a new element on the sun was responsible for this mysterious yellow emission. This element was named helium by Lockyer. The hunt to find helium on earth ended in 1895. Sir William Ramsay, a Scottish chemist, conducted an experiment with a mineral containing uranium called clevite. He exposed the clevite to mineral acids and collected the gases that were produced. He then sent a sample of these gases to two scientists, Lockyer and Sir William Crookes, who were able to identify the helium within it. Two Swedish chemists, Nils Langlet and Per Theodor Cleve, independently found helium in clevite at about the same time as Ramsay."
},
{
string: "Helium makes up about 0.0005% of the earth's atmosphere. This trace amount of helium is not gravitationally bound to the earth and is constantly lost to space. The earth's atmospheric helium is replaced by the decay of radioactive elements in the earth's crust. Alpha decay, one type of radioactive decay, produces particles called alpha particles. An alpha particle can become a helium atom once it captures two electrons from its surroundings. This newly formed helium can eventually work its way to the atmosphere through cracks in the crust."
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "From the Greek word helios, the sun. Janssen obtained the first evidence of helium during the solar eclipse of 1868 when he detected a new line in the solar spectrum. Lockyer and Frankland suggested the name helium for the new element. In 1895 Ramsay discovered helium in the uranium mineral cleveite while it was independently discovered in cleveite by the Swedish chemists Cleve and Langlet at about the same time. Rutherford and Royds in 1907 demonstrated that alpha particles are helium nuclei."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Description",
description: "Description about this element",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Using liquid helium, Kurti, co-workers and others have succeeded in obtaining temperatures of a few microkelvins by the adiabatic demagnetization of copper nuclei."
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{
string: "Helium has other peculiar properties: It is the only liquid that cannot be solidified by lowering the temperature. It remains liquid down to absolute zero at ordinary pressures, but will readily solidify by increasing the pressure. Solid 3He and 4He are unusual in that both can be changed in volume by more than 30% by applying pressure.",
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string: "The specific heat of helium gas is unusually high. The density of helium vapor at the normal boiling point is also very high, with the vapor expanding greatly when heated to room temperature. Containers filled with helium gas at 5 to 10 K should be treated as though they contained liquid helium due to the large increase in pressure resulting from warming the gas to room temperature."
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string: "While helium normally has a 0 valence, it seems to have a weak tendency to combine with certain other elements. Means of preparing helium difluoride have been studied, and species such as HeNe and the molecular ions He+ and He++ have been investigated."
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string: "Liquid helium's use in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) continues to increase as the medical profession accepts and develops new uses for the equipment. This equipment has eliminated some need for exploratory surgery by accurately diagnosing patients. Another medical application uses MRE to determine (by blood analysis) whether a patient has any form of cancer."
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{
string: "Helium is also being used to advertise on blimps for various companies, including Goodyear. Other lifting gas applications are being developed by the Navy and Air Force to detect low-flying cruise missiles. Additionally, the Drug Enforcement Agency is using radar-equipped blimps to detect drug smugglers along the United States boarders. In addition, NASA is currently using helium-filled balloons to sample the atmosphere in Antarctica to determine what is depleting the ozone layer."
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string: "Except for hydrogen, helium is the most abundant element found in the universe. Helium is extracted from natural gas. In fact, all natural gas contains at least trace quantities of helium."
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string: "It has been detected spectroscopically in great abundance, especially in the hotter stars, and it is an important component in both the proton-proton reaction and the carbon cycle, which account for the energy of the sun and stars."
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{
string: "The helium content of the atmosphere is about 1 part in 200,000. While it is present in various radioactive minerals as a decay product, the bulk of the Free World's supply is obtained from wells in Texas, Oklahoma, and Kansas. Outside the United States, the only known helium extraction plants, in 1984 were in Eastern Europe (Poland), the USSR, and a few in India."
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},
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tocHeading: "Compounds",
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tocHeading: "Isotope Mass and Abundance",
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section: [
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tocHeading: "Identifiers",
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tocHeading: "Element Name",
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value: {
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tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
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{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
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{
tocHeading: "Atomic Radius",
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180
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tocHeading: "Ground Level",
description: "Also called ground-state level. The ground state electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom with lower energy levels.",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/ASD/Html/iehelp.html#IEGROUNDLEV",
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tocHeading: "Ionization Energy",
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{
tocHeading: "Electronegativity",
description: "The concept electronegativity was introduced by L. Pauling as the power of an atom to attract electrons to itself.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01990",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Pauling Scale Electronegativity",
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number: [
1
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unit: "(Pauling Scale)"
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},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Allen Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1989, 111, 9003. DOI:10.1021/ja00207a003; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek and L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 2780. DOI:10.1021/ja992866e; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek, E.T. Knight, J.F. Capitani and L.C Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 5132. DOI:10.1021/ja9928677"
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number: [
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},
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tocHeading: "Electron Affinity",
description: "Electron affinity refers to energy required to detach an electron from the singly charged negative ion.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01977",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
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number: [
0
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unit: "eV"
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},
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referenceNumber: 8,
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number: [
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unit: "eV"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Spectra",
description: "Atomic and ionic spectral lines originate from specified electronic transitions between energy levels of atoms and ions, respectively.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00502.html",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 6,
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url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/lines_hold.pl?el=Ca",
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stringWithMarkup: [
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tocHeading: "Physical Description",
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},
{
tocHeading: "Element Classification",
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tocHeading: "Element Period Number",
description: "The element period number refers to a horizontal row of the periodic table. The periodic table has 7 periods.",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/periodic-table-of-the-elements/The-periodic-table#ref80835",
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tocHeading: "Element Group Number",
description: "Element group refers to a set of chemical elements in the same vertical column of the periodic table",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/group-periodic-table",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "2 - Alkaline Earth Metal"
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}
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},
{
tocHeading: "Density",
description: "Density is a degree of consistency measured by the quantity of mass per unit volume",
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tocHeading: "Melting Point",
description: "The melting point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from solid to liquid at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/melting-point",
information: [
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value: {
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tocHeading: "Boiling Point",
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tocHeading: "Estimated Crustal Abundance",
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string: "The name derives from the Latin calx for \"lime\" (CaO) or \"limestone\" (CaCO3) in which it was found. It was first isolated by British chemist Humphry Davy in 1808 with help from the Swedish chemist Jöns Jacob Berzelius and the Swedish court physician M. M. af Pontin.",
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string: "Although calcium is the fifth most abundant element in the earth's crust, it is never found free in nature since it easily forms compounds by reacting with oxygen and water. Metallic calcium was first isolated by Sir Humphry Davy in 1808 through the electrolysis of a mixture of lime (CaO) and mercuric oxide (HgO). Today, metallic calcium is obtained by displacing calcium atoms in lime with atoms of aluminum in hot, low-pressure containers. About 4.2% of the earth's crust is composed of calcium."
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tocHeading: "Description",
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tocHeading: "Uses",
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string: "Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) is one of the common compounds of calcium. It is heated to form quicklime (CaO) which is then added to water (H2O). This forms another material known as slaked lime (Ca(OH)2) which is an inexpensive base material used throughout the chemical industry. Chalk, marble and limestone are all forms of calcium carbonate. Calcium carbonate is used to make white paint, cleaning powder, toothpaste and stomach antacids, among other things. Other common compounds of calcium include: calcium sulfate (CaSO4), also known as gypsum, which is used to make dry wall and plaster of Paris, calcium nitrate (Ca(NO3)2), a naturally occurring fertilizer and calcium phosphate (Ca3(PO4)2), the main material found in bones and teeth.",
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tocHeading: "Sources",
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string: "Calcium, a metallic element, is fifth in abundance in the earth's crust, of which it forms more than 3%. It is an essential constituent of leaves, bones, teeth, and shells. Never found in nature uncombined, it occurs abundantly as limestone, gypsum, and fluorite. Apatite is the fluorophosphate or chlorophosphate of calcium."
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}
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tocHeading: "Compounds",
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string: "Its natural and prepared compounds are widely used. Quicklime (CaO), which is made by heating limestone that is changed into slaked lime by carefully adding water, is the great base of chemical refinery with countless uses."
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{
string: "When mixed with sand, it hardens mortar and plaster by taking up carbon dioxide from the air. Calcium from limestone is an important element in Portland cement."
},
{
string: "Solubility of the carbonate in water containing carbon dioxide is high, which causes the formation of caves with stalactites and stalagmites and is responsible for hardness in water. Other important compounds are the carbide, chloride, cyanamide, hypochlorite, nitrate, and sulfide."
}
]
}
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},
{
string: "44Ca",
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type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "45Ca",
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start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "46Ca",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "47Ca",
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start: 0,
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type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "48Ca",
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},
{
string: "49Ca",
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type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "50Ca",
markup: [
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start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "51Ca",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "52Ca",
markup: [
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start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "53Ca",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "54Ca",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "55Ca",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "56Ca",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "57Ca",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "58Ca",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
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}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Atomic Mass and Uncertainty [u]",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "34.014870 ± 0.00032 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "35.005140 ± 0.00021 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "35.993074406 ± 0.000042941"
},
{
string: "36.985897852 ± 0.00000068"
},
{
string: "37.976319226 ± 0.000000208"
},
{
string: "38.970710813 ± 0.00000064"
},
{
string: "39.962590865 ± 0.000000022"
},
{
string: "40.962277921 ± 0.000000147"
},
{
string: "41.958617828 ± 0.000000159"
},
{
string: "42.958766430 ± 0.000000244"
},
{
string: "43.955481543 ± 0.000000348"
},
{
string: "44.956186326 ± 0.000000392"
},
{
string: "45.953687988 ± 0.000002399"
},
{
string: "46.954541394 ± 0.000002385"
},
{
string: "47.952522904 ± 0.000000103"
},
{
string: "48.955662875 ± 0.000000216"
},
{
string: "49.957499217 ± 0.0000017"
},
{
string: "50.960995665 ± 0.00000056"
},
{
string: "51.963213648 ± 0.00000072"
},
{
string: "52.968451000 ± 0.000047"
},
{
string: "53.972989000 ± 0.000052"
},
{
string: "54.980300 ± 0.000322 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "55.985080 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "56.992620 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "57.997940 ± 0.000537 [Estimated]"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Half Life and Uncertainty",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Not-specified ± <35ns"
},
{
string: "25.7 ms ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "101.2 ms ± 1.5"
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{
string: "181.1 ms ± 1.0"
},
{
string: "443.70 ms ± 0.25"
},
{
string: "860.3 ms ± 0.8"
},
{
string: "Stable ± >5.9Zy"
},
{
string: "99.4 ky ± 1.5"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "162.61 d ± 0.09"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "4.536 d ± 0.003"
},
{
string: "45 Ey ± 6"
},
{
string: "8.718 m ± 0.006"
},
{
string: "13.9 s ± 0.6"
},
{
string: "10.0 s ± 0.8"
},
{
string: "4.6 s ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "461 ms ± 90"
},
{
string: "90 ms ± 6"
},
{
string: "22 ms ± 2"
},
{
string: "11 ms ± 2"
},
{
string: "5 ms ± >620ns [Estimated]"
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{
string: "3 ms ± >620ns [Estimated]"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Discovery Year",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: ""
},
{
string: "1985"
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{
string: "1964"
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{
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},
{
string: "1943"
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{
string: "1922"
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
string: "2009"
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}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Decay Modes, Intensities and Uncertainties [%]",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "2p ?"
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{
string: "β+=100%; β+p=95.9±1.4%; β+2p=4.1±0.6%",
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string: "β+=100%; β+p=82.1±0.7%",
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string: "β+=100%",
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{
string: "β+=100%",
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},
{
string: "IS=96.94±1.6%; 2β+ ?",
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},
{
string: "ε=100%"
},
{
string: "IS=0.647±2.3%"
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{
string: "IS=0.135±1%"
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{
string: "IS=2.09±1.1%"
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string: "β-=100%",
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{
string: "IS=0.004±0.3%; 2β- ?",
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},
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string: "β-=100%",
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],
reference: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "PubChem",
description: "Data deposited in or computed by PubChem",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
sourceName: "Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)",
sourceID: "e20",
name: "Ca",
description: "The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.",
url: "https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/",
anid: 6590247
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
sourceName: "Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)",
sourceID: "a20",
name: "Calcium",
description: "Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report) and CIAAW. The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/",
url: "http://www.ciaaw.org/calcium.htm",
licenseURL: "http://www.ciaaw.org/bylaws.htm",
anid: 2292401
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
sourceName: "Jefferson Lab, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "jlab20",
name: "Calcium",
description: "Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/",
url: "https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele020.html",
licenseNote: "Please see citation and linking information: https://education.jlab.org/faq/index.html",
licenseURL: "https://www.jlab.org/privacy-and-security-notice",
anid: 507082
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
sourceName: "Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "lanl20",
name: "Calcium",
description: "The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.",
url: "https://periodic.lanl.gov/20.shtml",
anid: 507200
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
sourceName: "NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory",
sourceID: "e20",
name: "Calcium",
description: "The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Elements/elInfo.pl?element=20",
licenseURL: "https://www.nist.gov/pml/database-disclaimer",
anid: 2292637
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
sourceName: "PubChem Elements",
sourceID: "20",
name: "Ca",
description: "The element property data was retrieved from publications.",
anid: 7660021
},
{
referenceNumber: 7,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "20",
name: "Calcium",
description: "This section provides all form of data related to element Calcium.",
anid: 694313
}
]
}
},
{
record: {
recordType: "AtomicNumber",
recordNumber: 21,
recordTitle: "Scandium",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01022.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Scandium"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Scandium"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
description: "Element symbol, Also called atomic symbol, typically consists of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet derived from the element name in one of several languages.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Sc"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Sc"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "InChI=1S/Sc"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI Key",
description: "International Chemical Identifier hash (InChIKey) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI Key",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "SIXSYDAISGFNSX-UHFFFAOYSA-N"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "44.955 908(5)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "44.955908"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "44.96"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "44.955908(5)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[Ar]4s23d1",
markup: [
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start: 6,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 9,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Electron Configuration",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[Ar]3d4s2",
markup: [
{
start: 8,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
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]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Radius",
description: "Atomic radius is the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell containing electrons.",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_radius",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
name: "Van der Waals Atomic Radius",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "211 pm (Van der Waals)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Empirical Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"J.C. Slater, J Chem Phys, 1964, 41(10), 3199-3205. DOI:10.1063/1.1725697"
],
value: {
number: [
160
],
unit: "pm (Empirical)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Covalent Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"B. Cordero, V. Gómez, A.E. Platero-Prats, M. Revés, J. Echeverría, E. Cremades, F. Barragán, S. Alvarez, Dalton Trans. 2008, 21, 2832-2838. DOI:10.1039/b801115j PMID:18478144."
],
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "170(7) pm (Covalent)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
description: "Oxidation state gives the degree of oxidation of an atom in terms of counting electrons.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/O/O04365.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "+3"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "3, 2, 1 (an amphoteric oxide)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ground Level",
description: "Also called ground-state level. The ground state electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom with lower energy levels.",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/ASD/Html/iehelp.html#IEGROUNDLEV",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ground Level",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "2D3/2",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 2,
length: 3,
type: "Subscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ionization Energy",
description: "Ionization energy is the minimum energy required to eject an electron out of a neutral atom or molecule in its ground state.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/I/I03199.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "6.561 eV"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ionization Energy",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "6.56149 eV"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electronegativity",
description: "The concept electronegativity was introduced by L. Pauling as the power of an atom to attract electrons to itself.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01990",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Pauling Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"A.L. Allred, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 1961, 17(3-4), 215-221. DOI:10.1016/0022-1902(61)80142-5"
],
value: {
number: [
1.36
],
unit: "(Pauling Scale)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Allen Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1989, 111, 9003. DOI:10.1021/ja00207a003; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek and L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 2780. DOI:10.1021/ja992866e; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek, E.T. Knight, J.F. Capitani and L.C Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 5132. DOI:10.1021/ja9928677"
],
value: {
number: [
1.19
],
unit: "(Allen Scale)"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Affinity",
description: "Electron affinity refers to energy required to detach an electron from the singly charged negative ion.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01977",
information: [
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number: [
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},
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referenceNumber: 8,
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value: {
number: [
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unit: "eV"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Spectra",
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tocHeading: "Melting Point",
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string: "Scientists have only studied a few compounds of scandium. About 20 kilograms (44 pounds) of scandium oxide (Sc2O3), also known as scandia, are used each year in the United States in the production of high intensity lights. Scandium iodide (ScI3) is added to mercury vapor lamps so that they will emit light that closely resembles sunlight.",
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string: "Most scandium is presently being recovered from thortveitite or is extracted as a by-product from uranium mill tailings. Metallic scandium was first prepared in 1937 by Fischer, Brunger, and Grienelaus who electrolyzed a eutectic melt of potassium, lithium, and scandium chlorides at 700 to 800°C. Tungsten wire and a pool of molten zinc served as the electrodes in a graphite crucible. Pure scandium is now produced by reducing scandium fluoride with calcium metal."
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]
},
{
string: "53Sc",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "54Sc",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "54Scm",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 4,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "55Sc",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "56Sc",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "56Scm",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 4,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "56Scn",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 4,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "57Sc",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "58Sc",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "59Sc",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "60Sc",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "61Sc",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
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]
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Atomic Mass and Uncertainty [u]",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "36.016480 ± 0.00032 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "37.003779 ± 0.000322 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "37.995438 ± 0.000215 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "37.995438 ± 0.000215 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "38.984784970 ± 0.000025765"
},
{
string: "39.977967292 ± 0.000003036"
},
{
string: "40.969251104 ± 0.000000088"
},
{
string: "40.969251104 ± 0.000000088"
},
{
string: "41.965516522 ± 0.000000181"
},
{
string: "41.965516522 ± 0.000000181"
},
{
string: "41.965516522 ± 0.000000181"
},
{
string: "42.961150472 ± 0.000001999"
},
{
string: "42.961150472 ± 0.000001999"
},
{
string: "42.961150472 ± 0.000001999"
},
{
string: "43.959402867 ± 0.000001884"
},
{
string: "43.959402867 ± 0.000001884"
},
{
string: "43.959402867 ± 0.000001884"
},
{
string: "43.959402867 ± 0.000001884"
},
{
string: "44.955907503 ± 0.000000724"
},
{
string: "44.955907503 ± 0.000000724"
},
{
string: "45.955167485 ± 0.000000732"
},
{
string: "45.955167485 ± 0.000000732"
},
{
string: "45.955167485 ± 0.000000732"
},
{
string: "46.952402704 ± 0.000002074"
},
{
string: "46.952402704 ± 0.000002074"
},
{
string: "47.952223157 ± 0.000005314"
},
{
string: "48.950014423 ± 0.000002896"
},
{
string: "49.952176415 ± 0.000016103"
},
{
string: "49.952176415 ± 0.000016103"
},
{
string: "50.953592095 ± 0.000021471"
},
{
string: "51.956582351 ± 0.000087871"
},
{
string: "52.958231821 ± 0.000101006"
},
{
string: "53.963616620 ± 0.000292862"
},
{
string: "53.963616620 ± 0.000292862"
},
{
string: "54.967622601 ± 0.000487756"
},
{
string: "55.973320000 ± 0.00063"
},
{
string: "55.973320000 ± 0.00063"
},
{
string: "55.973320000 ± 0.00063"
},
{
string: "56.977460000 ± 0.0014"
},
{
string: "57.984030 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "58.988940 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "59.995650 ± 0.000537 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "61.001000 ± 0.000644 [Estimated]"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Half Life and Uncertainty",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Not-specified"
},
{
string: "Not-specified"
},
{
string: "Not-specified ± <300ns"
},
{
string: "Not-specified"
},
{
string: "<300 ns"
},
{
string: "182.3 ms ± 0.7"
},
{
string: "596.3 ms ± 1.7"
},
{
string: "Not-specified"
},
{
string: "680.79 ms ± 0.28"
},
{
string: "61.7 s ± 0.4"
},
{
string: "Not-specified"
},
{
string: "3.891 h ± 0.012"
},
{
string: "438 us ± 5"
},
{
string: "472 ns ± 3"
},
{
string: "4.042 h ± 0.0025"
},
{
string: "154.8 ns ± 0.8"
},
{
string: "51.0 us ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "58.61 h ± 0.10"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "318 ms ± 7"
},
{
string: "83.80 d ± 0.03"
},
{
string: "9.4 us ± 0.8"
},
{
string: "18.75 s ± 0.04"
},
{
string: "3.349 d ± 0.0006"
},
{
string: "272 ns ± 8"
},
{
string: "43.67 h ± 0.09"
},
{
string: "57.18 m ± 0.13"
},
{
string: "102.5 s ± 0.5"
},
{
string: "350 ms ± 40"
},
{
string: "12.4 s ± 0.1"
},
{
string: "8.2 s ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "2.4 s ± 0.6"
},
{
string: "526 ms ± 15"
},
{
string: "2.77 us ± 0.02"
},
{
string: "96 ms ± 2"
},
{
string: "26 ms ± 6"
},
{
string: "75 ms ± 6"
},
{
string: "290 ns ± 30"
},
{
string: "22 ms ± 2"
},
{
string: "12 ms ± 5"
},
{
string: "10 ms ± >620ns [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "3 ms ± >620ns [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "2 ms ± >620ns [Estimated]"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Discovery Year",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: ""
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: "1988"
},
{
string: "1955"
},
{
string: "1941"
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: "1955"
},
{
string: "1963"
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: "1935"
},
{
string: "1964"
},
{
string: "1978"
},
{
string: "1937"
},
{
string: "1967"
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{
string: "1963"
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{
string: "1940"
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{
string: "1923"
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{
string: "1964"
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{
string: "1936"
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{
string: "1966"
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{
string: "1948"
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{
string: "1945"
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{
string: "1968"
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{
string: "1937"
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{
string: "1940"
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{
string: "1959"
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{
string: "1963"
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{
string: "1966"
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{
string: "1980"
},
{
string: "1980"
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{
string: "1990"
},
{
string: "1998"
},
{
string: "1990"
},
{
string: "1997"
},
{
string: "2004"
},
{
string: "2004"
},
{
string: "1997"
},
{
string: "1997"
},
{
string: "2009"
},
{
string: "2009"
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{
string: "2009"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Decay Modes, Intensities and Uncertainties [%]",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "p ?"
},
{
string: "p ?"
},
{
string: "p ?"
},
{
string: "IT ?; p ?"
},
{
string: "p=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%; β+p=0.44±0.7%; β+α=0.017±0.5%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "β+=100%",
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{
string: "P=59±0.2%; IT=41±0.2%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
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start: 1,
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]
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{
string: "β+=100%",
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string: "IT=100%"
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string: "β+=100%",
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string: "IT=100%"
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string: "IT=100%"
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string: "β+=100%",
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string: "IT=100%"
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string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=98.80±0.7%; β+=1.20±0.7%",
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},
{
string: "IS=100."
},
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string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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string: "IT=100%"
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{
string: "IT=100%"
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string: "β-=100%",
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string: "IT=100%"
},
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string: "β-=100%",
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},
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string: "β-=100%",
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string: "IT>97.5%; β-<2.5%",
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},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=0%[Estimated]",
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type: "Superscript"
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type: "Superscript"
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string: "β-=100%; β-n=4%[Estimated]",
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string: "β-=100%; β-n=16±0.9%",
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string: "IT=100%"
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string: "β-=100%; β-n=17±0.7%; β-2n=0%[Estimated]",
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string: "β-=100%; β-n=10%[Estimated]; β-2n=0.5%[Estimated]",
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string: "β-=100%; β-n>14±0.2%; β-2n=0.5%[Estimated]",
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string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=30%[Estimated]; β-2n=1%[Estimated]",
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string: "β-=100%; β-n=20%[Estimated]; β-2n=1%[Estimated]",
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string: "β- ?; β-n=50%[Estimated]; β-2n=1%[Estimated]",
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string: "β- ?; β-n=0.4%[Estimated]; β-2n=50%[Estimated]",
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string: "β- ?; β-n=60%[Estimated]; β-2n=1%[Estimated]",
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],
reference: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "PubChem",
description: "Data deposited in or computed by PubChem",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
sourceName: "Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)",
sourceID: "e21",
name: "Sc",
description: "The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.",
url: "https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/",
anid: 6590248
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
sourceName: "Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)",
sourceID: "a21",
name: "Scandium",
description: "Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report) and CIAAW. The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/",
url: "https://www.ciaaw.org/scandium.htm",
licenseURL: "http://www.ciaaw.org/bylaws.htm",
anid: 2292402
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
sourceName: "Jefferson Lab, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "jlab21",
name: "Scandium",
description: "Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/",
url: "https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele021.html",
licenseNote: "Please see citation and linking information: https://education.jlab.org/faq/index.html",
licenseURL: "https://www.jlab.org/privacy-and-security-notice",
anid: 507083
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
sourceName: "Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "lanl21",
name: "Scandium",
description: "The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.",
url: "https://periodic.lanl.gov/21.shtml",
anid: 507201
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
sourceName: "NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory",
sourceID: "e21",
name: "Scandium",
description: "The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Elements/elInfo.pl?element=21",
licenseURL: "https://www.nist.gov/pml/database-disclaimer",
anid: 2292638
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
sourceName: "PubChem Elements",
sourceID: "21",
name: "Sc",
description: "The element property data was retrieved from publications.",
anid: 7660022
},
{
referenceNumber: 7,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "21",
name: "Scandium",
description: "This section provides all form of data related to element Scandium.",
anid: 694314
}
]
}
},
{
record: {
recordType: "AtomicNumber",
recordNumber: 22,
recordTitle: "Titanium",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01022.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Titanium"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Titanium"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
description: "Element symbol, Also called atomic symbol, typically consists of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet derived from the element name in one of several languages.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Ti"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Ti"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "InChI=1S/Ti"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI Key",
description: "International Chemical Identifier hash (InChIKey) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI Key",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N"
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]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "47.867(1)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "47.867"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "47.88"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "47.867(1)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[Ar]4s23d2",
markup: [
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start: 6,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 9,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Electron Configuration",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "[Ar]3d2 4s2",
markup: [
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start: 6,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Radius",
description: "Atomic radius is the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell containing electrons.",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_radius",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
name: "Van der Waals Atomic Radius",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "187 pm (Van der Waals)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Empirical Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"J.C. Slater, J Chem Phys, 1964, 41(10), 3199-3205. DOI:10.1063/1.1725697"
],
value: {
number: [
140
],
unit: "pm (Empirical)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Covalent Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"B. Cordero, V. Gómez, A.E. Platero-Prats, M. Revés, J. Echeverría, E. Cremades, F. Barragán, S. Alvarez, Dalton Trans. 2008, 21, 2832-2838. DOI:10.1039/b801115j PMID:18478144."
],
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "160(8) pm (Covalent)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
description: "Oxidation state gives the degree of oxidation of an atom in terms of counting electrons.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/O/O04365.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "+4, +3, +2"
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}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "4, 3, 2, 1, −1, −2 (an amphoteric oxide)"
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]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ground Level",
description: "Also called ground-state level. The ground state electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom with lower energy levels.",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/ASD/Html/iehelp.html#IEGROUNDLEV",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ground Level",
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stringWithMarkup: [
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}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ionization Energy",
description: "Ionization energy is the minimum energy required to eject an electron out of a neutral atom or molecule in its ground state.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/I/I03199.html",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "6.828 eV"
}
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}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ionization Energy",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "6.828120 eV"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electronegativity",
description: "The concept electronegativity was introduced by L. Pauling as the power of an atom to attract electrons to itself.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01990",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Pauling Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"A.L. Allred, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 1961, 17(3-4), 215-221. DOI:10.1016/0022-1902(61)80142-5"
],
value: {
number: [
1.54
],
unit: "(Pauling Scale)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Allen Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1989, 111, 9003. DOI:10.1021/ja00207a003; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek and L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 2780. DOI:10.1021/ja992866e; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek, E.T. Knight, J.F. Capitani and L.C Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 5132. DOI:10.1021/ja9928677"
],
value: {
number: [
1.38
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unit: "(Allen Scale)"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Affinity",
description: "Electron affinity refers to energy required to detach an electron from the singly charged negative ion.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01977",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.T Myers, J. Chem. Edu., 1990, 67(4), 307. DOI:10.1021/ed067p307"
],
value: {
number: [
0.079
],
unit: "eV"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.J. Zollweg, J. Chem. Phys., 1969, 50, 4251. DOI:10.1063/1.1670890"
],
value: {
number: [
-0.02
],
unit: "eV"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Spectra",
description: "Atomic and ionic spectral lines originate from specified electronic transitions between energy levels of atoms and ions, respectively.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00502.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/lines_hold.pl?el=Ti",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Lines Holdings"
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}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/levels_hold.pl?el=Ti",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Levels Holdings"
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]
}
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},
{
tocHeading: "Physical Description",
description: "Physical description, also know as physical characteristics, refers to physical appearance of element substances.",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Solid"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Classification",
description: "Elements can be classified few groups according to each element's chemical properties.",
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value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Metal"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Period Number",
description: "The element period number refers to a horizontal row of the periodic table. The periodic table has 7 periods.",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/periodic-table-of-the-elements/The-periodic-table#ref80835",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "4"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Group Number",
description: "Element group refers to a set of chemical elements in the same vertical column of the periodic table",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/group-periodic-table",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "4"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Density",
description: "Density is a degree of consistency measured by the quantity of mass per unit volume",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/D/D01590.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "4.5 grams per cubic centimeter"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Melting Point",
description: "The melting point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from solid to liquid at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/melting-point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1941 K (1668°C or 3034°F)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "1668°C"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Boiling Point",
description: "Boiling Point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from liquid to gas at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "3560 K (3287°C or 5949°F)"
}
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}
},
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referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "3287°C"
}
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]
},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Crustal Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in earth crust",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust",
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value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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},
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tocHeading: "Estimated Oceanic Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in ocean",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "1×10-3 milligrams per liter",
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}
}
]
}
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tocHeading: "History",
description: "Element discovery and related information in history",
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name: "History",
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string: "The name derives from the Latin titans, who were the mythological \"first sons of the earth\". It was originally discovered by the English clergyman William Gregor in the mineral ilmenite (FeTiO3) in 1791. He called this mineral menachanite and the element menachin, for the Menachan parish where it was found. It was rediscovered in 1795 by the German chemist Martin Heinrich Klaproth, who called it titanium because it had no characteristic properties to use as a name. Titanium metal was first isolated by the Swedish chemists Sven Otto Pettersson and Lars Fredrik Nilson.",
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string: "Titanium was discovered in 1791 by the Reverend William Gregor, an English pastor. Pure titanium was first produced by Matthew A. Hunter, an American metallurgist, in 1910. Titanium is the ninth most abundant element in the earth's crust and is primarily found in the minerals rutile (TiO2), ilmenite (FeTiO3) and sphene (CaTiSiO5). Titanium makes up about 0.57% of the earth's crust.",
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string: "Discovered by Gregor in 1791; named by Klaproth in 1795. Impure titanium was prepared by Nilson and Pettersson in 1887; however, the pure metal (99.9%) was not made until 1910 when Hunter heated TiCl4 with sodium in a steel bomb.",
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tocHeading: "Description",
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},
{
string: "Titanium is resistant to dilute sulfuric and hydrochloric acid, most organic acids, most chlorine gas, and chloride solutions."
},
{
string: "Natural titanium is reported to become very radioactive after bombardment with deuterons. The emitted radiations are mostly positrons and hard gamma rays. The metal is dimorphic. The hexagonal alpha form changes to the cubic beta form very slowly at about 880°C. The metal combines with oxygen at red heat, and with chlorine at 550°C."
},
{
string: "Titanium metal is considered to be physiologically inert. When pure, titanium dioxide is relatively clear and has an extremely high index of refraction with an optical dispersion higher than diamond."
}
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}
}
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tocHeading: "Uses",
description: "Uses information in industry and other fields",
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},
{
string: "Titanium oxide (TiO2) is used as a pigment to create white paint and accounts for the largest use of the element. Pure titanium oxide is relatively clear and is used to create titania, an artificial gemstone. Titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4), another titanium compound, has been used to make smoke screens.",
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},
{
string: "Titanium is as strong as steel, but 45% lighter. It is 60% heavier than aluminum, but twice as strong."
},
{
string: "Titanium has potential use in desalination plants for converting sea water into fresh water. The metal has excellent resistance to sea water and is used for propeller shafts, rigging, and other parts of ships exposed to salt water. A titanium anode coated with platinum has been used to provide cathodic protection from corrosion by salt water."
},
{
string: "It is produced artificially for use as a gemstone, but it is relatively soft. Star sapphires and rubies exhibit their asterism as a result of the presence of TiO2.",
markup: [
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string: "Titanium dioxide is extensively used for both house paint and artist's paint, because it is permanent and has good covering power. Titanium oxide pigment accounts for the largest use of the element. Titanium paint is an excellent reflector of infrared, and is extensively used in solar observatories where heat causes poor viewing conditions."
},
{
string: "Titanium tetrachloride is used to iridize glass. This compound fumes strongly in air and has been used to produce smoke screens."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Sources",
description: "Sources (where the element come from) information for the given element",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Titanium is present in meteorites and the sun. Rocks obtained during the Apollo 17 lunar mission showed presence of 12.1% TiO2; rocks obtained during earlier Apollo missions show lower percentages.",
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},
{
string: "Titanium oxide bands are prominent in the spectra of M-type stars. The element is the ninth most abundant in the crust of the earth. Titanium is almost always present in igneous rocks and in the sediments derived from them."
},
{
string: "It occurs in the minerals rutile, ilmenite, and sphene, and is present in titanates and in many iron ores. Titanium is present in ash of coal, in plants, and in human body."
},
{
string: "The metal was a laboratory curiosity until Kroll, in 1946, showed that titanium could be produced commercially by reducing titanium tetrachloride with magnesium. This method is still largely used for producing the metal. The metal can be purified by decomposing the iodide."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Compounds",
description: "Related compounds information to this element",
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{
referenceNumber: 7,
name: "Compounds",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Titanium",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "See more information at the Titanium compound page."
}
]
}
}
],
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{
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{
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{
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{
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tocHeading: "Isotope Mass and Abundance",
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},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Atomic Mass (uncertainty) [u]",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "45.952 627(1)"
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{
string: "46.951 7577(8)"
},
{
string: "47.947 9409(8)"
},
{
string: "48.947 8646(8)"
},
{
string: "49.944 7858(8)"
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}
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{
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string: "0.0825(3)"
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},
{
string: "0.0518(2)"
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]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Mass, Half Life, and Decay",
description: "This section provides the information from the Nubase2016. The number after the ± refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton. The '?' refers to 'not determined or qualified'. For further explainations, click read more below.",
url: "https://pubchemdocs.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nubase2016",
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information: [
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Nuclide",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "38Ti",
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start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
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},
{
string: "39Ti",
markup: [
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start: 0,
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}
]
},
{
string: "40Ti",
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type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "41Ti",
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type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "42Ti",
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type: "Superscript"
}
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},
{
string: "43Ti",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "43Tim",
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start: 4,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "43Tin",
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start: 4,
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type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "44Ti",
markup: [
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},
{
string: "45Ti",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "45Tim",
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]
},
{
string: "46Ti",
markup: [
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start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "47Ti",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "48Ti",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "49Ti",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "50Ti",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "51Ti",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "52Ti",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "53Ti",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "54Ti",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "55Ti",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "56Ti",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "57Ti",
markup: [
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start: 0,
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}
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},
{
string: "58Ti",
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},
{
string: "59Ti",
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{
string: "60Ti",
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},
{
string: "61Ti",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "62Ti",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "63Ti",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "64Ti",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Atomic Mass and Uncertainty [u]",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "38.011669 ± 0.000322 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "39.002362 ± 0.000215 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "39.990498721 ± 0.000171767"
},
{
string: "40.983148000 ± 0.00003"
},
{
string: "41.973049022 ± 0.000000297"
},
{
string: "42.968522521 ± 0.000007777"
},
{
string: "42.968522521 ± 0.000007777"
},
{
string: "42.968522521 ± 0.000007777"
},
{
string: "43.959689951 ± 0.000000751"
},
{
string: "44.958121211 ± 0.000000907"
},
{
string: "44.958121211 ± 0.000000907"
},
{
string: "45.952626856 ± 0.000000176"
},
{
string: "46.951757752 ± 0.000000123"
},
{
string: "47.947940932 ± 0.000000117"
},
{
string: "48.947864627 ± 0.000000122"
},
{
string: "49.944785839 ± 0.000000129"
},
{
string: "50.946609600 ± 0.000000541"
},
{
string: "51.946891960 ± 0.000007592"
},
{
string: "52.949724785 ± 0.000107406"
},
{
string: "53.951022786 ± 0.000088526"
},
{
string: "54.955267465 ± 0.000173486"
},
{
string: "55.957788190 ± 0.000130164"
},
{
string: "56.963590068 ± 0.000275274"
},
{
string: "57.966602 ± 0.000215 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "58.972614 ± 0.000215 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "58.972614 ± 0.000215 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "59.976028 ± 0.000322 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "60.982448 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "61.986581 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "62.993827 ± 0.000537 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "63.998900 ± 0.000644 [Estimated]"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Half Life and Uncertainty",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Not-specified ± <120ns"
},
{
string: "28.5 ms ± 0.9"
},
{
string: "52.4 ms ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "81.9 ms ± 0.5"
},
{
string: "208.65 ms ± 0.80"
},
{
string: "509 ms ± 5"
},
{
string: "11.9 us ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "556 ns ± 6"
},
{
string: "59.1 y ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "184.8 m ± 0.5"
},
{
string: "3.0 us ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "5.76 m ± 0.01"
},
{
string: "1.7 m ± 0.1"
},
{
string: "32.7 s ± 0.9"
},
{
string: "2.1 s ± 1.0"
},
{
string: "1.3 s ± 0.1"
},
{
string: "200 ms ± 5"
},
{
string: "95 ms ± 8"
},
{
string: "55 ms ± 6"
},
{
string: "28.5 ms ± 1.9"
},
{
string: "590 ns ± 50"
},
{
string: "22.2 ms ± 1.6"
},
{
string: "15 ms ± 4"
},
{
string: "10 ms ± >620ns [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "3 ms ± >620ns [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "4 ms ± >620ns [Estimated]"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Discovery Year",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: ""
},
{
string: "1990"
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{
string: "1982"
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{
string: "1964"
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{
string: "1964"
},
{
string: "1948"
},
{
string: "1978"
},
{
string: "1978"
},
{
string: "1954"
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{
string: "1941"
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{
string: "2006"
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{
string: "1934"
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{
string: "1934"
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{
string: "1923"
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{
string: "1934"
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{
string: "1934"
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{
string: "1947"
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{
string: "1966"
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{
string: "1977"
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{
string: "1980"
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{
string: "1980"
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{
string: "1980"
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{
string: "1985"
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{
string: "1992"
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{
string: "1997"
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string: "2012"
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{
string: "1997"
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{
string: "1997"
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{
string: "2009"
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string: "2009"
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string: "2013"
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referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Decay Modes, Intensities and Uncertainties [%]",
value: {
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string: "2p ?"
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string: "β+=100%; β+p ?",
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{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
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string: "β+=100%",
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string: "IT=100%"
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{
string: "IS=8.25±0.3%"
},
{
string: "IS=7.44±0.2%"
},
{
string: "IS=73.72±0.3%"
},
{
string: "IS=5.41±0.2%"
},
{
string: "IS=5.18±0.2%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
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},
{
string: "β-=100%",
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{
string: "β-=100%",
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},
{
string: "β-=100%",
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},
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string: "β-=100%; β-n=0%[Estimated]",
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],
reference: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "PubChem",
description: "Data deposited in or computed by PubChem",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
sourceName: "Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)",
sourceID: "e22",
name: "Ti",
description: "The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.",
url: "https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/",
anid: 6590249
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
sourceName: "Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)",
sourceID: "a22",
name: "Titanium",
description: "Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report) and CIAAW. The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/",
url: "http://www.ciaaw.org/titanium.htm",
licenseURL: "http://www.ciaaw.org/bylaws.htm",
anid: 2292403
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
sourceName: "Jefferson Lab, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "jlab22",
name: "Titanium",
description: "Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/",
url: "https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele022.html",
licenseNote: "Please see citation and linking information: https://education.jlab.org/faq/index.html",
licenseURL: "https://www.jlab.org/privacy-and-security-notice",
anid: 507084
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
sourceName: "Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "lanl22",
name: "Titanium",
description: "The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.",
url: "https://periodic.lanl.gov/22.shtml",
anid: 507202
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
sourceName: "NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory",
sourceID: "e22",
name: "Titanium",
description: "The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Elements/elInfo.pl?element=22",
licenseURL: "https://www.nist.gov/pml/database-disclaimer",
anid: 2292639
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
sourceName: "PubChem Elements",
sourceID: "22",
name: "Ti",
description: "The element property data was retrieved from publications.",
anid: 7660023
},
{
referenceNumber: 7,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "22",
name: "Titanium",
description: "This section provides all form of data related to element Titanium.",
anid: 694315
}
]
}
},
{
record: {
recordType: "AtomicNumber",
recordNumber: 23,
recordTitle: "Vanadium",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01022.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Vanadium"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Vanadium"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
description: "Element symbol, Also called atomic symbol, typically consists of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet derived from the element name in one of several languages.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "V"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "V"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "InChI=1S/V"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI Key",
description: "International Chemical Identifier hash (InChIKey) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI Key",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N"
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}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
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{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
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length: 1,
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]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Radius",
description: "Atomic radius is the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell containing electrons.",
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{
referenceNumber: 5,
name: "Van der Waals Atomic Radius",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "179 pm (Van der Waals)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Empirical Atomic Radius",
reference: [
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],
value: {
number: [
135
],
unit: "pm (Empirical)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Covalent Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"B. Cordero, V. Gómez, A.E. Platero-Prats, M. Revés, J. Echeverría, E. Cremades, F. Barragán, S. Alvarez, Dalton Trans. 2008, 21, 2832-2838. DOI:10.1039/b801115j PMID:18478144."
],
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
description: "Oxidation state gives the degree of oxidation of an atom in terms of counting electrons.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/O/O04365.html",
information: [
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value: {
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},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "5, 4, 3, 2, 1, −1, −3 (an amphoteric oxide)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ground Level",
description: "Also called ground-state level. The ground state electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom with lower energy levels.",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/ASD/Html/iehelp.html#IEGROUNDLEV",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ground Level",
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stringWithMarkup: [
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},
{
tocHeading: "Ionization Energy",
description: "Ionization energy is the minimum energy required to eject an electron out of a neutral atom or molecule in its ground state.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/I/I03199.html",
information: [
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value: {
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},
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referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ionization Energy",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "6.746187 eV"
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}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electronegativity",
description: "The concept electronegativity was introduced by L. Pauling as the power of an atom to attract electrons to itself.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01990",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Pauling Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"A.L. Allred, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 1961, 17(3-4), 215-221. DOI:10.1016/0022-1902(61)80142-5"
],
value: {
number: [
1.63
],
unit: "(Pauling Scale)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Allen Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1989, 111, 9003. DOI:10.1021/ja00207a003; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek and L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 2780. DOI:10.1021/ja992866e; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek, E.T. Knight, J.F. Capitani and L.C Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 5132. DOI:10.1021/ja9928677"
],
value: {
number: [
1.53
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unit: "(Allen Scale)"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Affinity",
description: "Electron affinity refers to energy required to detach an electron from the singly charged negative ion.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01977",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.T Myers, J. Chem. Edu., 1990, 67(4), 307. DOI:10.1021/ed067p307"
],
value: {
number: [
0.525
],
unit: "eV"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.J. Zollweg, J. Chem. Phys., 1969, 50, 4251. DOI:10.1063/1.1670890"
],
value: {
number: [
0.63
],
unit: "eV"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Spectra",
description: "Atomic and ionic spectral lines originate from specified electronic transitions between energy levels of atoms and ions, respectively.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00502.html",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/lines_hold.pl?el=V",
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stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Lines Holdings"
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}
},
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referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/levels_hold.pl?el=V",
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stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Levels Holdings"
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},
{
tocHeading: "Physical Description",
description: "Physical description, also know as physical characteristics, refers to physical appearance of element substances.",
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string: "Solid"
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},
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tocHeading: "Element Classification",
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},
{
tocHeading: "Element Period Number",
description: "The element period number refers to a horizontal row of the periodic table. The periodic table has 7 periods.",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/periodic-table-of-the-elements/The-periodic-table#ref80835",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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}
}
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},
{
tocHeading: "Element Group Number",
description: "Element group refers to a set of chemical elements in the same vertical column of the periodic table",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/group-periodic-table",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "5"
}
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}
}
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},
{
tocHeading: "Density",
description: "Density is a degree of consistency measured by the quantity of mass per unit volume",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/D/D01590.html",
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
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string: "6.0 grams per cubic centimeter"
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}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Melting Point",
description: "The melting point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from solid to liquid at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/melting-point",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "2183 K (1910°C or 3470°F)"
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}
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{
tocHeading: "Boiling Point",
description: "Boiling Point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from liquid to gas at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_point",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
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string: "3407°C"
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{
tocHeading: "Estimated Crustal Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in earth crust",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust",
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},
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tocHeading: "Estimated Oceanic Abundance",
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tocHeading: "History",
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string: "The name derives from the Scandinavian goddess of love and beauty, Freyja Vanadis, because of its many beautiful multi-coloured compounds. Vanadium was discovered by the Swedish physician and chemist Nils-Gabriel Sefström in 1830."
},
{
string: "Vanadium had originally been discovered by the Spanish mineralogist Andres Manuel del Rio y Fernandez in 1801, who named it erythronium, after the plant of that name whose flowers have many beautiful colours. Del Rio later decided that it was really chromium in his lead sample. Vanadium metal was first isolated by the English chemist Henry Enfield Roscoe in 1869."
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string: "Vanadium was discovered by Andrés Manuel del Rio, a Spanish chemist, in 1801. Rio sent samples of vanadium ore and a letter describing his methods to the Institute de France in Paris, France, for analysis and confirmation. Unfortunately for Rio, his letter was lost in a shipwreck and the Institute only received his samples, which contained a brief note describing how much this new element, which Rio had named erythronium, resembled chromium. Rio withdrew his claim when he received a letter from Paris disputing his discovery. Vanadium was rediscovered by Nils Gabriel Sefstrôm, a Swedish chemist, in 1830 while analyzing samples of iron from a mine in Sweden. Vanadium was isolated by Sir Henry Enfield Roscoe, an English chemist, in 1867 by combining vanadium trichloride (VCl3) with hydrogen gas (H2). Today, vanadium is primarily obtained from the minerals vanadinite (Pb5(VO)3Cl) and carnotite (K2(UO2)2VO4·1-3H2O) by heating crushed ore in the presence of carbon and chlorine to produce vanadium trichloride. The vanadium trichloride is then heated with magnesium in an argon atmosphere.",
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string: "Named after Scandinavian goddess, Vanadis. Vanadium was first discovered by del Rio in 1801. Unfortunately, a French chemist incorrectly declared that del Rio's new element was only impure chromium. Del Rio thought himself to be mistaken and accepted the French chemists' statement."
},
{
string: "The element was rediscovered in 1830 by Sefstrom, who named the element in honor of the Scandinavian goddess, Vanadis, because of its beautiful multicolored compounds. It was isolated in nearly pure form by Roscoe, who in 1867 reduced the chloride with hydrogen."
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string: "Vanadium of 99.3 to 99.8% purity was not produced until 1922."
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tocHeading: "Description",
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string: "The metal has good structural strength and a low fission neutron cross section, making it useful in nuclear applications."
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},
{
string: "Nearly 80% of the vanadium produced is used to make ferrovanadium or as an additive to steel. Ferrovanadium is a strong, shock resistant and corrosion resistant alloy of iron containing between 1% and 6% vanadium. Ferrovanadium and vanadium-steel alloys are used to make such things as axles, crankshafts and gears for cars, parts of jet engines, springs and cutting tools."
},
{
string: "Vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) is perhaps vanadium's most useful compound. It is used as a mordant, a material which permanently fixes dyes to fabrics. Vanadium pentoxide is also used as a catalyst in certain chemical reactions and in the manufacture of ceramics. Vanadium pentoxide can also be mixed with gallium to form superconductive magnets.",
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},
{
string: "It is also used to produce a superconductive magnet with a field of 175,000 gauss."
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]
}
}
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},
{
tocHeading: "Sources",
description: "Sources (where the element come from) information for the given element",
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},
{
string: "Commercial production from petroleum ash holds promise as an important source of the element. High-purity ductile vanadium can be obtained by reduction of vanadium trichloride with magnesium or with magnesium-sodium mixtures."
},
{
string: "Much of the vanadium metal being produced is now made by calcium reduction of V2O5 in a pressure vessel, an adaption of a process developed by McKechnie and Seybair.",
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},
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tocHeading: "Compounds",
description: "Related compounds information to this element",
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stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "See more information at the Vanadium compound page."
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{
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string: "61.972650 ± 0.00032 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "62.976500 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "63.982480 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "63.982480 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "64.987354 ± 0.000537 [Estimated]"
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string: "65.993977 ± 0.000537 [Estimated]"
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string: "3.743 m ± 0.005"
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string: "49.8 s ± 0.5"
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{
string: "900 ns ± 500"
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{
string: "6.54 s ± 0.15"
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{
string: "216 ms ± 4"
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{
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{
string: "191 ms ± 10"
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{
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{
string: "122 ms ± 18"
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{
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{
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{
string: "15 ms ± 2"
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{
string: "<1 us"
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{
string: "10 ms ± >620ns [Estimated]"
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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],
reference: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "PubChem",
description: "Data deposited in or computed by PubChem",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
sourceName: "Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)",
sourceID: "e23",
name: "V",
description: "The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.",
url: "https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/",
anid: 6590250
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
sourceName: "Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)",
sourceID: "a23",
name: "Vanadium",
description: "Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report) and CIAAW. The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/",
url: "http://www.ciaaw.org/vanadium.htm",
licenseURL: "http://www.ciaaw.org/bylaws.htm",
anid: 2292404
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
sourceName: "Jefferson Lab, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "jlab23",
name: "Vanadium",
description: "Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/",
url: "https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele023.html",
licenseNote: "Please see citation and linking information: https://education.jlab.org/faq/index.html",
licenseURL: "https://www.jlab.org/privacy-and-security-notice",
anid: 507085
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
sourceName: "Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "lanl23",
name: "Vanadium",
description: "The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.",
url: "https://periodic.lanl.gov/23.shtml",
anid: 507203
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
sourceName: "NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory",
sourceID: "e23",
name: "Vanadium",
description: "The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Elements/elInfo.pl?element=23",
licenseURL: "https://www.nist.gov/pml/database-disclaimer",
anid: 2292640
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
sourceName: "PubChem Elements",
sourceID: "23",
name: "V",
description: "The element property data was retrieved from publications.",
anid: 7660024
},
{
referenceNumber: 7,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "23",
name: "Vanadium",
description: "This section provides all form of data related to element Vanadium.",
anid: 694316
}
]
}
},
{
record: {
recordType: "AtomicNumber",
recordNumber: 24,
recordTitle: "Chromium",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01022.html",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Chromium"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Chromium"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
description: "Element symbol, Also called atomic symbol, typically consists of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet derived from the element name in one of several languages.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Cr"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Cr"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "InChI=1S/Cr"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI Key",
description: "International Chemical Identifier hash (InChIKey) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI Key",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "51.9961(6)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "51.9961"
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]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "52.00"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "51.9961(6)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "[Ar]3d54s1",
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 9,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Electron Configuration",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "[Ar]3d5 4s",
markup: [
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start: 6,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Radius",
description: "Atomic radius is the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell containing electrons.",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_radius",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
name: "Van der Waals Atomic Radius",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "189 pm (Van der Waals)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Empirical Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"J.C. Slater, J Chem Phys, 1964, 41(10), 3199-3205. DOI:10.1063/1.1725697"
],
value: {
number: [
140
],
unit: "pm (Empirical)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Covalent Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"B. Cordero, V. Gómez, A.E. Platero-Prats, M. Revés, J. Echeverría, E. Cremades, F. Barragán, S. Alvarez, Dalton Trans. 2008, 21, 2832-2838. DOI:10.1039/b801115j PMID:18478144."
],
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "139(5) pm (Covalent)"
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]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
description: "Oxidation state gives the degree of oxidation of an atom in terms of counting electrons.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/O/O04365.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "+6, +3, +2"
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]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, −1, −2, −4 (depending on the oxidation state, an acidic, basic, or amphoteric oxide)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ground Level",
description: "Also called ground-state level. The ground state electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom with lower energy levels.",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/ASD/Html/iehelp.html#IEGROUNDLEV",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ground Level",
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stringWithMarkup: [
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}
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]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ionization Energy",
description: "Ionization energy is the minimum energy required to eject an electron out of a neutral atom or molecule in its ground state.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/I/I03199.html",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "6.767 eV"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ionization Energy",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "6.76651 eV"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electronegativity",
description: "The concept electronegativity was introduced by L. Pauling as the power of an atom to attract electrons to itself.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01990",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Pauling Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"A.L. Allred, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 1961, 17(3-4), 215-221. DOI:10.1016/0022-1902(61)80142-5"
],
value: {
number: [
1.66
],
unit: "(Pauling Scale)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Allen Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1989, 111, 9003. DOI:10.1021/ja00207a003; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek and L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 2780. DOI:10.1021/ja992866e; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek, E.T. Knight, J.F. Capitani and L.C Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 5132. DOI:10.1021/ja9928677"
],
value: {
number: [
1.65
],
unit: "(Allen Scale)"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Affinity",
description: "Electron affinity refers to energy required to detach an electron from the singly charged negative ion.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01977",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.T Myers, J. Chem. Edu., 1990, 67(4), 307. DOI:10.1021/ed067p307"
],
value: {
number: [
0.666
],
unit: "eV"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.J. Zollweg, J. Chem. Phys., 1969, 50, 4251. DOI:10.1063/1.1670890"
],
value: {
number: [
0.97
],
unit: "eV"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Spectra",
description: "Atomic and ionic spectral lines originate from specified electronic transitions between energy levels of atoms and ions, respectively.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00502.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/lines_hold.pl?el=Cr",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Lines Holdings"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/levels_hold.pl?el=Cr",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Levels Holdings"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Physical Description",
description: "Physical description, also know as physical characteristics, refers to physical appearance of element substances.",
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Solid"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Classification",
description: "Elements can be classified few groups according to each element's chemical properties.",
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value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Metal"
}
]
}
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},
{
tocHeading: "Element Period Number",
description: "The element period number refers to a horizontal row of the periodic table. The periodic table has 7 periods.",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/periodic-table-of-the-elements/The-periodic-table#ref80835",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "4"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Group Number",
description: "Element group refers to a set of chemical elements in the same vertical column of the periodic table",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/group-periodic-table",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "6"
}
]
}
}
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},
{
tocHeading: "Density",
description: "Density is a degree of consistency measured by the quantity of mass per unit volume",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/D/D01590.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "7.15 grams per cubic centimeter"
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]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Melting Point",
description: "The melting point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from solid to liquid at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/melting-point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "2180 K (1907°C or 3465°F)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "1907°C"
}
]
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}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Boiling Point",
description: "Boiling Point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from liquid to gas at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "2944 K (2671°C or 4840°F)"
}
]
}
},
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referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "2671°C"
}
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},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Crustal Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in earth crust",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust",
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "1.02×102 milligrams per kilogram",
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}
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}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Oceanic Abundance",
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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}
}
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}
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tocHeading: "History",
description: "Element discovery and related information in history",
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name: "History",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "The name derives from the Greek chroma for \"colour\", from the many coloured compounds of chromium. It was discovered in 1797 by the French chemist and pharmacist Nicolas-Louis Vauquelin, who also isolated chromium in 1798.",
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stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Chromium was discovered by Louis-Nicholas Vauquelin while experimenting with a material known as Siberian red lead, also known as the mineral crocoite (PbCrO4), in 1797. He produced chromium oxide (CrO3) by mixing crocoite with hydrochloric acid (HCl). Although he believed a method for isolating chromium didn't yet exist, Vauquelin was pleasantly surprised in 1798 to discover that he was able to obtain metallic chromium by simply heating chromium oxide in a charcoal oven. Today, chromium is primarily obtained by heating the mineral chromite (FeCr2O4) in the presence of aluminum or silicon.",
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value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "From the Greek word chroma, color. Chromium is a steel-gray, lustrous, hard metal that takes a high polish. Discovered in 1797 by the Frenchman Louis Nicolas Vauquelin."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Description",
description: "Description about this element",
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referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Chromium is used extensively in automobile trim as chromium metal because of its shiny finish and corrosion resistance."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Uses",
description: "Uses information in industry and other fields",
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value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Chromium is a blue-white metal that is hard, brittle and very corrosion resistant. Chromium can be polished to form a very shiny surface and is often plated to other metals to form a protective and attractive covering. Chromium is added to steel to harden it and to form stainless steel, a steel alloy that contains at least 10% chromium. Other chromium-steel alloys are used to make armor plate, safes, ball bearings and cutting tools."
},
{
string: "Chromium forms many colorful compounds that have industrial uses. Lead chromate (PbCrO4), also known as chrome yellow, has been used as a yellow pigment in paints. Chromic oxide (Cr2O3), also known as chrome green, is the ninth most abundant compound in the earth's crust and is a widely used green pigment. Rubies and emeralds also owe their colors to chromium compounds. Potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) is used in the tanning of leather while other chromium compounds are used as mordants, materials which permanently fix dyes to fabrics. Chromium compounds are also used to anodize aluminum, a process which coats aluminum with a thick, protective layer of oxide. Chromite, chromium's primary ore, is used to make molds for the firing of bricks because of its high melting point, moderate thermal expansion and stable crystal structure.",
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stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Chromium is used to harden steel, manufacture stainless steel, and form many useful alloys. It is mostly used in plating to produce a hard, beautiful surface and to prevent corrosion. Chromium gives glass an emerald green color and is widely used as a catalyst."
},
{
string: "The refractory industry uses chromite for forming bricks and shapes, as it has a high melting point, moderate thermal expansion, and stability of crystalline structure."
}
]
}
}
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},
{
tocHeading: "Sources",
description: "Sources (where the element come from) information for the given element",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "The principal ore is chromite, which is found in Zimbabwe, Russia, New Zealand, Turkey, Iran, Albania, Finland, Democratic Republic of Madagascar, and the Phillippines. The metal is usually produced by reducing the oxide with aluminum."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Compounds",
description: "Related compounds information to this element",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "All compounds of chromium are colored. The most important chromates are those of sodium and potassium, the dichromates, and the potassium and ammonium chrome alums. The dichromates are used as oxidizing agents in quantitative analysis, also in tanning leather."
},
{
string: "Other compounds are of industrial value; lead chromate is chrome yellow, a valued pigment. Chromium compounds are used in the textile industry as mordants, and by the aircraft and other industries for anodizing aluminum."
}
]
}
},
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referenceNumber: 7,
name: "Compounds",
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value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "See more information at the Chromium compound page."
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}
}
],
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{
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{
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string: "Cr"
},
{
string: "Cr+6"
},
{
string: "Cr"
},
{
string: "Cr"
},
{
string: "Cr"
},
{
string: "Cr+3"
}
]
}
},
{
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string: "[Cr]"
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{
string: "[Cr+6]"
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{
string: "[51Cr]"
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{
string: "[Cr+3]"
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{
string: "[Cr+2]"
},
{
string: "[Cr+5]"
},
{
string: "[51Cr+6]"
},
{
string: "[49Cr]"
},
{
string: "[48Cr]"
},
{
string: "[Cr+4]"
},
{
string: "[50Cr+3]"
},
{
string: "[50Cr]"
},
{
string: "[53Cr+6]"
},
{
string: "[53Cr]"
},
{
string: "[54Cr]"
},
{
string: "[52Cr]"
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{
string: "[51Cr+3]"
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}
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{
string: "51.996"
},
{
string: "51.996"
},
{
string: "50.945"
},
{
string: "48.951"
},
{
string: "47.954"
},
{
string: "51.996"
},
{
string: "49.946"
},
{
string: "49.946"
},
{
string: "52.941"
},
{
string: "52.941"
},
{
string: "53.939"
},
{
string: "51.941"
},
{
string: "50.945"
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}
}
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]
},
{
tocHeading: "Handling and Storage",
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{
tocHeading: "Isotopes",
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string: "3"
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tocHeading: "Isotope Mass and Abundance",
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string: "0.023 65(7)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Mass, Half Life, and Decay",
description: "This section provides the information from the Nubase2016. The number after the ± refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton. The '?' refers to 'not determined or qualified'. For further explainations, click read more below.",
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{
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{
string: "49Cr",
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{
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{
string: "51Cr",
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]
},
{
string: "52Cr",
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]
},
{
string: "53Cr",
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]
},
{
string: "54Cr",
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type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "55Cr",
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{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "56Cr",
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{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "57Cr",
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{
start: 0,
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]
},
{
string: "58Cr",
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{
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type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "59Cr",
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{
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type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "59Crm",
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]
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{
string: "60Cr",
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]
},
{
string: "61Cr",
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{
start: 0,
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type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "62Cr",
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{
start: 0,
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},
{
string: "63Cr",
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{
start: 0,
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type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "64Cr",
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{
start: 0,
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type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "65Cr",
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{
start: 0,
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]
},
{
string: "66Cr",
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},
{
string: "67Cr",
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]
},
{
string: "68Cr",
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{
start: 0,
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type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "69Cr",
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{
start: 0,
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]
},
{
string: "70Cr",
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]
}
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{
string: "42.997885 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "43.985657 ± 0.000322 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "44.979050000 ± 0.000038"
},
{
string: "44.979050000 ± 0.000038"
},
{
string: "45.968360970 ± 0.000012295"
},
{
string: "46.962895544 ± 0.000006473"
},
{
string: "47.954028667 ± 0.000007862"
},
{
string: "48.951332955 ± 0.000002407"
},
{
string: "49.946041443 ± 0.000000468"
},
{
string: "50.944764652 ± 0.000000429"
},
{
string: "51.940504992 ± 0.000000364"
},
{
string: "52.940646961 ± 0.000000373"
},
{
string: "53.938878012 ± 0.000000378"
},
{
string: "54.940837289 ± 0.000000428"
},
{
string: "55.940649107 ± 0.000000647"
},
{
string: "56.943612409 ± 0.000001146"
},
{
string: "57.944184502 ± 0.0000016"
},
{
string: "58.948377810 ± 0.000232279"
},
{
string: "58.948377810 ± 0.000232279"
},
{
string: "59.949898146 ± 0.00020783"
},
{
string: "60.954400963 ± 0.000108793"
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{
string: "61.956097451 ± 0.000158991"
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{
string: "62.961344384 ± 0.000384407"
},
{
string: "63.964058000 ± 0.000472"
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{
string: "64.969705 ± 0.000322 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "65.973462 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "66.979946 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "67.984112 ± 0.000537 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "68.990789 ± 0.000537 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "69.995191 ± 0.000644 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "60.9 ms ± 0.4"
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{
string: ">80 us"
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{
string: "224.3 ms ± 1.3"
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{
string: "500 ms ± 15"
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{
string: "21.56 h ± 0.03"
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{
string: "42.3 m ± 0.1"
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string: "Stable ± >1.3Ey"
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string: "Stable"
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{
string: "3.497 m ± 0.003"
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{
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{
string: "21.1 s ± 1.0"
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{
string: "7.0 s ± 0.3"
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{
string: "1050 ms ± 90"
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{
string: "96 us ± 20"
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{
string: "490 ms ± 10"
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{
string: "243 ms ± 9"
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{
string: "206 ms ± 12"
},
{
string: "129 ms ± 2"
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{
string: "43 ms ± 1"
},
{
string: "27.5 ms ± 2.1"
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{
string: "23.8 ms ± 1.8"
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{
string: "10 ms ± >300ns [Estimated]"
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{
string: "5 ms ± >620ns [Estimated]"
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{
string: "2 ms ± >620ns [Estimated]"
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{
string: "1972"
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{
string: "1972"
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{
string: "1952"
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{
string: "1942"
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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],
reference: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "PubChem",
description: "Data deposited in or computed by PubChem",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
sourceName: "Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)",
sourceID: "e24",
name: "Cr",
description: "The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.",
url: "https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/",
anid: 6590251
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
sourceName: "Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)",
sourceID: "a24",
name: "Chromium",
description: "Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report) and CIAAW. The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/",
url: "http://www.ciaaw.org/chromium.htm",
licenseURL: "http://www.ciaaw.org/bylaws.htm",
anid: 2292405
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
sourceName: "Jefferson Lab, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "jlab24",
name: "Chromium",
description: "Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/",
url: "https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele024.html",
licenseNote: "Please see citation and linking information: https://education.jlab.org/faq/index.html",
licenseURL: "https://www.jlab.org/privacy-and-security-notice",
anid: 507086
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
sourceName: "Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "lanl24",
name: "Chromium",
description: "The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.",
url: "https://periodic.lanl.gov/24.shtml",
anid: 507204
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
sourceName: "NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory",
sourceID: "e24",
name: "Chromium",
description: "The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Elements/elInfo.pl?element=24",
licenseURL: "https://www.nist.gov/pml/database-disclaimer",
anid: 2292641
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
sourceName: "PubChem Elements",
sourceID: "24",
name: "Cr",
description: "The element property data was retrieved from publications.",
anid: 7660025
},
{
referenceNumber: 7,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "24",
name: "Chromium",
description: "This section provides all form of data related to element Chromium.",
anid: 694317
}
]
}
},
{
record: {
recordType: "AtomicNumber",
recordNumber: 25,
recordTitle: "Manganese",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01022.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Manganese"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Manganese"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
description: "Element symbol, Also called atomic symbol, typically consists of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet derived from the element name in one of several languages.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Mn"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Mn"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "InChI=1S/Mn"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI Key",
description: "International Chemical Identifier hash (InChIKey) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI Key",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "54.938 043(2)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "54.938044"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "54.94"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "54.938044(3)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[Ar]4s23d5",
markup: [
{
start: 6,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 9,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Electron Configuration",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[Ar]3d5 4s2",
markup: [
{
start: 6,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Radius",
description: "Atomic radius is the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell containing electrons.",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_radius",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
name: "Van der Waals Atomic Radius",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "197 pm (Van der Waals)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Empirical Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"J.C. Slater, J Chem Phys, 1964, 41(10), 3199-3205. DOI:10.1063/1.1725697"
],
value: {
number: [
140
],
unit: "pm (Empirical)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Covalent Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"B. Cordero, V. Gómez, A.E. Platero-Prats, M. Revés, J. Echeverría, E. Cremades, F. Barragán, S. Alvarez, Dalton Trans. 2008, 21, 2832-2838. DOI:10.1039/b801115j PMID:18478144."
],
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "139(5)[l.s.], 161(8)[h.s.] pm (Covalent)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
description: "Oxidation state gives the degree of oxidation of an atom in terms of counting electrons.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/O/O04365.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "+7, +4, +3, +2"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, −1, −2, −3 acidic, basic or amphoteric; depending on the oxidation state"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ground Level",
description: "Also called ground-state level. The ground state electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom with lower energy levels.",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/ASD/Html/iehelp.html#IEGROUNDLEV",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ground Level",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "6S5/2",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 2,
length: 3,
type: "Subscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ionization Energy",
description: "Ionization energy is the minimum energy required to eject an electron out of a neutral atom or molecule in its ground state.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/I/I03199.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "7.434 eV"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ionization Energy",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "7.4340380 eV"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electronegativity",
description: "The concept electronegativity was introduced by L. Pauling as the power of an atom to attract electrons to itself.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01990",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Pauling Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"A.L. Allred, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 1961, 17(3-4), 215-221. DOI:10.1016/0022-1902(61)80142-5"
],
value: {
number: [
1.55
],
unit: "(Pauling Scale)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Allen Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1989, 111, 9003. DOI:10.1021/ja00207a003; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek and L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 2780. DOI:10.1021/ja992866e; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek, E.T. Knight, J.F. Capitani and L.C Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 5132. DOI:10.1021/ja9928677"
],
value: {
number: [
1.75
],
unit: "(Allen Scale)"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Affinity",
description: "Electron affinity refers to energy required to detach an electron from the singly charged negative ion.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01977",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.T Myers, J. Chem. Edu., 1990, 67(4), 307. DOI:10.1021/ed067p307"
],
value: {
number: [
0
],
unit: "eV"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.J. Zollweg, J. Chem. Phys., 1969, 50, 4251. DOI:10.1063/1.1670890"
],
value: {
number: [
0.97
],
unit: "eV"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Spectra",
description: "Atomic and ionic spectral lines originate from specified electronic transitions between energy levels of atoms and ions, respectively.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00502.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/lines_hold.pl?el=Mn",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Lines Holdings"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/levels_hold.pl?el=Mn",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Levels Holdings"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Physical Description",
description: "Physical description, also know as physical characteristics, refers to physical appearance of element substances.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Solid"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Classification",
description: "Elements can be classified few groups according to each element's chemical properties.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Metal"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Period Number",
description: "The element period number refers to a horizontal row of the periodic table. The periodic table has 7 periods.",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/periodic-table-of-the-elements/The-periodic-table#ref80835",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "4"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Group Number",
description: "Element group refers to a set of chemical elements in the same vertical column of the periodic table",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/group-periodic-table",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "7"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Density",
description: "Density is a degree of consistency measured by the quantity of mass per unit volume",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/D/D01590.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "7.3 grams per cubic centimeter"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Melting Point",
description: "The melting point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from solid to liquid at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/melting-point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1519 K (1246°C or 2275°F)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1246°C"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Boiling Point",
description: "Boiling Point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from liquid to gas at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "2334 K (2061°C or 3742°F)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "2061°C"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Crustal Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in earth crust",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "9.50×102 milligrams per kilogram",
markup: [
{
start: 7,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Oceanic Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in ocean",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "2×10-4 milligrams per liter",
markup: [
{
start: 4,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "History",
description: "Element discovery and related information in history",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "History",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "The name derives from the Latin magnes for \"magnet\" since pyrolusite (MnO2) has magnetic properties. It was discovered by the Swedish pharmacist and chemist Carl-Wilhelm Scheele in 1774. In the same year, the Swedish chemist Johan Gottlieb Gahn first isolated the metal.",
markup: [
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start: 32,
length: 6,
type: "Italics"
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start: 73,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
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]
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Proposed to be an element by Carl Wilhelm Scheele in 1774, manganese was discovered by Johan Gottlieb Gahn, a Swedish chemist, by heating the mineral pyrolusite (MnO2) in the presence of charcoal later that year. Today, most manganese is still obtained from pyrolusite, although it is usually burned in a furnace with powdered aluminum or is treated with sulfuric acid (H2SO4) to form manganese sulfate (MnSO4), which is then electrolyzed.",
markup: [
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start: 165,
length: 1,
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start: 371,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
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length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
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start: 408,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
}
]
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "From the Latin word magnes, magnet, from magnetic properties of pyrolusite. Recognized by Carl Wilhelm Scheele, Torbern Olof Bergman, and others as an element and isolated by Gahn in 1774 by reduction of the dioxide with carbon."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Description",
description: "Description about this element",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "It is gray-white, resembling iron, but is harder and very brittle. The metal is reactive chemically and decomposes slowly in cold water. Manganese is used to form many important alloys. Manganese improves rolling and forging qualities in steel, along with adding strength, stiffness, wear resistance, hardness."
},
{
string: "With aluminum and antimony, and especially with small amounts of copper, it forms highly ferromagnetic alloys."
},
{
string: "Manganese metal is ferromagnetic only after special treatment. The pure metal exists in four allotropic forms. The alpha form is stable at ordinary temperature; gamma manganese, which changes to alpha at ordinary temperatures, is said to be flexible, soft, easily cut, and capable of being bent."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Uses",
description: "Uses information in industry and other fields",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Nearly 90% of all of the manganese produced each year is used in the production of steel. Manganese is added to molten steel to remove oxygen and sulfur and is alloyed with steel to make it easier to form and work with and to increase steel's strength and resistance to impact. Railroad tracks, for example, are made with steel that contains as much as 1.2% manganese. Manganese is also used to give glass an amethyst color and is responsible for the color of amethyst gemstones."
},
{
string: "Manganese dioxide (MnO2), the most common compound of manganese, makes up about 0.14% of the Earth's crust. It is used in dry cell batteries to prevent the formation of hydrogen, to remove the green color in glass that is caused by the presence of iron contaminants, and as a drying agent in black paints.",
markup: [
{
start: 22,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
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]
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "The dioxide (pyrolusite) is used as a depolarizer in dry cells and is used to \"decolorize\" glass that is colored green by impurities of iron. Manganese by itself colors glass an amethyst color and is responsible for the color of true amethyst. The dioxide is also used in the preparation of oxygen and chlorine and in drying black paints. The permanganate is a powerful oxidizing agent and is used in quantitative analysis and in medicine."
},
{
string: "Manganese is widely distributed throughout the animal kingdom. It is an important trace element and may be essential for utilization of vitamin B1."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Sources",
description: "Sources (where the element come from) information for the given element",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Manganese minerals are widely distributed, with oxides, silicates, and carbonates being the most common. Large quantities of manganese nodules are found on the ocean floor and may become a source of manganese. These nodules contain about 24% manganese, together with many other elements in lesser abundance."
},
{
string: "Most manganese today is obtained from ores found in Russia, Brazil, Australia, South Africa, Gabon, and India. Pyrolusite and rhodochrosite are among the most common manganese minerals. The metal is obtained by reduction of the oxide with sodium, magnesium, aluminum, or by electrolysis."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Compounds",
description: "Related compounds information to this element",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 7,
name: "Compounds",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Manganese",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "See more information at the Manganese compound page."
}
]
}
}
],
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Forms",
description: "Other element forms, ions, isotopes, etc.",
displayControls: {
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},
{
string: "Mn+3"
},
{
string: "Mn"
},
{
string: "Mn"
},
{
string: "Mn"
},
{
string: "Mn+2"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 7,
name: "SMILES",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[Mn]"
},
{
string: "[54Mn]"
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{
string: "[52Mn]"
},
{
string: "[51Mn]"
},
{
string: "[Mn+2]"
},
{
string: "[Mn+3]"
},
{
string: "[56Mn]"
},
{
string: "[53Mn]"
},
{
string: "[57Mn]"
},
{
string: "[52Mn+2]"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 7,
name: "Molecular Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "54.938"
},
{
string: "53.94"
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{
string: "51.946"
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{
string: "50.948"
},
{
string: "54.938"
},
{
string: "54.938"
},
{
string: "55.939"
},
{
string: "52.941"
},
{
string: "56.938"
},
{
string: "51.946"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Handling and Storage",
description: "Handling and Storage information",
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{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Exposure to manganese dusts, fume, and compounds should not exceed the ceiling value of 5 mg/m3 for even short periods because of the element's toxicity level.",
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{
start: 94,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Isotopes",
description: "Isotopes are variants of a chemical element which contain different neutron number",
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{
referenceNumber: 4,
name: "Stable Isotope Count",
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stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1"
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}
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{
tocHeading: "Isotope Mass and Abundance",
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value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "54.938 043(2)"
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{
string: "1"
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}
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]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Mass, Half Life, and Decay",
description: "This section provides the information from the Nubase2016. The number after the ± refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton. The '?' refers to 'not determined or qualified'. For further explainations, click read more below.",
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information: [
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Nuclide",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "44Mn",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "45Mn",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "46Mn",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "46Mnm",
markup: [
{
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{
start: 4,
length: 1,
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]
},
{
string: "47Mn",
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{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "48Mn",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "49Mn",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "50Mn",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "50Mnm",
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{
start: 4,
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},
{
string: "51Mn",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "52Mn",
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{
start: 0,
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type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "52Mnm",
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{
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]
},
{
string: "53Mn",
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{
start: 0,
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type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "54Mn",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "55Mn",
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{
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length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "56Mn",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "57Mn",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "58Mn",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "58Mnm",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
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},
{
start: 4,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "59Mn",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "60Mn",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "60Mnm",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
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},
{
start: 4,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "61Mn",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "62Mn",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "62Mnm",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
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},
{
start: 4,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "63Mn",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "64Mn",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "64Mnm",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 4,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "65Mn",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "66Mn",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "66Mnm",
markup: [
{
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{
start: 4,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "67Mn",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "68Mn",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "69Mn",
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{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "70Mn",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "71Mn",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "72Mn",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Atomic Mass and Uncertainty [u]",
value: {
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{
string: "44.007547 ± 0.000537 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "44.994364 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "45.986506 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "45.986506 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "46.975774000 ± 0.000034"
},
{
string: "47.968549085 ± 0.000007449"
},
{
string: "48.959612585 ± 0.00000242"
},
{
string: "49.954237391 ± 0.000000474"
},
{
string: "49.954237391 ± 0.000000474"
},
{
string: "50.948208065 ± 0.000000539"
},
{
string: "51.945563488 ± 0.00000198"
},
{
string: "51.945563488 ± 0.00000198"
},
{
string: "52.941287742 ± 0.000000483"
},
{
string: "53.940356429 ± 0.000001136"
},
{
string: "54.938043172 ± 0.000000325"
},
{
string: "55.938902947 ± 0.000000355"
},
{
string: "56.938285968 ± 0.000001615"
},
{
string: "57.940066646 ± 0.0000029"
},
{
string: "57.940066646 ± 0.0000029"
},
{
string: "58.940391113 ± 0.0000025"
},
{
string: "59.943136576 ± 0.0000025"
},
{
string: "59.943136576 ± 0.0000025"
},
{
string: "60.944452544 ± 0.0000025"
},
{
string: "61.947907386 ± 0.000007023"
},
{
string: "61.947907386 ± 0.000007023"
},
{
string: "62.949664675 ± 0.000004"
},
{
string: "63.953849370 ± 0.0000038"
},
{
string: "63.953849370 ± 0.0000038"
},
{
string: "64.956019750 ± 0.000004"
},
{
string: "65.960546834 ± 0.000012"
},
{
string: "65.960546834 ± 0.000012"
},
{
string: "66.964079 ± 0.000322 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "67.969533 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "68.973408 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "69.979066 ± 0.000537 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "70.983285 ± 0.000537 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "71.989372 ± 0.000644 [Estimated]"
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{
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string: "Not-specified ± <105ns"
},
{
string: "Not-specified ± <70ns"
},
{
string: "36.2 ms ± 0.4"
},
{
string: "1 ms [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "88.0 ms ± 1.3"
},
{
string: "158.1 ms ± 2.2"
},
{
string: "382 ms ± 7"
},
{
string: "283.19 ms ± 0.10"
},
{
string: "1.75 m ± 0.03"
},
{
string: "46.2 m ± 0.1"
},
{
string: "5.591 d ± 0.003"
},
{
string: "21.1 m ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "3.7 My ± 0.4"
},
{
string: "312.20 d ± 0.20"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "2.578 h ± 0.0001"
},
{
string: "85.4 s ± 1.8"
},
{
string: "3.0 s ± 0.1"
},
{
string: "65.4 s ± 0.5"
},
{
string: "4.59 s ± 0.05"
},
{
string: "280 ms ± 20"
},
{
string: "1.77 s ± 0.02"
},
{
string: "709 ms ± 8"
},
{
string: "92 ms ± 13"
},
{
string: "671 ms ± 5"
},
{
string: "275 ms ± 4"
},
{
string: "88.8 ms ± 2.4"
},
{
string: "439 us ± 31"
},
{
string: "91.9 ms ± 0.7"
},
{
string: "64.2 ms ± 0.8"
},
{
string: "780 us ± 40"
},
{
string: "46.7 ms ± 2.3"
},
{
string: "33.7 ms ± 1.5"
},
{
string: "22.1 ms ± 1.6"
},
{
string: "19.9 ms ± 1.7"
},
{
string: "5 ms ± >400ns [Estimated]"
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{
string: "2 ms ± >620ns [Estimated]"
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{
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string: ""
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{
string: "1987"
},
{
string: "1970"
},
{
string: "1952"
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{
string: "1962"
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{
string: "1938"
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{
string: "1938"
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{
string: "1937"
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{
string: "1955"
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{
string: "1938"
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{
string: "1923"
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{
string: "1934"
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{
string: "1954"
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{
string: "1961"
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{
string: "1961"
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{
string: "1976"
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{
string: "1978"
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{
string: "1978"
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{
string: "1980"
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
string: "1985"
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{
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{
string: "2005"
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{
string: "1997"
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{
string: "1995"
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{
string: "1995"
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{
string: "2009"
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{
string: "2010"
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},
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string: "p ?"
},
{
string: "p ?"
},
{
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{
string: "β+=100%",
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},
{
string: "β+=100%",
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{
string: "β+=100%",
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{
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},
{
string: "ε=100%"
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string: "β-=100%",
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string: "β-=100%",
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string: "β-=100%",
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{
string: "β-=88.5±0.8%; IT=11.5±0.8%",
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{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=0.6%[Estimated]",
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string: "β-=100%; β-n=0.03%[Estimated]; IT ?",
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string: "β-=100%; β-n=0.2%[Estimated]",
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{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=33±0.2%",
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{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=7%[Estimated]",
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type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=8.4±0.9%; β-2n=0.2%[Estimated]",
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start: 24,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "IT≈100%; β- ?",
markup: [
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start: 10,
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},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=10±0.5%; β-2n=0.01%[Estimated]",
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{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
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type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=10%[Estimated]; β-2n=2%[Estimated]",
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{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=50±2%; β-2n=0.4%[Estimated]",
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=20%[Estimated]; β-2n=7%[Estimated]",
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referenceNumber: 1,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "PubChem",
description: "Data deposited in or computed by PubChem",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
sourceName: "Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)",
sourceID: "e25",
name: "Mn",
description: "The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.",
url: "https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/",
anid: 6590252
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
sourceName: "Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)",
sourceID: "a25",
name: "Manganese",
description: "Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report) and CIAAW. The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/",
url: "http://www.ciaaw.org/manganese.htm",
licenseURL: "http://www.ciaaw.org/bylaws.htm",
anid: 2292406
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{
referenceNumber: 4,
sourceName: "Jefferson Lab, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "jlab25",
name: "Manganese",
description: "Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/",
url: "https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele025.html",
licenseNote: "Please see citation and linking information: https://education.jlab.org/faq/index.html",
licenseURL: "https://www.jlab.org/privacy-and-security-notice",
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referenceNumber: 5,
sourceName: "Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "lanl25",
name: "Manganese",
description: "The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.",
url: "https://periodic.lanl.gov/25.shtml",
anid: 507205
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
sourceName: "NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory",
sourceID: "e25",
name: "Manganese",
description: "The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Elements/elInfo.pl?element=25",
licenseURL: "https://www.nist.gov/pml/database-disclaimer",
anid: 2292642
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referenceNumber: 8,
sourceName: "PubChem Elements",
sourceID: "25",
name: "Mn",
description: "The element property data was retrieved from publications.",
anid: 7660026
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{
referenceNumber: 7,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "25",
name: "Manganese",
description: "This section provides all form of data related to element Manganese.",
anid: 694318
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]
}
},
{
record: {
recordType: "AtomicNumber",
recordNumber: 26,
recordTitle: "Iron",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01022.html",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Iron"
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{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
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string: "Iron"
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]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
description: "Element symbol, Also called atomic symbol, typically consists of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet derived from the element name in one of several languages.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
information: [
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name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
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string: "Fe"
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}
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{
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name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
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string: "Fe"
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]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "InChI=1S/Fe"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI Key",
description: "International Chemical Identifier hash (InChIKey) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI Key",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "55.845(2)"
}
]
}
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{
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value: {
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}
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}
},
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name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "55.845(2)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
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},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Electron Configuration",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "[Ar]3d6 4s2",
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type: "Superscript"
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Radius",
description: "Atomic radius is the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell containing electrons.",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_radius",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
name: "Van der Waals Atomic Radius",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "194 pm (Van der Waals)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Empirical Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"J.C. Slater, J Chem Phys, 1964, 41(10), 3199-3205. DOI:10.1063/1.1725697"
],
value: {
number: [
140
],
unit: "pm (Empirical)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Covalent Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"B. Cordero, V. Gómez, A.E. Platero-Prats, M. Revés, J. Echeverría, E. Cremades, F. Barragán, S. Alvarez, Dalton Trans. 2008, 21, 2832-2838. DOI:10.1039/b801115j PMID:18478144."
],
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "132(3)[l.s.], 152(6)[h.s.] pm (Covalent)"
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}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
description: "Oxidation state gives the degree of oxidation of an atom in terms of counting electrons.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/O/O04365.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "+3, +2"
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]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "−4, −2, −1, +1,+2, +3, +4, +5,+6, +7 (an amphoteric oxide)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ground Level",
description: "Also called ground-state level. The ground state electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom with lower energy levels.",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/ASD/Html/iehelp.html#IEGROUNDLEV",
information: [
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name: "Ground Level",
value: {
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}
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]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ionization Energy",
description: "Ionization energy is the minimum energy required to eject an electron out of a neutral atom or molecule in its ground state.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/I/I03199.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "7.902 eV"
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]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ionization Energy",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "7.9024681 eV"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electronegativity",
description: "The concept electronegativity was introduced by L. Pauling as the power of an atom to attract electrons to itself.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01990",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Pauling Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"A.L. Allred, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 1961, 17(3-4), 215-221. DOI:10.1016/0022-1902(61)80142-5"
],
value: {
number: [
1.83
],
unit: "(Pauling Scale)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Allen Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1989, 111, 9003. DOI:10.1021/ja00207a003; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek and L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 2780. DOI:10.1021/ja992866e; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek, E.T. Knight, J.F. Capitani and L.C Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 5132. DOI:10.1021/ja9928677"
],
value: {
number: [
1.8
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unit: "(Allen Scale)"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Affinity",
description: "Electron affinity refers to energy required to detach an electron from the singly charged negative ion.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01977",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.T Myers, J. Chem. Edu., 1990, 67(4), 307. DOI:10.1021/ed067p307"
],
value: {
number: [
0.163
],
unit: "eV"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.J. Zollweg, J. Chem. Phys., 1969, 50, 4251. DOI:10.1063/1.1670890"
],
value: {
number: [
0.46
],
unit: "eV"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Spectra",
description: "Atomic and ionic spectral lines originate from specified electronic transitions between energy levels of atoms and ions, respectively.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00502.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/lines_hold.pl?el=Fe",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Lines Holdings"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/levels_hold.pl?el=Fe",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Levels Holdings"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Physical Description",
description: "Physical description, also know as physical characteristics, refers to physical appearance of element substances.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Solid"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Classification",
description: "Elements can be classified few groups according to each element's chemical properties.",
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Metal"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Period Number",
description: "The element period number refers to a horizontal row of the periodic table. The periodic table has 7 periods.",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/periodic-table-of-the-elements/The-periodic-table#ref80835",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "4"
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]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Group Number",
description: "Element group refers to a set of chemical elements in the same vertical column of the periodic table",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/group-periodic-table",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "8"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Density",
description: "Density is a degree of consistency measured by the quantity of mass per unit volume",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/D/D01590.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "7.874 grams per cubic centimeter"
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]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Melting Point",
description: "The melting point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from solid to liquid at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/melting-point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "1811 K (1538°C or 2800°F)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1538°C"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Boiling Point",
description: "Boiling Point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from liquid to gas at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "3134 K (2861°C or 5182°F)"
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]
}
},
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referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "2862°C"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Crustal Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in earth crust",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "5.63×104 milligrams per kilogram",
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}
}
]
},
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tocHeading: "Estimated Oceanic Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in ocean",
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "2×10-3 milligrams per liter",
markup: [
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}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "History",
description: "Element discovery and related information in history",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 3,
name: "History",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "The name derives from the Anglo-Saxon iron of unknown origin. The element has been known from prehistoric times. The symbol Fe is derived from the Latin ferrum for \"firmness\". It is of interest to note that 56Fe requires more energy to be formed than any other nuclide. It is, therefore, the ultimate endproduct of stellar nuclear fusion.",
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type: "Superscript"
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},
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Archaeological evidence suggests that people have been using iron for at least 5000 years. Iron is the cheapest and one of the most abundant of all metals, comprising nearly 5.6% of the earth's crust and nearly all of the earth's core. Iron is primarily obtained from the minerals hematite (Fe2O3) and magnetite (Fe3O4). The minerals taconite, limonite (FeO(OH)·nH2O) and siderite (FeCO3) are other important sources.",
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string: "Latin ferrum. Iron was used prehistorically:"
},
{
string: "▸ Iron is mentioned numerous times in the Old Testament of the Bible."
},
{
string: "▸ A remarkable iron pillar, dating to about A.D. 400, remains standing today in Delhi, India. This solid shaft of wrought iron is about 7 1/4 m high by 40 cm in diameter. Corrosion to the pillar has been minimal although it has been exposed to the weather since its creation."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Description",
description: "Description about this element",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "The pure metal is very reactive chemically and rapidly corrodes, especially in moist air or at elevated temperatures. It has four allotropic forms or ferrites, known as alpha, beta, gamma, and omega, with transition points at 700, 928, and 1530C. The alpha form is magnetic, but when transformed into the beta form, the magnetism disappears although the lattice remains unchanged. The relations of these forms are peculiar. Pig iron is an alloy containing about 3 percent carbon with varying amounts of sulfur, silicon, manganese, and phosphorus."
},
{
string: "Iron is hard, brittle, fairly fusible, and is used to produce other alloys, including steel. Wrought iron contains only a few tenths of a percent of carbon, is tough, malleable, less fusible, and usually has a \"fibrous\" structure."
},
{
string: "Carbon steel is an alloy of iron with small amounts of Mn, S, P, and Si. Alloy steels are carbon steels with other additives such as nickel, chromium, vanadium, etc. Iron is a cheap, abundant, useful, and important metal."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Uses",
description: "Uses information in industry and other fields",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Huge amounts of iron are used to make steel, an alloy of iron and carbon. Steel typically contains between 0.3% and 1.5% carbon, depending on the desired characteristics. The addition of other elements can give steel other useful properties. Small amounts of chromium improves durability and prevents rust (stainless steel); nickel increases durability and resistance to heat and acids; manganese increases strength and resistance to wear; molybdenum increases strength and resistance to heat; tungsten retains hardness at high temperatures; and vanadium increases strength and springiness. Steel is used to make paper clips, skyscrapers and everything in between."
},
{
string: "In addition to helping build the world around us, iron helps keep plants and animals alive. Iron plays a role in the creation of chlorophyll in plants and is an essential part of hemoglobin, the substance that carries oxygen within red blood cells. Iron sulfate (FeSO4) is used to treat the blood disease anemia.",
markup: [
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start: 267,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
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}
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}
},
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referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Iron is a vital constituent of plant and animal life and works as an oxygen carrier in hemoglobin."
},
{
string: "Taconite is becoming increasingly important as a commercial ore. The pure metal is not often encountered in commerce, but is usually alloyed with carbon or other metals."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Sources",
description: "Sources (where the element come from) information for the given element",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Iron is a relatively abundant element in the universe. It is found in the sun and many types of stars in considerable quantity. Its nuclei are very stable. Iron is a principal component of a meteorite class known as siderites and is a minor constituent of the other two meteorite classes. The core of the earth 2150 miles in radius is thought to be largely composed of iron with about 10 percent occluded hydrogen. The metal is the fourth most abundant element, by weight that makes up the crust of the earth."
},
{
string: "The most common ore is hematite, which is frequently seen as black sands along beaches and banks of streams."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Compounds",
description: "Related compounds information to this element",
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{
referenceNumber: 7,
name: "Compounds",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Iron",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "See more information at the Iron compound page."
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}
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],
section: [
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string: "1992"
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: "1987"
},
{
string: "1970"
},
{
string: "1977"
},
{
string: "1972"
},
{
string: "1948"
},
{
string: "1979"
},
{
string: "1938"
},
{
string: "1967"
},
{
string: "1923"
},
{
string: "1983"
},
{
string: "1939"
},
{
string: "1923"
},
{
string: "1935"
},
{
string: "1935"
},
{
string: "1938"
},
{
string: "1957"
},
{
string: "1957"
},
{
string: "1998"
},
{
string: "1975"
},
{
string: "1980"
},
{
string: "1980"
},
{
string: "1980"
},
{
string: "2008"
},
{
string: "1998"
},
{
string: "1985"
},
{
string: "1985"
},
{
string: "1998"
},
{
string: "2008"
},
{
string: "1985"
},
{
string: "1992"
},
{
string: "1997"
},
{
string: "1997"
},
{
string: "1997"
},
{
string: "2010"
},
{
string: "2010"
},
{
string: "2013"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Decay Modes, Intensities and Uncertainties [%]",
value: {
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string: "IT=100%"
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string: "ε=100%"
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string: "IS=91.754±3.6%"
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string: "IS=2.119±1%"
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{
string: "IS=0.282±0.4%"
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string: "β-=100%",
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string: "IT=100%"
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{
string: "IT=100%"
},
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string: "β-=100%; β-n>0%",
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],
reference: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "PubChem",
description: "Data deposited in or computed by PubChem",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
sourceName: "Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)",
sourceID: "e26",
name: "Fe",
description: "The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.",
url: "https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/",
anid: 6590253
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
sourceName: "Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)",
sourceID: "a26",
name: "Iron",
description: "Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report) and CIAAW. The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/",
url: "http://www.ciaaw.org/iron.htm",
licenseURL: "http://www.ciaaw.org/bylaws.htm",
anid: 2292407
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
sourceName: "Jefferson Lab, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "jlab26",
name: "Iron",
description: "Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/",
url: "https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele026.html",
licenseNote: "Please see citation and linking information: https://education.jlab.org/faq/index.html",
licenseURL: "https://www.jlab.org/privacy-and-security-notice",
anid: 507088
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
sourceName: "Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "lanl26",
name: "Iron",
description: "The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.",
url: "https://periodic.lanl.gov/26.shtml",
anid: 507206
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
sourceName: "NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory",
sourceID: "e26",
name: "Iron",
description: "The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Elements/elInfo.pl?element=26",
licenseURL: "https://www.nist.gov/pml/database-disclaimer",
anid: 2292643
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
sourceName: "PubChem Elements",
sourceID: "26",
name: "Fe",
description: "The element property data was retrieved from publications.",
anid: 7660027
},
{
referenceNumber: 7,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "26",
name: "Iron",
description: "This section provides all form of data related to element Iron.",
anid: 694319
}
]
}
},
{
record: {
recordType: "AtomicNumber",
recordNumber: 27,
recordTitle: "Cobalt",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01022.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Cobalt"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Cobalt"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
description: "Element symbol, Also called atomic symbol, typically consists of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet derived from the element name in one of several languages.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Co"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Co"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "InChI=1S/Co"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI Key",
description: "International Chemical Identifier hash (InChIKey) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI Key",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "58.933 194(3)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "58.933194"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "58.93"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "58.933194(4)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[Ar]4s23d7",
markup: [
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 9,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Electron Configuration",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[Ar]3d7 4s2",
markup: [
{
start: 6,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Radius",
description: "Atomic radius is the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell containing electrons.",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_radius",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
name: "Van der Waals Atomic Radius",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "192 pm (Van der Waals)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Empirical Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"J.C. Slater, J Chem Phys, 1964, 41(10), 3199-3205. DOI:10.1063/1.1725697"
],
value: {
number: [
135
],
unit: "pm (Empirical)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Covalent Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"B. Cordero, V. Gómez, A.E. Platero-Prats, M. Revés, J. Echeverría, E. Cremades, F. Barragán, S. Alvarez, Dalton Trans. 2008, 21, 2832-2838. DOI:10.1039/b801115j PMID:18478144."
],
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "126(3)[l.s.], 150(7)[h.s.] pm (Covalent)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
description: "Oxidation state gives the degree of oxidation of an atom in terms of counting electrons.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/O/O04365.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "+3, +2"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "−3, −1, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5 (an amphoteric oxide)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ground Level",
description: "Also called ground-state level. The ground state electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom with lower energy levels.",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/ASD/Html/iehelp.html#IEGROUNDLEV",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ground Level",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "4F9/2",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 2,
length: 3,
type: "Subscript"
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]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ionization Energy",
description: "Ionization energy is the minimum energy required to eject an electron out of a neutral atom or molecule in its ground state.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/I/I03199.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "7.881 eV"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ionization Energy",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "7.88101 eV"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electronegativity",
description: "The concept electronegativity was introduced by L. Pauling as the power of an atom to attract electrons to itself.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01990",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Pauling Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"A.L. Allred, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 1961, 17(3-4), 215-221. DOI:10.1016/0022-1902(61)80142-5"
],
value: {
number: [
1.88
],
unit: "(Pauling Scale)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Allen Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1989, 111, 9003. DOI:10.1021/ja00207a003; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek and L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 2780. DOI:10.1021/ja992866e; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek, E.T. Knight, J.F. Capitani and L.C Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 5132. DOI:10.1021/ja9928677"
],
value: {
number: [
1.84
],
unit: "(Allen Scale)"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Affinity",
description: "Electron affinity refers to energy required to detach an electron from the singly charged negative ion.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01977",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.T Myers, J. Chem. Edu., 1990, 67(4), 307. DOI:10.1021/ed067p307"
],
value: {
number: [
0.661
],
unit: "eV"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.J. Zollweg, J. Chem. Phys., 1969, 50, 4251. DOI:10.1063/1.1670890"
],
value: {
number: [
1.06
],
unit: "eV"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Spectra",
description: "Atomic and ionic spectral lines originate from specified electronic transitions between energy levels of atoms and ions, respectively.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00502.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/lines_hold.pl?el=Co",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Lines Holdings"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/levels_hold.pl?el=Co",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Levels Holdings"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Physical Description",
description: "Physical description, also know as physical characteristics, refers to physical appearance of element substances.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Solid"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Classification",
description: "Elements can be classified few groups according to each element's chemical properties.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Metal"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Period Number",
description: "The element period number refers to a horizontal row of the periodic table. The periodic table has 7 periods.",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/periodic-table-of-the-elements/The-periodic-table#ref80835",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "4"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Group Number",
description: "Element group refers to a set of chemical elements in the same vertical column of the periodic table",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/group-periodic-table",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "9"
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string: "Cobalt salts have been used for centuries to produce brilliant and permanent blue colors in porcelain, glass, pottery, tiles, and enamels. It is the principal ingredient in Sevre's and Thenard's blue. A solution of the chloride is used as a sympathetic ink. Cobalt carefully used in the form of the chloride, sulfate, acetate, or nitrate has been found effective in correcting a certain mineral deficiency disease in animals."
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{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "75Co",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "76Co",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "76Com",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 4,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
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{
string: "76Con",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 4,
length: 1,
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{
string: "77Co",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
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}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Atomic Mass and Uncertainty [u]",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "47.011133 ± 0.000644 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "48.001610 ± 0.000537 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "48.989393 ± 0.000537 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "49.981073 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "50.970647000 ± 0.000052"
},
{
string: "51.963112000 ± 0.000009"
},
{
string: "51.963112000 ± 0.000009"
},
{
string: "52.954203217 ± 0.000001839"
},
{
string: "52.954203217 ± 0.000001839"
},
{
string: "53.948459192 ± 0.000000411"
},
{
string: "53.948459192 ± 0.000000411"
},
{
string: "54.941996531 ± 0.000000459"
},
{
string: "55.939838150 ± 0.000000529"
},
{
string: "56.936289913 ± 0.000000572"
},
{
string: "57.935751429 ± 0.000001245"
},
{
string: "57.935751429 ± 0.000001245"
},
{
string: "57.935751429 ± 0.000001245"
},
{
string: "58.933193656 ± 0.000000448"
},
{
string: "59.933815667 ± 0.000000455"
},
{
string: "59.933815667 ± 0.000000455"
},
{
string: "60.932476145 ± 0.000000908"
},
{
string: "61.934058317 ± 0.00001994"
},
{
string: "61.934058317 ± 0.00001994"
},
{
string: "62.933599744 ± 0.000019941"
},
{
string: "63.935810291 ± 0.000021476"
},
{
string: "63.935810291 ± 0.000021476"
},
{
string: "64.936462073 ± 0.000002235"
},
{
string: "65.939442945 ± 0.000015"
},
{
string: "65.939442945 ± 0.000015"
},
{
string: "65.939442945 ± 0.000015"
},
{
string: "66.940609628 ± 0.000006917"
},
{
string: "66.940609628 ± 0.000006917"
},
{
string: "67.944250135 ± 0.000203433"
},
{
string: "67.944250135 ± 0.000203433"
},
{
string: "67.944250135 ± 0.000203433"
},
{
string: "68.946023102 ± 0.000150839"
},
{
string: "68.946023102 ± 0.000150839"
},
{
string: "69.949941 ± 0.000322 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "69.949941 ± 0.000322 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "70.952366923 ± 0.00049923"
},
{
string: "71.956844 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "71.956844 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "72.959830 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "73.964766 ± 0.000537 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "74.968170 ± 0.000537 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "75.973687 ± 0.000644 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "75.973687 ± 0.000644 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "75.973687 ± 0.000644 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "76.977440 ± 0.000644 [Estimated]"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Half Life and Uncertainty",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Not-specified"
},
{
string: "Not-specified"
},
{
string: "Not-specified ± <35ns"
},
{
string: "38.8 ms ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "68.8 ms ± 1.9"
},
{
string: "111.1 ms ± 2.3"
},
{
string: "102 ms ± 6"
},
{
string: "242 ms ± 8"
},
{
string: "247 ms ± 12"
},
{
string: "193.28 ms ± 0.07"
},
{
string: "1.48 m ± 0.02"
},
{
string: "17.53 h ± 0.03"
},
{
string: "77.236 d ± 0.026"
},
{
string: "271.70 d ± 0.10"
},
{
string: "70.86 d ± 0.06"
},
{
string: "9.10 h ± 0.09"
},
{
string: "10.5 us ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "5.271 y ± 0.0004"
},
{
string: "10.467 m ± 0.006"
},
{
string: "1.649 h ± 0.005"
},
{
string: "1.54 m ± 0.10"
},
{
string: "13.86 m ± 0.09"
},
{
string: "26.9 s ± 0.4"
},
{
string: "300 ms ± 30"
},
{
string: "300 ms [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "1.16 s ± 0.03"
},
{
string: "194 ms ± 17"
},
{
string: "1.21 us ± 0.01"
},
{
string: ">100 us"
},
{
string: "329 ms ± 28"
},
{
string: "496 ms ± 33"
},
{
string: "200 ms ± 20"
},
{
string: "1.6 s ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "101 ns ± 10"
},
{
string: "180 ms ± 20"
},
{
string: "750 ms ± 250"
},
{
string: "112 ms ± 7"
},
{
string: "470 ms ± 50"
},
{
string: "80 ms ± 3"
},
{
string: "52.5 ms ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "47.8 ms ± 0.5"
},
{
string: "40.7 ms ± 1.3"
},
{
string: "31.3 ms ± 1.3"
},
{
string: "26.5 ms ± 1.2"
},
{
string: "23 ms ± 6"
},
{
string: "16 ms ± 4"
},
{
string: "2.99 us ± 0.27"
},
{
string: "15 ms ± 6"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Discovery Year",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: ""
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{
string: ""
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: "1987"
},
{
string: "1987"
},
{
string: "1987"
},
{
string: "2016"
},
{
string: "1970"
},
{
string: "1970"
},
{
string: "1952"
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{
string: "1962"
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{
string: "1938"
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{
string: "1941"
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{
string: "1941"
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{
string: "1941"
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{
string: "1950"
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{
string: "1964"
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{
string: "1923"
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{
string: "1941"
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{
string: "1963"
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{
string: "1947"
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{
string: "1949"
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{
string: "1957"
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{
string: "1960"
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{
string: "1969"
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{
string: "2008"
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{
string: "1978"
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{
string: "1985"
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{
string: "1998"
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{
string: "1998"
},
{
string: "1985"
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{
string: "2008"
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{
string: "1985"
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{
string: "1998"
},
{
string: "2010"
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{
string: "1985"
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{
string: "2015"
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{
string: "1985"
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{
string: "1998"
},
{
string: "1992"
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{
string: "1992"
},
{
string: "2016"
},
{
string: "1995"
},
{
string: "1995"
},
{
string: "1995"
},
{
string: "2010"
},
{
string: "2015"
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{
string: "2015"
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{
string: "2014"
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}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Decay Modes, Intensities and Uncertainties [%]",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "p ?"
},
{
string: "p ?"
},
{
string: "p ?"
},
{
string: "β+=100%; β+p=70.5±0.7%; β+2p ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 25,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
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{
string: "β+=100%; β+p<3.8%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%; β+p ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%; IT ?; β+p ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 16,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
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{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+≈98.5%; p≈1.5%",
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{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
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{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
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{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
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start: 1,
length: 1,
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]
},
{
string: "ε=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IS=100."
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
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{
start: 1,
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type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "IT≈100%; β-=0.25±0.3%",
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{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β->99%; IT<1%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
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{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
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{
string: "β- ?; IT ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
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type: "Superscript"
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]
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{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=0%[Estimated]",
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{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "IT=100%"
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{
string: "IT=100%"
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{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=0.04%[Estimated]",
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{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "IT>80%; β- ?",
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type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=1%[Estimated]",
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{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 10,
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type: "Superscript"
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string: "β-=100%",
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start: 1,
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type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "IT=100%"
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{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=1%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=3%[Estimated]; β-2n=0%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 29,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-≈100%; IT ?; β-n=3%[Estimated]; β-2n=0%[Estimated]",
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{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 16,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 35,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
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{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=3±0.1%",
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "β-=100%; β-n>6±0.2%; β-2n=0.2%[Estimated]",
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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string: "β-=100%",
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string: "β-=100%; β-n=9±0.4%; β-2n=0.01%[Estimated]",
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length: 1,
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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string: "β-=100%; β-n>26±0.9%; β-2n=1%[Estimated]",
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{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 10,
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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string: "β-=100%; β-n<16%; β-2n=0.5%[Estimated]",
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start: 1,
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type: "Superscript"
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string: "β-=100%; β-n=4%[Estimated]; β-2n=6%[Estimated]",
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string: "β-=100%; β-n=90%[Estimated]; β-2n=5%[Estimated]",
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],
reference: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "PubChem",
description: "Data deposited in or computed by PubChem",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
sourceName: "Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)",
sourceID: "e27",
name: "Co",
description: "The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.",
url: "https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/",
anid: 6590254
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
sourceName: "Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)",
sourceID: "a27",
name: "Cobalt",
description: "Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report) and CIAAW. The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/",
url: "http://www.ciaaw.org/cobalt.htm",
licenseURL: "http://www.ciaaw.org/bylaws.htm",
anid: 2292408
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
sourceName: "Jefferson Lab, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "jlab27",
name: "Cobalt",
description: "Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/",
url: "https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele027.html",
licenseNote: "Please see citation and linking information: https://education.jlab.org/faq/index.html",
licenseURL: "https://www.jlab.org/privacy-and-security-notice",
anid: 507089
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
sourceName: "Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "lanl27",
name: "Cobalt",
description: "The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.",
url: "https://periodic.lanl.gov/27.shtml",
anid: 507207
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
sourceName: "NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory",
sourceID: "e27",
name: "Cobalt",
description: "The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Elements/elInfo.pl?element=27",
licenseURL: "https://www.nist.gov/pml/database-disclaimer",
anid: 2292644
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
sourceName: "PubChem Elements",
sourceID: "27",
name: "Co",
description: "The element property data was retrieved from publications.",
anid: 7660028
},
{
referenceNumber: 7,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "27",
name: "Cobalt",
description: "This section provides all form of data related to element Cobalt.",
anid: 694320
}
]
}
},
{
record: {
recordType: "AtomicNumber",
recordNumber: 28,
recordTitle: "Nickel",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01022.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Nickel"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Nickel"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
description: "Element symbol, Also called atomic symbol, typically consists of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet derived from the element name in one of several languages.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Ni"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Ni"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "InChI=1S/Ni"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI Key",
description: "International Chemical Identifier hash (InChIKey) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI Key",
value: {
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tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
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{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
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},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Radius",
description: "Atomic radius is the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell containing electrons.",
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{
referenceNumber: 8,
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reference: [
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number: [
135
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unit: "pm (Empirical)"
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},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
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reference: [
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{
tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
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}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ground Level",
description: "Also called ground-state level. The ground state electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom with lower energy levels.",
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{
tocHeading: "Ionization Energy",
description: "Ionization energy is the minimum energy required to eject an electron out of a neutral atom or molecule in its ground state.",
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},
{
tocHeading: "Electronegativity",
description: "The concept electronegativity was introduced by L. Pauling as the power of an atom to attract electrons to itself.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01990",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Pauling Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"A.L. Allred, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 1961, 17(3-4), 215-221. DOI:10.1016/0022-1902(61)80142-5"
],
value: {
number: [
1.91
],
unit: "(Pauling Scale)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Allen Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1989, 111, 9003. DOI:10.1021/ja00207a003; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek and L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 2780. DOI:10.1021/ja992866e; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek, E.T. Knight, J.F. Capitani and L.C Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 5132. DOI:10.1021/ja9928677"
],
value: {
number: [
1.88
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unit: "(Allen Scale)"
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},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Affinity",
description: "Electron affinity refers to energy required to detach an electron from the singly charged negative ion.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01977",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.T Myers, J. Chem. Edu., 1990, 67(4), 307. DOI:10.1021/ed067p307"
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value: {
number: [
1.156
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unit: "eV"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.J. Zollweg, J. Chem. Phys., 1969, 50, 4251. DOI:10.1063/1.1670890"
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value: {
number: [
1.62
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unit: "eV"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Spectra",
description: "Atomic and ionic spectral lines originate from specified electronic transitions between energy levels of atoms and ions, respectively.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00502.html",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/lines_hold.pl?el=Ni",
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referenceNumber: 6,
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{
tocHeading: "Physical Description",
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tocHeading: "Element Classification",
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{
tocHeading: "Element Period Number",
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url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/periodic-table-of-the-elements/The-periodic-table#ref80835",
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value: {
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},
{
tocHeading: "Element Group Number",
description: "Element group refers to a set of chemical elements in the same vertical column of the periodic table",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/group-periodic-table",
information: [
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{
tocHeading: "Density",
description: "Density is a degree of consistency measured by the quantity of mass per unit volume",
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{
tocHeading: "Melting Point",
description: "The melting point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from solid to liquid at atmospheric pressure",
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value: {
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tocHeading: "Boiling Point",
description: "Boiling Point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from liquid to gas at atmospheric pressure",
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tocHeading: "Estimated Crustal Abundance",
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tocHeading: "History",
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string: "The name derives from the German Nickel for \"deceptive little spirit\" because miners called mineral niccolite (NiAs) by the name Kupfernickel (false copper) because it resembled copper ores in appearance, but no copper was found in the ore. It was discovered by the Swedish metallurgist Axel-Frederik Cronstedt in 1751.",
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tocHeading: "Description",
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tocHeading: "Uses",
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{
string: "Nickel is alloyed with other metals to improve their strength and resistance to corrosion. Nickel is alloyed with steel to make armor plate, vaults and machine parts. It is alloyed with copper to make pipes that are used in desalination plants. Very powerful permanent magnets, known as Alnico magnets, can be made from an alloy of aluminum, nickel, cobalt and iron."
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},
{
string: "Nickel, used extensively to make coins and nickel steel for armor plates and burglar-proof vaults, and is also a component in Nichrome(R), Permalloy(R), and constantan."
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{
string: "Nickel gives glass a greenish color. Nickel plating is often used to provide a protective coating for other metals, and finely divided nickel is a catalyst for hydrogenating vegetable oils. It is also used in ceramics, in the manufacture of Alnico magnets, and in the Edison(R) storage battery."
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}
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tocHeading: "Sources",
description: "Sources (where the element come from) information for the given element",
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{
string: "Other deposits are found in New Caledonia, Australia, Cuba, Indonesia, and elsewhere."
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{
tocHeading: "Compounds",
description: "Related compounds information to this element",
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stringWithMarkup: [
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]
},
{
string: " 60Ni",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
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]
},
{
string: " 61Ni",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: " 62Ni",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: " 64Ni",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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]
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Atomic Mass (uncertainty) [u]",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "57.935 342(3)"
},
{
string: "59.930 785(3)"
},
{
string: "60.931 055(3)"
},
{
string: "61.928 345(3)"
},
{
string: "63.927 966(3)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Abundance (uncertainty)",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "0.680 769(190)"
},
{
string: "0.262 231(150)"
},
{
string: "0.011 399(13)"
},
{
string: "0.036 345(40)"
},
{
string: "0.009 256(19)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Mass, Half Life, and Decay",
description: "This section provides the information from the Nubase2016. The number after the ± refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton. The '?' refers to 'not determined or qualified'. For further explainations, click read more below.",
url: "https://pubchemdocs.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nubase2016",
displayControls: {
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"Discovery Year",
"Decay Modes, Intensities and Uncertainties [%]"
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useNamesAsColumnHeadings: true
}
}
},
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Nuclide",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "48Ni",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "49Ni",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
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{
string: "50Ni",
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{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "51Ni",
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{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "52Ni",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "53Ni",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "54Ni",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "54Nim",
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start: 0,
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{
start: 4,
length: 1,
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{
string: "55Ni",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "56Ni",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "57Ni",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
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type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "58Ni",
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{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "59Ni",
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{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "60Ni",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "61Ni",
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{
start: 0,
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type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "62Ni",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "63Ni",
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{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "63Nim",
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start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 4,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "64Ni",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "65Ni",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
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{
string: "65Nim",
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start: 0,
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start: 4,
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type: "Superscript"
}
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},
{
string: "66Ni",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "67Ni",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "67Nim",
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{
start: 4,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "68Ni",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
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},
{
string: "68Nim",
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{
start: 0,
length: 2,
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{
start: 4,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "68Nin",
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start: 0,
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start: 4,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
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},
{
string: "69Ni",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "69Nim",
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start: 0,
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type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 4,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "69Nin",
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start: 0,
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{
start: 4,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "70Ni",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "70Nim",
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{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 4,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "71Ni",
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start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "71Nim",
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start: 0,
length: 2,
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{
start: 4,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "72Ni",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "73Ni",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "74Ni",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "75Ni",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "76Ni",
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{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "76Nim",
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length: 1,
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{
string: "77Ni",
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length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "78Ni",
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{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "79Ni",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "80Ni",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Atomic Mass and Uncertainty [u]",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "48.018028 ± 0.000538 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "49.008803 ± 0.000644 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "49.995577 ± 0.000537 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "50.987225 ± 0.000537 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "51.976028 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "52.968190000 ± 0.000027"
},
{
string: "53.957833000 ± 0.000005"
},
{
string: "53.957833000 ± 0.000005"
},
{
string: "54.951329961 ± 0.000000771"
},
{
string: "55.942127872 ± 0.000000452"
},
{
string: "56.939791525 ± 0.000000624"
},
{
string: "57.935341780 ± 0.0000004"
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{
string: "58.934345571 ± 0.000000402"
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{
string: "59.930785256 ± 0.000000403"
},
{
string: "60.931054945 ± 0.000000405"
},
{
string: "61.928344871 ± 0.00000047"
},
{
string: "62.929669139 ± 0.000000472"
},
{
string: "62.929669139 ± 0.000000472"
},
{
string: "63.927966341 ± 0.00000051"
},
{
string: "64.930084697 ± 0.000000531"
},
{
string: "64.930084697 ± 0.000000531"
},
{
string: "65.929139334 ± 0.0000015"
},
{
string: "66.931569414 ± 0.0000031"
},
{
string: "66.931569414 ± 0.0000031"
},
{
string: "67.931868789 ± 0.0000032"
},
{
string: "67.931868789 ± 0.0000032"
},
{
string: "67.931868789 ± 0.0000032"
},
{
string: "68.935610268 ± 0.000004"
},
{
string: "68.935610268 ± 0.000004"
},
{
string: "68.935610268 ± 0.000004"
},
{
string: "69.936431303 ± 0.000002301"
},
{
string: "69.936431303 ± 0.000002301"
},
{
string: "70.940518964 ± 0.000002401"
},
{
string: "70.940518964 ± 0.000002401"
},
{
string: "71.941785926 ± 0.000002401"
},
{
string: "72.946206683 ± 0.000002601"
},
{
string: "73.947980 ± 0.00021 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "74.952732 ± 0.000322 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "75.955308 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "75.955308 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "76.960494 ± 0.000537 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "77.963618 ± 0.000644 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "78.970402 ± 0.000644 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "79.975706 ± 0.000751 [Estimated]"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Half Life and Uncertainty",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "2.8 ms ± 0.8"
},
{
string: "7.5 ms ± 1.0"
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{
string: "18.5 ms ± 1.2"
},
{
string: "23.8 ms ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "41.8 ms ± 1.0"
},
{
string: "55.2 ms ± 0.7"
},
{
string: "114.2 ms ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "152 ns ± 4"
},
{
string: "204.7 ms ± 1.7"
},
{
string: "6.075 d ± 0.010"
},
{
string: "35.60 h ± 0.06"
},
{
string: "Stable ± >700Ey"
},
{
string: "81 ky ± 5"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "101.2 y ± 1.5"
},
{
string: "1.67 us ± 0.03"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "2.517 h ± 0.0005"
},
{
string: "69 us ± 3"
},
{
string: "54.6 h ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "21 s ± 1"
},
{
string: "13.34 us ± 0.19"
},
{
string: "29 s ± 2"
},
{
string: "270 ns ± 5"
},
{
string: "850 us ± 30"
},
{
string: "11.4 s ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "3.5 s ± 0.4"
},
{
string: "439 ns ± 3"
},
{
string: "6.0 s ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "232 ns ± 1"
},
{
string: "2.56 s ± 0.03"
},
{
string: "2.3 s ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "1.57 s ± 0.05"
},
{
string: "840 ms ± 30"
},
{
string: "507.7 ms ± 4.6"
},
{
string: "331.6 ms ± 3.2"
},
{
string: "234.6 ms ± 2.7"
},
{
string: "547.8 ns ± 3.3"
},
{
string: "158.9 ms ± 4.2"
},
{
string: "122.2 ms ± 5.1"
},
{
string: "44 ms ± 8"
},
{
string: "30 ms ± 22"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Discovery Year",
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string: "1996"
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{
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{
string: "1987"
},
{
string: "1976"
},
{
string: "1977"
},
{
string: "2008"
},
{
string: "1972"
},
{
string: "1952"
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{
string: "1938"
},
{
string: "1921"
},
{
string: "1951"
},
{
string: "1921"
},
{
string: "1934"
},
{
string: "1934"
},
{
string: "1951"
},
{
string: "1978"
},
{
string: "1935"
},
{
string: "1946"
},
{
string: "1978"
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{
string: "1948"
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{
string: "1978"
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{
string: "1998"
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{
string: "1977"
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: "1995"
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{
string: "1984"
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{
string: "1998"
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{
string: "1998"
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{
string: "1987"
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{
string: "1997"
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{
string: "1987"
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{
string: "2009"
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{
string: "1987"
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{
string: "1987"
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{
string: "1987"
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{
string: "1992"
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{
string: "1995"
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{
string: "2005"
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{
string: "1995"
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{
string: "1995"
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{
string: "2010"
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string: "2014"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Decay Modes, Intensities and Uncertainties [%]",
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stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "2p=70±2%; β+=30±2%; β+p ?",
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start: 11,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 21,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "β+=100%; β+p=83±1.3%",
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
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{
string: "β+=100%; β+p=86.7±3.9%; β+2p ?",
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 10,
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{
string: "β+=100%; β+p=87.2±0.8%; β+2p=0.5±0.2%",
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start: 1,
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string: "β+=100%; β+p=31.1±0.5%",
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{
string: "IT=64±0.2%; p=36±0.2%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
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{
string: "β+=100%",
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{
string: "β+=100%",
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},
{
string: "IS=68.077±1.9%; 2β+ ?",
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]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
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},
{
string: "IS=26.223±1.5%"
},
{
string: "IS=1.1399±1.3%"
},
{
string: "IS=3.6346±4%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
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string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IS=0.9255±1.9%"
},
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string: "β-=100%",
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{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
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{
string: "β-=100%",
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start: 1,
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},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "4.IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
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{
string: "β-≈100%; IT<0.01%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
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type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
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{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=0%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=0.3%[Estimated]",
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 10,
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{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=5%[Estimated]",
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start: 1,
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type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=10.0±2.8%",
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{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=14±0.36%",
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string: "IT=100%"
},
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string: "β-=100%; β-n=30±2.4%; β-2n=0%[Estimated]",
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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reference: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "PubChem",
description: "Data deposited in or computed by PubChem",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
sourceName: "Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)",
sourceID: "e28",
name: "Ni",
description: "The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.",
url: "https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/",
anid: 6590255
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
sourceName: "Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)",
sourceID: "a28",
name: "Nickel",
description: "Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report) and CIAAW. The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/",
url: "http://www.ciaaw.org/nickel.htm",
licenseURL: "http://www.ciaaw.org/bylaws.htm",
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{
referenceNumber: 4,
sourceName: "Jefferson Lab, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "jlab28",
name: "Nickel",
description: "Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/",
url: "https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele028.html",
licenseNote: "Please see citation and linking information: https://education.jlab.org/faq/index.html",
licenseURL: "https://www.jlab.org/privacy-and-security-notice",
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referenceNumber: 5,
sourceName: "Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "lanl28",
name: "Nickel",
description: "The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.",
url: "https://periodic.lanl.gov/28.shtml",
anid: 507208
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
sourceName: "NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory",
sourceID: "e28",
name: "Nickel",
description: "The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Elements/elInfo.pl?element=28",
licenseURL: "https://www.nist.gov/pml/database-disclaimer",
anid: 2292645
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referenceNumber: 8,
sourceName: "PubChem Elements",
sourceID: "28",
name: "Ni",
description: "The element property data was retrieved from publications.",
anid: 7660029
},
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referenceNumber: 7,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "28",
name: "Nickel",
description: "This section provides all form of data related to element Nickel.",
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record: {
recordType: "AtomicNumber",
recordNumber: 29,
recordTitle: "Copper",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01022.html",
information: [
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name: "Element Name",
value: {
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string: "Copper"
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name: "Element Name",
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string: "Copper"
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{
tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
description: "Element symbol, Also called atomic symbol, typically consists of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet derived from the element name in one of several languages.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
information: [
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name: "Element Symbol",
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string: "Cu"
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name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
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string: "Cu"
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}
}
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},
{
tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "InChI=1S/Cu"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI Key",
description: "International Chemical Identifier hash (InChIKey) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI Key",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
information: [
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},
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name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "63.546(3)"
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]
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}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
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{
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name: "Electron Configuration",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
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}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Radius",
description: "Atomic radius is the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell containing electrons.",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_radius",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
name: "Van der Waals Atomic Radius",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "140 pm (Van der Waals)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Empirical Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"J.C. Slater, J Chem Phys, 1964, 41(10), 3199-3205. DOI:10.1063/1.1725697"
],
value: {
number: [
135
],
unit: "pm (Empirical)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Covalent Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"B. Cordero, V. Gómez, A.E. Platero-Prats, M. Revés, J. Echeverría, E. Cremades, F. Barragán, S. Alvarez, Dalton Trans. 2008, 21, 2832-2838. DOI:10.1039/b801115j PMID:18478144."
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value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "132(4) pm (Covalent)"
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}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
description: "Oxidation state gives the degree of oxidation of an atom in terms of counting electrons.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/O/O04365.html",
information: [
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value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "+2, +1"
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}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "−2, +1, +2, +3, +4 (a mildly basic oxide)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ground Level",
description: "Also called ground-state level. The ground state electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom with lower energy levels.",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/ASD/Html/iehelp.html#IEGROUNDLEV",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ground Level",
value: {
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},
{
tocHeading: "Ionization Energy",
description: "Ionization energy is the minimum energy required to eject an electron out of a neutral atom or molecule in its ground state.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/I/I03199.html",
information: [
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value: {
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string: "7.726 eV"
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]
}
},
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referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ionization Energy",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "7.726380 eV"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electronegativity",
description: "The concept electronegativity was introduced by L. Pauling as the power of an atom to attract electrons to itself.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01990",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Pauling Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"A.L. Allred, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 1961, 17(3-4), 215-221. DOI:10.1016/0022-1902(61)80142-5"
],
value: {
number: [
1.9
],
unit: "(Pauling Scale)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Allen Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1989, 111, 9003. DOI:10.1021/ja00207a003; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek and L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 2780. DOI:10.1021/ja992866e; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek, E.T. Knight, J.F. Capitani and L.C Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 5132. DOI:10.1021/ja9928677"
],
value: {
number: [
1.85
],
unit: "(Allen Scale)"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Affinity",
description: "Electron affinity refers to energy required to detach an electron from the singly charged negative ion.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01977",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.T Myers, J. Chem. Edu., 1990, 67(4), 307. DOI:10.1021/ed067p307"
],
value: {
number: [
1.228
],
unit: "eV"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.J. Zollweg, J. Chem. Phys., 1969, 50, 4251. DOI:10.1063/1.1670890"
],
value: {
number: [
1.8
],
unit: "eV"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Spectra",
description: "Atomic and ionic spectral lines originate from specified electronic transitions between energy levels of atoms and ions, respectively.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00502.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/lines_hold.pl?el=Cu",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Lines Holdings"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/levels_hold.pl?el=Cu",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Levels Holdings"
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]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Physical Description",
description: "Physical description, also know as physical characteristics, refers to physical appearance of element substances.",
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{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Solid"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Classification",
description: "Elements can be classified few groups according to each element's chemical properties.",
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Metal"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Period Number",
description: "The element period number refers to a horizontal row of the periodic table. The periodic table has 7 periods.",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/periodic-table-of-the-elements/The-periodic-table#ref80835",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "4"
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]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Group Number",
description: "Element group refers to a set of chemical elements in the same vertical column of the periodic table",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/group-periodic-table",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "11"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Density",
description: "Density is a degree of consistency measured by the quantity of mass per unit volume",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/D/D01590.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "8.933 grams per cubic centimeter"
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}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Melting Point",
description: "The melting point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from solid to liquid at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/melting-point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1357.77 K (1084.62°C or 1984.32°F)"
}
]
}
},
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referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "1084.6°C"
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]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Boiling Point",
description: "Boiling Point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from liquid to gas at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "2835 K (2562°C or 4644°F)"
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]
}
},
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referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
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string: "2562°C"
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},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Crustal Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in earth crust",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust",
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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},
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tocHeading: "Estimated Oceanic Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in ocean",
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "2.5×10-4 milligrams per liter",
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},
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tocHeading: "History",
description: "Element discovery and related information in history",
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referenceNumber: 3,
name: "History",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "The name derives from the Latin cuprum for Cyprus, the island where the Romans first obtained copper. The symbol Cu also comes from the Latin cuprum. The element has been known since prehistoric times.",
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Archaeological evidence suggests that people have been using copper for at least 11,000 years. Relatively easy to mine and refine, people discovered methods for extracting copper from its ores at least 7,000 years ago. The Roman Empire obtained most of its copper from the island of Cyprus, which is where copper's name originated. Today, copper is primarily obtained from the ores cuprite (CuO2), tenorite (CuO), malachite (CuO3·Cu(OH)2), chalcocite (Cu2S), covellite (CuS) and bornite (Cu6FeS4). Large deposits of copper ore are located in the United States, Chile, Zambia, Zaire, Peru and Canada.",
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string: "From the Latin word cuprum, from the island of Cyprus. It is believed that copper has been mined for 5,000 years."
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}
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]
},
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tocHeading: "Description",
description: "Description about this element",
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value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Copper is reddish and takes on a bright metallic luster. It is malleable, ductile, and a good conductor of heat and electricity (second only to silver in electrical conductivity)."
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]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Uses",
description: "Uses information in industry and other fields",
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Used in large amounts by the electrical industry in the form of wire, copper is second only to silver in electrical conductance. Since it resists corrosion from the air, moisture and seawater, copper has been widely used in coins. Although once made nearly entirely from copper, American pennies are now made from zinc that has been coated with copper. Copper is also used to make water pipes and jewelry, as well as other items."
},
{
string: "Pure copper is usually too soft for most uses. People first learned about 5,000 years ago that copper can be strengthened if it is mixed with other metals. The two most familiar alloys of copper are bronze and brass. Bronze, the first alloy created by people, is a mix of copper that contains as much as 25% tin. Early people used bronze to make tools, weaponry, containers and ornamental items. Brass, a mix of copper that contains between 5% and 45% zinc, was first used about 2,500 years ago. The Romans were the first to make extensive use of brass, using it to make such things as coins, kettles and ornamental objects. Today, brass is also used in some musical instruments, screws and other hardware that must resist corrosion."
},
{
string: "Hydrated copper sulfate (CuSO4·H2O), also known as blue vitriol, is the best known copper compound. It is used as an agricultural poison, as an algicide in water purification and as a blue pigment for inks. Cuperic chloride (CuCl2), another copper compound, is used to fix dyes to fabrics. Cuprous chloride (CuCl) is a poisonous white powder that is chiefly used to absorb carbon dioxide (CO2). Copper cyanide (CuCN) is commonly used in electroplating.",
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stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "The electrical industry is one of the greatest users of copper. Iron's alloys brass and bronze are very important: all American coins are copper alloys and gun metals also contain copper."
},
{
string: "Copper has wide use as an agricultural poison and as an algaecide in water purification. Copper compounds, such as Fehling's solution, are widely used in analytical chemistry tests for sugar."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Sources",
description: "Sources (where the element come from) information for the given element",
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referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Copper occasionally occurs natively, and is found in many minerals such as cuprite, malachite, azurite, chalcopyrite, and bornite."
},
{
string: "Large copper ore deposits are found in the U.S., Chile, Zambia, Zaire, Peru, and Canada. The most important copper ores are the sulfides, the oxides, and carbonates. From these, copper is obtained by smelting, leaching, and by electrolysis."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Compounds",
description: "Related compounds information to this element",
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referenceNumber: 7,
name: "Compounds",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Copper",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "See more information at the Copper compound page."
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string: "76.947800 ± 0.00016 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "77.952230000 ± 0.00054"
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{
string: "78.955190 ± 0.000322 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "79.961138 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "80.966269 ± 0.000537 [Estimated]"
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type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
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type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "IT=86±0.2%; β-=14±0.2%",
markup: [
{
start: 13,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=52±0.9%; IT=48±0.9%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=93.2±0.9%; IT=6.8±0.9%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=0%[Estimated]",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=40%[Estimated]",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 10,
length: 1,
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},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=3.5±0.6%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=7.2±0.5%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=30.3±2%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=50.6±4.5%; β-2n=0.2%[Estimated]",
markup: [
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start: 1,
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type: "Superscript"
},
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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string: "β-=100%; β-n=66±1.2%; β-2n=0%[Estimated]",
markup: [
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start: 10,
length: 1,
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},
{
string: "β- ?; β-n=40%[Estimated]; β-2n=20%[Estimated]",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 7,
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string: "β-=100%; β-n=70%[Estimated]; β-2n=30%[Estimated]",
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string: "β- ?; β-n=30%[Estimated]; β-2n=60%[Estimated]",
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],
reference: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "PubChem",
description: "Data deposited in or computed by PubChem",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
sourceName: "Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)",
sourceID: "e29",
name: "Cu",
description: "The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.",
url: "https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/",
anid: 6590256
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
sourceName: "Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)",
sourceID: "a29",
name: "Copper",
description: "Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report) and CIAAW. The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/",
url: "http://www.ciaaw.org/copper.htm",
licenseURL: "http://www.ciaaw.org/bylaws.htm",
anid: 2292410
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
sourceName: "Jefferson Lab, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "jlab29",
name: "Copper",
description: "Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/",
url: "https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele029.html",
licenseNote: "Please see citation and linking information: https://education.jlab.org/faq/index.html",
licenseURL: "https://www.jlab.org/privacy-and-security-notice",
anid: 507091
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
sourceName: "Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "lanl29",
name: "Copper",
description: "The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.",
url: "https://periodic.lanl.gov/29.shtml",
anid: 507209
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
sourceName: "NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory",
sourceID: "e29",
name: "Copper",
description: "The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Elements/elInfo.pl?element=29",
licenseURL: "https://www.nist.gov/pml/database-disclaimer",
anid: 2292646
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
sourceName: "PubChem Elements",
sourceID: "29",
name: "Cu",
description: "The element property data was retrieved from publications.",
anid: 7660030
},
{
referenceNumber: 7,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "29",
name: "Copper",
description: "This section provides all form of data related to element Copper.",
anid: 694322
}
]
}
},
{
record: {
recordType: "AtomicNumber",
recordNumber: 3,
recordTitle: "Lithium",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01022.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Lithium"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Lithium"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
description: "Element symbol, Also called atomic symbol, typically consists of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet derived from the element name in one of several languages.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Li"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Li"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "InChI=1S/Li"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI Key",
description: "International Chemical Identifier hash (InChIKey) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI Key",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[6.938, 6.997]"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "6.941"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "6.94"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[6.938,6.997]"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[He]2s1 ",
markup: [
{
start: 6,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Electron Configuration",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1s2 2s",
markup: [
{
start: 2,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Radius",
description: "Atomic radius is the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell containing electrons.",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_radius",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
name: "Van der Waals Atomic Radius",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "182 pm (Van der Waals)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Empirical Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"J.C. Slater, J Chem Phys, 1964, 41(10), 3199-3205. DOI:10.1063/1.1725697"
],
value: {
number: [
145
],
unit: "pm (Empirical)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Covalent Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"B. Cordero, V. Gómez, A.E. Platero-Prats, M. Revés, J. Echeverría, E. Cremades, F. Barragán, S. Alvarez, Dalton Trans. 2008, 21, 2832-2838. DOI:10.1039/b801115j PMID:18478144."
],
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "128(7) pm (Covalent)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
description: "Oxidation state gives the degree of oxidation of an atom in terms of counting electrons.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/O/O04365.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "+1"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "+1 (a strongly basic oxide)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ground Level",
description: "Also called ground-state level. The ground state electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom with lower energy levels.",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/ASD/Html/iehelp.html#IEGROUNDLEV",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ground Level",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "2S1/2",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 2,
length: 3,
type: "Subscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ionization Energy",
description: "Ionization energy is the minimum energy required to eject an electron out of a neutral atom or molecule in its ground state.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/I/I03199.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "5.392 eV"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ionization Energy",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "5.391714996 eV"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electronegativity",
description: "The concept electronegativity was introduced by L. Pauling as the power of an atom to attract electrons to itself.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01990",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Pauling Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"A.L. Allred, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 1961, 17(3-4), 215-221. DOI:10.1016/0022-1902(61)80142-5"
],
value: {
number: [
0.98
],
unit: "(Pauling Scale)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Allen Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1989, 111, 9003. DOI:10.1021/ja00207a003; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek and L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 2780. DOI:10.1021/ja992866e; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek, E.T. Knight, J.F. Capitani and L.C Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 5132. DOI:10.1021/ja9928677"
],
value: {
number: [
0.912
],
unit: "(Allen Scale)"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Affinity",
description: "Electron affinity refers to energy required to detach an electron from the singly charged negative ion.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01977",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.T Myers, J. Chem. Edu., 1990, 67(4), 307. DOI:10.1021/ed067p307"
],
value: {
number: [
0.618
],
unit: "eV"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.J. Zollweg, J. Chem. Phys., 1969, 50, 4251. DOI:10.1063/1.1670890"
],
value: {
number: [
0.62
],
unit: "eV"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Spectra",
description: "Atomic and ionic spectral lines originate from specified electronic transitions between energy levels of atoms and ions, respectively.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00502.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/lines_hold.pl?el=Li",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Lines Holdings"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/levels_hold.pl?el=Li",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Levels Holdings"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Physical Description",
description: "Physical description, also know as physical characteristics, refers to physical appearance of element substances.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Solid"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Classification",
description: "Elements can be classified few groups according to each element's chemical properties.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Metal"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Period Number",
description: "The element period number refers to a horizontal row of the periodic table. The periodic table has 7 periods.",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/periodic-table-of-the-elements/The-periodic-table#ref80835",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "2"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Group Number",
description: "Element group refers to a set of chemical elements in the same vertical column of the periodic table",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/group-periodic-table",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1 - Alkali Metal"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Density",
description: "Density is a degree of consistency measured by the quantity of mass per unit volume",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/D/D01590.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "0.534 grams per cubic centimeter"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Melting Point",
description: "The melting point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from solid to liquid at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/melting-point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "453.65 K (180.50°C or 356.90°F)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "180.5°C"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Boiling Point",
description: "Boiling Point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from liquid to gas at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1615 K (1342°C or 2448°F)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1330°C"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Crustal Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in earth crust",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "2.0×101 milligrams per kilogram",
markup: [
{
start: 6,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Oceanic Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in ocean",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1.8×10-1 milligrams per liter",
markup: [
{
start: 6,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "History",
description: "Element discovery and related information in history",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "History",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "The name derives from the Latin lithos for \"stone\" because lithium was thought to exist only in minerals at that time. It was discovered by the Swedish mineralogist Johan August Arfwedson in 1818 in the mineral petalite LiAl(Si2O5)2. Lithium was isolated in 1855 by the German chemists Robert Wilhelm Bunsen and Augustus Matthiessen.",
markup: [
{
start: 32,
length: 6,
type: "Italics"
},
{
start: 227,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
},
{
start: 229,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
},
{
start: 231,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
}
]
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Lithium was discovered in the mineral petalite (LiAl(Si2O5)2) by Johann August Arfvedson in 1817. It was first isolated by William Thomas Brande and Sir Humphrey Davy through the electrolysis of lithium oxide (Li2O). Today, larger amounts of the metal are obtained through the electrolysis of lithium chloride (LiCl). Lithium is not found free in nature and makes up only 0.0007% of the earth's crust.",
markup: [
{
start: 55,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
},
{
start: 57,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
},
{
start: 59,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
},
{
start: 212,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
}
]
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "From the Greek word lithos, stone. Discovered by Arfvedson in 1817. Lithium is the lightest of all metals, with a density only about half that of water."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Uses",
description: "Uses information in industry and other fields",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Lithium is presently being recovered from brines of Searles Lake, in California, and from those in Nevada. Large deposits of quadramene are found in North Carolina. The metal is produced electrolytically from the fused chloride. Lithium is silvery in appearance, much like Na, K, and other members of the alkali metal series. It reacts with water, but not as vigorously as sodium. Lithium imparts a beautiful crimson color to a flame, but when the metal burns strongly, the flame is a dazzling white."
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{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
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135
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reference: [
"B. Cordero, V. Gómez, A.E. Platero-Prats, M. Revés, J. Echeverría, E. Cremades, F. Barragán, S. Alvarez, Dalton Trans. 2008, 21, 2832-2838. DOI:10.1039/b801115j PMID:18478144."
],
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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},
{
tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
description: "Oxidation state gives the degree of oxidation of an atom in terms of counting electrons.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/O/O04365.html",
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value: {
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value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "-2, 0, +1, +2 (an amphoteric oxide)"
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]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ground Level",
description: "Also called ground-state level. The ground state electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom with lower energy levels.",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/ASD/Html/iehelp.html#IEGROUNDLEV",
information: [
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}
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},
{
tocHeading: "Ionization Energy",
description: "Ionization energy is the minimum energy required to eject an electron out of a neutral atom or molecule in its ground state.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/I/I03199.html",
information: [
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stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "9.394197 eV"
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]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electronegativity",
description: "The concept electronegativity was introduced by L. Pauling as the power of an atom to attract electrons to itself.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01990",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Pauling Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
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],
value: {
number: [
1.65
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unit: "(Pauling Scale)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Allen Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1989, 111, 9003. DOI:10.1021/ja00207a003; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek and L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 2780. DOI:10.1021/ja992866e; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek, E.T. Knight, J.F. Capitani and L.C Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 5132. DOI:10.1021/ja9928677"
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value: {
number: [
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]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Affinity",
description: "Electron affinity refers to energy required to detach an electron from the singly charged negative ion.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01977",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.T Myers, J. Chem. Edu., 1990, 67(4), 307. DOI:10.1021/ed067p307"
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value: {
number: [
0
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unit: "eV"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
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value: {
number: [
0.09
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unit: "eV"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Spectra",
description: "Atomic and ionic spectral lines originate from specified electronic transitions between energy levels of atoms and ions, respectively.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00502.html",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/lines_hold.pl?el=Zn",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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stringWithMarkup: [
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{
tocHeading: "Physical Description",
description: "Physical description, also know as physical characteristics, refers to physical appearance of element substances.",
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value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Solid"
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}
}
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},
{
tocHeading: "Element Classification",
description: "Elements can be classified few groups according to each element's chemical properties.",
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value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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},
{
tocHeading: "Element Period Number",
description: "The element period number refers to a horizontal row of the periodic table. The periodic table has 7 periods.",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/periodic-table-of-the-elements/The-periodic-table#ref80835",
information: [
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value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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},
{
tocHeading: "Element Group Number",
description: "Element group refers to a set of chemical elements in the same vertical column of the periodic table",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/group-periodic-table",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "12"
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}
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},
{
tocHeading: "Density",
description: "Density is a degree of consistency measured by the quantity of mass per unit volume",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/D/D01590.html",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "7.134 grams per cubic centimeter"
}
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}
}
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},
{
tocHeading: "Melting Point",
description: "The melting point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from solid to liquid at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/melting-point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "692.68 K (419.53°C or 787.15°F)"
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]
}
},
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value: {
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string: "419.5°C"
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},
{
tocHeading: "Boiling Point",
description: "Boiling Point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from liquid to gas at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_point",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "1180 K (907°C or 1665°F)"
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string: "907°C"
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},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Crustal Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in earth crust",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust",
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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},
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tocHeading: "Estimated Oceanic Abundance",
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value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "4.9×10-3 milligrams per liter",
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tocHeading: "History",
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string: "The name derives from the German zink of unknown origin. It was first used in prehistoric times, where its compounds were used for healing wounds and sore eyes and for making brass. Zinc was recognized as a metal as early as 1374.",
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string: "Although zinc compounds have been used for at least 2,500 years in the production of brass, zinc wasn't recognized as a distinct element until much later. Metallic zinc was first produced in India sometime in the 1400s by heating the mineral calamine (ZnCO3) with wool. Zinc was rediscovered by Andreas Sigismund Marggraf in 1746 by heating calamine with charcoal. Today, most zinc is produced through the electrolysis of aqueous zinc sulfate (ZnSO4).",
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string: "From the German word Zink, of obscure origin. Centuries before zinc was recognized as a distinct element, zinc ores were used for making brass. An alloy containing 87 percent zinc has been found in prehistoric ruins in Transylvania."
},
{
string: "Metallic zinc was produced in the 13th century A.D. India by reducing calamine with organic substances such as wool. The metal was rediscovered in Europe by Marggraf in 1746. He demonstrated that zinc could be obtained by reducing calamine with charcoal."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Description",
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{
string: "It exhibits superplasticity. Neither zinc nor zirconium is ferromagnetic; but ZrZn2 exhibits ferromagnetism at temperatures below 35°K. It has unusual electrical, thermal, optical, and solid-state properties that have not been fully investigated.",
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},
{
string: "Zinc is used to make many useful alloys. Brass, an alloy of zinc that contains between 55% and 95% copper, is probably the best known zinc alloy. Brass was first used about 2,500 years ago and was widely used by the ancient Romans, who used it to make such things as coins, kettles and decorative items. Brass is still used today, particularly in musical instruments, screws and other hardware that must resist corrosion. Zinc is alloyed with lead and tin to make solder, a metal with a relatively low melting point used to join electrical components, pipes and other metallic items. Prestal®, an alloy containing 78% zinc and 22% aluminum, is a strange material that is nearly as strong as steel but is molded as easily as plastic. Nickel silver, typewriter metal, spring brass and German silver are other common zinc alloys.",
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string: "Zinc oxide (ZnO), a common zinc compound, forms when metallic zinc is exposed to the air and forms a protective coating that protects the rest of the metal. Zinc oxide is used in paints, some rubber products, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, plastics, printing inks, soap and batteries, among other things. Zinc sulfide (ZnS), another zinc compound, glows when it is exposed to ultraviolet light, X-rays or electrons and is used to make luminous watch dials, television screens and fluorescent light bulbs. Zinc chloride (ZnCl2) is another zinc compound that is used to protect wood from decay and insects.",
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{
string: "Large quantities of zinc are used to produce die castings, which are used extensively by the automotive, electrical, and hardware industries. An alloy called Prestal(R), consisting of 78 percent zinc and 22 percent aluminum, is reported to be almost as strong as steel and as easy to mold as plastic. The alloy said to be so moldable that it can be molded into form using inexpensive ceramics or cement die casts."
},
{
string: "Zinc is also used extensively to galvanize other metals such as iron to prevent corrosion. Zinc oxide is a unique and very useful material for modern civilization. It is widely used in the manufacture of paints, rubber products, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, floor coverings, plastics, printing inks, soap, storage batteries, textiles, electrical equipment, and other products. Lithopone, a mixture of zinc sulfide and barium sulfate, is an important pigment."
},
{
string: "Zinc sulfide is used in making luminous dials, X-ray and TV screens, and fluorescent lights."
},
{
string: "The chloride and chromate are also important compounds. Zinc is an essential element in the growth of human beings and animals. Tests show that zinc-deficient animals require 50 percent more food to gain the same weight as an animal supplied with sufficient zinc."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Sources",
description: "Sources (where the element come from) information for the given element",
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value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "The principal ores of zinc are sphalerite (sulfide), smithsonite (carbonate), calamine (silicate), and franklinite (zinc, manganese, iron oxide). One method of zinc extraction involves roasting its ores to form the oxide and reducing the oxide with coal or carbon, with subsequent distillation of the metal."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Compounds",
description: "Related compounds information to this element",
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referenceNumber: 7,
name: "Compounds",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Zinc",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "See more information at the Zinc compound page."
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}
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{
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{
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{
string: "Zn"
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{
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{
string: "Zn"
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{
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{
string: "[69Zn]"
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{
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{
string: "[72Zn]"
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{
string: "[65Zn+2]"
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{
string: "[62Zn]"
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{
string: "[63Zn]"
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{
string: "[64Zn]"
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{
string: "[66Zn]"
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{
string: "[66Zn+2]"
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{
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},
{
string: "0.1845(63)"
},
{
string: "0.0061(10)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Mass, Half Life, and Decay",
description: "This section provides the information from the Nubase2016. The number after the ± refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton. The '?' refers to 'not determined or qualified'. For further explainations, click read more below.",
url: "https://pubchemdocs.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nubase2016",
displayControls: {
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numberOfColumns: 5,
columnsFromNamedLists: {
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"Atomic Mass and Uncertainty [u]",
"Half Life and Uncertainty",
"Discovery Year",
"Decay Modes, Intensities and Uncertainties [%]"
],
useNamesAsColumnHeadings: true
}
}
},
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Nuclide",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "54Zn",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "55Zn",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "56Zn",
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{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "57Zn",
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{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "58Zn",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "59Zn",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "60Zn",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "61Zn",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "62Zn",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "63Zn",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "64Zn",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "65Zn",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "65Znm",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 4,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "66Zn",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "67Zn",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "67Znm",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
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type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 4,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
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{
string: "67Znn",
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start: 0,
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{
start: 4,
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{
string: "68Zn",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "69Zn",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "69Znm",
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{
start: 0,
length: 2,
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{
start: 4,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
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{
string: "70Zn",
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{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "71Zn",
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{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "71Znm",
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{
string: "72Zn",
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{
start: 0,
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type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "73Zn",
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{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "73Znm",
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{
start: 0,
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{
start: 4,
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type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "73Znn",
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start: 0,
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{
string: "74Zn",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "75Zn",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "75Znm",
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start: 0,
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{
start: 4,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "76Zn",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "77Zn",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "77Znm",
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{
start: 4,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "78Zn",
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start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "78Znm",
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start: 0,
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start: 4,
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{
string: "79Zn",
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type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "79Znm",
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]
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{
string: "80Zn",
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{
start: 0,
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type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "81Zn",
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start: 0,
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type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "82Zn",
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]
},
{
string: "83Zn",
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type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "84Zn",
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type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "85Zn",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
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]
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Atomic Mass and Uncertainty [u]",
value: {
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string: "53.993267 ± 0.00043 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "54.984358 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "55.972743 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "56.965056 ± 0.000215 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "57.954590428 ± 0.000053678"
},
{
string: "58.949312017 ± 0.000000827"
},
{
string: "59.941841450 ± 0.000000605"
},
{
string: "60.939506960 ± 0.000017068"
},
{
string: "61.934333477 ± 0.00000067"
},
{
string: "62.933211167 ± 0.000001676"
},
{
string: "63.929141772 ± 0.000000694"
},
{
string: "64.929240532 ± 0.000000697"
},
{
string: "64.929240532 ± 0.000000697"
},
{
string: "65.926033704 ± 0.000000804"
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{
string: "66.927127482 ± 0.000000815"
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{
string: "66.927127482 ± 0.000000815"
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{
string: "66.927127482 ± 0.000000815"
},
{
string: "67.924844291 ± 0.000000841"
},
{
string: "68.926550418 ± 0.000000858"
},
{
string: "68.926550418 ± 0.000000858"
},
{
string: "69.925319181 ± 0.000002058"
},
{
string: "70.927719580 ± 0.000002849"
},
{
string: "70.927719580 ± 0.000002849"
},
{
string: "71.926842807 ± 0.0000023"
},
{
string: "72.929582582 ± 0.000002"
},
{
string: "72.929582582 ± 0.000002"
},
{
string: "72.929582582 ± 0.000002"
},
{
string: "73.929407262 ± 0.0000027"
},
{
string: "74.932840246 ± 0.0000021"
},
{
string: "74.932840246 ± 0.0000021"
},
{
string: "75.933114957 ± 0.000001562"
},
{
string: "76.936887199 ± 0.000002117"
},
{
string: "76.936887199 ± 0.000002117"
},
{
string: "77.938289205 ± 0.000002086"
},
{
string: "77.938289205 ± 0.000002086"
},
{
string: "78.942638068 ± 0.000002388"
},
{
string: "78.942638068 ± 0.000002388"
},
{
string: "79.944552930 ± 0.000002774"
},
{
string: "80.950402619 ± 0.0000054"
},
{
string: "81.954574099 ± 0.0000033"
},
{
string: "82.961041 ± 0.000322 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "83.965722 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "84.972914 ± 0.000537 [Estimated]"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Half Life and Uncertainty",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1.8 ms ± 0.5"
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{
string: "19.8 ms ± 1.3"
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{
string: "32.9 ms ± 0.8"
},
{
string: "38 ms ± 4"
},
{
string: "86.7 ms ± 2.4"
},
{
string: "182.0 ms ± 1.8"
},
{
string: "2.38 m ± 0.05"
},
{
string: "89.1 s ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "9.193 h ± 0.015"
},
{
string: "38.47 m ± 0.05"
},
{
string: "Stable ± >8.9Ey"
},
{
string: "243.93 d ± 0.09"
},
{
string: "1.6 us ± 0.6"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "9.19 us ± 0.06"
},
{
string: "333 ns ± 14"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "56.4 m ± 0.9"
},
{
string: "13.756 h ± 0.018"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "2.45 m ± 0.10"
},
{
string: "4.125 h ± 0.007"
},
{
string: "46.5 h ± 0.1"
},
{
string: "23.5 s ± 1.0"
},
{
string: "13.0 ms ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "5.8 s ± 0.8"
},
{
string: "95.6 s ± 1.2"
},
{
string: "10.2 s ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "5 s [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "5.7 s ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "2.08 s ± 0.05"
},
{
string: "1.05 s ± 0.10"
},
{
string: "1.47 s ± 0.15"
},
{
string: "320 ns ± 6"
},
{
string: "746 ms ± 42"
},
{
string: ">200 ms"
},
{
string: "562.2 ms ± 3.0"
},
{
string: "303.2 ms ± 2.6"
},
{
string: "177.9 ms ± 2.5"
},
{
string: "119 ms ± 16"
},
{
string: "50 ms ± >400ns [Estimated]"
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{
string: "50 ms ± >400ns [Estimated]"
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{
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{
string: "1981"
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{
string: "1955"
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{
string: "1955"
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{
string: "1948"
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{
string: "1937"
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{
string: "1922"
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{
string: "1939"
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{
string: ""
},
{
string: "1922"
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{
string: "1928"
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{
string: "1972"
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{
string: "1973"
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{
string: "1922"
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{
string: "1937"
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{
string: "1970"
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{
string: "1922"
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{
string: "1955"
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{
string: "1958"
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{
string: "1951"
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{
string: "1972"
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{
string: "1985"
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{
string: "1998"
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{
string: "1972"
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{
string: "1974"
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{
string: "2011"
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{
string: "1974"
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{
string: "1977"
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{
string: "1986"
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{
string: "1977"
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{
string: "1998"
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{
string: "1981"
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{
string: "2015"
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{
string: "1981"
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{
string: "1991"
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{
string: "1997"
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{
string: "1997"
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{
string: "2010"
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{
string: "2010"
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},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Decay Modes, Intensities and Uncertainties [%]",
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string: "2p=87±0.7%"
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string: "β+=100%; β+p=91.0±5.1%",
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "β+=100%",
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]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
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{
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},
{
string: "β+=100%",
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{
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},
{
string: "β+=100%",
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{
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{
string: "IS=49.17±7.5%; 2β+ ?",
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{
string: "β+=100%",
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{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IS=27.73±9.8%"
},
{
string: "IS=4.04±1.6%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IS=18.45±6.3%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
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string: "IT≈100%; β-=0.033±0.3%",
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type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "IS=0.61±1%; 2β- ?",
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{
string: "β-=100%",
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string: "IT=100%"
},
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string: "IT=?; β-=?",
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{
string: "β-=100%",
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{
string: "β-=100%",
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string: "β- ?; IT ?",
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string: "β-=100%",
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string: "β-=100%; β-n=0%[Estimated]",
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{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=1.7±0.5%",
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string: "IT=?; β- ?",
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string: "β-=100%; β-n=1.0±0.5%",
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string: "β-=100%; β-n=9.1±2.4%; β-2n=0%[Estimated]",
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string: "β-=100%; β-n=69±0.7%; β-2n=0%[Estimated]",
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string: "β-=100%; β-n=10%[Estimated]; β-2n=3%[Estimated]",
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string: "β- ?; β-n=30%[Estimated]; β-2n=7%[Estimated]",
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],
reference: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "PubChem",
description: "Data deposited in or computed by PubChem",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
sourceName: "Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)",
sourceID: "e30",
name: "Zn",
description: "The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.",
url: "https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/",
anid: 6590257
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
sourceName: "Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)",
sourceID: "a30",
name: "Zinc",
description: "Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report) and CIAAW. The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/",
url: "http://www.ciaaw.org/zinc.htm",
licenseURL: "http://www.ciaaw.org/bylaws.htm",
anid: 2292411
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
sourceName: "Jefferson Lab, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "jlab30",
name: "Zinc",
description: "Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/",
url: "https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele030.html",
licenseNote: "Please see citation and linking information: https://education.jlab.org/faq/index.html",
licenseURL: "https://www.jlab.org/privacy-and-security-notice",
anid: 507092
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
sourceName: "Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "lanl30",
name: "Zinc",
description: "The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.",
url: "https://periodic.lanl.gov/30.shtml",
anid: 507210
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
sourceName: "NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory",
sourceID: "e30",
name: "Zinc",
description: "The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Elements/elInfo.pl?element=30",
licenseURL: "https://www.nist.gov/pml/database-disclaimer",
anid: 2292647
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
sourceName: "PubChem Elements",
sourceID: "30",
name: "Zn",
description: "The element property data was retrieved from publications.",
anid: 7660031
},
{
referenceNumber: 7,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "30",
name: "Zinc",
description: "This section provides all form of data related to element Zinc.",
anid: 694323
}
]
}
},
{
record: {
recordType: "AtomicNumber",
recordNumber: 31,
recordTitle: "Gallium",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01022.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Gallium"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Gallium"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
description: "Element symbol, Also called atomic symbol, typically consists of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet derived from the element name in one of several languages.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Ga"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Ga"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "InChI=1S/Ga"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI Key",
description: "International Chemical Identifier hash (InChIKey) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI Key",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "GYHNNYVSQQEPJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "69.723(1)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "69.723"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "69.72"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "69.723(1)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[Ar]4s23d104p1",
markup: [
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start: 6,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 9,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 13,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Electron Configuration",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[Ar]3d10 4s2 4p",
markup: [
{
start: 6,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 11,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Radius",
description: "Atomic radius is the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell containing electrons.",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_radius",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
name: "Van der Waals Atomic Radius",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "187 pm (Van der Waals)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Empirical Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"J.C. Slater, J Chem Phys, 1964, 41(10), 3199-3205. DOI:10.1063/1.1725697"
],
value: {
number: [
130
],
unit: "pm (Empirical)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Covalent Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"B. Cordero, V. Gómez, A.E. Platero-Prats, M. Revés, J. Echeverría, E. Cremades, F. Barragán, S. Alvarez, Dalton Trans. 2008, 21, 2832-2838. DOI:10.1039/b801115j PMID:18478144."
],
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "122(3) pm (Covalent)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
description: "Oxidation state gives the degree of oxidation of an atom in terms of counting electrons.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/O/O04365.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "+3"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "3, 2, 1, −1, −2, −4, −5 (an amphoteric oxide)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ground Level",
description: "Also called ground-state level. The ground state electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom with lower energy levels.",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/ASD/Html/iehelp.html#IEGROUNDLEV",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ground Level",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "2P°1/2",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 3,
length: 3,
type: "Subscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ionization Energy",
description: "Ionization energy is the minimum energy required to eject an electron out of a neutral atom or molecule in its ground state.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/I/I03199.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "5.999 eV"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ionization Energy",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "5.9993020 eV"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electronegativity",
description: "The concept electronegativity was introduced by L. Pauling as the power of an atom to attract electrons to itself.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01990",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Pauling Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"A.L. Allred, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 1961, 17(3-4), 215-221. DOI:10.1016/0022-1902(61)80142-5"
],
value: {
number: [
1.81
],
unit: "(Pauling Scale)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Allen Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1989, 111, 9003. DOI:10.1021/ja00207a003; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek and L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 2780. DOI:10.1021/ja992866e; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek, E.T. Knight, J.F. Capitani and L.C Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 5132. DOI:10.1021/ja9928677"
],
value: {
number: [
1.756
],
unit: "(Allen Scale)"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Affinity",
description: "Electron affinity refers to energy required to detach an electron from the singly charged negative ion.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01977",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.T Myers, J. Chem. Edu., 1990, 67(4), 307. DOI:10.1021/ed067p307"
],
value: {
number: [
0.3
],
unit: "eV"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.J. Zollweg, J. Chem. Phys., 1969, 50, 4251. DOI:10.1063/1.1670890"
],
value: {
number: [
0.37
],
unit: "eV"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Spectra",
description: "Atomic and ionic spectral lines originate from specified electronic transitions between energy levels of atoms and ions, respectively.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00502.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/lines_hold.pl?el=Ga",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Lines Holdings"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/levels_hold.pl?el=Ga",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Levels Holdings"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Physical Description",
description: "Physical description, also know as physical characteristics, refers to physical appearance of element substances.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Solid"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Classification",
description: "Elements can be classified few groups according to each element's chemical properties.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Metal"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Period Number",
description: "The element period number refers to a horizontal row of the periodic table. The periodic table has 7 periods.",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/periodic-table-of-the-elements/The-periodic-table#ref80835",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "4"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Group Number",
description: "Element group refers to a set of chemical elements in the same vertical column of the periodic table",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/group-periodic-table",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "13"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Density",
description: "Density is a degree of consistency measured by the quantity of mass per unit volume",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/D/D01590.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "5.91 grams per cubic centimeter"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Melting Point",
description: "The melting point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from solid to liquid at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/melting-point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "302.91 K (29.76°C or 85.57°F)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "29.76°C"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Boiling Point",
description: "Boiling Point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from liquid to gas at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "2477 K (2204°C or 3999°F)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "2400°C"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Crustal Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in earth crust",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "1.9×101 milligrams per kilogram",
markup: [
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type: "Superscript"
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]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Oceanic Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in ocean",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "3×10-5 milligrams per liter",
markup: [
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start: 4,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
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]
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "History",
description: "Element discovery and related information in history",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "History",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "The name derives from the Latin gallia for France. It was discovered in zinc blende by the French chemist Paul-Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1875. It was first isolated in 1878 by Lecoq de Boisbaudran and the French chemist Émile-Clément Jungflesch.",
markup: [
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}
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}
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "First proposed to exist by Dmitri Mendeleyev in 1871 based on gaps in his newly created Periodic Table of Elements, gallium was discovered spectroscopically by the French chemist Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1875. Later that same year, Lecoq was able to obtain pure gallium through the electrolysis of a solution of gallium hydroxide (Ga(OH)3) in potassium hydroxide (KOH). Trace amounts of gallium are found in diaspore, sphalerite, germanite and bauxite as well as in the byproducts of burning coal.",
markup: [
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referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "From the Latin word Gallia, France; also from Latin, gallus, a translation of \"Lecoq,\" a cock. Predicted and described by Mendeleev as ekaaluminum, and discovered spectroscopically by Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1875, who in the same year obtained the free metal by electrolysis of a solution of the hydroxide in KOH."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Description",
description: "Description about this element",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "It is one of four metals mercury, cesium, and rubidium which can be liquid near room temperature and, thus, can be used in high-temperature thermometers. It has one of the longest liquid ranges of any metal and has a low vapor pressure even at high temperatures."
},
{
string: "There is a strong tendency for gallium to supercool below its freezing point. Therefore, seeding may be necessary to initiate solidification."
},
{
string: "Ultra-pure gallium has a beautiful, silvery appearance, and the solid metal exhibits a conchoidal fracture similar to glass. The metal expands 3.1 percent on solidifying; therefore, it should not be stored in glass or metal containers, because they may break as the metal solidifies."
},
{
string: "High-purity gallium is attacked only slowly by mineral acids."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Uses",
description: "Uses information in industry and other fields",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Gallium melts near room temperature and has one of the largest liquid ranges of any metal, so it has found use in high temperature thermometers. Gallium easily forms alloys with most metals and has been used to create low melting alloys. Gallium is used as a doping material for semiconductors and has been used to produce solid-state items like transistors and light emitting diodes. Gallium arsenide (GaAs) can produce laser light directly from electricity. Large amounts of gallium trichloride (GaCl3) have been gathered to build the Gallium Neutrino Observatory, an observatory located in Italy built to study particles called neutrinos which are produced inside the sun during the process of nuclear fusion.",
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}
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}
},
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value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Gallium wets glass or porcelain and forms a brilliant mirror when it is painted on glass. It is widely used in doping semiconductors and producing solid-state devices such as transistors."
},
{
string: "Magnesium gallate containing divalent impurities, such as Mn+2, is finding use in commercial ultraviolet-activated powder phosphors. Gallium arsenide is capable of converting electricity directly into coherent light. Gallium readily alloys with most metals, and has been used as a component in low-melting alloys.",
markup: [
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start: 60,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
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}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Sources",
description: "Sources (where the element come from) information for the given element",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Gallium is often found as a trace element in diaspore, sphalerite, germanite, bauxite, and coal. Some flue dusts from burning coal have been shown to contain as much 1.5 percent gallium."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Compounds",
description: "Related compounds information to this element",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 7,
name: "Compounds",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Gallium",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "See more information at the Gallium compound page."
}
]
}
}
],
section: [
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tocHeading: "Element Forms",
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{
string: "gallium-72"
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{
string: "gallium-69"
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{
string: "gallium-70"
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{
string: "gallium-73"
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{
string: "gallium-65"
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{
string: "gallium-66"
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{
string: "gallium-66(3+)"
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{
string: "gallium-67(3+)"
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{
string: "gallium-68(3+)"
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{
string: "gallium-64"
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{
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string: "gallium-71"
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{
string: "Ga"
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{
string: "Ga"
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{
string: "Ga"
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{
string: "Ga"
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{
string: "Ga"
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{
string: "Ga+3"
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{
string: "Ga+3"
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{
string: "Ga+3"
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{
string: "Ga"
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{
string: "Ga"
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string: "Ga"
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string: "[72Ga]"
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{
string: "[69Ga]"
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{
string: "[70Ga]"
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{
string: "[73Ga]"
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{
string: "[65Ga]"
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{
string: "[66Ga]"
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{
string: "[66Ga+3]"
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{
string: "[67Ga+3]"
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{
string: "[68Ga+3]"
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{
string: "[64Ga]"
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{
string: "[62Ga]"
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string: "[71Ga]"
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
string: "66.928"
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{
string: "67.928"
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{
string: "63.937"
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{
string: "61.944"
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{
string: "70.925"
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{
tocHeading: "Handling and Storage",
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{
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tocHeading: "Isotope Mass and Abundance",
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string: "0.601 08(50)"
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string: "0.398 92(50)"
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{
tocHeading: "Atomic Mass, Half Life, and Decay",
description: "This section provides the information from the Nubase2016. The number after the ± refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton. The '?' refers to 'not determined or qualified'. For further explainations, click read more below.",
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string: "77Ga",
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string: "78Ga",
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string: "80Ga",
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string: "82Ga",
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string: "86Ga",
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{
string: "57.974729 ± 0.000322 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "58.963757 ± 0.000183 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "59.957498 ± 0.000215 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "60.949398859 ± 0.000040787"
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string: "60.949398859 ± 0.000040787"
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{
string: "61.944189757 ± 0.000000694"
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{
string: "63.936840365 ± 0.000001533"
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{
string: "63.936840365 ± 0.000001533"
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{
string: "64.932734395 ± 0.000000874"
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{
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string: "66.928202384 ± 0.000001268"
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{
string: "67.927980221 ± 0.000001538"
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{
string: "68.925573531 ± 0.000001285"
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{
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{
string: "70.924702536 ± 0.000000871"
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{
string: "71.926367434 ± 0.000000878"
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{
string: "71.926367434 ± 0.000000878"
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{
string: "72.925174682 ± 0.0000018"
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{
string: "73.926945726 ± 0.000003214"
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{
string: "73.926945726 ± 0.000003214"
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{
string: "74.926500246 ± 0.0000026"
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{
string: "75.928827625 ± 0.0000021"
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{
string: "76.929154300 ± 0.0000026"
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{
string: "77.931608845 ± 0.000002043"
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{
string: "77.931608845 ± 0.000002043"
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{
string: "78.932852301 ± 0.000002005"
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{
string: "79.936420774 ± 0.000003103"
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{
string: "79.936420774 ± 0.000003103"
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{
string: "80.938133842 ± 0.000003503"
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{
string: "81.943176533 ± 0.000002604"
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{
string: "81.943176533 ± 0.000002604"
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{
string: "82.947120301 ± 0.000002804"
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{
string: "82.947120301 ± 0.000002804"
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{
string: "83.952670 ± 0.000215 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "84.957220 ± 0.00032 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "85.963414 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "86.968599 ± 0.000537 [Estimated]"
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string: "Not-specified"
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{
string: "Not-specified ± <43ns"
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{
string: "70 ms ± 10"
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{
string: "167 ms ± 3"
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{
string: "Not-specified"
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{
string: "116.121 ms ± 0.021"
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{
string: "32.4 s ± 0.5"
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{
string: "2.627 m ± 0.012"
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{
string: "21.9 us ± 0.7"
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{
string: "15.2 m ± 0.2"
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{
string: "9.304 h ± 0.008"
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string: "3.261 d ± 0.0005"
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string: "67.845 m ± 0.018"
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string: "Stable"
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{
string: "21.14 m ± 0.03"
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{
string: "Stable"
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string: "14.025 h ± 0.010"
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{
string: "39.68 ms ± 0.13"
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{
string: "4.86 h ± 0.03"
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{
string: "8.12 m ± 0.12"
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{
string: "9.5 s ± 1.0"
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{
string: "126 s ± 2"
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{
string: "32.6 s ± 0.6"
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{
string: "13.2 s ± 0.2"
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{
string: "5.09 s ± 0.05"
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{
string: "110 ns ± 3"
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{
string: "2.848 s ± 0.003"
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{
string: "1.9 s ± 0.1"
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{
string: "1.3 s ± 0.2"
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{
string: "1.217 s ± 0.005"
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{
string: "599 ms ± 2"
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{
string: "93.5 ns ± 6.7"
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{
string: "308.1 ms ± 1.0"
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{
string: "120 ns ± 5"
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{
string: "85 ms ± 10"
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{
string: "92.2 ms ± 3.5"
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{
string: "47 ms ± 18"
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string: ""
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string: ""
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string: "1995"
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{
string: "1987"
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{
string: ""
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{
string: "1978"
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{
string: "1965"
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{
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{
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{
string: "1938"
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{
string: "1937"
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{
string: "1938"
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{
string: "1937"
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{
string: "1923"
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{
string: "1937"
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{
string: "1923"
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{
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{
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{
string: "2010"
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string: "1974"
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{
string: "1974"
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{
string: "2011"
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{
string: "1976"
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{
string: "1976"
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{
string: "2009"
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{
string: "1976"
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{
string: "2016"
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{
string: "1991"
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{
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string: "p ?"
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string: "p ?"
},
{
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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},
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string: "β+=100%",
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string: "IS=60.108±0.9%"
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string: "IS=39.892±0.9%"
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{
string: "IT=75±2.5%; β- ?",
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string: "β-=100%",
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},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100[gs=12,m=88]",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=0.089±1.9%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=0.86±0.7%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "β- ?; β-n=1%[Estimated]; IT ?",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 7,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=11.9±0.7%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=21.3±1.3%; β-2n=0%[Estimated]",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 25,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=62.8±2.5%; β-2n=0%[Estimated]",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=40±0.7%; β-2n=2%[Estimated]",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n>35%; β-2n=6%[Estimated]",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=60±1%; β-2n=20±1%",
markup: [
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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type: "Superscript"
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type: "Superscript"
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string: "β- ?; β-n=90%[Estimated]; β-2n=7%[Estimated]",
markup: [
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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length: 1,
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],
reference: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "PubChem",
description: "Data deposited in or computed by PubChem",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
sourceName: "Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)",
sourceID: "e31",
name: "Ga",
description: "The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.",
url: "https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/",
anid: 6590258
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
sourceName: "Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)",
sourceID: "a31",
name: "Gallium",
description: "Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report) and CIAAW. The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/",
url: "http://www.ciaaw.org/gallium.htm",
licenseURL: "http://www.ciaaw.org/bylaws.htm",
anid: 2292412
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
sourceName: "Jefferson Lab, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "jlab31",
name: "Gallium",
description: "Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/",
url: "https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele031.html",
licenseNote: "Please see citation and linking information: https://education.jlab.org/faq/index.html",
licenseURL: "https://www.jlab.org/privacy-and-security-notice",
anid: 507093
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{
referenceNumber: 5,
sourceName: "Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "lanl31",
name: "Gallium",
description: "The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.",
url: "https://periodic.lanl.gov/31.shtml",
anid: 507211
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
sourceName: "NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory",
sourceID: "e31",
name: "Gallium",
description: "The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Elements/elInfo.pl?element=31",
licenseURL: "https://www.nist.gov/pml/database-disclaimer",
anid: 2292648
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
sourceName: "PubChem Elements",
sourceID: "31",
name: "Ga",
description: "The element property data was retrieved from publications.",
anid: 7660032
},
{
referenceNumber: 7,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "31",
name: "Gallium",
description: "This section provides all form of data related to element Gallium.",
anid: 694324
}
]
}
},
{
record: {
recordType: "AtomicNumber",
recordNumber: 32,
recordTitle: "Germanium",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01022.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Germanium"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Germanium"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
description: "Element symbol, Also called atomic symbol, typically consists of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet derived from the element name in one of several languages.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Ge"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Ge"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "InChI=1S/Ge"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI Key",
description: "International Chemical Identifier hash (InChIKey) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI Key",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "GNPVGFCGXDBREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "72.630(8)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "72.630"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "72.64"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "72.630(8)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[Ar]4s23d104p2",
markup: [
{
start: 6,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 9,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 13,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Electron Configuration",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[Ar]3d10 4s2 4p2",
markup: [
{
start: 6,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 11,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 15,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Radius",
description: "Atomic radius is the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell containing electrons.",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_radius",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
name: "Van der Waals Atomic Radius",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "211 pm (Van der Waals)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Empirical Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"J.C. Slater, J Chem Phys, 1964, 41(10), 3199-3205. DOI:10.1063/1.1725697"
],
value: {
number: [
125
],
unit: "pm (Empirical)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Covalent Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"B. Cordero, V. Gómez, A.E. Platero-Prats, M. Revés, J. Echeverría, E. Cremades, F. Barragán, S. Alvarez, Dalton Trans. 2008, 21, 2832-2838. DOI:10.1039/b801115j PMID:18478144."
],
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "120(4) pm (Covalent)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
description: "Oxidation state gives the degree of oxidation of an atom in terms of counting electrons.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/O/O04365.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "+4, +2"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "4, 3, 2, 1, 0, −1, −2, −3, −4 (an amphoteric oxide)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ground Level",
description: "Also called ground-state level. The ground state electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom with lower energy levels.",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/ASD/Html/iehelp.html#IEGROUNDLEV",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ground Level",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "3P0",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 2,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ionization Energy",
description: "Ionization energy is the minimum energy required to eject an electron out of a neutral atom or molecule in its ground state.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/I/I03199.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "7.900 eV"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ionization Energy",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "7.899435 eV"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electronegativity",
description: "The concept electronegativity was introduced by L. Pauling as the power of an atom to attract electrons to itself.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01990",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Pauling Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"A.L. Allred, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 1961, 17(3-4), 215-221. DOI:10.1016/0022-1902(61)80142-5"
],
value: {
number: [
2.01
],
unit: "(Pauling Scale)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Allen Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1989, 111, 9003. DOI:10.1021/ja00207a003; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek and L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 2780. DOI:10.1021/ja992866e; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek, E.T. Knight, J.F. Capitani and L.C Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 5132. DOI:10.1021/ja9928677"
],
value: {
number: [
1.994
],
unit: "(Allen Scale)"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Affinity",
description: "Electron affinity refers to energy required to detach an electron from the singly charged negative ion.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01977",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.T Myers, J. Chem. Edu., 1990, 67(4), 307. DOI:10.1021/ed067p307"
],
value: {
number: [
1.35
],
unit: "eV"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.J. Zollweg, J. Chem. Phys., 1969, 50, 4251. DOI:10.1063/1.1670890"
],
value: {
number: [
1.44
],
unit: "eV"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Spectra",
description: "Atomic and ionic spectral lines originate from specified electronic transitions between energy levels of atoms and ions, respectively.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00502.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/lines_hold.pl?el=Ge",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Lines Holdings"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/levels_hold.pl?el=Ge",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Levels Holdings"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Physical Description",
description: "Physical description, also know as physical characteristics, refers to physical appearance of element substances.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Solid"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Classification",
description: "Elements can be classified few groups according to each element's chemical properties.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Semi-metal"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Period Number",
description: "The element period number refers to a horizontal row of the periodic table. The periodic table has 7 periods.",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/periodic-table-of-the-elements/The-periodic-table#ref80835",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "4"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Group Number",
description: "Element group refers to a set of chemical elements in the same vertical column of the periodic table",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/group-periodic-table",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "14"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Density",
description: "Density is a degree of consistency measured by the quantity of mass per unit volume",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/D/D01590.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "5.323 grams per cubic centimeter"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Melting Point",
description: "The melting point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from solid to liquid at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/melting-point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1211.40 K (938.25°C or 1720.85°F)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "938.25°C"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Boiling Point",
description: "Boiling Point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from liquid to gas at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "3106 K (2833°C or 5131°F)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "2833°C"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Crustal Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in earth crust",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1.5 milligrams per kilogram"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Oceanic Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in ocean",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "5×10-5 milligrams per liter",
markup: [
{
start: 4,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "History",
description: "Element discovery and related information in history",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "History",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "The name derives from the Latin germania for Germany. It was discovered and isolated by the German chemist Clemens-Alexander Winkler in 1886 in the mineral argyrodite (GeS2×4Ag2S).",
markup: [
{
start: 32,
length: 8,
type: "Italics"
},
{
start: 171,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
},
{
start: 176,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
}
]
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "First proposed to exist by Dmitri Mendeleyev in 1871 based on gaps in his newly created Periodic Table of Elements, germanium was discovered by the German chemist Clemens Winkler in the mineral argyrodite (Ag8GeS6) in 1886. Today, germanium is primarily obtained from the smelting of zinc ores and from the byproducts of burning certain types of coal.",
markup: [
{
start: 208,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
},
{
start: 212,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
},
{
start: 88,
length: 14,
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ptable"
}
]
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "From the Latin word Germania, Germany. Mendeleev predicted the existence of Germanium in 1871 as ekasilicon, and the element was discovered by Winkler in 1886."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Description",
description: "Description about this element",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "The element is a gray-white metalloid. In pure state, the element is crystalline and brittle, retaining its luster in air at room temperature. It is a very important semiconductor. Zone-refining techniques have led to production of crystalline germanium for semiconductor use with an impurity of only one part in 1010."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Uses",
description: "Uses information in industry and other fields",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "The largest use of germanium is in the semiconductor industry. When doped with small amounts of arsenic, gallium, indium, antimony or phosphorus, germanium is used to make transistors for use in electronic devices. Germanium is also used to create alloys and as a phosphor in fluorescent lamps. Both germanium and germanium oxide (GeO) are transparent to infrared radiation and are used in infrared optical instruments and infrared detectors. Some germanium compounds seem to be effective in killing some types of bacteria and are currently being studied for use in chemotherapy."
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "When germanium is doped with arsenic, gallium, or other elements, it is used as a transistor element in thousands of electronic applications. The most common use of germanium is as a semiconductor. Germanium is also finding many other applications including use as an alloying agent, as a phosphor in fluorescent lamps, and as a catalyst."
},
{
string: "Germanium and germanium oxide are transparent to the infrared and are used in infrared spectroscopes and other optical equipment, including extremely sensitive infrared detectors."
},
{
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{
string: "The field of organo-germanium chemistry is becoming increasingly important. Certain germanium compounds have a low mammalian toxicity, but a marked activity against certain bacteria, which makes them useful as chemotherapeutic agents."
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{
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},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "82.78 m ± 0.04"
},
{
string: "47.7 s ± 0.5"
},
{
string: "216 ns ± 5"
},
{
string: "1.66 Zy ± 0.13"
},
{
string: "11.211 h ± 0.003"
},
{
string: "53.7 s ± 0.6"
},
{
string: "88.0 m ± 1.0"
},
{
string: "18.98 s ± 0.03"
},
{
string: "39.0 s ± 1.0"
},
{
string: "29.5 s ± 0.4"
},
{
string: "8 s ± 2"
},
{
string: "8 s ± 2"
},
{
string: "4.56 s ± 0.26"
},
{
string: "1.85 s ± 0.06"
},
{
string: "951 ms ± 9"
},
{
string: "494 ms ± 8"
},
{
string: "226 ms ± 21"
},
{
string: "150 ms ± >300ns [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "100 ms ± >300ns [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "50 ms ± >300ns [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "50 ms ± >400ns [Estimated]"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Discovery Year",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: ""
},
{
string: "2015"
},
{
string: "2005"
},
{
string: "1987"
},
{
string: "1991"
},
{
string: "1991"
},
{
string: "1972"
},
{
string: "1972"
},
{
string: "1950"
},
{
string: "1950"
},
{
string: "1978"
},
{
string: "1973"
},
{
string: "1948"
},
{
string: "1938"
},
{
string: "1978"
},
{
string: "1978"
},
{
string: "1923"
},
{
string: "1941"
},
{
string: "1959"
},
{
string: "1923"
},
{
string: "1984"
},
{
string: "1933"
},
{
string: "1975"
},
{
string: "1957"
},
{
string: "1923"
},
{
string: "1939"
},
{
string: "1952"
},
{
string: "1982"
},
{
string: "1933"
},
{
string: "1939"
},
{
string: "1947"
},
{
string: "1953"
},
{
string: "1970"
},
{
string: "1970"
},
{
string: "1972"
},
{
string: "1972"
},
{
string: "1981"
},
{
string: "1972"
},
{
string: "1972"
},
{
string: "1972"
},
{
string: "1991"
},
{
string: "1994"
},
{
string: "1997"
},
{
string: "1997"
},
{
string: "1997"
},
{
string: "2010"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Decay Modes, Intensities and Uncertainties [%]",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "2p ?"
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{
string: "β+ ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+ ?; β+p ?",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
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start: 7,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β+=100%; β+p>62%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "β+=100%; β+p ?",
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start: 1,
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start: 10,
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string: "β+=100%; β+p ?",
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start: 1,
length: 1,
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%; β+p=0.011±0.3%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
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string: "β+=100%",
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "ε=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IS=20.57±2.7%"
},
{
string: "ε=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IS=27.45±3.2%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IS=7.75±1.2%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IS=36.50±2%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT≈100%; β-=0.030±0.6%",
markup: [
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IS=7.73±1.2%; 2β-=100%",
markup: [
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start: 16,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β-=81±0.2%; IT=19±0.2%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
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}
]
},
{
string: "β-=96±0.1%; IT=4±0.1%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-≈100%; IT<1%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=0.1%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=10.7±0.6%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=16.5±2.3%; β-2n=0%[Estimated]",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=45±1.5%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β- ?; β-n=3%[Estimated]; β-2n=1%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 7,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 26,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β- ?; β-n=6%[Estimated]; β-2n=0.1%[Estimated]",
markup: [
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
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start: 7,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β- ?; β-n=20%[Estimated]; β-2n=2%[Estimated]",
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 7,
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type: "Superscript"
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string: "β- ?; β-n=50%[Estimated]; β-2n=2%[Estimated]",
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type: "Superscript"
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}
]
}
],
reference: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "PubChem",
description: "Data deposited in or computed by PubChem",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
sourceName: "Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)",
sourceID: "e32",
name: "Ge",
description: "The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.",
url: "https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/",
anid: 6590259
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
sourceName: "Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)",
sourceID: "a32",
name: "Germanium",
description: "Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report) and CIAAW. The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/",
url: "http://www.ciaaw.org/germanium.htm",
licenseURL: "http://www.ciaaw.org/bylaws.htm",
anid: 2292413
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
sourceName: "Jefferson Lab, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "jlab32",
name: "Germanium",
description: "Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/",
url: "https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele032.html",
licenseNote: "Please see citation and linking information: https://education.jlab.org/faq/index.html",
licenseURL: "https://www.jlab.org/privacy-and-security-notice",
anid: 507094
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
sourceName: "Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "lanl32",
name: "Germanium",
description: "The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.",
url: "https://periodic.lanl.gov/32.shtml",
anid: 507212
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
sourceName: "NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory",
sourceID: "e32",
name: "Germanium",
description: "The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Elements/elInfo.pl?element=32",
licenseURL: "https://www.nist.gov/pml/database-disclaimer",
anid: 2292649
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
sourceName: "PubChem Elements",
sourceID: "32",
name: "Ge",
description: "The element property data was retrieved from publications.",
anid: 7660033
},
{
referenceNumber: 7,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "32",
name: "Germanium",
description: "This section provides all form of data related to element Germanium.",
anid: 694325
}
]
}
},
{
record: {
recordType: "AtomicNumber",
recordNumber: 33,
recordTitle: "Arsenic",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01022.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Arsenic"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Arsenic"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
description: "Element symbol, Also called atomic symbol, typically consists of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet derived from the element name in one of several languages.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "As"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "As"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "InChI=1S/As"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI Key",
description: "International Chemical Identifier hash (InChIKey) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI Key",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "RQNWIZPPADIBDY-UHFFFAOYSA-N"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "74.921 595(6)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "74.921595"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "74.92"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "74.921595(6)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[Ar]4s23d104p3",
markup: [
{
start: 6,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 9,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 13,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Electron Configuration",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[Ar]3d10 4s2 4p3",
markup: [
{
start: 6,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 11,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 15,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Radius",
description: "Atomic radius is the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell containing electrons.",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_radius",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
name: "Van der Waals Atomic Radius",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "185 pm (Van der Waals)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Empirical Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"J.C. Slater, J Chem Phys, 1964, 41(10), 3199-3205. DOI:10.1063/1.1725697"
],
value: {
number: [
115
],
unit: "pm (Empirical)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Covalent Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"B. Cordero, V. Gómez, A.E. Platero-Prats, M. Revés, J. Echeverría, E. Cremades, F. Barragán, S. Alvarez, Dalton Trans. 2008, 21, 2832-2838. DOI:10.1039/b801115j PMID:18478144."
],
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "119(4) pm (Covalent)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
description: "Oxidation state gives the degree of oxidation of an atom in terms of counting electrons.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/O/O04365.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "+5, +3, -3"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "5, 4, 3, 2, 1, −1, −2, −3 (a mildly acidic oxide)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ground Level",
description: "Also called ground-state level. The ground state electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom with lower energy levels.",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/ASD/Html/iehelp.html#IEGROUNDLEV",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ground Level",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "4S°3/2",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 3,
length: 3,
type: "Subscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ionization Energy",
description: "Ionization energy is the minimum energy required to eject an electron out of a neutral atom or molecule in its ground state.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/I/I03199.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "9.815 eV"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ionization Energy",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "9.78855 eV"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electronegativity",
description: "The concept electronegativity was introduced by L. Pauling as the power of an atom to attract electrons to itself.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01990",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Pauling Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"A.L. Allred, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 1961, 17(3-4), 215-221. DOI:10.1016/0022-1902(61)80142-5"
],
value: {
number: [
2.18
],
unit: "(Pauling Scale)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Allen Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1989, 111, 9003. DOI:10.1021/ja00207a003; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek and L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 2780. DOI:10.1021/ja992866e; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek, E.T. Knight, J.F. Capitani and L.C Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 5132. DOI:10.1021/ja9928677"
],
value: {
number: [
2.211
],
unit: "(Allen Scale)"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Affinity",
description: "Electron affinity refers to energy required to detach an electron from the singly charged negative ion.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01977",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.T Myers, J. Chem. Edu., 1990, 67(4), 307. DOI:10.1021/ed067p307"
],
value: {
number: [
0.81
],
unit: "eV"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.J. Zollweg, J. Chem. Phys., 1969, 50, 4251. DOI:10.1063/1.1670890"
],
value: {
number: [
1.07
],
unit: "eV"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Spectra",
description: "Atomic and ionic spectral lines originate from specified electronic transitions between energy levels of atoms and ions, respectively.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00502.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/lines_hold.pl?el=As",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Lines Holdings"
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{
string: "65.944148779 ± 0.0000061"
},
{
string: "65.944148779 ± 0.0000061"
},
{
string: "66.939251111 ± 0.000000475"
},
{
string: "67.936774130 ± 0.000001981"
},
{
string: "67.936774130 ± 0.000001981"
},
{
string: "68.932246294 ± 0.000034352"
},
{
string: "69.930926151 ± 0.000053684"
},
{
string: "69.930926151 ± 0.000053684"
},
{
string: "70.927113758 ± 0.000004473"
},
{
string: "71.926752295 ± 0.000004383"
},
{
string: "72.923829089 ± 0.000004136"
},
{
string: "72.923829089 ± 0.000004136"
},
{
string: "73.923928598 ± 0.000001817"
},
{
string: "74.921594562 ± 0.000000948"
},
{
string: "74.921594562 ± 0.000000948"
},
{
string: "75.922392010 ± 0.000000951"
},
{
string: "75.922392010 ± 0.000000951"
},
{
string: "76.920647564 ± 0.000001817"
},
{
string: "76.920647564 ± 0.000001817"
},
{
string: "77.921827795 ± 0.0000105"
},
{
string: "78.920948445 ± 0.000005719"
},
{
string: "78.920948445 ± 0.000005719"
},
{
string: "79.922474548 ± 0.000003577"
},
{
string: "80.922132290 ± 0.000002838"
},
{
string: "81.924738733 ± 0.000004003"
},
{
string: "81.924738733 ± 0.000004003"
},
{
string: "82.925206901 ± 0.000003004"
},
{
string: "83.929303291 ± 0.000003403"
},
{
string: "83.929303291 ± 0.000003403"
},
{
string: "84.932163659 ± 0.000003304"
},
{
string: "85.936701533 ± 0.000003703"
},
{
string: "86.940291718 ± 0.000003204"
},
{
string: "87.945550 ± 0.00021 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "88.949760 ± 0.00032 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "89.955630 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "89.955630 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "90.960390 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "91.966740 ± 0.000537 [Estimated]"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Half Life and Uncertainty",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Not-specified"
},
{
string: "Not-specified"
},
{
string: "Not-specified"
},
{
string: "Not-specified"
},
{
string: "Not-specified ± <43ns"
},
{
string: "40 ms ± 30"
},
{
string: "170 ms ± 30"
},
{
string: "95.77 ms ± 0.23"
},
{
string: "1.14 us ± 0.04"
},
{
string: "7.98 us ± 0.26"
},
{
string: "42.5 s ± 1.2"
},
{
string: "151.6 s ± 0.8"
},
{
string: "111 ns ± 20"
},
{
string: "15.2 m ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "52.6 m ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "96 us ± 3"
},
{
string: "65.30 h ± 0.07"
},
{
string: "26.0 h ± 0.1"
},
{
string: "80.30 d ± 0.06"
},
{
string: "5.7 us ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "17.77 d ± 0.02"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "17.62 ms ± 0.23"
},
{
string: "1.077 d ± 0.0020"
},
{
string: "1.84 us ± 0.06"
},
{
string: "38.79 h ± 0.05"
},
{
string: "114.0 us ± 2.5"
},
{
string: "90.7 m ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "9.01 m ± 0.15"
},
{
string: "1.21 us ± 0.01"
},
{
string: "15.2 s ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "33.3 s ± 0.8"
},
{
string: "19.1 s ± 0.5"
},
{
string: "13.6 s ± 0.4"
},
{
string: "13.4 s ± 0.4"
},
{
string: "4.02 s ± 0.03"
},
{
string: "650 ms ± 150"
},
{
string: "2.021 s ± 0.012"
},
{
string: "945 ms ± 8"
},
{
string: "492 ms ± 25"
},
{
string: "270 ms ± 150"
},
{
string: "200 ms ± >150ns [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "80 ms ± >300ns [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "220 ns ± 100"
},
{
string: "50 ms ± >300ns [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "30 ms ± >300ns [Estimated]"
}
]
}
},
{
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name: "Discovery Year",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: ""
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: "1995"
},
{
string: "1991"
},
{
string: "1978"
},
{
string: "1995"
},
{
string: "1998"
},
{
string: "1980"
},
{
string: "1971"
},
{
string: "1994"
},
{
string: "1955"
},
{
string: "1950"
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{
string: "1979"
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{
string: "1939"
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{
string: "1939"
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{
string: "1948"
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{
string: "1956"
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{
string: "1938"
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{
string: "1920"
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{
string: "1957"
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{
string: "1934"
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{
string: "1966"
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{
string: "1951"
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{
string: "1957"
},
{
string: "1937"
},
{
string: "1950"
},
{
string: "1998"
},
{
string: "1954"
},
{
string: "1960"
},
{
string: "1968"
},
{
string: "1970"
},
{
string: "1968"
},
{
string: "1968"
},
{
string: "1974"
},
{
string: "1967"
},
{
string: "1973"
},
{
string: "1970"
},
{
string: "1994"
},
{
string: "1994"
},
{
string: "1997"
},
{
string: "2012"
},
{
string: "1997"
},
{
string: "1997"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Decay Modes, Intensities and Uncertainties [%]",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "p ?"
},
{
string: "p ?"
},
{
string: "p ?"
},
{
string: "p=100%[Estimated]"
},
{
string: "p=100%[Estimated]"
},
{
string: "β+=100%; β+p ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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string: "β+=100%; β+p ?",
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
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{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "β+=100%",
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length: 1,
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{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
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]
},
{
string: "ε=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=66±0.2%; β-=34±0.2%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
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{
string: "IS=100."
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-≈100%; ε<0.02%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100[gs=99.7,m=0.3]",
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length: 1,
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}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=0.28±0.4%",
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start: 1,
length: 1,
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=62.9±2%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=35.5±0.6%; β-2n=0.02%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=15.4±2.2%; β-2n=0%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
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type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=30%[Estimated]",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
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{
string: "β- ?; β-n=100%[Estimated]; β-2n=0.3%[Estimated]",
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length: 1,
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string: "β- ?; β-n=30%[Estimated]; β-2n=3%[Estimated]",
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type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β- ?; β-n=90%[Estimated]; β-2n=3%[Estimated]",
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string: "β- ?; β-n=60%[Estimated]; β-2n=40%[Estimated]",
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length: 1,
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],
reference: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "PubChem",
description: "Data deposited in or computed by PubChem",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
sourceName: "Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)",
sourceID: "e33",
name: "As",
description: "The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.",
url: "https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/",
anid: 6590260
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
sourceName: "Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)",
sourceID: "a33",
name: "Arsenic",
description: "Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report) and CIAAW. The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/",
url: "http://www.ciaaw.org/arsenic.htm",
licenseURL: "http://www.ciaaw.org/bylaws.htm",
anid: 2292414
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
sourceName: "Jefferson Lab, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "jlab33",
name: "Arsenic",
description: "Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/",
url: "https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele033.html",
licenseNote: "Please see citation and linking information: https://education.jlab.org/faq/index.html",
licenseURL: "https://www.jlab.org/privacy-and-security-notice",
anid: 507095
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
sourceName: "Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "lanl33",
name: "Arsenic",
description: "The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.",
url: "https://periodic.lanl.gov/33.shtml",
anid: 507213
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
sourceName: "NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory",
sourceID: "e33",
name: "Arsenic",
description: "The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Elements/elInfo.pl?element=33",
licenseURL: "https://www.nist.gov/pml/database-disclaimer",
anid: 2292650
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
sourceName: "PubChem Elements",
sourceID: "33",
name: "As",
description: "The element property data was retrieved from publications.",
anid: 7660034
},
{
referenceNumber: 7,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "33",
name: "Arsenic",
description: "This section provides all form of data related to element Arsenic.",
anid: 694326
}
]
}
},
{
record: {
recordType: "AtomicNumber",
recordNumber: 34,
recordTitle: "Selenium",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01022.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Selenium"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Selenium"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
description: "Element symbol, Also called atomic symbol, typically consists of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet derived from the element name in one of several languages.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Se"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Se"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "InChI=1S/Se"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI Key",
description: "International Chemical Identifier hash (InChIKey) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI Key",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "BUGBHKTXTAQXES-UHFFFAOYSA-N"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "78.971(8)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "78.971"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "78.96"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "78.971(8)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[Ar]4s23d104p4",
markup: [
{
start: 6,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 9,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 13,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Electron Configuration",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[Ar]3d10 4s2 4p4",
markup: [
{
start: 6,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 11,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 15,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Radius",
description: "Atomic radius is the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell containing electrons.",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_radius",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
name: "Van der Waals Atomic Radius",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "190 pm (Van der Waals)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Empirical Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"J.C. Slater, J Chem Phys, 1964, 41(10), 3199-3205. DOI:10.1063/1.1725697"
],
value: {
number: [
115
],
unit: "pm (Empirical)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Covalent Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"B. Cordero, V. Gómez, A.E. Platero-Prats, M. Revés, J. Echeverría, E. Cremades, F. Barragán, S. Alvarez, Dalton Trans. 2008, 21, 2832-2838. DOI:10.1039/b801115j PMID:18478144."
],
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "120(4) pm (Covalent)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
description: "Oxidation state gives the degree of oxidation of an atom in terms of counting electrons.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/O/O04365.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
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},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, −1, −2 (a strongly acidic oxide)"
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]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ground Level",
description: "Also called ground-state level. The ground state electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom with lower energy levels.",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/ASD/Html/iehelp.html#IEGROUNDLEV",
information: [
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]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ionization Energy",
description: "Ionization energy is the minimum energy required to eject an electron out of a neutral atom or molecule in its ground state.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/I/I03199.html",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "9.752 eV"
}
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}
},
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referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ionization Energy",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "9.752392 eV"
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}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electronegativity",
description: "The concept electronegativity was introduced by L. Pauling as the power of an atom to attract electrons to itself.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01990",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Pauling Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
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],
value: {
number: [
2.55
],
unit: "(Pauling Scale)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Allen Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1989, 111, 9003. DOI:10.1021/ja00207a003; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek and L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 2780. DOI:10.1021/ja992866e; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek, E.T. Knight, J.F. Capitani and L.C Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 5132. DOI:10.1021/ja9928677"
],
value: {
number: [
2.424
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unit: "(Allen Scale)"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Affinity",
description: "Electron affinity refers to energy required to detach an electron from the singly charged negative ion.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01977",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.T Myers, J. Chem. Edu., 1990, 67(4), 307. DOI:10.1021/ed067p307"
],
value: {
number: [
2.021
],
unit: "eV"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.J. Zollweg, J. Chem. Phys., 1969, 50, 4251. DOI:10.1063/1.1670890"
],
value: {
number: [
2.12
],
unit: "eV"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Spectra",
description: "Atomic and ionic spectral lines originate from specified electronic transitions between energy levels of atoms and ions, respectively.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00502.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/lines_hold.pl?el=Se",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Lines Holdings"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/levels_hold.pl?el=Se",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Levels Holdings"
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]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Physical Description",
description: "Physical description, also know as physical characteristics, refers to physical appearance of element substances.",
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Solid"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Classification",
description: "Elements can be classified few groups according to each element's chemical properties.",
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value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Non-metal"
}
]
}
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]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Period Number",
description: "The element period number refers to a horizontal row of the periodic table. The periodic table has 7 periods.",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/periodic-table-of-the-elements/The-periodic-table#ref80835",
information: [
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},
{
tocHeading: "Element Group Number",
description: "Element group refers to a set of chemical elements in the same vertical column of the periodic table",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/group-periodic-table",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "16 - Chalcogen"
}
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}
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},
{
tocHeading: "Density",
description: "Density is a degree of consistency measured by the quantity of mass per unit volume",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/D/D01590.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "4.809 grams per cubic centimeter"
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}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Melting Point",
description: "The melting point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from solid to liquid at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/melting-point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "493.65 K (220.5°C or 428.9°F)"
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]
}
},
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value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "221°C"
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}
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},
{
tocHeading: "Boiling Point",
description: "Boiling Point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from liquid to gas at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_point",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "958 K (685°C or 1265°F)"
}
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}
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string: "685°C"
}
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},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Crustal Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in earth crust",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust",
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value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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},
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tocHeading: "Estimated Oceanic Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in ocean",
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "2×10-4 milligrams per liter",
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}
}
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}
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tocHeading: "History",
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string: "The name derives from the Greek Selene, who was the Greek goddess of the Moon because the element is chemically found with tellurium (Tellus was the Roman goddess of the Earth). Selenium was discovered by the Swedish chemist Jöns Jacob Berzelius in 1817, while trying to isolate tellurium in an impure sample.",
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string: "Selenium was discovered by Jöns Jacob Berzelius, a Swedish chemist, in 1817 after analyzing an impurity that was contaminating the sulfuric acid (H2SO4) being produced at a particular factory in Sweden. Originally believing the material was tellurium, Berzelius eventually realized that it was actually a previously element. Selenium occurs in minerals such as eucairite (CuAgSe), crooksite (CuThSe) and clausthalite (PbSe), but these minerals are too rare to use as a major source of selenium. Today, most selenium is obtained as a byproduct of refining copper.",
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{
tocHeading: "Description",
description: "Description about this element",
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{
string: "Selenium exhibits both photovoltaic action, where light is converted directly into electricity, and photoconductive action, where the electrical resistance decreases with increased illumination. These properties make selenium useful in the production of photocells and exposure meters for photographic use, as well as solar cells. Selenium is also able to convert a.c. electricity to d.c., and is extensively used in rectifiers. Below its melting point, selenium is a p-type semiconductor and has many uses in electronic and solid-state applications."
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string: "Elemental selenium has been said to be practically nontoxic and is considered to be an essential trace element; however, hydrogen selenide and other selenium compounds are extremely toxic, and resemble arsenic in their physiological reactions."
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{
tocHeading: "Uses",
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string: "Selenium forms few inorganic compounds, none of which are commercially important. They include selenious acid (H2SeO3), selenium dichloride (SeCl2) and selenium oxychloride (SeOCl2).",
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string: "Selenium is used in Xerography for reproducing and copying documents, letters, etc. It is used by the glass industry to decolorize glass and to make ruby-colored glasses and enamels. It is also used as a photographic toner, and as an additive to stainless steel."
}
]
}
}
]
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{
tocHeading: "Production",
description: "Substance or material production for related element",
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}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Compounds",
description: "Related compounds information to this element",
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referenceNumber: 7,
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stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "See more information at the Selenium compound page."
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string: "77.917 309(1)"
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{
string: "79.916 522(6)"
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string: "0.4980(36)"
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{
tocHeading: "Atomic Mass, Half Life, and Decay",
description: "This section provides the information from the Nubase2016. The number after the ± refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton. The '?' refers to 'not determined or qualified'. For further explainations, click read more below.",
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reference: [
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referenceNumber: 1,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "PubChem",
description: "Data deposited in or computed by PubChem",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
sourceName: "Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)",
sourceID: "e34",
name: "Se",
description: "The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.",
url: "https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/",
anid: 6590261
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
sourceName: "Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)",
sourceID: "a34",
name: "Selenium",
description: "Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report) and CIAAW. The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/",
url: "http://www.ciaaw.org/selenium.htm",
licenseURL: "http://www.ciaaw.org/bylaws.htm",
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referenceNumber: 4,
sourceName: "Jefferson Lab, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "jlab34",
name: "Selenium",
description: "Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/",
url: "https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele034.html",
licenseNote: "Please see citation and linking information: https://education.jlab.org/faq/index.html",
licenseURL: "https://www.jlab.org/privacy-and-security-notice",
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referenceNumber: 5,
sourceName: "Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "lanl34",
name: "Selenium",
description: "The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.",
url: "https://periodic.lanl.gov/34.shtml",
anid: 507214
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
sourceName: "NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory",
sourceID: "e34",
name: "Selenium",
description: "The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Elements/elInfo.pl?element=34",
licenseURL: "https://www.nist.gov/pml/database-disclaimer",
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sourceName: "PubChem Elements",
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description: "The element property data was retrieved from publications.",
anid: 7660035
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referenceNumber: 7,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "34",
name: "Selenium",
description: "This section provides all form of data related to element Selenium.",
anid: 694327
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]
}
},
{
record: {
recordType: "AtomicNumber",
recordNumber: 35,
recordTitle: "Bromine",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01022.html",
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referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
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string: "Bromine"
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referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
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},
{
tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
description: "Element symbol, Also called atomic symbol, typically consists of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet derived from the element name in one of several languages.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
information: [
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name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Br"
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]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "InChI=1S/Br"
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]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI Key",
description: "International Chemical Identifier hash (InChIKey) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI Key",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "WKBOTKDWSSQWDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "[79.901, 79.907]"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "79.904"
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}
},
{
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}
},
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name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "[79.901,79.907]"
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]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
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name: "Electron Configuration",
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string: "[Ar]3d10 4s2 4p5",
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 15,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Radius",
description: "Atomic radius is the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell containing electrons.",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_radius",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
name: "Van der Waals Atomic Radius",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "183 pm (Van der Waals)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Empirical Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"J.C. Slater, J Chem Phys, 1964, 41(10), 3199-3205. DOI:10.1063/1.1725697"
],
value: {
number: [
115
],
unit: "pm (Empirical)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Covalent Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"B. Cordero, V. Gómez, A.E. Platero-Prats, M. Revés, J. Echeverría, E. Cremades, F. Barragán, S. Alvarez, Dalton Trans. 2008, 21, 2832-2838. DOI:10.1039/b801115j PMID:18478144."
],
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "120(3) pm (Covalent)"
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}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
description: "Oxidation state gives the degree of oxidation of an atom in terms of counting electrons.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/O/O04365.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
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string: ", 5, 4, 3, 1, −1 (a strongly acidic oxide)"
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}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ground Level",
description: "Also called ground-state level. The ground state electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom with lower energy levels.",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/ASD/Html/iehelp.html#IEGROUNDLEV",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ground Level",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "2P°3/2",
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]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ionization Energy",
description: "Ionization energy is the minimum energy required to eject an electron out of a neutral atom or molecule in its ground state.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/I/I03199.html",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "11.814 eV"
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}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ionization Energy",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "11.81381 eV"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electronegativity",
description: "The concept electronegativity was introduced by L. Pauling as the power of an atom to attract electrons to itself.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01990",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Pauling Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"A.L. Allred, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 1961, 17(3-4), 215-221. DOI:10.1016/0022-1902(61)80142-5"
],
value: {
number: [
2.96
],
unit: "(Pauling Scale)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Allen Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1989, 111, 9003. DOI:10.1021/ja00207a003; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek and L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 2780. DOI:10.1021/ja992866e; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek, E.T. Knight, J.F. Capitani and L.C Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 5132. DOI:10.1021/ja9928677"
],
value: {
number: [
2.685
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unit: "(Allen Scale)"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Affinity",
description: "Electron affinity refers to energy required to detach an electron from the singly charged negative ion.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01977",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.T Myers, J. Chem. Edu., 1990, 67(4), 307. DOI:10.1021/ed067p307"
],
value: {
number: [
3.365
],
unit: "eV"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.J. Zollweg, J. Chem. Phys., 1969, 50, 4251. DOI:10.1063/1.1670890"
],
value: {
number: [
3.36
],
unit: "eV"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Spectra",
description: "Atomic and ionic spectral lines originate from specified electronic transitions between energy levels of atoms and ions, respectively.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00502.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/lines_hold.pl?el=Br",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Lines Holdings"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/levels_hold.pl?el=Br",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Levels Holdings"
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}
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},
{
tocHeading: "Physical Description",
description: "Physical description, also know as physical characteristics, refers to physical appearance of element substances.",
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{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Liquid"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Classification",
description: "Elements can be classified few groups according to each element's chemical properties.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Non-metal"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Period Number",
description: "The element period number refers to a horizontal row of the periodic table. The periodic table has 7 periods.",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/periodic-table-of-the-elements/The-periodic-table#ref80835",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "4"
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}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Group Number",
description: "Element group refers to a set of chemical elements in the same vertical column of the periodic table",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/group-periodic-table",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "17 - Halogen"
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]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Density",
description: "Density is a degree of consistency measured by the quantity of mass per unit volume",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/D/D01590.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "3.11 grams per cubic centimeter"
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]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Melting Point",
description: "The melting point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from solid to liquid at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/melting-point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "265.95 K (-7.2°C or 19.0°F)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "-7.2°C"
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},
{
tocHeading: "Boiling Point",
description: "Boiling Point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from liquid to gas at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "331.95 K (58.8°C or 137.8°F)"
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]
}
},
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referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
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string: "58.8°C"
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}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Crustal Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in earth crust",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "2.4 milligrams per kilogram"
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}
}
]
},
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tocHeading: "Estimated Oceanic Abundance",
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "6.73×101 milligrams per liter",
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},
{
tocHeading: "History",
description: "Element discovery and related information in history",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 3,
name: "History",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "The name derives from the Greek bromos for \"bad stench\" or \"bad odour\". It was first prepared by the German chemist Carl Löwig in 1825, but it was first publicly announced in 1826 by the French chemist and pharmacist Antoine-Jérôme Balard, and so the discovery is, therefore, credited to him.",
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string: "The only nonmetallic element that is a liquid at normal room temperatures, bromine was produced by Carl Löwig, a young chemistry student, the summer before starting his freshman year at Heidelberg. When he showed his professor, Leopold Gmelin, the red, smelly liquid he had produced, Gmelin realized that this was an substance and encouraged Löwig to produce more of it so they could study it in detail. Unfortunately, winter exams and the holidays delayed Löwig's work long enough for another chemist, Antoine-Jérôme Balard, to publish a paper in 1826 describing the new element. Balard was credited with the discovery and named it after the greek word for stench, bromos. Today, bromine is primarily obtained by treating brines from wells in Michigan and Arkansas with chlorine."
}
]
}
},
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referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "From the Greek word bromos, stench. Discovered by Balard in 1826, but not prepared in quantity until 1860."
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}
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]
},
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tocHeading: "Description",
description: "Description about this element",
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value: {
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string: "Bromine is the only nonmetallic liquid element. It is a heavy, mobile, reddish-brown liquid, volatilizing readily at room temperature to a red vapor with a strong disagreeable odor, resembling chlorine, and having a very irritating effect on the eyes and throat; it is readily soluble in water or carbon disulfide, forming a red solution, is less active than chlorine but more so than iodine; it unites readily with many elements and has a bleaching action; when spilled on the skin it produces painful sores. It presents a serious health hazard, and maximum safety precautions should be taken when handling it."
}
]
}
}
]
},
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tocHeading: "Uses",
description: "Uses information in industry and other fields",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Elemental bromine is a hazardous material. It causes severe burns when it comes in contact with the skin and its vapor irritates the eyes, nose and throat. Most of the bromine produced in the United States was used in the manufacture of ethylene dibromide(C2H4Br2), a chemical added to leaded gasolines that prevented the accumulation of lead compounds within the engine. With the discontinuation of leaded gasolines in favor of unleaded gasolines, the demand for bromine has been greatly reduced. Silver bromide (AgBr), a chemical used in photography, now accounts for the largest use of bromine. Other bromine compounds are used in fumigants, in flameproofing agents and in some compounds used to purify water. Tyrian purple, an expensive purple dye known to ancient civilizations, was produced from an organic bromine compound secreted from a sea mussel known as the murex.",
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value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Bromine is used in making fumigants, flameproofing agents, water purification compounds, dyes, medicines, sanitizers, inorganic bromides for photography, etc. Organic bromides are also important."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Sources",
description: "Sources (where the element come from) information for the given element",
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referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "A member of the halogen group, bromine is obtained from natural brines from wells in Michigan and Arkansas. Some bromine is extracted today from seawater, which contains only about 85 ppm."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Production",
description: "Substance or material production for related element",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Much of the bromine output in the U.S. was used in the production of ethylene dibromide, a lead scavenger used in making gasoline anti-knock compounds. Lead in gasoline, however, has been drastically reduced due to environmental considerations. This will greatly affect future production of bromine."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Compounds",
description: "Related compounds information to this element",
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referenceNumber: 7,
name: "Compounds",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Bromine",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "See more information at the Bromine compound page."
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}
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],
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string: "81.916801760 ± 0.000001042"
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string: "82.915175289 ± 0.000004073"
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string: "83.916496419 ± 0.000027622"
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string: "83.916496419 ± 0.000027622"
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{
string: "83.916496419 ± 0.000027622"
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{
string: "84.915645759 ± 0.000003304"
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{
string: "85.918805433 ± 0.000003304"
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{
string: "86.920674018 ± 0.000003404"
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string: "87.924083291 ± 0.000003404"
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{
string: "87.924083291 ± 0.000003404"
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{
string: "88.926704559 ± 0.000003504"
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{
string: "89.931292850 ± 0.000003604"
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{
string: "90.934398618 ± 0.000003804"
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{
string: "91.939631597 ± 0.000007202"
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{
string: "91.939631597 ± 0.000007202"
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{
string: "91.939631597 ± 0.000007202"
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{
string: "92.943220000 ± 0.0004625"
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{
string: "93.949114 ± 0.000322 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "93.949114 ± 0.000322 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "94.953010 ± 0.00032 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "94.953010 ± 0.00032 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "95.959030 ± 0.00032 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "95.959030 ± 0.00032 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "96.963440 ± 0.00043 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "97.969672 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "Not-specified"
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string: "79.1 ms ± 0.8"
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{
string: "2.2 s ± 0.2"
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{
string: "21.4 s ± 0.6"
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{
string: "78.6 s ± 2.4"
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{
string: "10.6 s ± 0.3"
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{
string: "3.4 m ± 0.2"
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{
string: "25.4 m ± 0.3"
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{
string: "46 m ± 2"
},
{
string: "96.7 m ± 1.3"
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{
string: "16.2 h ± 0.2"
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{
string: "1.31 s ± 0.02"
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{
string: "57.04 h ± 0.12"
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{
string: "4.28 m ± 0.10"
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{
string: "6.45 m ± 0.04"
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{
string: "119.4 us ± 1.0"
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{
string: "Stable"
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{
string: "4.85 s ± 0.04"
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{
string: "17.68 m ± 0.02"
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{
string: "4.420 h ± 0.0008"
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string: "Stable"
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{
string: "34.6 us ± 2.8"
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{
string: "35.282 h ± 0.007"
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{
string: "6.13 m ± 0.05"
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{
string: "2.374 h ± 0.004"
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{
string: "729 ns ± 77"
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{
string: "31.76 m ± 0.08"
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string: "6.0 m ± 0.2"
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string: "<140 ns"
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{
string: "2.90 m ± 0.06"
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{
string: "55.1 s ± 0.4"
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{
string: "55.65 s ± 0.12"
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{
string: "16.34 s ± 0.08"
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{
string: "5.51 us ± 0.04"
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{
string: "4.357 s ± 0.022"
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{
string: "1.910 s ± 0.010"
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{
string: "543 ms ± 4"
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{
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{
string: "88 ns ± 8"
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{
string: "85 ns ± 10"
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{
string: "152 ms ± 8"
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{
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{
string: "20 ms ± >300ns [Estimated]"
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string: "10 ms ± >300ns [Estimated]"
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string: ""
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string: "1978"
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{
string: "1981"
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{
string: "1981"
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{
string: "1970"
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{
string: "1980"
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{
string: "1970"
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{
string: "1952"
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{
string: "1953"
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{
string: "1948"
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{
string: "1952"
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{
string: "1979"
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{
string: "1948"
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{
string: "1961"
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{
string: "1937"
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{
string: "1958"
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{
string: "1920"
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{
string: "1954"
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{
string: "1937"
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{
string: "1937"
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{
string: "1920"
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{
string: "1967"
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{
string: "1937"
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{
string: "1965"
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{
string: "1937"
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{
string: "1989"
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{
string: "1943"
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{
string: "1957"
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{
string: "1970"
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{
string: "1943"
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{
string: "1962"
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{
string: "1943"
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{
string: "1948"
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{
string: "1970"
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{
string: "1959"
},
{
string: "1959"
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{
string: "1974"
},
{
string: "1974"
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{
string: "2012"
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{
string: "2012"
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{
string: "1981"
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{
string: "1981"
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{
string: "2012"
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{
string: "1997"
},
{
string: "2012"
},
{
string: "1997"
},
{
string: "2012"
},
{
string: "1997"
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{
string: "2010"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Decay Modes, Intensities and Uncertainties [%]",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "p ?"
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{
string: "p ?"
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{
string: "p=100%"
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{
string: ""
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string: ""
},
{
string: "β+=100%; β+p ?",
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 10,
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type: "Superscript"
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string: "β+=?; IT ?; β+p ?",
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type: "Superscript"
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string: "β+=100%",
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
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type: "Superscript"
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},
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string: "IT≈100%; β+=?",
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type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
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type: "Superscript"
}
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},
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string: "β+=100%",
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type: "Superscript"
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},
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string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
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type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
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},
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string: "β+=100%",
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string: "IT>99.4%; β+<0.6%",
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string: "IT=100%"
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{
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string: "IS=49.31±0.7%"
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type: "Superscript"
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string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
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},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=2.60±0.4%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 10,
length: 1,
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},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=6.58±1.8%",
markup: [
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type: "Superscript"
},
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=13.8±0.4%",
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start: 10,
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type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=25.2±0.9%",
markup: [
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string: "β-=100%; β-n=19.5±2.6%",
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string: "β-=100%; β-n=33.1±2.5%; β-2n=0.01%[Estimated]",
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},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
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string: "β- ?; β-n=70%[Estimated]; β-2n=0.2%[Estimated]",
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],
reference: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "PubChem",
description: "Data deposited in or computed by PubChem",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
sourceName: "Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)",
sourceID: "e35",
name: "Br",
description: "The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.",
url: "https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/",
anid: 6590262
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
sourceName: "Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)",
sourceID: "a35",
name: "Bromine",
description: "Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report) and CIAAW. The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/",
url: "http://www.ciaaw.org/bromine.htm",
licenseURL: "http://www.ciaaw.org/bylaws.htm",
anid: 2292416
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{
referenceNumber: 4,
sourceName: "Jefferson Lab, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "jlab35",
name: "Bromine",
description: "Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/",
url: "https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele035.html",
licenseNote: "Please see citation and linking information: https://education.jlab.org/faq/index.html",
licenseURL: "https://www.jlab.org/privacy-and-security-notice",
anid: 507097
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{
referenceNumber: 5,
sourceName: "Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "lanl35",
name: "Bromine",
description: "The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.",
url: "https://periodic.lanl.gov/35.shtml",
anid: 507215
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
sourceName: "NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory",
sourceID: "e35",
name: "Bromine",
description: "The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Elements/elInfo.pl?element=35",
licenseURL: "https://www.nist.gov/pml/database-disclaimer",
anid: 2292652
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
sourceName: "PubChem Elements",
sourceID: "35",
name: "Br",
description: "The element property data was retrieved from publications.",
anid: 7660036
},
{
referenceNumber: 7,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "35",
name: "Bromine",
description: "This section provides all form of data related to element Bromine.",
anid: 694328
}
]
}
},
{
record: {
recordType: "AtomicNumber",
recordNumber: 36,
recordTitle: "Krypton",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01022.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Krypton"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Krypton"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
description: "Element symbol, Also called atomic symbol, typically consists of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet derived from the element name in one of several languages.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Kr"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Kr"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "InChI=1S/Kr"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI Key",
description: "International Chemical Identifier hash (InChIKey) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI Key",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "DNNSSWSSYDEUBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "83.798(2)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "83.798"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "83.79"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "83.798(2)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[Ar]4s23d104p6",
markup: [
{
start: 6,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 9,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 13,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Electron Configuration",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[Ar]3d10 4s2 4p6",
markup: [
{
start: 6,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 11,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 15,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Radius",
description: "Atomic radius is the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell containing electrons.",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_radius",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
name: "Van der Waals Atomic Radius",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "202 pm (Van der Waals)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Covalent Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"B. Cordero, V. Gómez, A.E. Platero-Prats, M. Revés, J. Echeverría, E. Cremades, F. Barragán, S. Alvarez, Dalton Trans. 2008, 21, 2832-2838. DOI:10.1039/b801115j PMID:18478144."
],
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "116(4) pm (Covalent)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
description: "Oxidation state gives the degree of oxidation of an atom in terms of counting electrons.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/O/O04365.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "0"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "2, 1, 0 (rarely more than 0; unknown oxide)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ground Level",
description: "Also called ground-state level. The ground state electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom with lower energy levels.",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/ASD/Html/iehelp.html#IEGROUNDLEV",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ground Level",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1S0",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 2,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ionization Energy",
description: "Ionization energy is the minimum energy required to eject an electron out of a neutral atom or molecule in its ground state.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/I/I03199.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "14.000 eV"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ionization Energy",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "13.9996055 eV"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electronegativity",
description: "The concept electronegativity was introduced by L. Pauling as the power of an atom to attract electrons to itself.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01990",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Pauling Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"A.L. Allred, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 1961, 17(3-4), 215-221. DOI:10.1016/0022-1902(61)80142-5"
],
value: {
number: [
3
],
unit: "(Pauling Scale)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Allen Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1989, 111, 9003. DOI:10.1021/ja00207a003; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek and L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 2780. DOI:10.1021/ja992866e; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek, E.T. Knight, J.F. Capitani and L.C Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 5132. DOI:10.1021/ja9928677"
],
value: {
number: [
2.966
],
unit: "(Allen Scale)"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Affinity",
description: "Electron affinity refers to energy required to detach an electron from the singly charged negative ion.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01977",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.T Myers, J. Chem. Edu., 1990, 67(4), 307. DOI:10.1021/ed067p307"
],
value: {
number: [
0
],
unit: "eV"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.J. Zollweg, J. Chem. Phys., 1969, 50, 4251. DOI:10.1063/1.1670890"
],
value: {
number: [
-0.42
],
unit: "eV"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Spectra",
description: "Atomic and ionic spectral lines originate from specified electronic transitions between energy levels of atoms and ions, respectively.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00502.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/lines_hold.pl?el=Kr",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Lines Holdings"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/levels_hold.pl?el=Kr",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Levels Holdings"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Physical Description",
description: "Physical description, also know as physical characteristics, refers to physical appearance of element substances.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Gas"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Classification",
description: "Elements can be classified few groups according to each element's chemical properties.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Non-metal"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Period Number",
description: "The element period number refers to a horizontal row of the periodic table. The periodic table has 7 periods.",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/periodic-table-of-the-elements/The-periodic-table#ref80835",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "4"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Group Number",
description: "Element group refers to a set of chemical elements in the same vertical column of the periodic table",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/group-periodic-table",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "18 - Noble Gas"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Density",
description: "Density is a degree of consistency measured by the quantity of mass per unit volume",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/D/D01590.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "0.003733 grams per cubic centimeter"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Melting Point",
description: "The melting point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from solid to liquid at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/melting-point",
information: [
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length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "100Kr",
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length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "101Kr",
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{
start: 0,
length: 3,
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}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Atomic Mass and Uncertainty [u]",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "68.965180 ± 0.00043 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "69.955877 ± 0.000215 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "70.950265696 ± 0.000138238"
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{
string: "71.942092407 ± 0.0000086"
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{
string: "72.939289195 ± 0.000007061"
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{
string: "72.939289195 ± 0.000007061"
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{
string: "73.933084017 ± 0.000002161"
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{
string: "74.930945746 ± 0.0000087"
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{
string: "75.925910726 ± 0.000004308"
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{
string: "76.924670000 ± 0.0000021"
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{
string: "76.924670000 ± 0.0000021"
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{
string: "77.920366341 ± 0.000000329"
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{
string: "78.920082945 ± 0.000003742"
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{
string: "78.920082945 ± 0.000003742"
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{
string: "79.916378048 ± 0.000000742"
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{
string: "80.916589714 ± 0.000001152"
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{
string: "80.916589714 ± 0.000001152"
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{
string: "81.91348115520 ± 0.00000000589"
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{
string: "82.914126518 ± 0.000000009"
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{
string: "82.914126518 ± 0.000000009"
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{
string: "82.914126518 ± 0.000000009"
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{
string: "83.91149772863 ± 0.00000000407"
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{
string: "83.91149772863 ± 0.00000000407"
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{
string: "84.912527262 ± 0.000002147"
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{
string: "84.912527262 ± 0.000002147"
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{
string: "84.912527262 ± 0.000002147"
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{
string: "85.91061062627 ± 0.00000000396"
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{
string: "86.913354759 ± 0.000000264"
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{
string: "87.914447881 ± 0.0000028"
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{
string: "88.917835450 ± 0.0000023"
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{
string: "89.919527930 ± 0.000002"
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{
string: "90.923806310 ± 0.0000024"
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{
string: "91.926173094 ± 0.0000029"
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{
string: "92.931147174 ± 0.0000027"
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{
string: "93.934140454 ± 0.000013"
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{
string: "94.939710923 ± 0.00002"
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{
string: "94.939710923 ± 0.00002"
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{
string: "95.943016618 ± 0.000022"
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{
string: "96.949088784 ± 0.00014"
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{
string: "97.952430 ± 0.00032 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "98.958390 ± 0.00043 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "99.962370 ± 0.00043 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "100.968730 ± 0.00054 [Estimated]"
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}
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{
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name: "Half Life and Uncertainty",
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{
string: "28 ms ± 1"
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{
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{
string: "17.16 s ± 0.18"
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{
string: "27.3 s ± 1.0"
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{
string: "107 ns ± 10"
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{
string: "11.50 m ± 0.11"
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{
string: "4.60 m ± 0.07"
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{
string: "14.8 h ± 0.1"
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{
string: "74.4 m ± 0.6"
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{
string: "118 ns ± 12"
},
{
string: "Stable ± >110Ey"
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{
string: "35.04 h ± 0.10"
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{
string: "50 s ± 3"
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{
string: "Stable"
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{
string: "229 ky ± 11"
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{
string: "13.10 s ± 0.03"
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{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "156.8 ns ± 0.5"
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{
string: "1.830 h ± 0.013"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "1.83 us ± 0.04"
},
{
string: "10.739 y ± 0.014"
},
{
string: "4.480 h ± 0.008"
},
{
string: "1.82 us ± 0.05"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "76.3 m ± 0.5"
},
{
string: "2.825 h ± 0.019"
},
{
string: "3.15 m ± 0.04"
},
{
string: "32.32 s ± 0.09"
},
{
string: "8.57 s ± 0.04"
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{
string: "1.840 s ± 0.008"
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{
string: "1.286 s ± 0.010"
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{
string: "212 ms ± 5"
},
{
string: "114 ms ± 3"
},
{
string: "1.582 us ± 0.022"
},
{
string: "80 ms ± 8"
},
{
string: "62.2 ms ± 3.2"
},
{
string: "42.8 ms ± 3.6"
},
{
string: "40 ms ± 11"
},
{
string: "12 ms ± 8"
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{
string: "5 ms ± >400ns [Estimated]"
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{
string: "1993"
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
string: "2006"
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{
string: "1994"
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{
string: "1997"
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{
string: "1997"
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{
string: "1997"
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{
string: "1997"
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string: "IT=100%"
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string: "β+=100%",
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string: "β+=100%",
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string: "β+=100%",
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string: "IT=100%"
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string: "IS=0.355±0.3%; 2β+ ?",
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string: "IT=100%"
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{
string: "IS=2.286±1%"
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{
string: "ε=100%"
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{
string: "IT≈100%; ε=0.0025±0.4%"
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{
string: "IS=11.593±3.1%"
},
{
string: "IS=11.500±1.9%"
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{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
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{
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string: "IS=17.279±4.1%; 2β- ?",
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type: "Superscript"
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string: "β-=100%",
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string: "β-=100%",
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{
string: "β-=100%",
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{
string: "β-=100%",
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type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=0%[Estimated]",
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type: "Superscript"
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string: "β-=100%; β-n=0.0332±2.5%",
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string: "β-=100%; β-n=1.95±1.1%",
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string: "β-=100%; β-n=1.11±0.7%",
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{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=2.87±1.8%; β-2n=0%[Estimated]",
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string: "IT=100%"
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string: "β-=100%; β-n=3.7±0.4%",
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string: "β-=100%; β-n=6.7±0.6%; β-2n=0.1%[Estimated]",
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string: "β-=100%; β-n=7.0±1%; β-2n=0%[Estimated]",
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string: "β-=100%; β-n=11±0.7%; β-2n=2%[Estimated]",
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string: "β-=100%; β-n=10%[Estimated]; β-2n=0.4%[Estimated]",
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],
reference: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "PubChem",
description: "Data deposited in or computed by PubChem",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
sourceName: "Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)",
sourceID: "e36",
name: "Kr",
description: "The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.",
url: "https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/",
anid: 6590263
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
sourceName: "Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)",
sourceID: "a36",
name: "Krypton",
description: "Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report) and CIAAW. The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/",
url: "http://www.ciaaw.org/krypton.htm",
licenseURL: "http://www.ciaaw.org/bylaws.htm",
anid: 2292417
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{
referenceNumber: 4,
sourceName: "Jefferson Lab, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "jlab36",
name: "Krypton",
description: "Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/",
url: "https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele036.html",
licenseNote: "Please see citation and linking information: https://education.jlab.org/faq/index.html",
licenseURL: "https://www.jlab.org/privacy-and-security-notice",
anid: 507098
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{
referenceNumber: 5,
sourceName: "Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "lanl36",
name: "Krypton",
description: "The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.",
url: "https://periodic.lanl.gov/36.shtml",
anid: 507216
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
sourceName: "NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory",
sourceID: "e36",
name: "Krypton",
description: "The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Elements/elInfo.pl?element=36",
licenseURL: "https://www.nist.gov/pml/database-disclaimer",
anid: 2292653
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
sourceName: "PubChem Elements",
sourceID: "36",
name: "Kr",
description: "The element property data was retrieved from publications.",
anid: 7660037
},
{
referenceNumber: 7,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "36",
name: "Krypton",
description: "This section provides all form of data related to element Krypton.",
anid: 694329
}
]
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{
record: {
recordType: "AtomicNumber",
recordNumber: 37,
recordTitle: "Rubidium",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01022.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Rubidium"
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]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Rubidium"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
description: "Element symbol, Also called atomic symbol, typically consists of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet derived from the element name in one of several languages.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Rb"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Rb"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "InChI=1S/Rb"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI Key",
description: "International Chemical Identifier hash (InChIKey) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI Key",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "IGLNJRXAVVLDKE-UHFFFAOYSA-N"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "85.4678(3)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "85.4678"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "85.47"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "85.4678(3)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "[Kr]5s1",
markup: [
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Electron Configuration",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[Kr]5s"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Radius",
description: "Atomic radius is the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell containing electrons.",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_radius",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
name: "Van der Waals Atomic Radius",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "303 pm (Van der Waals)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Empirical Atomic Radius",
reference: [
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],
value: {
number: [
235
],
unit: "pm (Empirical)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Covalent Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"B. Cordero, V. Gómez, A.E. Platero-Prats, M. Revés, J. Echeverría, E. Cremades, F. Barragán, S. Alvarez, Dalton Trans. 2008, 21, 2832-2838. DOI:10.1039/b801115j PMID:18478144."
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url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/O/O04365.html",
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},
{
tocHeading: "Ground Level",
description: "Also called ground-state level. The ground state electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom with lower energy levels.",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/ASD/Html/iehelp.html#IEGROUNDLEV",
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{
tocHeading: "Ionization Energy",
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},
{
tocHeading: "Electronegativity",
description: "The concept electronegativity was introduced by L. Pauling as the power of an atom to attract electrons to itself.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01990",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Pauling Scale Electronegativity",
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],
value: {
number: [
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unit: "(Pauling Scale)"
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},
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referenceNumber: 8,
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reference: [
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},
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tocHeading: "Electron Affinity",
description: "Electron affinity refers to energy required to detach an electron from the singly charged negative ion.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01977",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
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number: [
0.468
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unit: "eV"
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},
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referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
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number: [
0.42
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unit: "eV"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Spectra",
description: "Atomic and ionic spectral lines originate from specified electronic transitions between energy levels of atoms and ions, respectively.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00502.html",
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tocHeading: "Element Period Number",
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url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/periodic-table-of-the-elements/The-periodic-table#ref80835",
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tocHeading: "Density",
description: "Density is a degree of consistency measured by the quantity of mass per unit volume",
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tocHeading: "Melting Point",
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tocHeading: "Boiling Point",
description: "Boiling Point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from liquid to gas at atmospheric pressure",
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tocHeading: "Estimated Crustal Abundance",
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string: "The name derives from the Latin rubidus for \"deepest red\" because of the two deep red lines in its spectra. Rubidium was discovered in the mineral lepidolite by the German chemist Robert Wilhelm Bunsen and the German physicist Gustav-Robert Kirchoff in 1861. Bunsen isolated rubidium in 1863.",
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string: "Rubidium forms a large number of compounds, although none of them has any significant commercial application. Some of the common rubidium compounds are: rubidium chloride (RbCl), rubidium monoxide (Rb2O) and rubidium copper sulfate Rb2SO4·CuSO4·6H20). A compound of rubidium, silver and iodine, RbAg4I5, has interesting electrical characteristics and might be useful in thin film batteries.",
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tocHeading: "Compounds",
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description: "This section provides the information from the Nubase2016. The number after the ± refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton. The '?' refers to 'not determined or qualified'. For further explainations, click read more below.",
url: "https://pubchemdocs.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nubase2016",
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"Decay Modes, Intensities and Uncertainties [%]"
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{
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name: "Atomic Mass and Uncertainty [u]",
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{
string: "70.965582 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "70.965582 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "70.965582 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "71.958851 ± 0.000537 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "71.958851 ± 0.000537 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "72.950529 ± 0.000215 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "72.950529 ± 0.000215 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "73.944265868 ± 0.000003249"
},
{
string: "74.938573201 ± 0.000001266"
},
{
string: "75.935073032 ± 0.000001006"
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{
string: "75.935073032 ± 0.000001006"
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{
string: "76.930401600 ± 0.0000014"
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{
string: "77.928141868 ± 0.000003475"
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{
string: "77.928141868 ± 0.000003475"
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{
string: "77.928141868 ± 0.000003475"
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{
string: "77.928141868 ± 0.000003475"
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{
string: "78.923989864 ± 0.0000023"
},
{
string: "79.922516444 ± 0.000002"
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{
string: "79.922516444 ± 0.000002"
},
{
string: "80.918993927 ± 0.000005264"
},
{
string: "80.918993927 ± 0.000005264"
},
{
string: "81.918209024 ± 0.00000323"
},
{
string: "81.918209024 ± 0.00000323"
},
{
string: "82.915114182 ± 0.0000025"
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{
string: "82.915114182 ± 0.0000025"
},
{
string: "83.914375225 ± 0.000002355"
},
{
string: "83.914375225 ± 0.000002355"
},
{
string: "84.91178973760 ± 0.00000000534"
},
{
string: "84.91178973760 ± 0.00000000534"
},
{
string: "85.911167443 ± 0.000000214"
},
{
string: "85.911167443 ± 0.000000214"
},
{
string: "86.909180531 ± 0.000000006"
},
{
string: "87.911315591 ± 0.000000171"
},
{
string: "87.911315591 ± 0.000000171"
},
{
string: "88.912278137 ± 0.000005825"
},
{
string: "89.914798803 ± 0.00000696"
},
{
string: "89.914798803 ± 0.00000696"
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{
string: "89.914798803 ± 0.00000696"
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{
string: "90.916537265 ± 0.000008375"
},
{
string: "91.919728481 ± 0.000006573"
},
{
string: "92.922039325 ± 0.000008406"
},
{
string: "92.922039325 ± 0.000008406"
},
{
string: "92.922039325 ± 0.000008406"
},
{
string: "93.926394818 ± 0.000002177"
},
{
string: "93.926394818 ± 0.000002177"
},
{
string: "94.929262568 ± 0.000021734"
},
{
string: "94.929262568 ± 0.000021734"
},
{
string: "95.934133393 ± 0.000003599"
},
{
string: "95.934133393 ± 0.000003599"
},
{
string: "95.934133393 ± 0.000003599"
},
{
string: "96.937177118 ± 0.000002052"
},
{
string: "96.937177118 ± 0.000002052"
},
{
string: "97.941632317 ± 0.000017265"
},
{
string: "97.941632317 ± 0.000017265"
},
{
string: "97.941632317 ± 0.000017265"
},
{
string: "98.945119192 ± 0.000004327"
},
{
string: "99.950351731 ± 0.000021"
},
{
string: "100.954004 ± 0.000215 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "101.959520 ± 0.00032 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "102.963920 ± 0.00043 [Estimated]"
}
]
}
},
{
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name: "Half Life and Uncertainty",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Not-specified"
},
{
string: "Not-specified"
},
{
string: "Not-specified"
},
{
string: "Not-specified ± <1.5us"
},
{
string: "Not-specified"
},
{
string: "Not-specified ± <30ns"
},
{
string: "Not-specified"
},
{
string: "64.776 ms ± 0.030"
},
{
string: "19.0 s ± 1.2"
},
{
string: "36.5 s ± 0.6"
},
{
string: "3.050 us ± 0.007"
},
{
string: "3.78 m ± 0.04"
},
{
string: "17.66 m ± 0.03"
},
{
string: "910 ns ± 40"
},
{
string: "5.74 m ± 0.03"
},
{
string: "R=2.0~0."
},
{
string: "22.9 m ± 0.5"
},
{
string: "33.4 s ± 0.7"
},
{
string: "1.63 us ± 0.04"
},
{
string: "4.572 h ± 0.004"
},
{
string: "30.5 m ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "1.273 m ± 0.002"
},
{
string: "6.472 h ± 0.006"
},
{
string: "86.2 d ± 0.1"
},
{
string: "7.8 ms ± 0.7"
},
{
string: "32.82 d ± 0.07"
},
{
string: "20.26 m ± 0.04"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "1.015 us ± 0.001"
},
{
string: "18.642 d ± 0.018"
},
{
string: "1.017 m ± 0.003"
},
{
string: "49.7 Gy ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "17.773 m ± 0.018"
},
{
string: "123 ns ± 13"
},
{
string: "15.32 m ± 0.10"
},
{
string: "158 s ± 5"
},
{
string: "258 s ± 4"
},
{
string: "R=2 ~ ~"
},
{
string: "58.2 s ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "4.48 s ± 0.03"
},
{
string: "5.84 s ± 0.02"
},
{
string: "111 ns ± 11"
},
{
string: "<0.5 ns"
},
{
string: "2.702 s ± 0.005"
},
{
string: "107 ns ± 16"
},
{
string: "377.7 ms ± 0.8"
},
{
string: "<500 ns"
},
{
string: "201 ms ± 1"
},
{
string: "200 ms ± >1ms [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "1.80 us ± 0.04"
},
{
string: "169.1 ms ± 0.6"
},
{
string: "5.7 us ± 0.6"
},
{
string: "114 ms ± 5"
},
{
string: "96 ms ± 3"
},
{
string: "358 ns ± 7"
},
{
string: "56.4 ms ± 1.2"
},
{
string: "48 ms ± 3"
},
{
string: "31.8 ms ± 3.3"
},
{
string: "37 ms ± 3"
},
{
string: "26 ms ± 11"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Discovery Year",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: ""
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: "1977"
},
{
string: "1975"
},
{
string: "1969"
},
{
string: "1986"
},
{
string: "1972"
},
{
string: "1968"
},
{
string: "1996"
},
{
string: "1968"
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: "1957"
},
{
string: "1961"
},
{
string: "1980"
},
{
string: "1949"
},
{
string: "1956"
},
{
string: "1949"
},
{
string: "1957"
},
{
string: "1950"
},
{
string: "1968"
},
{
string: "1947"
},
{
string: "1940"
},
{
string: "1921"
},
{
string: "1964"
},
{
string: "1941"
},
{
string: "1951"
},
{
string: "1921"
},
{
string: "1939"
},
{
string: "2000"
},
{
string: "1940"
},
{
string: "1951"
},
{
string: "1967"
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: "1951"
},
{
string: "1960"
},
{
string: "1960"
},
{
string: "2010"
},
{
string: "1970"
},
{
string: "1961"
},
{
string: "2008"
},
{
string: "1967"
},
{
string: "2009"
},
{
string: "1967"
},
{
string: "1981"
},
{
string: "1999"
},
{
string: "1969"
},
{
string: "2012"
},
{
string: "1971"
},
{
string: "1980"
},
{
string: "2009"
},
{
string: "1971"
},
{
string: "1978"
},
{
string: "1992"
},
{
string: "1995"
},
{
string: "2010"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Decay Modes, Intensities and Uncertainties [%]",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "p ?"
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: "p ?"
},
{
string: "p ?"
},
{
string: "p ?"
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: "β+=100%; β+p ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%; β+α=3.8e-7±1%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=91±0.2%; IT=9±0.2%",
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{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=97.6±0.6%; β+=2.4±0.6%",
markup: [
{
start: 15,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+≈100%; IT<0.33%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "ε=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=96.1±2%; β-=3.9±2%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 13,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "IT≈100%; β+<0.0012%",
markup: [
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "IS=72.17±0.2%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-≈100%; ε=0.0052±0.5%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT≈100%; β-<0.3%",
markup: [
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IS=27.83±0.2%; β-=100%",
markup: [
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start: 16,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=97.4±0.4%; IT=2.6±0.4%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=0%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=0.0107±0.5%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=1.39±0.7%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=10.5±0.4%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=8.7±0.3%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=13.3±0.7%; β-2n=0.02%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 25,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β- ?; IT ?; β-n=10%[Estimated]; β-2n=0.02%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 13,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 33,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=25.5±0.9%; β-2n=0%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 25,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=13.8±0.6%; β-2n=0.051±0.7%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 25,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=10%[Estimated]; β-2n=0.05%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 30,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=15.8±2.4%; β-2n=0.01%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=6±0.3%; β-2n=0.16±0.8%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 22,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=28±0.4%; β-2n=0.3[Estimated] ?",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
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string: "β-=100%; β-n=65±2.2%; β-2n=2%[Estimated]",
markup: [
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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string: "β-=100%; β-n=50%[Estimated]; β-2n=2%[Estimated]",
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],
reference: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "PubChem",
description: "Data deposited in or computed by PubChem",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
sourceName: "Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)",
sourceID: "e37",
name: "Rb",
description: "The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.",
url: "https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/",
anid: 6590264
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
sourceName: "Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)",
sourceID: "a37",
name: "Rubidium",
description: "Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report) and CIAAW. The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/",
url: "http://www.ciaaw.org/rubidium.htm",
licenseURL: "http://www.ciaaw.org/bylaws.htm",
anid: 2292418
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
sourceName: "Jefferson Lab, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "jlab37",
name: "Rubidium",
description: "Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/",
url: "https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele037.html",
licenseNote: "Please see citation and linking information: https://education.jlab.org/faq/index.html",
licenseURL: "https://www.jlab.org/privacy-and-security-notice",
anid: 507099
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
sourceName: "Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "lanl37",
name: "Rubidium",
description: "The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.",
url: "https://periodic.lanl.gov/37.shtml",
anid: 507217
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
sourceName: "NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory",
sourceID: "e37",
name: "Rubidium",
description: "The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Elements/elInfo.pl?element=37",
licenseURL: "https://www.nist.gov/pml/database-disclaimer",
anid: 2292654
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
sourceName: "PubChem Elements",
sourceID: "37",
name: "Rb",
description: "The element property data was retrieved from publications.",
anid: 7660038
},
{
referenceNumber: 7,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "37",
name: "Rubidium",
description: "This section provides all form of data related to element Rubidium.",
anid: 694330
}
]
}
},
{
record: {
recordType: "AtomicNumber",
recordNumber: 4,
recordTitle: "Beryllium",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01022.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Beryllium"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Beryllium"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
description: "Element symbol, Also called atomic symbol, typically consists of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet derived from the element name in one of several languages.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Be"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Be"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "InChI=1S/Be"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI Key",
description: "International Chemical Identifier hash (InChIKey) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI Key",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "ATBAMAFKBVZNFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "9.012 1831(5)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "9.0121831"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "9.012"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "9.0121831(5)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[He]2s2 ",
markup: [
{
start: 6,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Electron Configuration",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1s2 2s2",
markup: [
{
start: 2,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 6,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Radius",
description: "Atomic radius is the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell containing electrons.",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_radius",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
name: "Van der Waals Atomic Radius",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "153 pm (Van der Waals)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Empirical Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"J.C. Slater, J Chem Phys, 1964, 41(10), 3199-3205. DOI:10.1063/1.1725697"
],
value: {
number: [
105
],
unit: "pm (Empirical)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Covalent Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"B. Cordero, V. Gómez, A.E. Platero-Prats, M. Revés, J. Echeverría, E. Cremades, F. Barragán, S. Alvarez, Dalton Trans. 2008, 21, 2832-2838. DOI:10.1039/b801115j PMID:18478144."
],
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "96(3) pm (Covalent)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
description: "Oxidation state gives the degree of oxidation of an atom in terms of counting electrons.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/O/O04365.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "+2"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "+2, +1 (an amphoteric oxide)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ground Level",
description: "Also called ground-state level. The ground state electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom with lower energy levels.",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/ASD/Html/iehelp.html#IEGROUNDLEV",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ground Level",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1S0",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 2,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ionization Energy",
description: "Ionization energy is the minimum energy required to eject an electron out of a neutral atom or molecule in its ground state.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/I/I03199.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "9.323 eV"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ionization Energy",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "9.322699 eV"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electronegativity",
description: "The concept electronegativity was introduced by L. Pauling as the power of an atom to attract electrons to itself.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01990",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Pauling Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"A.L. Allred, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 1961, 17(3-4), 215-221. DOI:10.1016/0022-1902(61)80142-5"
],
value: {
number: [
1.57
],
unit: "(Pauling Scale)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Allen Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1989, 111, 9003. DOI:10.1021/ja00207a003; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek and L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 2780. DOI:10.1021/ja992866e; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek, E.T. Knight, J.F. Capitani and L.C Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 5132. DOI:10.1021/ja9928677"
],
value: {
number: [
1.576
],
unit: "(Allen Scale)"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Affinity",
description: "Electron affinity refers to energy required to detach an electron from the singly charged negative ion.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01977",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.T Myers, J. Chem. Edu., 1990, 67(4), 307. DOI:10.1021/ed067p307"
],
value: {
number: [
0
],
unit: "eV"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.J. Zollweg, J. Chem. Phys., 1969, 50, 4251. DOI:10.1063/1.1670890"
],
value: {
number: [
0.38
],
unit: "eV"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Spectra",
description: "Atomic and ionic spectral lines originate from specified electronic transitions between energy levels of atoms and ions, respectively.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00502.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/lines_hold.pl?el=Be",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Lines Holdings"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/levels_hold.pl?el=Be",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Levels Holdings"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Physical Description",
description: "Physical description, also know as physical characteristics, refers to physical appearance of element substances.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Solid"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Classification",
description: "Elements can be classified few groups according to each element's chemical properties.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Metal"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Period Number",
description: "The element period number refers to a horizontal row of the periodic table. The periodic table has 7 periods.",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/periodic-table-of-the-elements/The-periodic-table#ref80835",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "2"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Group Number",
description: "Element group refers to a set of chemical elements in the same vertical column of the periodic table",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/group-periodic-table",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "2 - Alkaline Earth Metal"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Density",
description: "Density is a degree of consistency measured by the quantity of mass per unit volume",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/D/D01590.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1.85 grams per cubic centimeter"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Melting Point",
description: "The melting point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from solid to liquid at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/melting-point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1560 K (1287°C or 2349°F)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1287°C"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Boiling Point",
description: "Boiling Point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from liquid to gas at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "2744 K (2471°C or 4480°F)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "2469°C"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Crustal Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in earth crust",
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string: "From the Greek word beryllos, beryl; also called glucinium or glucinum, Greek glykys, sweet. Discovered in the oxide form by Vauquelin in both beryl and emeralds in 1798. The metal was isolated in 1828 by Wohler and by Bussy independently by the action of potassium on beryllium chloride."
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string: "The metal, steel gray in color, has many desirable properties. As one of the lightest of all metals, it has one of the highest melting points of the light metals. Its modulus of elasticity is about one third greater than that of steel. It resists attack by concentrated nitric acid, has excellent thermal conductivity, and is nonmagnetic. It has a high permeability to X-rays and when bombarded by alpha particles, as from radium or polonium, neutrons are produced in the amount of about 30 neutrons/million alpha particles."
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{
string: "Beryllium is alloyed with copper (2% beryllium, 98% copper) to form a wear resistant material, known as beryllium bronze, used in gyroscopes and other devices where wear resistance is important. Beryllium is alloyed with nickel (2% beryllium, 98% nickel) to make springs, spot-welding electrodes and non-sparking tools. Other beryllium alloys are used in the windshield, brake disks and other structural components of the space shuttle."
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{
string: "Beryllium oxide (BeO), a compound of beryllium, is used in the nuclear industry and in ceramics."
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{
string: "Beryllium was once known as glucinum, which means sweet, since beryllium and many of its compounds have a sugary taste. Unfortunately for the chemists that discovered this particular property, beryllium and many of its compounds are poisonous and should never be tasted or ingested."
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{
string: "Because beryllium is relatively transparent to X-rays, ultra-thin Be-foil is finding use in X-ray lithography for reproduction of micro-miniature integrated circuits."
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string: "Beryllium is used in nuclear reactors as a reflector or moderator for it has a low thermal neutron absorption cross section."
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{
string: "It is used in gyroscopes, computer parts, and instruments where lightness, stiffness, and dimensional stability are required. The oxide has a very high melting point and is also used in nuclear work and ceramic applications."
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tocHeading: "Compounds",
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sourceID: "4",
name: "Beryllium",
description: "This section provides all form of data related to element Beryllium.",
anid: 694297
}
]
}
},
{
record: {
recordType: "AtomicNumber",
recordNumber: 5,
recordTitle: "Boron",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01022.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Boron"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Boron"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
description: "Element symbol, Also called atomic symbol, typically consists of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet derived from the element name in one of several languages.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "B"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "B"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "InChI=1S/B"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI Key",
description: "International Chemical Identifier hash (InChIKey) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI Key",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[10.806, 10.821]"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "10.811"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "10.81"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[10.806,10.821]"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[He]2s22p1",
markup: [
{
start: 6,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 9,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Electron Configuration",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1s2 2s2 2p",
markup: [
{
start: 2,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 6,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Radius",
description: "Atomic radius is the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell containing electrons.",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_radius",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
name: "Van der Waals Atomic Radius",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "192 pm (Van der Waals)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Empirical Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"J.C. Slater, J Chem Phys, 1964, 41(10), 3199-3205. DOI:10.1063/1.1725697"
],
value: {
number: [
85
],
unit: "pm (Empirical)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Covalent Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"B. Cordero, V. Gómez, A.E. Platero-Prats, M. Revés, J. Echeverría, E. Cremades, F. Barragán, S. Alvarez, Dalton Trans. 2008, 21, 2832-2838. DOI:10.1039/b801115j PMID:18478144."
],
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "84(3) pm (Covalent)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
description: "Oxidation state gives the degree of oxidation of an atom in terms of counting electrons.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/O/O04365.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "+3"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "3, 2, 1, −1, −5 (a mildly acidic oxide)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ground Level",
description: "Also called ground-state level. The ground state electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom with lower energy levels.",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/ASD/Html/iehelp.html#IEGROUNDLEV",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ground Level",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "2P°1/2",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 3,
length: 3,
type: "Subscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ionization Energy",
description: "Ionization energy is the minimum energy required to eject an electron out of a neutral atom or molecule in its ground state.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/I/I03199.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "8.298 eV"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ionization Energy",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "8.298019 eV"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electronegativity",
description: "The concept electronegativity was introduced by L. Pauling as the power of an atom to attract electrons to itself.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01990",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Pauling Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"A.L. Allred, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 1961, 17(3-4), 215-221. DOI:10.1016/0022-1902(61)80142-5"
],
value: {
number: [
2.04
],
unit: "(Pauling Scale)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Allen Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1989, 111, 9003. DOI:10.1021/ja00207a003; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek and L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 2780. DOI:10.1021/ja992866e; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek, E.T. Knight, J.F. Capitani and L.C Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 5132. DOI:10.1021/ja9928677"
],
value: {
number: [
2.051
],
unit: "(Allen Scale)"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Affinity",
description: "Electron affinity refers to energy required to detach an electron from the singly charged negative ion.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01977",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.T Myers, J. Chem. Edu., 1990, 67(4), 307. DOI:10.1021/ed067p307"
],
value: {
number: [
0.277
],
unit: "eV"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.J. Zollweg, J. Chem. Phys., 1969, 50, 4251. DOI:10.1063/1.1670890"
],
value: {
number: [
0.18
],
unit: "eV"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Spectra",
description: "Atomic and ionic spectral lines originate from specified electronic transitions between energy levels of atoms and ions, respectively.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00502.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/lines_hold.pl?el=B",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Lines Holdings"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/levels_hold.pl?el=B",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Levels Holdings"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Physical Description",
description: "Physical description, also know as physical characteristics, refers to physical appearance of element substances.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Solid"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Classification",
description: "Elements can be classified few groups according to each element's chemical properties.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Semi-metal"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Period Number",
description: "The element period number refers to a horizontal row of the periodic table. The periodic table has 7 periods.",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/periodic-table-of-the-elements/The-periodic-table#ref80835",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "2"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Group Number",
description: "Element group refers to a set of chemical elements in the same vertical column of the periodic table",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/group-periodic-table",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "13"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Density",
description: "Density is a degree of consistency measured by the quantity of mass per unit volume",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/D/D01590.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "2.37 grams per cubic centimeter"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Melting Point",
description: "The melting point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from solid to liquid at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/melting-point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "2348 K (2075°C or 3767°F)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "2076°C"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Boiling Point",
description: "Boiling Point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from liquid to gas at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "4273 K (4000°C or 7232°F)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "3927°C"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Crustal Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in earth crust",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1.0×101 milligrams per kilogram",
markup: [
{
start: 6,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Oceanic Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in ocean",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "4.44 milligrams per liter"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "History",
description: "Element discovery and related information in history",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "History",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "The name derives from the Arabic buraq for \"white\". Although its compounds were known for thousands of years, it was not isolated until 1808 by the French chemists Louis-Joseph Gay-Lussac and Louis-Jacques Thenard.",
markup: [
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}
},
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Boron was discovered by Joseph-Louis Gay-Lussac and Louis-Jaques Thénard, French chemists, and independently by Sir Humphry Davy, an English chemist, in 1808. They all isolated boron by combining boric acid (H3BO3) with potassium. Today, boron is obtained by heating borax (Na2B4O7·10H2O) with carbon, although other methods are used if high-purity boron is required.",
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type: "Subscript"
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type: "Subscript"
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length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
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},
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referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "From the Arabic word Buraq, Persian Burah. Boron compounds have been known for thousands of years, but the element was not discovered until 1808 by Sir Humphry Davy and by Gay-Lussac and Thenard."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Uses",
description: "Uses information in industry and other fields",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Boron is used in pyrotechnics and flares to produce a green color. Boron has also been used in some rockets as an ignition source. Boron-10, one of the naturally occurring isotopes of boron, is a good absorber of neutrons and is used in the control rods of nuclear reactors, as a radiation shield and as a neutron detector. Boron filaments are used in the aerospace industry because of their high-strength and lightweight."
},
{
string: "Boron forms several commercially important compounds. The most important boron compound is sodium borate pentahydrate (Na2B4O7·5H2O). Large amounts of this compound are used in the manufacture of fiberglass insulation and sodium perborate bleach. The second most important compound is boric acid (H3BO3), which is used to manufacture textile fiberglass and is used in cellulose insulation as a flame retardant. Sodium borate decahydrate (Na2B4O7·10H2O), better known as borax, is the third most important boron compound. Borax is used in laundry products and as a mild antiseptic. Borax is also a key ingredient in a substance known as Oobleck, a strange material 6th grade students experiment with while participating in Jefferson Lab's BEAMS program. Other boron compounds are used to make borosilicate glasses, enamels for covering steel and as a potential medicine for treating arthritis.",
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length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
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length: 1,
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length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
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{
start: 442,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
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start: 444,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
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length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
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},
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referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Amorphous boron is used in pyrotechnic flares to provide a distinctive green color, and in rockets as an igniter."
},
{
string: "By far the most commercially important boron compound in terms of dollar sales is Na2B4O7 • 5H2O. This pentahydrate is used in very large quantities in the manufacture of insulation fiberglass and sodium perborate bleach.",
markup: [
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{
string: "Boric acid is also an important boron compound with major markets in textile products. Use of borax as a mild antiseptic is minor in economical terms. Boron compounds are also extensively used in the manufacture of borosilicate glasses. Other boron compounds show promise in treating arthritis."
},
{
string: "The isotope boron-10 is used as a control for nuclear reactors, as a shield for nuclear radiation, and in instruments used for detecting neutrons. Boron nitride has remarkable properties and can be used to make a material as hard as diamond. The nitride also behaves like an electrical insulator but conducts heat like a metal."
},
{
string: "Boron also has lubricating properties similar to graphite. The hydrides are easily oxidized with considerable energy liberation, and have been studied for use as rocket fuels. Demand is increasing for boron filaments, a high-strength, lightweight material chiefly employed for advanced aerospace structures."
},
{
string: "Boron is similar to carbon in that it has a capacity to form stable covalently bonded molecular networks. Carbonates, metalloboranes, phosphacarboranes, and other families comprise thousands of compounds."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Sources",
description: "Sources (where the element come from) information for the given element",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "The element is not found free in nature, but occurs as orthoboric acid usually found in certain volcanic spring waters and as borates in boron and colemantie."
},
{
string: "Important sources of boron are ore rasorite (kernite) and tincal (borax ore). Both of these ores are found in the Mojave Desert. Tincal is the most important source of boron from the Mojave. Extensive borax deposits are also found in Turkey."
},
{
string: "Boron exists naturally as 19.78% 10B isotope and 80.22% 11B isotope. High-purity crystalline boron may be prepared by the vapor phase reduction of boron trichloride or tribromide with hydrogen on electrically heated filaments. The impure or amorphous, boron, a brownish-black powder, can be obtained by heating the trioxide with magnesium powder.",
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]
},
{
string: "Boron of 99.9999% purity has been produced and is available commercially. Elemental boron has an energy band gap of 1.50 to 1.56 eV, which is higher than that of either silicon or germanium."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Compounds",
description: "Related compounds information to this element",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 7,
name: "Compounds",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Boron",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "See more information at the Boron compound page."
}
]
}
}
],
section: [
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tocHeading: "Element Forms",
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string: "boron-7"
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string: "boron-10(1-)"
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string: "boron-13"
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{
string: "B"
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string: "B"
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{
string: "B-"
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{
string: "B"
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{
string: "B-"
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string: "[12B]"
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string: "[7B]"
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string: "[10B-]"
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string: "7.03"
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}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Isotopes",
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tocHeading: "Isotope Mass and Abundance",
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tocHeading: "Atomic Mass, Half Life, and Decay",
description: "This section provides the information from the Nubase2016. The number after the ± refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton. The '?' refers to 'not determined or qualified'. For further explainations, click read more below.",
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string: "15.031087953 ± 0.000022578"
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{
string: "19.064166000 ± 0.000564"
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string: "20.073484 ± 0.000859 [Estimated]"
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},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "Stable"
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{
string: "20.20 ms ± 0.02"
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{
string: "17.33 ms ± 0.17"
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{
string: "12.5 ms ± 0.5"
},
{
string: "9.93 ms ± 0.07"
},
{
string: ">4.6 zs"
},
{
string: "5.08 ms ± 0.05"
},
{
string: "<26 ns"
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{
string: "2.92 ms ± 0.13"
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{
string: "Not-specified"
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{
string: "Not-specified ± <260ns"
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{
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},
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{
string: "1920"
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{
string: "1935"
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{
string: "1956"
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{
string: "1966"
},
{
string: "1966"
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{
string: "2000"
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{
string: "1973"
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{
string: "2010"
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{
string: "1984"
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{
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{
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sourceName: "Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)",
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description: "Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report) and CIAAW. The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/",
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description: "Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/",
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name: "Boron",
description: "The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database",
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description: "The element property data was retrieved from publications.",
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sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "5",
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description: "This section provides all form of data related to element Boron.",
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section: [
{
tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
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}
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]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
description: "Element symbol, Also called atomic symbol, typically consists of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet derived from the element name in one of several languages.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
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string: "C"
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}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "C"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
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name: "InChI",
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}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI Key",
description: "International Chemical Identifier hash (InChIKey) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI Key",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N"
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}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "[12.0096, 12.0116]"
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]
}
},
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value: {
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},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
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},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Radius",
description: "Atomic radius is the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell containing electrons.",
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70
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{
tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
description: "Oxidation state gives the degree of oxidation of an atom in terms of counting electrons.",
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}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ground Level",
description: "Also called ground-state level. The ground state electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom with lower energy levels.",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/ASD/Html/iehelp.html#IEGROUNDLEV",
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},
{
tocHeading: "Ionization Energy",
description: "Ionization energy is the minimum energy required to eject an electron out of a neutral atom or molecule in its ground state.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/I/I03199.html",
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value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "11.260 eV"
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}
},
{
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name: "Ionization Energy",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "11.2602880 eV"
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]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electronegativity",
description: "The concept electronegativity was introduced by L. Pauling as the power of an atom to attract electrons to itself.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01990",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Pauling Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"A.L. Allred, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 1961, 17(3-4), 215-221. DOI:10.1016/0022-1902(61)80142-5"
],
value: {
number: [
2.55
],
unit: "(Pauling Scale)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Allen Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1989, 111, 9003. DOI:10.1021/ja00207a003; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek and L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 2780. DOI:10.1021/ja992866e; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek, E.T. Knight, J.F. Capitani and L.C Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 5132. DOI:10.1021/ja9928677"
],
value: {
number: [
2.544
],
unit: "(Allen Scale)"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Affinity",
description: "Electron affinity refers to energy required to detach an electron from the singly charged negative ion.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01977",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.T Myers, J. Chem. Edu., 1990, 67(4), 307. DOI:10.1021/ed067p307"
],
value: {
number: [
1.263
],
unit: "eV"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.J. Zollweg, J. Chem. Phys., 1969, 50, 4251. DOI:10.1063/1.1670890"
],
value: {
number: [
1.29
],
unit: "eV"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Spectra",
description: "Atomic and ionic spectral lines originate from specified electronic transitions between energy levels of atoms and ions, respectively.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00502.html",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/lines_hold.pl?el=C",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Lines Holdings"
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}
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referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/levels_hold.pl?el=C",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Levels Holdings"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Physical Description",
description: "Physical description, also know as physical characteristics, refers to physical appearance of element substances.",
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value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Solid"
}
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}
}
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},
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value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Non-metal"
}
]
}
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},
{
tocHeading: "Element Period Number",
description: "The element period number refers to a horizontal row of the periodic table. The periodic table has 7 periods.",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/periodic-table-of-the-elements/The-periodic-table#ref80835",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "2"
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}
}
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},
{
tocHeading: "Element Group Number",
description: "Element group refers to a set of chemical elements in the same vertical column of the periodic table",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/group-periodic-table",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "14"
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}
}
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},
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tocHeading: "Density",
description: "Density is a degree of consistency measured by the quantity of mass per unit volume",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/D/D01590.html",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "2.2670 grams per cubic centimeter"
}
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}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Melting Point",
description: "The melting point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from solid to liquid at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/melting-point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "3823 K (3550°C or 6422°F)"
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]
}
},
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referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "3550°C(diamond)"
}
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}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Boiling Point",
description: "Boiling Point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from liquid to gas at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_point",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "4098 K (3825°C or 6917°F)"
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}
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value: {
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string: "3800°C(sublimation)"
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},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Crustal Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in earth crust",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust",
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value: {
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value: {
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tocHeading: "History",
description: "Element discovery and related information in history",
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string: "The name derives from the Latin carbo for \"charcoal\". It was known in prehistoric times in the form of charcoal and soot. In 1797, the English chemist Smithson Tennant proved that diamond is pure carbon.",
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string: "Carbon, the sixth most abundant element in the universe, has been known since ancient times. Carbon is most commonly obtained from coal deposits, although it usually must be processed into a form suitable for commercial use. Three naturally occurring allotropes of carbon are known to exist: amorphous, graphite and diamond."
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{
string: "Natural diamonds are found in kimberlite of ancient volcanic \"pipes,\" found in South Africa, Arkansas, and elsewhere. Diamonds are now also being recovered from the ocean floor off the Cape of Good Hope. About 30% of all industrial diamonds used in the U.S. are now made synthetically."
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string: "The energy of the sun and stars can be attributed at least in part to the well-known carbon-nitrogen cycle."
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}
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},
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tocHeading: "Uses",
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string: "Amorphous carbon is formed when a material containing carbon is burned without enough oxygen for it to burn completely. This black soot, also known as lampblack, gas black, channel black or carbon black, is used to make inks, paints and rubber products. It can also be pressed into shapes and is used to form the cores of most dry cell batteries, among other things."
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string: "Graphite, one of the softest materials known, is a form of carbon that is primarily used as a lubricant. Although it does occur naturally, most commercial graphite is produced by treating petroleum coke, a black tar residue remaining after the refinement of crude oil, in an oxygen-free oven. Naturally occurring graphite occurs in two forms, alpha and beta. These two forms have identical physical properties but different crystal structures. All artificially produced graphite is of the alpha type. In addition to its use as a lubricant, graphite, in a form known as coke, is used in large amounts in the production of steel. Coke is made by heating soft coal in an oven without allowing oxygen to mix with it. Although commonly called lead, the black material used in pencils is actually graphite."
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{
string: "Diamond, the third naturally occurring form of carbon, is one of the hardest substances known. Although naturally occurring diamond is typically used for jewelry, most commercial quality diamonds are artificially produced. These small diamonds are made by squeezing graphite under high temperatures and pressures for several days or weeks and are primarily used to make things like diamond tipped saw blades. Although they posses very different physical properties, graphite and diamond differ only in their crystal structure."
},
{
string: "A fourth allotrope of carbon, known as white carbon, was produced in 1969. It is a transparent material that can split a single beam of light into two beams, a property known as birefringence. Very little is known about this form of carbon."
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string: "Large molecules consisting only of carbon, known as buckminsterfullerenes, or buckyballs, have recently been discovered and are currently the subject of much scientific interest. A single buckyball consists of 60 or 70 carbon atoms (C60 or C70) linked together in a structure that looks like a soccer ball. They can trap other atoms within their framework, appear to be capable of withstanding great pressures and have magnetic and superconductive properties.",
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string: "Carbon-14, a radioactive isotope of carbon with a half-life of 5,730 years, is used to find the age of formerly living things through a process known as radiocarbon dating. The theory behind carbon dating is fairly simple. Scientists know that a small amount of naturally occurring carbon is carbon-14. Although carbon-14 decays into nitrogen-14 through beta decay, the amount of carbon-14 in the environment remains constant because new carbon-14 is always being created in the upper atmosphere by cosmic rays. Living things tend to ingest materials that contain carbon, so the percentage of carbon-14 within living things is the same as the percentage of carbon-14 in the environment. Once an organism dies, it no longer ingests much of anything. The carbon-14 within that organism is no longer replaced and the percentage of carbon-14 begins to decrease as it decays. By measuring the percentage of carbon-14 in the remains of an organism, and by assuming that the natural abundance of carbon-14 has remained constant over time, scientists can estimate when that organism died. For example, if the concentration of carbon-14 in the remains of an organism is half of the natural concentration of carbon-14, a scientist would estimate that the organism died about 5,730 years ago, the half-life of carbon-14."
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{
string: "There are nearly ten million known carbon compounds and an entire branch of chemistry, known as organic chemistry, is devoted to their study. Many carbon compounds are essential for life as we know it. Some of the most common carbon compounds are: carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon disulfide (CS2), chloroform (CHCl3), carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), methane (CH4), ethylene (C2H4), acetylene (C2H2), benzene (C6H6), ethyl alcohol (C2H5OH) and acetic acid (CH3COOH).",
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{
string: "Graphite exists in two forms: alpha and beta. These have identical physical properties, except for their crystal structure. Naturally occurring graphites are reported to contain as much as 30% of the rhombohedral (beta) form, whereas synthetic materials contain only the alpha form. The hexagonal alpha type can be converted to the beta by mechanical treatment, and the beta form reverts to the alpha on heating it above 1000°C."
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string: "In 1969 a new allotropic form of carbon was produced during the sublimation of pyrolytic graphite at low pressures. Under free-vaporization conditions above ~2550°K, \"white\" carbon forms as small transparent crystals on the edges of the planes of graphite. The interplanar spacings of \"white\" carbon are identical to those of carbon form noted in the graphite gneiss from the Ries (meteroritic) Crater of Germany. \"White\" carbon is a transparent birefringent material. Little information is presently available about this allotrope."
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{
string: "Carbon is unique among the elements in the vast number and variety of compounds it can form. With hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and other elements, it forms a very large number of compounds, carbon atom often being linked to another carbon atom. There are close to ten million known carbon compounds, many thousands of which are vital to organic and life processes."
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{
string: "Without carbon, the basis for life would be impossible. While it has been thought that silicon might take the place of carbon in forming a host of similar compounds, it is now not possible to form stable compounds with very long chains of silicon atoms. The atmosphere of Mars contains 96.2% CO2. Some of the most important compounds of carbon are carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon disulfide (CS2), chloroform (CHCl3), carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), methane (CH4), ethylene (C2H4), acetylene (C2H2), benzene (C6H6), acetic acid (CH3COOH), and their derivatives.",
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string: "Stable"
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{
string: "5.70 ky ± 0.03"
},
{
string: "2.449 s ± 0.005"
},
{
string: "747 ms ± 8"
},
{
string: "193 ms ± 5"
},
{
string: "92 ms ± 2"
},
{
string: "46.2 ms ± 2.3"
},
{
string: "16 ms ± 3"
},
{
string: "Not-specified ± <30ns"
},
{
string: "6.2 ms ± 1.3"
},
{
string: "Not-specified"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Discovery Year",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1974"
},
{
string: "1964"
},
{
string: "1949"
},
{
string: "1934"
},
{
string: "1919"
},
{
string: "1929"
},
{
string: "1936"
},
{
string: "1950"
},
{
string: "1961"
},
{
string: "1968"
},
{
string: "1969"
},
{
string: "1974"
},
{
string: "1981"
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: "1986"
},
{
string: ""
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Decay Modes, Intensities and Uncertainties [%]",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "2p=100%"
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{
string: "β+=100%; β+p=61.6%; β+α=38.4%",
markup: [
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
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}
]
},
{
string: "IS=98.93±0.8%"
},
{
string: "IS=1.07±0.8%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
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},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
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string: "β-=100%; β-n=97.9±2.3%",
markup: [
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type: "Superscript"
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length: 1,
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{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=28.4±1.3%; β-2n ?",
markup: [
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type: "Superscript"
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start: 10,
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string: "β-=100%; β-n=31.5±1.5%; β-2n ?",
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string: "n ?"
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}
],
reference: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "PubChem",
description: "Data deposited in or computed by PubChem",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
sourceName: "Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)",
sourceID: "e6",
name: "C",
description: "The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.",
url: "https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/",
anid: 6590233
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
sourceName: "Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)",
sourceID: "a6",
name: "Carbon",
description: "Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report) and CIAAW. The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/",
url: "http://www.ciaaw.org/carbon.htm",
licenseURL: "http://www.ciaaw.org/bylaws.htm",
anid: 2292387
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
sourceName: "Jefferson Lab, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "jlab6",
name: "Carbon",
description: "Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/",
url: "https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele006.html",
licenseNote: "Please see citation and linking information: https://education.jlab.org/faq/index.html",
licenseURL: "https://www.jlab.org/privacy-and-security-notice",
anid: 507068
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
sourceName: "Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "lanl6",
name: "Carbon",
description: "The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.",
url: "https://periodic.lanl.gov/6.shtml",
anid: 507186
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
sourceName: "NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory",
sourceID: "e6",
name: "Carbon",
description: "The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Elements/elInfo.pl?element=6",
licenseURL: "https://www.nist.gov/pml/database-disclaimer",
anid: 2292623
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
sourceName: "PubChem Elements",
sourceID: "6",
name: "C",
description: "The element property data was retrieved from publications.",
anid: 7660007
},
{
referenceNumber: 7,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "6",
name: "Carbon",
description: "This section provides all form of data related to element Carbon.",
anid: 694299
}
]
}
},
{
record: {
recordType: "AtomicNumber",
recordNumber: 7,
recordTitle: "Nitrogen",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01022.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Nitrogen"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Nitrogen"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
description: "Element symbol, Also called atomic symbol, typically consists of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet derived from the element name in one of several languages.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "N"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "N"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "InChI=1S/N"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI Key",
description: "International Chemical Identifier hash (InChIKey) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI Key",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[14.006 43, 14.007 28]"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "14.00674"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "14.01"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[14.00643,14.00728]"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Electron Configuration",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1s2 2s2 2p3",
markup: [
{
start: 2,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 6,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Radius",
description: "Atomic radius is the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell containing electrons.",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_radius",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
name: "Van der Waals Atomic Radius",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "155 pm (Van der Waals)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Empirical Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"J.C. Slater, J Chem Phys, 1964, 41(10), 3199-3205. DOI:10.1063/1.1725697"
],
value: {
number: [
65
],
unit: "pm (Empirical)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Covalent Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"B. Cordero, V. Gómez, A.E. Platero-Prats, M. Revés, J. Echeverría, E. Cremades, F. Barragán, S. Alvarez, Dalton Trans. 2008, 21, 2832-2838. DOI:10.1039/b801115j PMID:18478144."
],
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "71(1) pm (Covalent)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
description: "Oxidation state gives the degree of oxidation of an atom in terms of counting electrons.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/O/O04365.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "+5, +4, +3, +2, +1, -1, -2, -3"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "5, 4, 3, 2, 1, −1, −2, −3 (a strongly acidic oxide)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ground Level",
description: "Also called ground-state level. The ground state electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom with lower energy levels.",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/ASD/Html/iehelp.html#IEGROUNDLEV",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ground Level",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "4S°3/2",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 3,
length: 3,
type: "Subscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ionization Energy",
description: "Ionization energy is the minimum energy required to eject an electron out of a neutral atom or molecule in its ground state.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/I/I03199.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "14.534 eV"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ionization Energy",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "14.53413 eV"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electronegativity",
description: "The concept electronegativity was introduced by L. Pauling as the power of an atom to attract electrons to itself.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01990",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Pauling Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"A.L. Allred, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 1961, 17(3-4), 215-221. DOI:10.1016/0022-1902(61)80142-5"
],
value: {
number: [
3.04
],
unit: "(Pauling Scale)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Allen Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1989, 111, 9003. DOI:10.1021/ja00207a003; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek and L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 2780. DOI:10.1021/ja992866e; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek, E.T. Knight, J.F. Capitani and L.C Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 5132. DOI:10.1021/ja9928677"
],
value: {
number: [
3.066
],
unit: "(Allen Scale)"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Affinity",
description: "Electron affinity refers to energy required to detach an electron from the singly charged negative ion.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01977",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.T Myers, J. Chem. Edu., 1990, 67(4), 307. DOI:10.1021/ed067p307"
],
value: {
number: [
0
],
unit: "eV"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.J. Zollweg, J. Chem. Phys., 1969, 50, 4251. DOI:10.1063/1.1670890"
],
value: {
number: [
-0.21
],
unit: "eV"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Spectra",
description: "Atomic and ionic spectral lines originate from specified electronic transitions between energy levels of atoms and ions, respectively.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00502.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/lines_hold.pl?el=N",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Lines Holdings"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/levels_hold.pl?el=N",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Levels Holdings"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Physical Description",
description: "Physical description, also know as physical characteristics, refers to physical appearance of element substances.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Gas"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Classification",
description: "Elements can be classified few groups according to each element's chemical properties.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Non-metal"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Period Number",
description: "The element period number refers to a horizontal row of the periodic table. The periodic table has 7 periods.",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/periodic-table-of-the-elements/The-periodic-table#ref80835",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "2"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Group Number",
description: "Element group refers to a set of chemical elements in the same vertical column of the periodic table",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/group-periodic-table",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "15 - Pnictogen"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Density",
description: "Density is a degree of consistency measured by the quantity of mass per unit volume",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/D/D01590.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "0.0012506 grams per cubic centimeter"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Melting Point",
description: "The melting point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from solid to liquid at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/melting-point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "63.15 K (-210.00°C or -346.00°F)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "-210.0°C"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Boiling Point",
description: "Boiling Point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from liquid to gas at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "77.36 K (-195.79°C or -320.44°F)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "-195.795°C"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Crustal Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in earth crust",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1.9×101 milligrams per kilogram",
markup: [
{
start: 6,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Oceanic Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in ocean",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "5×10-1 milligrams per liter",
markup: [
{
start: 4,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "History",
description: "Element discovery and related information in history",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "History",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "The name derives from the Latin nitrum and Greek nitron for \"native soda\" and genes for \"forming\". Nitrogen was discovered by the Scottish physician and chemist Daniel Rutherford in 1772.",
markup: [
{
start: 32,
length: 6,
type: "Italics"
},
{
start: 49,
length: 6,
type: "Italics"
},
{
start: 78,
length: 5,
type: "Italics"
}
]
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Nitrogen was discovered by the Scottish physician Daniel Rutherford in 1772. It is the fifth most abundant element in the universe and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere, which contains an estimated 4,000 trillion tons of the gas. Nitrogen is obtained from liquefied air through a process known as fractional distillation."
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "From the Latin word nitrum, Greek Nitron, native soda; and genes, forming. Nitrogen was discovered by chemist and physician Daniel Rutherford in 1772. He removed oxygen and carbon dioxide from air and showed that the residual gas would not support combustion or living organisms. At the same time there were other noted scientists working on the problem of nitrogen. These included Scheele, Cavendish, Priestley, and others. They called it \"burnt\" or\" dephlogisticated air,\" which meant air without oxygen."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Uses",
description: "Uses information in industry and other fields",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "The largest use of nitrogen is for the production of ammonia (NH3). Large amounts of nitrogen are combined with hydrogen to produce ammonia in a method known as the Haber process. Large amounts of ammonia are then used to create fertilizers, explosives and, through a process known as the Ostwald process, nitric acid (HNO3).",
markup: [
{
start: 64,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
},
{
start: 322,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "Nitrogen gas is largely inert and is used as a protective shield in the semiconductor industry and during certain types of welding and soldering operations. Oil companies use high pressure nitrogen to help force crude oil to the surface. Liquid nitrogen is an inexpensive cryogenic liquid used for refrigeration, preservation of biological samples and for low temperature scientific experimentation. Jefferson Lab's Frostbite Theater features videos of many basic liquid nitrogen experiments."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Sources",
description: "Sources (where the element come from) information for the given element",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
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description: "The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database",
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tocHeading: "Identifiers",
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tocHeading: "Element Name",
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description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
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},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
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},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Radius",
description: "Atomic radius is the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell containing electrons.",
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string: "152 pm (Van der Waals)"
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}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Empirical Atomic Radius",
reference: [
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value: {
number: [
60
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unit: "pm (Empirical)"
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},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
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reference: [
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{
tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
description: "Oxidation state gives the degree of oxidation of an atom in terms of counting electrons.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/O/O04365.html",
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},
{
tocHeading: "Ground Level",
description: "Also called ground-state level. The ground state electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom with lower energy levels.",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/ASD/Html/iehelp.html#IEGROUNDLEV",
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{
tocHeading: "Ionization Energy",
description: "Ionization energy is the minimum energy required to eject an electron out of a neutral atom or molecule in its ground state.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/I/I03199.html",
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},
{
tocHeading: "Electronegativity",
description: "The concept electronegativity was introduced by L. Pauling as the power of an atom to attract electrons to itself.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01990",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Pauling Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
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],
value: {
number: [
3.44
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unit: "(Pauling Scale)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Allen Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1989, 111, 9003. DOI:10.1021/ja00207a003; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek and L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 2780. DOI:10.1021/ja992866e; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek, E.T. Knight, J.F. Capitani and L.C Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 5132. DOI:10.1021/ja9928677"
],
value: {
number: [
3.61
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unit: "(Allen Scale)"
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}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Affinity",
description: "Electron affinity refers to energy required to detach an electron from the singly charged negative ion.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01977",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.T Myers, J. Chem. Edu., 1990, 67(4), 307. DOI:10.1021/ed067p307"
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value: {
number: [
1.461
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unit: "eV"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.J. Zollweg, J. Chem. Phys., 1969, 50, 4251. DOI:10.1063/1.1670890"
],
value: {
number: [
1.465
],
unit: "eV"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Spectra",
description: "Atomic and ionic spectral lines originate from specified electronic transitions between energy levels of atoms and ions, respectively.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00502.html",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 6,
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stringWithMarkup: [
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tocHeading: "Physical Description",
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tocHeading: "Element Classification",
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tocHeading: "Element Period Number",
description: "The element period number refers to a horizontal row of the periodic table. The periodic table has 7 periods.",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/periodic-table-of-the-elements/The-periodic-table#ref80835",
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tocHeading: "Element Group Number",
description: "Element group refers to a set of chemical elements in the same vertical column of the periodic table",
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{
tocHeading: "Density",
description: "Density is a degree of consistency measured by the quantity of mass per unit volume",
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tocHeading: "Melting Point",
description: "The melting point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from solid to liquid at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/melting-point",
information: [
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tocHeading: "Boiling Point",
description: "Boiling Point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from liquid to gas at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_point",
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tocHeading: "Estimated Crustal Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in earth crust",
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string: "Joseph Priestley is generally credited with its discovery, although Scheele also discovered it independently."
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string: "Its atomic weight was used as a standard of comparison for each of the other elements until 1961 when the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry adopted carbon 12 as the new basis."
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tocHeading: "Description",
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tocHeading: "Uses",
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tocHeading: "Sources",
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},
{
string: "A gaseous element, oxygen forms 21% of the atmosphere by volume and is obtained by liquefaction and fractional distillation. The atmosphere of Mars contains about 0.15% oxygen. The element and its compounds make up 49.2%, by weight, of the earth's crust. About two thirds of the human body and nine tenths of water is oxygen."
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string: "In the laboratory it can be prepared by the electrolysis of water or by heating potassium chlorate with manganese dioxide as a catalyst."
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{
string: "Air separation plants produce about 99% of the gas, while electrolysis plants produce about 1%."
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{
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string: "16.99913175664 ± 0.0000000007"
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string: "17.99915961284 ± 0.00000000076"
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string: "20.004075358 ± 0.00000095"
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{
string: "21.008654950 ± 0.000012882"
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{
string: "22.009965746 ± 0.000061107"
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{
string: "23.015696686 ± 0.000130663"
},
{
string: "24.019861000 ± 0.000177"
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{
string: "25.029338919 ± 0.000177225"
},
{
string: "26.037210155 ± 0.000177081"
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{
string: "27.047955 ± 0.000537 [Estimated]"
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string: "28.055910 ± 0.00075 [Estimated]"
}
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}
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name: "Half Life and Uncertainty",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: ">6.3 zs"
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string: "8.58 ms ± 0.05"
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{
string: "70.620 s ± 0.013"
},
{
string: "122.24 s ± 0.16"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "26.470 s ± 0.006"
},
{
string: "13.51 s ± 0.05"
},
{
string: "3.42 s ± 0.10"
},
{
string: "2.25 s ± 0.09"
},
{
string: "97 ms ± 8"
},
{
string: "77.4 ms ± 4.5"
},
{
string: "5.18 zs ± 0.35"
},
{
string: "4.2 ps ± 3.3"
},
{
string: "Not-specified ± <260ns"
},
{
string: "Not-specified ± <100ns"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Discovery Year",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "1978"
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{
string: "1963"
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{
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{
string: "1934"
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{
string: "1919"
},
{
string: "1925"
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{
string: "1929"
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{
string: "1936"
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{
string: "1959"
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{
string: "1968"
},
{
string: "1969"
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{
string: "1970"
},
{
string: "1970"
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{
string: "2008"
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{
string: "2012"
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name: "Decay Modes, Intensities and Uncertainties [%]",
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sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "PubChem",
description: "Data deposited in or computed by PubChem",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"
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{
referenceNumber: 2,
sourceName: "Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)",
sourceID: "e8",
name: "O",
description: "The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.",
url: "https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/",
anid: 6590235
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{
referenceNumber: 3,
sourceName: "Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)",
sourceID: "a8",
name: "Oxygen",
description: "Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report) and CIAAW. The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/",
url: "http://www.ciaaw.org/oxygen.htm",
licenseURL: "http://www.ciaaw.org/bylaws.htm",
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sourceName: "Jefferson Lab, U.S. Department of Energy",
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description: "Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/",
url: "https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele008.html",
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sourceName: "Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy",
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description: "The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.",
url: "https://periodic.lanl.gov/8.shtml",
anid: 507188
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referenceNumber: 6,
sourceName: "NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory",
sourceID: "e8",
name: "Oxygen",
description: "The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Elements/elInfo.pl?element=8",
licenseURL: "https://www.nist.gov/pml/database-disclaimer",
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description: "The element property data was retrieved from publications.",
anid: 7660009
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referenceNumber: 7,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "8",
name: "Oxygen",
description: "This section provides all form of data related to element Oxygen.",
anid: 694301
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]
}
},
{
record: {
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recordNumber: 9,
recordTitle: "Fluorine",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01022.html",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Fluorine"
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]
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},
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referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
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string: "Fluorine"
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}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
description: "Element symbol, Also called atomic symbol, typically consists of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet derived from the element name in one of several languages.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "F"
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]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "F"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI",
value: {
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string: "InChI=1S/F"
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]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI Key",
description: "International Chemical Identifier hash (InChIKey) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI Key",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "YCKRFDGAMUMZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "18.998 403 163(6)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "18.998403163"
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]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "19.00"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "18.998403163(6)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "[He]2s22p5",
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referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Electron Configuration",
value: {
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type: "Superscript"
},
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Radius",
description: "Atomic radius is the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell containing electrons.",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_radius",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
name: "Van der Waals Atomic Radius",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "135 pm pm (Van der Waals)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Empirical Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"J.C. Slater, J Chem Phys, 1964, 41(10), 3199-3205. DOI:10.1063/1.1725697"
],
value: {
number: [
50
],
unit: "pm (Empirical)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Covalent Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"B. Cordero, V. Gómez, A.E. Platero-Prats, M. Revés, J. Echeverría, E. Cremades, F. Barragán, S. Alvarez, Dalton Trans. 2008, 21, 2832-2838. DOI:10.1039/b801115j PMID:18478144."
],
value: {
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string: "57(3) pm (Covalent)"
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]
},
{
tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
description: "Oxidation state gives the degree of oxidation of an atom in terms of counting electrons.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/O/O04365.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "-1"
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]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "−1 (oxidizes oxygen)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ground Level",
description: "Also called ground-state level. The ground state electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom with lower energy levels.",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/ASD/Html/iehelp.html#IEGROUNDLEV",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ground Level",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "2P°3/2",
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length: 3,
type: "Subscript"
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]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ionization Energy",
description: "Ionization energy is the minimum energy required to eject an electron out of a neutral atom or molecule in its ground state.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/I/I03199.html",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "17.423 eV"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ionization Energy",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "17.42282 eV"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electronegativity",
description: "The concept electronegativity was introduced by L. Pauling as the power of an atom to attract electrons to itself.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01990",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Pauling Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"A.L. Allred, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 1961, 17(3-4), 215-221. DOI:10.1016/0022-1902(61)80142-5"
],
value: {
number: [
3.98
],
unit: "(Pauling Scale)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Allen Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1989, 111, 9003. DOI:10.1021/ja00207a003; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek and L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 2780. DOI:10.1021/ja992866e; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek, E.T. Knight, J.F. Capitani and L.C Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 5132. DOI:10.1021/ja9928677"
],
value: {
number: [
4.193
],
unit: "(Allen Scale)"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Affinity",
description: "Electron affinity refers to energy required to detach an electron from the singly charged negative ion.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01977",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.T Myers, J. Chem. Edu., 1990, 67(4), 307. DOI:10.1021/ed067p307"
],
value: {
number: [
3.339
],
unit: "eV"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.J. Zollweg, J. Chem. Phys., 1969, 50, 4251. DOI:10.1063/1.1670890"
],
value: {
number: [
3.5
],
unit: "eV"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Spectra",
description: "Atomic and ionic spectral lines originate from specified electronic transitions between energy levels of atoms and ions, respectively.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00502.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/lines_hold.pl?el=F",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Lines Holdings"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/levels_hold.pl?el=F",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Levels Holdings"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Physical Description",
description: "Physical description, also know as physical characteristics, refers to physical appearance of element substances.",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Gas"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Classification",
description: "Elements can be classified few groups according to each element's chemical properties.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Non-metal"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Period Number",
description: "The element period number refers to a horizontal row of the periodic table. The periodic table has 7 periods.",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/periodic-table-of-the-elements/The-periodic-table#ref80835",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "2"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Group Number",
description: "Element group refers to a set of chemical elements in the same vertical column of the periodic table",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/group-periodic-table",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "17 - Halogen"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Density",
description: "Density is a degree of consistency measured by the quantity of mass per unit volume",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/D/D01590.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "0.001696 grams per cubic centimeter"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Melting Point",
description: "The melting point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from solid to liquid at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/melting-point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "53.53 K (-219.62°C or -363.32°F)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
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{
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string: "Fluorine and its compounds are used in producing uranium (from the hexafluoride) and more than 100 commercial fluorochemicals, including many high-temperature plastics. Hydrofluoric acid etches glass of light bulbs. Fluorochlorohydrocarbons are extensively used in air conditioning and refrigeration."
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{
string: "The presence of fluorine as a soluble fluoride in drinking water to the extent of 2 ppm may cause mottled enamel in teeth when used by children acquiring permanent teeth; in smaller amounts, however, fluoride helps prevent dental cavities."
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{
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description: "Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report) and CIAAW. The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/",
url: "http://www.ciaaw.org/fluorine.htm",
licenseURL: "http://www.ciaaw.org/bylaws.htm",
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referenceNumber: 4,
sourceName: "Jefferson Lab, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "jlab9",
name: "Fluorine",
description: "Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/",
url: "https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele009.html",
licenseNote: "Please see citation and linking information: https://education.jlab.org/faq/index.html",
licenseURL: "https://www.jlab.org/privacy-and-security-notice",
anid: 507071
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{
referenceNumber: 5,
sourceName: "Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "lanl9",
name: "Fluorine",
description: "The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.",
url: "https://periodic.lanl.gov/9.shtml",
anid: 507189
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
sourceName: "NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory",
sourceID: "e9",
name: "Fluorine",
description: "The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Elements/elInfo.pl?element=9",
licenseURL: "https://www.nist.gov/pml/database-disclaimer",
anid: 2292626
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referenceNumber: 8,
sourceName: "PubChem Elements",
sourceID: "9",
name: "F",
description: "The element property data was retrieved from publications.",
anid: 7660010
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referenceNumber: 7,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "9",
name: "Fluorine",
description: "This section provides all form of data related to element Fluorine.",
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recordNumber: 100,
recordTitle: "Fermium",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01022.html",
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name: "Element Name",
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string: "Fermium"
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name: "Element Name",
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string: "Fermium"
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{
tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
description: "Element symbol, Also called atomic symbol, typically consists of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet derived from the element name in one of several languages.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
information: [
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name: "Element Symbol",
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name: "Element Symbol",
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tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
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name: "InChI",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "InChI=1S/Fm"
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}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI Key",
description: "International Chemical Identifier hash (InChIKey) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI Key",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "MIORUQGGZCBUGO-UHFFFAOYSA-N"
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}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
information: [
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value: {
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string: "257"
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}
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string: "257"
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}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Relative Mass: 257.0951061(69)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
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tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
description: "Oxidation state gives the degree of oxidation of an atom in terms of counting electrons.",
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},
{
tocHeading: "Ground Level",
description: "Also called ground-state level. The ground state electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom with lower energy levels.",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/ASD/Html/iehelp.html#IEGROUNDLEV",
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{
tocHeading: "Ionization Energy",
description: "Ionization energy is the minimum energy required to eject an electron out of a neutral atom or molecule in its ground state.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/I/I03199.html",
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value: {
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name: "Ionization Energy",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "6.50 eV (The level was determined by interpolation or extrapolation of known experimental values or by semiempirical calculation; its absolutre accuracy is reflected in the number of significant figures assigned to it.)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electronegativity",
description: "The concept electronegativity was introduced by L. Pauling as the power of an atom to attract electrons to itself.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01990",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Pauling Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
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],
value: {
number: [
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},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Spectra",
description: "Atomic and ionic spectral lines originate from specified electronic transitions between energy levels of atoms and ions, respectively.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00502.html",
information: [
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name: "Atomic Spectra",
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tocHeading: "Physical Description",
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value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Solid"
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}
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},
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tocHeading: "Element Classification",
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value: {
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string: "Metal"
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tocHeading: "Element Period Number",
description: "The element period number refers to a horizontal row of the periodic table. The periodic table has 7 periods.",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/periodic-table-of-the-elements/The-periodic-table#ref80835",
information: [
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value: {
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},
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tocHeading: "Element Group Number",
description: "Element group refers to a set of chemical elements in the same vertical column of the periodic table",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/group-periodic-table",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "- Actinide"
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}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Melting Point",
description: "The melting point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from solid to liquid at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/melting-point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "1800 K (1527°C or 2781°F)"
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}
},
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referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
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string: "1527°C"
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}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Crustal Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in earth crust",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Not Applicable"
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]
}
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},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Oceanic Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in ocean",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Not Applicable"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "History",
description: "Element discovery and related information in history",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Fermium was discovered by a team of scientists led by Albert Ghiorso in 1952 while studying the radioactive debris produced by the detonation of the first hydrogen bomb. The isotope they discovered, fermium-255, has a half-life of about 20 hours and was produced by combining 17 neutrons with uranium-238, which then underwent eight beta decays. Today, fermium is produced though a lengthy chain of nuclear reactions that involves bombarding each isotope in the chain with neutrons and then allowing the resulting isotope to undergo beta decay. Fermium's most stable isotope, fermium-257, has a half-life of about 100.5 days. It decays into californium-253 through alpha decay or decays through spontaneous fission."
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string: "Fermium, element 100, is the eighth transuranium element of the actinide series and is named after the Italian physicist and Nobel Laureate Enrico Fermi. Element 100 was first discovered in 1952 in the fallout from the 10-megaton \"Ivy Mike\" nuclear test in the south Pacific the first successful test of a hydrogen fusion bomb. Researchers identified a new Pu-244 isotope found on filter papers on drone aircraft flown through the fallout. They determined that it could only have formed by the unexpected absorption of six neutrons by uranium-238 followed by successive beta-decays. At the time, the absorption of neutrons by a heavy nucleus was thought to be a rare process, but the identification of Pu-244 raised the possibility that still more neutrons could have been absorbed by the uranium nuclei leading to additional new elements."
},
{
string: "Element 99, einsteinium was discovered almost immediately on other filter papers by Albert Ghiorso and co-workers at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory in collaboration with Argonne and Los Alamos National Laboratories, demonstrating that 15 neutrons were captured by U-238! The subsequent discovery of fermium required more material, as the yield of element 100 was expected to be at least an order of magnitude lower than that of einsteinium. So, contaminated coral from ground zero on Eniwetok atoll was shipped to Berkeley for processing and analysis. About two months after the Ivy-Mike test, a new activity was isolated emitting high-energy α-particles (7.1 MeV) with a half-life of about 1 day. It was the β− decay daughter of an isotope of einsteinium, and it had to be an isotope of element 100. : It was identified as 255Fm (half-life 20.07 hours). The discovery of the new elements, and the new data on neutron capture, was kept secret on the orders of the U.S. Military until 1955 due to Cold War tensions. Later the Berkeley team was able to prepare elements 99 and 100 in the lab by neutron bombardment of Pu-239 in a cyclotron. They published this work in 1954, with the disclaimer that these were not the first studies that had been carried out on the element. The 'Ivy Mike' studies were later declassified and published in 1955. Meanwhile, a group at the Nobel Institute for Physics in Stockholm independently claimed discovery of element 100 by producing an isotope with a 30-minute half-life and published their work in May 1954. Nevertheless, the historical precedence of the Berkeley team was generally recognized, and with it the prerogative to name the new element in honor of the recently deceased Enrico Fermi, the developer of the first artificial self-sustained nuclear reactor.",
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tocHeading: "Description",
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string: "Fermium is the heaviest synthetic element that can be formed by neutron bombardment of lighter elements, and hence the heaviest element that can be prepared in macroscopic quantities. The chemical properties of fermium have been studied solely using tracer amounts and innovative experimental techniques are required. Fermium metal has not been prepared, however measurements have been made on fermium alloys with rare earth metals and a number of predictions have been made. It was deduced that fermium metal prefers a divalent state but with modest compression can form a trivalent state. Other measurements on mixed fermium alloys and compounds include the magnetic moment, inner-shell binding energies, x-ray energies, sublimation enthalpy, etc."
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string: "The chemistry of fermium is typical of the late actinides, with a dominance of the +3 oxidation state but also a tendency toward an accessible +2 oxidation state. In the solid state no pure fermium compounds have been prepared, however Fm(III) has been studied by co-crystallization techniques as a trace component in a rare earth matrix with the same charge. Fermium co-precipitates with rare earth fluorides and hydroxides. In aqueous solution, fermium exists in solution as the Fm3+ ion, which has a hydration number of 16.9 and an acid dissociation constant of 1.6 × 10−4 (pKa = 3.8). Fm3+ forms complexes with a wide variety of organic ligands with hard donor atoms such as oxygen, and these complexes are usually more stable than those of the lighter actinides. It also forms complexes with ligands such as chloride or nitrate and, again, these complexes appear to be more stable than those formed by einsteinium or californium. Bonding in the heavier actinides is mostly ionic in character and the ionic radius of the Fm3+ ion is smaller than the preceding An3+ ions because of the actinide contraction. This is the result of a higher effective nuclear charge of fermium, and thus fermium forms shorter and stronger metal–ligand bonds. In the heavier actinides there is an increasing tendency to form a divalent ion that emerges at einsteinium. Fm3+ can be readily reduced to stable Fm2+ using moderately strong reducing agents such as samarium(II) chloride. In aqueous media, the Fm(III)/Fm(III) redox couple has been investigated via radio-electrochemistry and other techniques. The electrode potentials have been estimated to be similar to that of the ytterbium redox couple. The redox potentials for the various fermium couples have been measured and/or estimated by various workers: Fm3+ → Fm2+ (- 1.15 V); Fm2+ → Fm0 (-2.37 V), all versus the Normal Hydrogen Electrode.",
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string: "Because of the short half-life of all fermium isotopes, all that may have been present on the Earth during its formation has long since decayed away. Einsteinium and fermium did occur in the natural nuclear fission reactor at Oklo, but no longer exist. Fermium is produced as the result of multiple neutron captures in lighter elements, such as uranium and curium, followed by successive beta decays. The probability of such events increases with increased neutron flux, and nuclear explosions are the most powerful neutron sources on Earth. Fermium is also produced by the bombardment of lighter actinides with neutrons in nuclear reactors or accelerators. Fermium-257 is the heaviest isotope that is obtained via neutron capture, and can only be produced in nanogram quantities. The major source is the 85 MW High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR) at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory in Tennessee, USA. In a HFIR \"campaign\", tens of grams of curium are irradiated to produce heavier actinides and picogram quantities of fermium. The quantities of fermium produced in 20–200 kiloton thermonuclear explosions are believed to be of the order of milligrams, although it is mixed in with a huge quantity of debris. Forty picograms of 257Fm were recovered from 10 kilograms of debris from the 'Hutch' nuclear test in 1969. After production, fermium must be separated from debris and a host of other actinides and lanthanide fission products by solvent extraction, ion exchange, etc.). The annual reactor production of fermium-257 is in the picogram range. However, pure 255Fm (half-life 20 hours) can be easily isolated by \"milking\" the beta-decay daughter of pure 255Es (half-life 39.8 days).",
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referenceNumber: 2,
sourceName: "Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)",
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description: "The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.",
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sourceName: "Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)",
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name: "Fermium",
description: "Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report) and CIAAW. The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/",
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sourceName: "Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy",
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sourceName: "NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory",
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description: "The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database",
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recordTitle: "Mendelevium",
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tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
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{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
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tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
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url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
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tocHeading: "InChI",
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tocHeading: "InChI Key",
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tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
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string: "Relative Mass: 258.0984315(50)"
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},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
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tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
description: "Oxidation state gives the degree of oxidation of an atom in terms of counting electrons.",
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tocHeading: "Ground Level",
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tocHeading: "Ionization Energy",
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}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electronegativity",
description: "The concept electronegativity was introduced by L. Pauling as the power of an atom to attract electrons to itself.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01990",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Pauling Scale Electronegativity",
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{
tocHeading: "Atomic Spectra",
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url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00502.html",
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string: "Solid"
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tocHeading: "Element Classification",
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tocHeading: "Element Period Number",
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tocHeading: "Melting Point",
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string: "1100 K (827°C or 1521°F)"
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{
tocHeading: "Estimated Crustal Abundance",
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url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust",
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value: {
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},
{
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Not Applicable"
}
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}
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}
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},
{
tocHeading: "History",
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stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Mendelevium was first produced by Stanley G. Thompson, Glenn T. Seaborg, Bernard G. Harvey, Gregory R. Choppin and Albert Ghiorso working at the University of California, Berkeley, in 1955. They bombarded atoms of einsteinium-253 with helium ions using a device known as a cyclotron. This produced atoms of mendelevium-256, an isotope with a half-life of about 77 minutes, and a free neutron. Mendelevium's most stable isotope, mendelevium-258, has a half-life of about 51.5 days. It decays into einsteinium-254 through alpha decay or decays through spontaneous fission."
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string: "Mendelevium is named after Dmitri Mendeleev. It is the ninth transuranium element of the actinide series discovered. It was first identified by Ghiorso, Harvey, Choppin, Thompson, and Seaborg in early in 1955 during the bombardment of the isotope 253Es with helium ions in the Berkeley 60-inch cyclotron. The isotope produced was 256Md, which has a half-life of 76 min. This first identification was notable in that 256Md was synthesized on a one-atom-at-a-time basis.",
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tocHeading: "Description",
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string: "Experiments seem to show that the element possesses a moderately stable dipositive (II) oxidation state in addition to the tripositive (III) oxidation state, which is characteristic of the actinide elements."
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}
}
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},
{
tocHeading: "Uses",
description: "Uses information in industry and other fields",
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{
tocHeading: "Compounds",
description: "Related compounds information to this element",
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referenceNumber: 7,
name: "Compounds",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Mendelevium",
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stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "See more information at the Mendelevium compound page."
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{
string: "246.081713 ± 0.000278 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "247.081521 ± 0.000222 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "247.081521 ± 0.000222 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "248.082822 ± 0.000255 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "249.082912 ± 0.000216 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "249.082912 ± 0.000216 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "250.084413 ± 0.000323 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "251.084774291 ± 0.00002031"
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{
string: "251.084774291 ± 0.00002031"
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{
string: "252.086432 ± 0.00014 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "252.086432 ± 0.00014 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "253.087143 ± 0.000034 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "253.087143 ± 0.000034 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "254.089590 ± 0.000107 [Estimated]"
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string: "259.100510 ± 0.000215 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "260.103653 ± 0.00034 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "261.105828 ± 0.000546 [Estimated]"
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string: "262.109101 ± 0.000537 [Estimated]"
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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string: "1.60 h ± 0.06"
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{
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{
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{
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{
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string: "α ?"
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sourceName: "Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)",
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description: "The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database",
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tocHeading: "Element Name",
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tocHeading: "Properties",
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tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
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tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
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tocHeading: "Electronegativity",
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information: [
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referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Pauling Scale Electronegativity",
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tocHeading: "Estimated Crustal Abundance",
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{
string: "257Nop",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "258No",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "259No",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "260No",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "261No",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "262No",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "263No",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "264No",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Atomic Mass and Uncertainty [u]",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "248.086550 ± 0.000241 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "249.087797 ± 0.0003 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "250.087562 ± 0.000215 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "250.087562 ± 0.000215 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "251.088942 ± 0.000123 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "251.088942 ± 0.000123 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "251.088942 ± 0.000123 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "252.088966141 ± 0.000009975"
},
{
string: "252.088966141 ± 0.000009975"
},
{
string: "253.090562831 ± 0.00000742"
},
{
string: "253.090562831 ± 0.00000742"
},
{
string: "253.090562831 ± 0.00000742"
},
{
string: "253.090562831 ± 0.00000742"
},
{
string: "254.090954259 ± 0.000010367"
},
{
string: "254.090954259 ± 0.000010367"
},
{
string: "254.090954259 ± 0.000010367"
},
{
string: "255.093191404 ± 0.000016"
},
{
string: "255.093191404 ± 0.000016"
},
{
string: "255.093191404 ± 0.000016"
},
{
string: "256.094280866 ± 0.000008312"
},
{
string: "257.096884419 ± 0.000007169"
},
{
string: "257.096884419 ± 0.000007169"
},
{
string: "258.098205 ± 0.000107 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "259.100997503 ± 0.000007073"
},
{
string: "260.102643 ± 0.000215 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "261.105696 ± 0.000215 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "262.107463 ± 0.000387 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "263.110714 ± 0.000526 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "264.112734 ± 0.000634 [Estimated]"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Half Life and Uncertainty",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Not-specified ± <2us"
},
{
string: "57 us ± 12"
},
{
string: "5.0 us ± 0.6"
},
{
string: "51 us ± 18"
},
{
string: "800 ms ± 10"
},
{
string: "1.02 s ± 0.03"
},
{
string: "~2 us"
},
{
string: "2.45 s ± 0.02"
},
{
string: "109 ms ± 4"
},
{
string: "1.56 m ± 0.02"
},
{
string: "30.3 us ± 1.6"
},
{
string: "706 us ± 24"
},
{
string: "627 us ± 5"
},
{
string: "51.2 s ± 0.4"
},
{
string: "264.9 ms ± 1.4"
},
{
string: "183.8 us ± 1.6"
},
{
string: "3.52 m ± 0.18"
},
{
string: "1 s [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "Not-specified"
},
{
string: "2.91 s ± 0.05"
},
{
string: "24.5 s ± 0.5"
},
{
string: "Not-specified"
},
{
string: "1.2 ms ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "58 m ± 5"
},
{
string: "106 ms ± 8"
},
{
string: "3 h [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "~5 ms"
},
{
string: "20 m [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "1 m [Estimated]"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Discovery Year",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: ""
},
{
string: "2003"
},
{
string: "2003"
},
{
string: "2001"
},
{
string: "1967"
},
{
string: "1997"
},
{
string: "2006"
},
{
string: "1967"
},
{
string: "2007"
},
{
string: "1967"
},
{
string: "1973"
},
{
string: "2011"
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: "1966"
},
{
string: "1973"
},
{
string: "2006"
},
{
string: "1967"
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: "1963"
},
{
string: "1967"
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: "1989"
},
{
string: "1973"
},
{
string: "1985"
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: "1989"
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: ""
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Decay Modes, Intensities and Uncertainties [%]",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "SF ?"
},
{
string: "β+ ?; α ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "SF≈100%; α<2.1%; β+=0.00025%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 18,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "SF≈100%; IT ?; α ?"
},
{
string: "α=83±1.6%; β+ ?; SF<0.3%",
markup: [
{
start: 12,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "α=100%"
},
{
string: "IT ?"
},
{
string: "α>66.7±0.6%; SF=32.2±0.5%; β+<1.1±0.4%",
markup: [
{
start: 28,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "α=55±0.3%; β+ ?; SF=0.001%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 12,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "α=?"
},
{
string: "IT ?"
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: "α=90±0.1%; β+=10±0.1%; SF=0.23±0.1%",
markup: [
{
start: 12,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT>80%; SF=0.020±1.2%; α=0.01%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%; SF<0.012%"
},
{
string: "β+=70±0.5%; α=30±0.5%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
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type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: "α≈100%; SF=0.53±0.6%; ε<0.01%[Estimated]"
},
{
string: "α=?; β+=15±0.8%",
markup: [
{
start: 6,
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type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: "SF≈100%; α=0.001%[Estimated]; 2β+ ?",
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start: 32,
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type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "α=75±0.4%; ε=25±0.4%; SF<10%"
},
{
string: "SF=100%"
},
{
string: "α ?"
},
{
string: "SF≈100%; α ?"
},
{
string: "α ?; SF ?"
},
{
string: "α ?; SF ?"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
}
],
reference: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "PubChem",
description: "Data deposited in or computed by PubChem",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
sourceName: "Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)",
sourceID: "e102",
name: "No",
description: "The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.",
url: "https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/",
anid: 6590329
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
sourceName: "Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)",
sourceID: "a102",
name: "Nobelium",
description: "Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report) and CIAAW. The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/",
url: "http://www.ciaaw.org/",
licenseURL: "http://www.ciaaw.org/bylaws.htm",
anid: 2292483
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{
referenceNumber: 4,
sourceName: "Jefferson Lab, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "jlab102",
name: "Nobelium",
description: "Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/",
url: "https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele102.html",
licenseNote: "Please see citation and linking information: https://education.jlab.org/faq/index.html",
licenseURL: "https://www.jlab.org/privacy-and-security-notice",
anid: 507164
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{
referenceNumber: 5,
sourceName: "Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "lanl102",
name: "Nobelium",
description: "The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.",
url: "https://periodic.lanl.gov/102.shtml",
anid: 507282
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
sourceName: "NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory",
sourceID: "e102",
name: "Nobelium",
description: "The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Elements/elInfo.pl?element=102",
licenseURL: "https://www.nist.gov/pml/database-disclaimer",
anid: 2292719
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{
referenceNumber: 7,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "102",
name: "Nobelium",
description: "This section provides all form of data related to element Nobelium.",
anid: 694395
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
sourceName: "PubChem Elements",
sourceID: "102",
name: "No",
description: "The element property data was retrieved from publications.",
anid: 7660103
}
]
}
},
{
record: {
recordType: "AtomicNumber",
recordNumber: 103,
recordTitle: "Lawrencium",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01022.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Lawrencium"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Lawrencium"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
description: "Element symbol, Also called atomic symbol, typically consists of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet derived from the element name in one of several languages.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Lr"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Lr"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "InChI=1S/Lr"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI Key",
description: "International Chemical Identifier hash (InChIKey) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI Key",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "CNQCVBJFEGMYDW-UHFFFAOYSA-N"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "262"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "262"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Relative Mass: 262.10961(22#)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "[Rn]7s25f146d1",
markup: [
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start: 6,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 13,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Electron Configuration",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "[Rn]5f14 7s2 7p",
markup: [
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start: 6,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 11,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
description: "Oxidation state gives the degree of oxidation of an atom in terms of counting electrons.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/O/O04365.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "+3"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "3"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ground Level",
description: "Also called ground-state level. The ground state electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom with lower energy levels.",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/ASD/Html/iehelp.html#IEGROUNDLEV",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ground Level",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "2P°1/2",
markup: [
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start: 0,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 3,
length: 3,
type: "Subscript"
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]
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]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ionization Energy",
description: "Ionization energy is the minimum energy required to eject an electron out of a neutral atom or molecule in its ground state.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/I/I03199.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ionization Energy",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "4.96 eV"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Spectra",
description: "Atomic and ionic spectral lines originate from specified electronic transitions between energy levels of atoms and ions, respectively.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00502.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/levels_hold.pl?el=Lr",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Levels Holdings"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Physical Description",
description: "Physical description, also know as physical characteristics, refers to physical appearance of element substances.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Solid"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Classification",
description: "Elements can be classified few groups according to each element's chemical properties.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Metal"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Period Number",
description: "The element period number refers to a horizontal row of the periodic table. The periodic table has 7 periods.",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/periodic-table-of-the-elements/The-periodic-table#ref80835",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "7"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Group Number",
description: "Element group refers to a set of chemical elements in the same vertical column of the periodic table",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/group-periodic-table",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "3 - Actinide"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Melting Point",
description: "The melting point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from solid to liquid at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/melting-point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1900 K (1627°C or 2961°F)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1627°C"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Crustal Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in earth crust",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Not Applicable"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Oceanic Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in ocean",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Not Applicable"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "History",
description: "Element discovery and related information in history",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Lawrencium was created by four American scientists, Albert Ghiorso, Torbjørn Sikkeland, Almon E. Larsh and Robert M. Latimer, in March, 1961. Working at the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory in Berkeley, California, the scientists placed three micrograms (0.000003 grams) of californium in the target chamber of a device called a linear accelerator. The scientists used the accelerator to bombard the californium with boron ions. Several different isotopes of lawrencium were created and there is some confusion as to which isotope the group actually detected. Today, the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory is known as the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. Lawrencium's most stable isotope, lawrencium-262, has a half-life of about 4 hours. It decays into nobelium-262 through electron capture, mendelevium-258 through alpha decay or through spontaneous fission."
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Named after Lawrence, inventor of the cyclotron. This member of the 5f transition elements (actinide series) was discovered in March 1961 by A. Ghiorso, T. Sikkeland, A.E. Larsh, and R.M. Latimer. A 3-Mg californium target, consisting of a mixture of isotopes of mass number 249, 250, 251, and 252, was bombarded with either 10B or 11B. The electrically charged transmutation nuclei recoiled with an atmosphere of helium and were collected on a thin copper conveyor tape which was then moved to place collected atoms in front of a series of solid-state detectors. The isotope of element 103 produced in this way decayed by emitting an 8.6 MeV alpha particle with a half-life of 8 s.",
markup: [
{
start: 325,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 332,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "In 1967, Flerov and associates at the Dubna Laboratory reported their inability to detect an alpha emitter with a half-life of 8 s which was assigned by the Berkeley group to 257103. This assignment has been changed to 258Lr or 259Lr.",
markup: [
{
start: 175,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 219,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 228,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "In 1965, the Dubna workers found a longer-lived lawrencium isotope, 256Lr, with a half-life of 35 s. In 1968, Thiorso and associates at Berkeley used a few atoms of this isotope to study the oxidation behavior of lawrencium. Using solvent extraction techniques and working very rapidly, they extracted lawrencium ions from a buffered aqueous solution into an organic solvent completing each extraction in about 30 s.",
markup: [
{
start: 68,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Description",
description: "Description about this element",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "254.096481 ± 0.000323 [Estimated]"
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string: "257.099480 ± 0.000047 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "258.101753 ± 0.000109 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "259.102901 ± 0.000076 [Estimated]"
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string: "264.114200 ± 0.000468 [Estimated]"
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{
referenceNumber: 2,
sourceName: "Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)",
sourceID: "e103",
name: "Lr",
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anid: 6590330
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sourceName: "Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)",
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name: "Lawrencium",
description: "Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report) and CIAAW. The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/",
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sourceName: "NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory",
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name: "Lawrencium",
description: "The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database",
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tocHeading: "Identifiers",
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{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
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tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
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url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
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{
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},
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tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
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tocHeading: "InChI Key",
description: "International Chemical Identifier hash (InChIKey) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI Key",
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tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
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{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
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tocHeading: "Ionization Energy",
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tocHeading: "Atomic Spectra",
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url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00502.html",
information: [
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tocHeading: "Element Period Number",
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tocHeading: "Melting Point",
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},
{
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},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Crustal Abundance",
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string: "Not Applicable"
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},
{
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stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Not Applicable"
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{
tocHeading: "History",
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string: "Scientists working at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, Russia, first reported the production of rutherfordium in 1964. They bombarded atoms of plutonium-242 with ions of neon-22, forming what they believed to be atoms of rutherfordium-260 and four free neutrons. In 1969, a group of scientists working at the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, now known as the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, in Berkeley, California, attempted to confirm the Dubna group's discovery. Lacking the equipment needed to accelerate neon ions, the Berkeley group, led by Albert Ghiorso, bombarded atoms of californium-248 and californium-249 with ions of carbon-12 and carbon-13, producing atoms of rutherfordium-257, rutherfordium-258, rutherfordium-259 and rutherfordium-261. They were, however, unable to produce the same isotope as the Dubna group. Credit for the discovery of rutherfordium is still under debate. Rutherfordium's most stable isotope, rutherfordium-263, has a half-life of about 10 minutes and decays through spontaneous fission."
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}
},
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{
string: "In 1964, workers at the Joint Nuclear Research Institute at Dubna (U.S.S.R.) bombarded plutonium with accelerated 113 to 115 MeV neon ions. By measuring fission tracks in a special glass with a microscope, they detected an isotope that decays by spontaneous fission. They suggested that this isotope, which had a half-life of 0.3 +/- 0.1 s might be 260-104, produced by the following reaction: 242Pu + 22Ne >260Rf +4n.",
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{
string: "Element 104, the first transactinide element, is expected to have chemical properties similar to those of hafnium. It would, for example, form a relatively volatile compound with chlorine (a tetrachloride)."
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{
string: "The Soviet scientists have performed experiments aimed at chemical identification, and have attempted to show that the 0.3-s activity is more volatile than that of the relatively nonvolatile actinide trichlorides. This experiment does not fulfill the test of chemically separating the new element from all others, but it provides important evidence for evaluation. Data issued by Soviet scientists reduced the half-life of the isotope they worked with from 0.3 to 0.15 s."
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{
tocHeading: "Description",
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string: "Rutherfordium named after Ernest Rutherford."
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tocHeading: "Uses",
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string: "Due to the small amounts produced and its short half-life, there are currently no uses for rutherfordium outside of basic scientific research."
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{
tocHeading: "Compounds",
description: "Related compounds information to this element",
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stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "See more information at the Rutherfordium compound page."
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string: "254.100053 ± 0.000304 [Estimated]"
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{
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{
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{
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{
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string: "257.102916848 ± 0.000011612"
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string: "258.103426362 ± 0.000034317"
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{
string: "259.105596 ± 0.000078 [Estimated]"
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string: "259.105596 ± 0.000078 [Estimated]"
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{
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{
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string: "262.109923 ± 0.00024 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "263.112460 ± 0.000164 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "264.113878 ± 0.000387 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "265.116683 ± 0.000387 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "266.118172 ± 0.000504 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "267.121787 ± 0.000617 [Estimated]"
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{
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{
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{
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{
string: "25 us ± 2"
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
string: "IT=100%; SF ?"
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{
string: "IT=100%; SF ?"
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{
string: "IT=100%; SF ?"
},
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referenceNumber: 2,
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sourceID: "e104",
name: "Rf",
description: "The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.",
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referenceNumber: 3,
sourceName: "Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)",
sourceID: "a104",
name: "Rutherfordium",
description: "Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report) and CIAAW. The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/",
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name: "Rutherfordium",
description: "The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database",
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tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
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tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
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tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
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tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
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url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
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tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
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section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
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tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
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string: "Scientists working at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, Russia, first reported the production of dubnium in 1967. They bombarded atoms of americium-243 with ions of neon-22, forming atoms of dubnium-260 and five free neutrons and atoms of dubnium-261 and four free neutrons. In 1970, a group of scientists working at the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, now known as the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, in Berkeley, California, bombarded atoms of californium-249 with ions of nitrogen-15, forming atoms of dubnium-260 and 4 free neutrons. Credit for the discovery of dubnium is still under debate. Dubnium's most stable isotope, dubnium-268, has a half-life of about 32 hours and decays through spontaneous fission."
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string: "In 1967 G.N. Flerov reported that a Soviet team working at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research at Dubna may have produced a few atoms of 260105 and 261105 by bombarding 243Am with 22Ne. The evidence was based on time-coincidence measurements of alpha energies.",
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string: "In 1970 Dubna scientists synthesized Element 105 and, by the end of April 1970, \"had investigated all the types of decay of the new element and had determined its chemical properties,\" according to a report in 1970. The Soviet group had not proposed a name for 105. In late April 1970, it was announced that Ghiorso, Nurmia, Haris, K.A.Y. Eskola, and P.L. Eskola, working at the University of California at Berkeley, had positively identified element 105. The discovery was made by bombarding a target of 249Cf with a beam of 84 MeV nitrogen nuclei in the Heavy Ion Linear Accelerator (HILAC). When a15N nuclear is absorbed by a 249Cf nucleus, four neutrons are emitted and a new atom of 260105 with a half-life of 1.6 s is formed. While the first atoms of Element 105 are said to have been detected conclusively on March 5, 1970, there is evidence that Element 105 had been formed in Berkeley experiments a year earlier by the method described.",
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string: "1.7 s ± 0.4"
},
{
string: "2.3 s ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "670 ms ± 60"
},
{
string: "4.5 s ± 0.4"
},
{
string: "1.9 s ± 0.5"
},
{
string: "510 ms ± 160"
},
{
string: "1.52 s ± 0.13"
},
{
string: "4.7 s ± 1.0"
},
{
string: "34 s ± 4"
},
{
string: "Not-specified"
},
{
string: "29 s ± 9"
},
{
string: "3 m [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "15 m [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "80 m ± 70"
},
{
string: "100 m ± 60"
},
{
string: "29 h ± 4"
},
{
string: "3 h [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "2.0 h ± 1.3"
}
]
}
},
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string: "1977"
},
{
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{
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{
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{
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},
{
string: "1985"
},
{
string: "2001"
},
{
string: "1970"
},
{
string: "1970"
},
{
string: "1971"
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: "1992"
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: "2007"
},
{
string: "2004"
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{
string: "2004"
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{
string: ""
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{
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sourceName: "Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)",
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sourceName: "Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)",
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description: "The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database",
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{
tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01022.html",
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tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
description: "Element symbol, Also called atomic symbol, typically consists of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet derived from the element name in one of several languages.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
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}
}
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},
{
tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
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},
{
tocHeading: "InChI Key",
description: "International Chemical Identifier hash (InChIKey) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI Key",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
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},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
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tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
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value: {
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tocHeading: "Ionization Energy",
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}
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},
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tocHeading: "Atomic Spectra",
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url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00502.html",
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tocHeading: "Element Period Number",
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tocHeading: "Estimated Crustal Abundance",
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url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust",
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tocHeading: "History",
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string: "Seaborgium was first produced by a team of scientists led by Albert Ghiorso working at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory in Berkeley, California, in 1974. They created seaborgium by bombarding atoms of californium-249 with ions of oxygen-18 using a machine called the Super-Heavy Ion Linear Accelerator. The collision produced atoms of seaborgium-263 and four free neutrons. Seaborgium-263 is an isotope of seaborgium with a half-life of about 1 second. Three months before the Berkeley group announced their discovery, a team of scientists working at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, Russia, claimed to have produced seaborgium. Their method involved bombarding atoms of lead-207 and lead-208 with ions of chromium-54 with a device called a cyclotron. They believed that they had produced atoms of seaborgium-259. The Berkeley group's work was confirmed in 1993 and they were credited with the discovery. Seaborgium's most stable isotope, seaborgium-271, has a half-life of about 2.4 minutes. It decays into rutherfordium-267 through alpha decay or decays through spontaneous fission.."
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type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "264Sg",
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type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "265Sg",
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start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "265Sgm",
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start: 0,
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type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 5,
length: 1,
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},
{
string: "266Sg",
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},
{
string: "267Sg",
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start: 0,
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]
},
{
string: "268Sg",
markup: [
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start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "269Sg",
markup: [
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start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "270Sg",
markup: [
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start: 0,
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type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "271Sg",
markup: [
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start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "272Sg",
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]
},
{
string: "273Sg",
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]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Atomic Mass and Uncertainty [u]",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "258.112984 ± 0.000443 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "259.114353 ± 0.000123 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "259.114353 ± 0.000123 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "260.114383508 ± 0.000022045"
},
{
string: "261.115948188 ± 0.000019853"
},
{
string: "261.115948188 ± 0.000019853"
},
{
string: "262.116335446 ± 0.000038015"
},
{
string: "263.118294 ± 0.000102 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "263.118294 ± 0.000102 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "264.118929 ± 0.000304 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "265.121090 ± 0.000132 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "265.121090 ± 0.000132 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "266.121973 ± 0.000263 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "267.124322 ± 0.000276 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "268.125392 ± 0.000504 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "269.128570 ± 0.000391 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "270.130426 ± 0.000598 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "271.133932 ± 0.000628 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "272.135890 ± 0.000781 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "273.139580 ± 0.00054 [Estimated]"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Half Life and Uncertainty",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "2.7 ms ± 0.5"
},
{
string: "402 ms ± 56"
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{
string: "226 ms ± 27"
},
{
string: "4.95 ms ± 0.33"
},
{
string: "183 ms ± 5"
},
{
string: "9.3 us ± 1.8"
},
{
string: "10.9 ms ± 2.3"
},
{
string: "940 ms ± 140"
},
{
string: "420 ms ± 100"
},
{
string: "47 ms ± 20"
},
{
string: "9.2 s ± 1.6"
},
{
string: "16.4 s ± 2.4"
},
{
string: "390 ms ± 110"
},
{
string: "1.8 m ± 0.7"
},
{
string: "2 m [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "5 m ± 3"
},
{
string: "3 m [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "3.1 m ± 1.6"
},
{
string: "4 m [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "5 m [Estimated]"
}
]
}
},
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referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Discovery Year",
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{
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},
{
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{
string: "1984"
},
{
string: "2010"
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{
string: "2001"
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{
string: "1974"
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{
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{
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{
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{
string: "1994"
},
{
string: "2006"
},
{
string: "2008"
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{
string: ""
},
{
string: "2010"
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{
string: ""
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{
string: "2004"
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{
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string: ""
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{
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{
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{
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{
string: "IT=100%"
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{
string: "SF≈100%; α ?"
},
{
string: "α=87±0.8%; SF=13±0.8%"
},
{
string: "α=?; IT ?"
},
{
string: "SF≈100%; α ?"
},
{
string: "α>50%; SF ?"
},
{
string: "α>65±1.6%; SF ?"
},
{
string: "SF=100%"
},
{
string: "SF=83%; α=17%"
},
{
string: "α ?; SF ?"
},
{
string: "α≈100%; SF ?"
},
{
string: "α ?; SF ?"
},
{
string: "α=70%; SF=30%"
},
{
string: "α ?; SF ?"
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{
string: "SF ?"
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reference: [
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sourceName: "PubChem",
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{
referenceNumber: 2,
sourceName: "Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)",
sourceID: "e106",
name: "Sg",
description: "The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.",
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anid: 6590333
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sourceName: "Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)",
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url: "https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele106.html",
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name: "Seaborgium",
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url: "https://periodic.lanl.gov/106.shtml",
anid: 507286
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referenceNumber: 6,
sourceName: "NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory",
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name: "Seaborgium",
description: "The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database",
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recordTitle: "Bohrium",
section: [
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tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01022.html",
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name: "Element Name",
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tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
description: "Element symbol, Also called atomic symbol, typically consists of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet derived from the element name in one of several languages.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
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name: "Element Symbol",
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}
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name: "Element Symbol",
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string: "Bh"
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}
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]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
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{
tocHeading: "InChI Key",
description: "International Chemical Identifier hash (InChIKey) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI Key",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "INOXRQQPOOCQPH-UHFFFAOYSA-N"
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}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
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string: "Relative Mass: 272.13826(58#)"
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}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
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tocHeading: "Atomic Radius",
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referenceNumber: 5,
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tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
description: "Oxidation state gives the degree of oxidation of an atom in terms of counting electrons.",
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{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
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string: "7, (5), (4), (3) (parenthesized oxidation states are predictions)"
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]
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tocHeading: "Ground Level",
description: "Also called ground-state level. The ground state electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom with lower energy levels.",
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tocHeading: "Ionization Energy",
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]
}
}
]
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{
tocHeading: "Atomic Spectra",
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url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00502.html",
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string: "Levels Holdings"
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tocHeading: "Element Period Number",
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url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/periodic-table-of-the-elements/The-periodic-table#ref80835",
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tocHeading: "Estimated Crustal Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in earth crust",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust",
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tocHeading: "Estimated Oceanic Abundance",
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
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tocHeading: "History",
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string: "First produced in 1976 by scientists working at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, Russia, and later confirmed in 1981 by Peter Armbruster, Gottfried Münzenber and their team working at the Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung in Darmstadt, Germany, bohrium was produced by bombarding a target of bismuth-209 with ions of chromium-54. Bohrium's most stable isotope, bohrium-270, has a half-life of about 1 minute. It decays into dubnium-266 through alpha decay."
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string: "In 1976 Soviet scientists at Dubna announced they had synthesized element 107 by bombarding 204Bi with heavy nuclei of 54Cr. Reports say that experiments in 1975 had allowed scientists \"to glimpse\" the new element for 2/1000 s. A rapidly rotating cylinder, coated with a thin layer of bismuth metal, was used as a target. This was bombarded by a stream of 54Cr ions fired tangentially.",
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string: "The existence of element 107 was confirmed by a team of West German physicists at the Heavy Ion Research Laboratory at Darmstadt, who created and identified six nuclei of element 107."
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tocHeading: "Description",
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tocHeading: "Uses",
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
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string: "Since only a few atoms of bohrium have ever been made, there are currently no uses for bohrium outside of basic scientific research."
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tocHeading: "Compounds",
description: "Related compounds information to this element",
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string: "274Bh",
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string: "260.121658 ± 0.000263 [Estimated]"
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string: "261.121454 ± 0.000224 [Estimated]"
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string: "262.122965 ± 0.000328 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "262.122965 ± 0.000328 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "263.122916 ± 0.000327 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "264.124593 ± 0.00019 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "264.124593 ± 0.00019 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "265.124977 ± 0.000251 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "266.126790 ± 0.000175 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "267.127500 ± 0.000282 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "268.129691 ± 0.000409 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "269.130412 ± 0.000402 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "270.133362 ± 0.000308 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "271.135182 ± 0.000446 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "272.138261 ± 0.000571 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "273.140240 ± 0.000743 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "274.143513 ± 0.000664 [Estimated]"
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{
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{
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{
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{
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string: "3.8 m ± 3.0"
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{
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{
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tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
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tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
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tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
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{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
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tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
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string: "268Hs",
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},
{
string: "269Hs",
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},
{
string: "270Hs",
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{
string: "271Hs",
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string: "274Hs",
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referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Atomic Mass and Uncertainty [u]",
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stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "263.128480 ± 0.000134 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "263.128480 ± 0.000134 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "264.128356405 ± 0.000031005"
},
{
string: "265.129791799 ± 0.000025719"
},
{
string: "265.129791799 ± 0.000025719"
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{
string: "266.130045252 ± 0.00004154"
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{
string: "266.130045252 ± 0.00004154"
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{
string: "267.131673 ± 0.000103 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "267.131673 ± 0.000103 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "268.131863 ± 0.000304 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "269.133725 ± 0.000133 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "270.134314 ± 0.000266 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "271.137135 ± 0.000301 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "272.138494 ± 0.000547 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "273.141590 ± 0.000394 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "273.141590 ± 0.000394 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "274.143303 ± 0.000635 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "275.146667 ± 0.000631 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "276.148455 ± 0.00081 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "277.151899 ± 0.000581 [Estimated]"
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string: "277.151899 ± 0.000581 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "360 us ± 150"
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{
string: "3.02 ms ± 0.54"
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{
string: "280 ms ± 220"
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{
string: "55 ms ± 11"
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{
string: "990 us ± 90"
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{
string: "1.42 s ± 1.13"
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{
string: "16 s ± 6"
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{
string: "9 s ± 4"
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{
string: "10 s [Estimated]"
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{
string: "10 s [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "1060 ms ± 500"
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{
string: "Not-specified"
},
{
string: "500 ms [Estimated]"
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{
string: "290 ms ± 150"
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{
string: "100 ms [Estimated]"
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{
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{
string: "α≈100%; SF<1%"
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{
string: "α≈100%; IT ?"
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{
string: "α=?; SF≈1.4%[Estimated]"
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{
string: "α=?"
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string: "α>80%; SF ?"
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{
string: "α=?; IT ?"
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{
string: "α≈100%"
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{
string: "α=100%"
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{
string: "α=100%; SF ?"
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{
string: "α ?; SF ?"
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{
string: "α ?; SF ?"
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{
string: "α≈100%"
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{
string: "α ?; SF ?"
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{
string: "α ?; SF ?"
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string: "α=100%"
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string: "α ?; SF ?"
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description: "The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database",
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tocHeading: "Identifiers",
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{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
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url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
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tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
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information: [
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tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
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tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
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tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
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url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00502.html",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 6,
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string: "Meitnerium was first produced by Peter Armbruster, Gottfried Münzenber and their team working at the Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung in Darmstadt, Germany in 1982. They bombarded atoms of bismuth-209 with ions of iron-58 with a device known as a linear accelerator. This produced atoms of meitnerium-266, an isotope with a half-life of about 3.8 milliseconds (0.0038 seconds), and a free neutron. Meitnerium's most stable isotope, meitnerium-278, has a half-life of about 8 seconds. It decays into bohrium-274 through alpha decay."
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string: "In this experiment, a week of target bombardment was required to produce a single fused nucleus. The team confirmed the existence of element 109 by four independent measurements. The newly formed atom recoiled from the target at predicted velocity and was separated from smaller, faster nuclei by a newly developed velocity filter. The time of flight to the detector and the striking energy were measured and found to match predicted values."
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{
string: "The nucleus of 266X started to decay 5 ms after striking the detector. A high-energy alpha particle was emitted, producing 262/107X. This in turn emitted an alpha particle, becoming 258/105Db, which in turn captured an electron and became 258/104Rf. This in turn decayed into other nuclides. This experiment demonstrated the feasibility of using fusion techniques as a method of making new, heavy nuclei.",
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{
tocHeading: "Description",
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},
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string: "268Mt",
markup: [
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start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "269Mt",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "270Mt",
markup: [
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start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "271Mt",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "272Mt",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "273Mt",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "274Mt",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "275Mt",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "276Mt",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "276Mtm",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 5,
length: 1,
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},
{
string: "277Mt",
markup: [
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start: 0,
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},
{
string: "278Mt",
markup: [
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start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "279Mt",
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start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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}
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}
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name: "Atomic Mass and Uncertainty [u]",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "265.135995 ± 0.000484 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "266.137373 ± 0.000329 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "266.137373 ± 0.000329 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "267.137189 ± 0.00054 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "268.138649 ± 0.00025 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "269.138884 ± 0.000497 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "270.140323 ± 0.000183 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "271.140742 ± 0.000354 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "272.143406 ± 0.000521 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "273.144620 ± 0.000455 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "274.147339 ± 0.00038 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "275.149039 ± 0.000449 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "276.151708 ± 0.000571 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "276.151708 ± 0.000571 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "277.153483 ± 0.000751 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "278.156454 ± 0.000666 [Estimated]"
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string: "279.158343 ± 0.000716 [Estimated]"
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}
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name: "Half Life and Uncertainty",
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stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "2 ms [Estimated]"
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string: "10 ms [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "27 ms ± 6"
},
{
string: "100 ms [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "6.3 ms ± 1.5"
},
{
string: "400 ms [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "400 ms [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "800 ms [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "850 ms ± 540"
},
{
string: "117 ms ± 74"
},
{
string: "630 ms ± 100"
},
{
string: "10 s ± 5"
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{
string: "9 s ± 6"
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{
string: "7 s ± 3"
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string: "30 s [Estimated]"
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string: ""
},
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{
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{
string: ""
},
{
string: "2004"
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{
string: ""
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{
string: ""
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: "2007"
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{
string: "2004"
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{
string: "2004"
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{
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{
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{
string: "α=100%"
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{
string: "α ?"
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string: "α≈100%"
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{
string: "α ?"
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{
string: "α ?; SF ?"
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{
string: "α ?; SF ?"
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{
string: "α=100%"
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{
string: "α=100%"
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{
string: "α=100%"
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{
string: "α=100%"
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string: "SF=100%; α ?"
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{
string: "α=100%"
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string: "α ?; SF ?"
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}
],
reference: [
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referenceNumber: 1,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "PubChem",
description: "Data deposited in or computed by PubChem",
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{
referenceNumber: 2,
sourceName: "Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)",
sourceID: "e109",
name: "Mt",
description: "The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.",
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anid: 6590336
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{
referenceNumber: 3,
sourceName: "Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)",
sourceID: "a109",
name: "Meitnerium",
description: "Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report) and CIAAW. The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/",
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url: "https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele109.html",
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licenseURL: "https://www.jlab.org/privacy-and-security-notice",
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referenceNumber: 5,
sourceName: "Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "lanl109",
name: "Meitnerium",
description: "The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.",
url: "https://periodic.lanl.gov/109.shtml",
anid: 507289
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{
referenceNumber: 6,
sourceName: "NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory",
sourceID: "e109",
name: "Meitnerium",
description: "The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements.",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Elements/elInfo.pl?element=109",
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recordNumber: 110,
recordTitle: "Darmstadtium",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01022.html",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Darmstadtium"
}
]
}
},
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referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Darmstadtium"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
description: "Element symbol, Also called atomic symbol, typically consists of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet derived from the element name in one of several languages.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Ds"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Ds"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "InChI=1S/Ds"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI Key",
description: "International Chemical Identifier hash (InChIKey) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI Key",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "NCBMSFCPDGXTHD-UHFFFAOYSA-N"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "281"
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}
},
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string: "281"
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}
},
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referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Relative Mass: 281.16451(59#)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Radius",
description: "Atomic radius is the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell containing electrons.",
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referenceNumber: 5,
name: "Empirical Atomic Radius",
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string: "empirical: 132 pm (predicted)"
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}
}
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},
{
tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
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url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/O/O04365.html",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
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string: "8, 6, 4, 2, 0 (predicted)"
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}
}
]
},
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tocHeading: "Atomic Spectra",
description: "Atomic and ionic spectral lines originate from specified electronic transitions between energy levels of atoms and ions, respectively.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00502.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/levels_hold.pl?el=Ds",
value: {
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string: "Levels holdings"
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}
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tocHeading: "Physical Description",
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information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Expected to be a Solid"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Classification",
description: "Elements can be classified few groups according to each element's chemical properties.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Metal"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Period Number",
description: "The element period number refers to a horizontal row of the periodic table. The periodic table has 7 periods.",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/periodic-table-of-the-elements/The-periodic-table#ref80835",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
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},
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tocHeading: "Element Group Number",
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url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/group-periodic-table",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "10"
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}
}
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},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Crustal Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in earth crust",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Not Applicable"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Oceanic Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in ocean",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Not Applicable"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "History",
description: "Element discovery and related information in history",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Darmstadtium was first produced by Peter Armbruster, Gottfried Münzenber and their team working at the Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung in Darmstadt, Germany on November 9th, 1994. They bombarded atoms of lead with ions of nickel with a device known as a linear accelerator. This produced one atom of darmstadtium-269, an isotope with a half-life of about 0.17 milliseconds (0.00017 seconds), after at least a billion billion (1,000,000,000,000,000,000) nickel ions were fired at the lead target over the course of a week. Darmstadtium's most stable isotope, darmstadtium-281, has a half-life of about 20 seconds. About 15% of the time, it decays into hassium-277 through alpha decay. The remaining 85% of the time, it decays through spontaneous fission."
}
]
}
},
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value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "November 9, 1994 at 4:39 pm, the first atom with atomic number 110 was detected at the Gesellschaft fur Schwerionenforschung (GSI) in Darmstadt, in Germany."
},
{
string: "Element 110 was produced by fusing a nickel and lead atom together. This was achieved by accelerating the nickel atoms to a high energy in the heavy ion accelerator.\"This rare reaction occurs only at a very specific velocity of the nickel projectile. Over a period of many days, many billion billion nickel atoms must be shot at a lead target in order to produce and identify a single atom of element 110. The atoms produced in the nickel-lead collisions are selected by a velocity filter and then captured in a detector system which measures their decay. The energy of the emitted helium nuclei serves to identify the atom\" (Press Release). This element was only found to have a lifetime of less than 1/1000th of a second. It is expected that soon a heavier version of element 110 that might be more stable, and that lives slightly longer will be developed."
},
{
string: "The name darmstatdium was confirmed by IUPAC in August 2003."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Description",
description: "Description about this element",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Darmstadtium is named after the city Darmstadt, Germany."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Uses",
description: "Uses information in industry and other fields",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Since only a few atoms of darmstadtium have ever been produced, it currently has no uses outside of basic scientific research."
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]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Isotopes",
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referenceNumber: 4,
name: "Stable Isotope Count",
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stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "0"
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tocHeading: "Atomic Mass, Half Life, and Decay",
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string: "270.144583090 ± 0.000051542"
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string: "271.145946 ± 0.000104 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "272.146018 ± 0.000443 [Estimated]"
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string: "273.148531 ± 0.000144 [Estimated]"
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string: "273.148531 ± 0.000144 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "275.151976 ± 0.000441 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "276.153024 ± 0.000588 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "277.155815 ± 0.000412 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "278.157146 ± 0.000671 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "279.160093 ± 0.000642 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "280.161590 ± 0.000838 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "281.164715 ± 0.000622 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "281.164715 ± 0.000622 [Estimated]"
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name: "Half Life and Uncertainty",
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{
string: "10 us ± 8"
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{
string: "100 us [Estimated]"
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{
string: "230 us ± 110"
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{
string: "205 us ± 48"
},
{
string: "10 ms ± 6"
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{
string: "90 ms ± 40"
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{
string: "1.7 ms ± 0.4"
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{
string: "200 ms [Estimated]"
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{
string: "240 us ± 80"
},
{
string: "120 ms"
},
{
string: "10 ms [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "10 ms [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "100 ms [Estimated]"
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{
string: "6 ms ± 3"
},
{
string: "270 ms [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "210 ms ± 50"
},
{
string: "11 s ± 6"
},
{
string: "14 s ± 4"
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{
string: "0.9 s ± 0.7"
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
string: "SF ?"
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{
string: "α=100%"
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{
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{
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{
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recordTitle: "Roentgenium",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01022.html",
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name: "Element Name",
value: {
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string: "Roentgenium"
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name: "Element Name",
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tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
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url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
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name: "Element Symbol",
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string: "Rg"
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name: "Element Symbol",
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string: "Rg"
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{
tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "InChI=1S/Rg"
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},
{
tocHeading: "InChI Key",
description: "International Chemical Identifier hash (InChIKey) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI Key",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "LJROPTGWFUZRDB-UHFFFAOYSA-N"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "281"
}
]
}
},
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string: "282"
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]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Relative Mass: 280.16514(61#)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "[Rn] 7s2 5f14 6d9(predicted)",
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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tocHeading: "Atomic Radius",
description: "Atomic radius is the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell containing electrons.",
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referenceNumber: 5,
name: "Empirical Atomic Radius",
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stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "empirical: 138 pm (predicted)"
}
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}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
description: "Oxidation state gives the degree of oxidation of an atom in terms of counting electrons.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/O/O04365.html",
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{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "5, 3, 1, −1 (predicted)"
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]
}
}
]
},
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tocHeading: "Physical Description",
description: "Physical description, also know as physical characteristics, refers to physical appearance of element substances.",
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Expected to be a Solid"
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]
}
}
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},
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tocHeading: "Element Classification",
description: "Elements can be classified few groups according to each element's chemical properties.",
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Metal"
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]
}
}
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},
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tocHeading: "Element Period Number",
description: "The element period number refers to a horizontal row of the periodic table. The periodic table has 7 periods.",
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value: {
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tocHeading: "Element Group Number",
description: "Element group refers to a set of chemical elements in the same vertical column of the periodic table",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/group-periodic-table",
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "11"
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},
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tocHeading: "Estimated Crustal Abundance",
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url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust",
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referenceNumber: 4,
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tocHeading: "Estimated Oceanic Abundance",
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Not Applicable"
}
]
}
}
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}
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{
tocHeading: "History",
description: "Element discovery and related information in history",
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value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Roentgenium was first produced by Peter Armbruster, Gottfried Münzenber and their team working at the Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung in Darmstadt, Germany in late 1994. They bombarded atoms of bismuth-209 with ions of nickel-64 with a device known as a linear accelerator. This produced three atoms of roentgenium-272, an isotope with a half-life of about 1.5 milliseconds (0.0015 seconds), and a free neutron. Roentgenium's most stable isotope, roentgenium-281, has a half-life of about 26 seconds and decays through spontaneous fission."
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]
}
},
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value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Discovered by Gesellschaft Schwerionenforschung (GSI) in Darmstadt, in 1994. Reasearch group of S. Hofmann, V. Ninov, F.P. Hessberger, P. Armbruster, H. Folger, G. Munzenberg, H.J. Schott, and others."
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]
}
}
]
},
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tocHeading: "Description",
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referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Roentgenium is named after Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen."
}
]
}
}
]
},
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tocHeading: "Uses",
description: "Uses information in industry and other fields",
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Since only a few atoms of roentgenium have ever been produced, it currently has no uses outside of basic scientific research."
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]
}
}
]
},
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tocHeading: "Isotopes",
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name: "Stable Isotope Count",
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string: "0"
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],
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{
string: "275.155981 ± 0.000557 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "276.158333 ± 0.000675 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "277.159247 ± 0.000558 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "278.161587 ± 0.000383 [Estimated]"
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string: "280.165203 ± 0.000571 [Estimated]"
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
string: "α ?; SF ?"
},
{
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{
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{
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{
string: "α=100%"
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{
string: "α=100%"
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tocHeading: "Element Name",
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referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Cn"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "InChI=1S/Cn"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI Key",
description: "International Chemical Identifier hash (InChIKey) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI Key",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "NOTIIDSZELDPOP-UHFFFAOYSA-N"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "285"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "285"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Relative Mass: 285.17712(60#)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[Rn] 7s2 5f14 6d10(predicted)",
markup: [
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start: 7,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 16,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
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]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Radius",
description: "Atomic radius is the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell containing electrons.",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_radius",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
name: "Empirical Atomic Radius",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "empirical: 147 pm (predicted)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
description: "Oxidation state gives the degree of oxidation of an atom in terms of counting electrons.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/O/O04365.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "2, (1), 0 (parenthesized oxidation states are predictions)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Physical Description",
description: "Physical description, also know as physical characteristics, refers to physical appearance of element substances.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Expected to be a Solid"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Classification",
description: "Elements can be classified few groups according to each element's chemical properties.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Metal"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Period Number",
description: "The element period number refers to a horizontal row of the periodic table. The periodic table has 7 periods.",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/periodic-table-of-the-elements/The-periodic-table#ref80835",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "7"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Group Number",
description: "Element group refers to a set of chemical elements in the same vertical column of the periodic table",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/group-periodic-table",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "12"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Boiling Point",
description: "Boiling Point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from liquid to gas at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "357+112−108K(84+112−108°C,183+202−194°F)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Crustal Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in earth crust",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Not Applicable"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Oceanic Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in ocean",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Not Applicable"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "History",
description: "Element discovery and related information in history",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Copernicium was first produced by Peter Armbruster, Gottfried Münzenber and their team working at the Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung in Darmstadt, Germany on February 9, 1996. They bombarded atoms of lead with ions of zinc with a device known as a linear accelerator. This produced atoms of copernicium-277, an isotope with a half-life of about 0.24 milliseconds (0.00024 seconds). Copernicium's most stable isotope, copernicium-285, has a half-life of about 30 seconds. It decays into darmstadtium-281 through alpha decay."
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "On February 9, 1996, element 277Cn was created at the Gesellschaft fur Schwerionenforschung in Darmstadt, Germany by using the reaction 208Pb + 70Zn. Unlike element 110, Copernicium has properties more similar to radon than mercury, but due to its short half-life, it is difficult to study. As of 2011, Copernicum's most stable isotope has an atomic weight of 285.",
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},
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start: 144,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Description",
description: "Description about this element",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Copernicium is named after the astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Uses",
description: "Uses information in industry and other fields",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Since only a few atoms of copernicium have ever been produced, it currently has no uses outside of basic scientific research."
},
{
string: "Originally, the symbol Cp was recommended for Copernicium. That symbol was rejected because Cp had previously been used for the element lutetium which, prior to 1949, had cassiopeium as an alternative allowed name. Please see this file for additional details."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Isotopes",
description: "Isotopes are variants of a chemical element which contain different neutron number",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
name: "Stable Isotope Count",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "0"
}
]
}
}
],
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Mass, Half Life, and Decay",
description: "This section provides the information from the Nubase2016. The number after the ± refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton. The '?' refers to 'not determined or qualified'. For further explainations, click read more below.",
url: "https://pubchemdocs.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nubase2016",
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"Decay Modes, Intensities and Uncertainties [%]"
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}
}
},
information: [
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referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Nuclide",
value: {
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{
string: "276Cn",
markup: [
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start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "277Cn",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "278Cn",
markup: [
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start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "279Cn",
markup: [
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start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "280Cn",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "281Cn",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "282Cn",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "283Cn",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "284Cn",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "285Cn",
markup: [
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start: 0,
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type: "Superscript"
}
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},
{
string: "285Cnm",
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start: 5,
length: 1,
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}
},
{
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name: "Atomic Mass and Uncertainty [u]",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "276.161410 ± 0.00064 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "277.163611 ± 0.000153 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "278.164179 ± 0.00047 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "279.166432 ± 0.00049 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "280.167147 ± 0.000626 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "281.169641 ± 0.000416 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "282.170668 ± 0.000704 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "283.173362 ± 0.000653 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "284.174499 ± 0.000865 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "285.177321 ± 0.000624 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "285.177321 ± 0.000624 [Estimated]"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Half Life and Uncertainty",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "100 us [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "850 us ± 280"
},
{
string: "2 ms [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "5 ms [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "5 ms [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "180 ms ± 80"
},
{
string: "900 us ± 240"
},
{
string: "4.1 s ± 1.0"
},
{
string: "104 ms ± 20"
},
{
string: "32 s ± 9"
},
{
string: "15 s ± 12"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Discovery Year",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: ""
},
{
string: "1996"
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: "2010"
},
{
string: "2004"
},
{
string: "2004"
},
{
string: "2004"
},
{
string: "2004"
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{
string: "2012"
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]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Decay Modes, Intensities and Uncertainties [%]",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "α ?; SF ?"
},
{
string: "α=100%"
},
{
string: "α ?; SF ?"
},
{
string: "α ?; SF ?"
},
{
string: "α ?; SF ?"
},
{
string: "α≈100%; SF ?"
},
{
string: "SF=100%"
},
{
string: "α=?; SF<10%"
},
{
string: "SF=100%"
},
{
string: "α=100%"
},
{
string: "α=100%"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
}
],
reference: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "PubChem",
description: "Data deposited in or computed by PubChem",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
sourceName: "Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)",
sourceID: "e112",
name: "Cn",
description: "The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.",
url: "https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/",
anid: 6590339
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
sourceName: "Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)",
sourceID: "a112",
name: "Copernicium",
description: "Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report) and CIAAW. The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/",
url: "http://www.ciaaw.org/",
licenseURL: "http://www.ciaaw.org/bylaws.htm",
anid: 2292493
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
sourceName: "Jefferson Lab, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "jlab112",
name: "Copernicium",
description: "Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/",
url: "https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele112.html",
licenseNote: "Please see citation and linking information: https://education.jlab.org/faq/index.html",
licenseURL: "https://www.jlab.org/privacy-and-security-notice",
anid: 507174
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
sourceName: "Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "lanl112",
name: "Copernicium (ununbium or eka-mercury)",
description: "The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.",
url: "https://periodic.lanl.gov/112.shtml",
anid: 507292
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
sourceName: "NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory",
sourceID: "e112",
name: "Copernicium",
description: "The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements.",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Elements/elInfo.pl?element=112",
licenseURL: "https://www.nist.gov/pml/database-disclaimer",
anid: 2292729
}
]
}
},
{
record: {
recordType: "AtomicNumber",
recordNumber: 113,
recordTitle: "Nihonium",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01022.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Nihonium"
}
]
}
},
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referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Nihonium"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
description: "Element symbol, Also called atomic symbol, typically consists of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet derived from the element name in one of several languages.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Nh"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Nh"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "InChI=1S/Nh"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI Key",
description: "International Chemical Identifier hash (InChIKey) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI Key",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "KUGNSLWRKGRKGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "286"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "286"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Relative Mass: 284.17873(62#)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[Rn] 5f14 6d10 7s2 7p1(predicted)",
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start: 7,
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type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 12,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 21,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
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]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Radius",
description: "Atomic radius is the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell containing electrons.",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_radius",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
name: "Empirical Atomic Radius",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "empirical: 170 pm (predicted)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Physical Description",
description: "Physical description, also know as physical characteristics, refers to physical appearance of element substances.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Expected to be a Solid"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Classification",
description: "Elements can be classified few groups according to each element's chemical properties.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Metal"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Period Number",
description: "The element period number refers to a horizontal row of the periodic table. The periodic table has 7 periods.",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/periodic-table-of-the-elements/The-periodic-table#ref80835",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "7"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Group Number",
description: "Element group refers to a set of chemical elements in the same vertical column of the periodic table",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/group-periodic-table",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "13"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Melting Point",
description: "The melting point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from solid to liquid at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/melting-point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "700K(430°C,810°F)(predicted)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Boiling Point",
description: "Boiling Point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from liquid to gas at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1430K(1130°C,2070°F)(predicted)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Crustal Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in earth crust",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Not Applicable"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Oceanic Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in ocean",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Not Applicable"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "History",
description: "Element discovery and related information in history",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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sourceName: "Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "lanl114",
name: "Flerovium",
description: "The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.",
url: "https://periodic.lanl.gov/114.shtml",
anid: 507294
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{
referenceNumber: 6,
sourceName: "NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory",
sourceID: "e114",
name: "Flerovium",
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record: {
recordType: "AtomicNumber",
recordNumber: 115,
recordTitle: "Moscovium",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01022.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Moscovium"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Moscovium"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
description: "Element symbol, Also called atomic symbol, typically consists of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet derived from the element name in one of several languages.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Mc"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Mc"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "InChI=1S/Mc"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI Key",
description: "International Chemical Identifier hash (InChIKey) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI Key",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "QDXZEHQJHSHEQF-UHFFFAOYSA-N"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "289"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "289"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Relative Mass: 288.19274(62#)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[Rn] 7s2 7p3 5f14 6d10(predicted)",
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start: 7,
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type: "Superscript"
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type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 20,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
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}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Radius",
description: "Atomic radius is the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell containing electrons.",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_radius",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
name: "Empirical Atomic Radius",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "empirical: 187 pm (predicted)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
description: "Oxidation state gives the degree of oxidation of an atom in terms of counting electrons.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/O/O04365.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1, 3 (prediction)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Physical Description",
description: "Physical description, also know as physical characteristics, refers to physical appearance of element substances.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Expected to be a Solid"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Classification",
description: "Elements can be classified few groups according to each element's chemical properties.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Metal"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Period Number",
description: "The element period number refers to a horizontal row of the periodic table. The periodic table has 7 periods.",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/periodic-table-of-the-elements/The-periodic-table#ref80835",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "7"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Group Number",
description: "Element group refers to a set of chemical elements in the same vertical column of the periodic table",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/group-periodic-table",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "15 - Pnictogen"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Melting Point",
description: "The melting point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from solid to liquid at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/melting-point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "670K(400°C,750°F)(predicted)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Boiling Point",
description: "Boiling Point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from liquid to gas at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "~1400K(~1100°C,~2000°F)(predicted)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Crustal Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in earth crust",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Not Applicable"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Oceanic Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in ocean",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Not Applicable"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "History",
description: "Element discovery and related information in history",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "On February 2, 2004, scientists working at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, Russia, along with scientists from the U.S. Department of Energy's Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and Oak Ridge National Laboratory, announced the creation of moscovium. In experiments performed between July 14, 2003 and August 10, 2003, atoms of americium-243 were bombarded with ions of calcium-48 using a device called a cyclotron. This produced one atom of moscovium-287 and three atoms of moscovium-288. All four atoms quickly decayed into other elements. Moscovium's most stable isotope, moscovium-289, has a half-life of about 220 milliseconds. It decays into nihonium-285 through alpha decay."
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "On Novemer 28th, 2016, element 115 was named Moscovium with the symbol Mc. Moscovium is the Moscow region of Russia, which is home to much of Russia’s superheavy element research. Muscovium was discovered by together by the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna (Russia), Oak Ridge National Laboratory (USA), Vanderbilt University (USA) and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (USA)."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Uses",
description: "Uses information in industry and other fields",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Since only a few atoms of moscovium have ever been produced, it currently has no uses outside of basic scientific research."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Isotopes",
description: "Isotopes are variants of a chemical element which contain different neutron number",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
name: "Stable Isotope Count",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "0"
}
]
}
}
],
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Mass, Half Life, and Decay",
description: "This section provides the information from the Nubase2016. The number after the ± refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton. The '?' refers to 'not determined or qualified'. For further explainations, click read more below.",
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name: "Atomic Mass and Uncertainty [u]",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "287.190978 ± 0.000471 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "288.192992 ± 0.000576 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "289.193953 ± 0.000868 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "290.196345 ± 0.000706 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "291.197522 ± 0.000842 [Estimated]"
}
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string: "95 ms ± 60"
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{
string: "1 s [Estimated]"
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},
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name: "Discovery Year",
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string: "2004"
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{
string: "2010"
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]
}
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name: "Decay Modes, Intensities and Uncertainties [%]",
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string: "α=100%"
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{
string: "α ?; SF ?"
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],
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sourceID: "PubChem",
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{
referenceNumber: 2,
sourceName: "Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)",
sourceID: "e115",
name: "Mc",
description: "The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.",
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anid: 6590342
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referenceNumber: 3,
sourceName: "Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)",
sourceID: "a115",
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description: "Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report) and CIAAW. The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/",
url: "http://www.ciaaw.org/",
licenseURL: "http://www.ciaaw.org/bylaws.htm",
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{
referenceNumber: 4,
sourceName: "Jefferson Lab, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "jlab115",
name: "Moscovium",
description: "Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/",
url: "https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele115.html",
licenseNote: "Please see citation and linking information: https://education.jlab.org/faq/index.html",
licenseURL: "https://www.jlab.org/privacy-and-security-notice",
anid: 507177
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{
referenceNumber: 5,
sourceName: "Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "lanl115",
name: "Moscovium",
description: "The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.",
url: "https://periodic.lanl.gov/115.shtml",
anid: 507295
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
sourceName: "NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory",
sourceID: "e115",
name: "Moscovium",
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record: {
recordType: "AtomicNumber",
recordNumber: 116,
recordTitle: "Livermorium",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01022.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Livermorium"
}
]
}
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name: "Element Name",
value: {
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string: "Livermorium"
}
]
}
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},
{
tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
description: "Element symbol, Also called atomic symbol, typically consists of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet derived from the element name in one of several languages.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Lv"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Lv"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "InChI=1S/Lv"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI Key",
description: "International Chemical Identifier hash (InChIKey) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI Key",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "ONFASNXETZOODS-UHFFFAOYSA-N"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "293"
}
]
}
},
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}
},
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name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Relative Mass: 293.20449(60#)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "[Rn] 7s2 7p4 5f14 6d10(predicted)",
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type: "Superscript"
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start: 20,
length: 2,
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},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Radius",
description: "Atomic radius is the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell containing electrons.",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_radius",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
name: "Empirical Atomic Radius",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "empirical: 183 pm (predicted)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
description: "Oxidation state gives the degree of oxidation of an atom in terms of counting electrons.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/O/O04365.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "−2,+2, +4 (predicted)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Physical Description",
description: "Physical description, also know as physical characteristics, refers to physical appearance of element substances.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Expected to be a Solid"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Classification",
description: "Elements can be classified few groups according to each element's chemical properties.",
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{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Metal"
}
]
}
}
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},
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tocHeading: "Element Period Number",
description: "The element period number refers to a horizontal row of the periodic table. The periodic table has 7 periods.",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/periodic-table-of-the-elements/The-periodic-table#ref80835",
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "7"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Group Number",
description: "Element group refers to a set of chemical elements in the same vertical column of the periodic table",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/group-periodic-table",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "16 - Chalcogen"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Melting Point",
description: "The melting point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from solid to liquid at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/melting-point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "637–780K(364–507°C,687–944°F)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Boiling Point",
description: "Boiling Point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from liquid to gas at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1035–1135K(762–862°C,1403–1583°F)(extrapolated)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Crustal Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in earth crust",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Not Applicable"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Oceanic Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in ocean",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Not Applicable"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "History",
description: "Element discovery and related information in history",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
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tocHeading: "Identifiers",
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tocHeading: "Properties",
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tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
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url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI Key",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "GOANEQIZDYDFCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "294"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "294"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Relative Mass: 294.21392(71#)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[Rn] 7s2 7p6 5f14 6d10(predicted)",
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start: 11,
length: 1,
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type: "Superscript"
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start: 20,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
description: "Oxidation state gives the degree of oxidation of an atom in terms of counting electrons.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/O/O04365.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "−1, 0, +1,+2,+4, +6 (predicted)"
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}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Physical Description",
description: "Physical description, also know as physical characteristics, refers to physical appearance of element substances.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Expected to be a Gas"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Classification",
description: "Elements can be classified few groups according to each element's chemical properties.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Non-metal"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Period Number",
description: "The element period number refers to a horizontal row of the periodic table. The periodic table has 7 periods.",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/periodic-table-of-the-elements/The-periodic-table#ref80835",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "7"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Group Number",
description: "Element group refers to a set of chemical elements in the same vertical column of the periodic table",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/group-periodic-table",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "18 - Noble Gas"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Boiling Point",
description: "Boiling Point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from liquid to gas at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "350±30K(80±30°C,170±50°F)(extrapolated)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Crustal Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in earth crust",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Not Applicable"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Oceanic Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in ocean",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Not Applicable"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "History",
description: "Element discovery and related information in history",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "On October 16, 2006, scientists working at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, Russia, along with scientists from the U.S. Department of Energy's Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, announced the creation of oganesson. They produced oganesson by bombarding atoms of californium-249 with ions of calcium-48. This produced oganesson-294, an isotope with a half-life of about 0.89 milliseconds (0.00089 seconds), and three free neutrons. The californium target was irradiated with a total of 1.6*1019 calcium ions over the course of 1080 hours, resulting in the production of three atoms of oganesson. Oganesson's most stable isotope, oganesson-294, has a half-life of about 0.89 milliseconds. It decays into livermorium-290 through alpha decay.",
markup: [
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length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
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}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "On Novemer 28th, 2016, element 118 was named Oganesson with the symbol (Og). The name was proposed by the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna (Russia) and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (USA). It honors Professor Yuri Oganessian (born 1933) for his pioneering contributions to transactinoid elements research."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Uses",
description: "Uses information in industry and other fields",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Since only a few atoms of oganesson have ever been produced, it currently has no uses outside of basic scientific research."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Isotopes",
description: "Isotopes are variants of a chemical element which contain different neutron number",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
name: "Stable Isotope Count",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "0"
}
]
}
}
],
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Mass, Half Life, and Decay",
description: "This section provides the information from the Nubase2016. The number after the ± refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton. The '?' refers to 'not determined or qualified'. For further explainations, click read more below.",
url: "https://pubchemdocs.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nubase2016",
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name: "Nuclide",
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},
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name: "Atomic Mass and Uncertainty [u]",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "293.213498 ± 0.000753 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "294.214132 ± 0.000712 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "295.216332 ± 0.000692 [Estimated]"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Half Life and Uncertainty",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1 ms [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "1.15 ms ± 0.47"
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string: "10 ms [Estimated]"
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},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Discovery Year",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: ""
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name: "Decay Modes, Intensities and Uncertainties [%]",
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string: "α=100%"
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]
}
],
reference: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "PubChem",
description: "Data deposited in or computed by PubChem",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
sourceName: "Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)",
sourceID: "e118",
name: "Og",
description: "The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.",
url: "https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/",
anid: 6590345
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
sourceName: "Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)",
sourceID: "a118",
name: "Oganesson",
description: "Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report) and CIAAW. The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/",
url: "http://www.ciaaw.org/",
licenseURL: "http://www.ciaaw.org/bylaws.htm",
anid: 2292499
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{
referenceNumber: 4,
sourceName: "Jefferson Lab, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "jlab118",
name: "Oganesson",
description: "Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/",
url: "https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele118.html",
licenseNote: "Please see citation and linking information: https://education.jlab.org/faq/index.html",
licenseURL: "https://www.jlab.org/privacy-and-security-notice",
anid: 507180
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
sourceName: "Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "lanl118",
name: "Oganesson",
description: "The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.",
url: "https://periodic.lanl.gov/118.shtml",
anid: 507298
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
sourceName: "NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory",
sourceID: "e118",
name: "Oganesson",
description: "The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements.",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Elements/elInfo.pl?element=118",
licenseURL: "https://www.nist.gov/pml/database-disclaimer",
anid: 2292735
}
]
}
},
{
record: {
recordType: "AtomicNumber",
recordNumber: 38,
recordTitle: "Strontium",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01022.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Strontium"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Strontium"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
description: "Element symbol, Also called atomic symbol, typically consists of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet derived from the element name in one of several languages.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Sr"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Sr"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "InChI=1S/Sr"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI Key",
description: "International Chemical Identifier hash (InChIKey) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI Key",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "CIOAGBVUUVVLOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "87.62(1)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "87.62"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "87.62"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "87.62(1)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "[Kr]5s2",
markup: [
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}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Electron Configuration",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "[Kr]5s2",
markup: [
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start: 6,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Radius",
description: "Atomic radius is the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell containing electrons.",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_radius",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
name: "Van der Waals Atomic Radius",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "249 pm (Van der Waals)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Empirical Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"J.C. Slater, J Chem Phys, 1964, 41(10), 3199-3205. DOI:10.1063/1.1725697"
],
value: {
number: [
200
],
unit: "pm (Empirical)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Covalent Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"B. Cordero, V. Gómez, A.E. Platero-Prats, M. Revés, J. Echeverría, E. Cremades, F. Barragán, S. Alvarez, Dalton Trans. 2008, 21, 2832-2838. DOI:10.1039/b801115j PMID:18478144."
],
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "195(10) pm (Covalent)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
description: "Oxidation state gives the degree of oxidation of an atom in terms of counting electrons.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/O/O04365.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "+2"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "2, 1 (a strongly basic oxide)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ground Level",
description: "Also called ground-state level. The ground state electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom with lower energy levels.",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/ASD/Html/iehelp.html#IEGROUNDLEV",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ground Level",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1S0",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 2,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ionization Energy",
description: "Ionization energy is the minimum energy required to eject an electron out of a neutral atom or molecule in its ground state.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/I/I03199.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "5.695 eV"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ionization Energy",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "5.69486745 eV"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electronegativity",
description: "The concept electronegativity was introduced by L. Pauling as the power of an atom to attract electrons to itself.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01990",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Pauling Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"A.L. Allred, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 1961, 17(3-4), 215-221. DOI:10.1016/0022-1902(61)80142-5"
],
value: {
number: [
0.95
],
unit: "(Pauling Scale)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Allen Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1989, 111, 9003. DOI:10.1021/ja00207a003; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek and L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 2780. DOI:10.1021/ja992866e; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek, E.T. Knight, J.F. Capitani and L.C Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 5132. DOI:10.1021/ja9928677"
],
value: {
number: [
0.963
],
unit: "(Allen Scale)"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Affinity",
description: "Electron affinity refers to energy required to detach an electron from the singly charged negative ion.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01977",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.T Myers, J. Chem. Edu., 1990, 67(4), 307. DOI:10.1021/ed067p307"
],
value: {
number: [
0
],
unit: "eV"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.J. Zollweg, J. Chem. Phys., 1969, 50, 4251. DOI:10.1063/1.1670890"
],
value: {
number: [
-1.51
],
unit: "eV"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Spectra",
description: "Atomic and ionic spectral lines originate from specified electronic transitions between energy levels of atoms and ions, respectively.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00502.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/lines_hold.pl?el=Sr",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Lines Holdings"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/levels_hold.pl?el=Sr",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Levels Holdings"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Physical Description",
description: "Physical description, also know as physical characteristics, refers to physical appearance of element substances.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Solid"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Classification",
description: "Elements can be classified few groups according to each element's chemical properties.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Metal"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Period Number",
description: "The element period number refers to a horizontal row of the periodic table. The periodic table has 7 periods.",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/periodic-table-of-the-elements/The-periodic-table#ref80835",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "5"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Group Number",
description: "Element group refers to a set of chemical elements in the same vertical column of the periodic table",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/group-periodic-table",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "2 - Alkaline Earth Metal"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Density",
description: "Density is a degree of consistency measured by the quantity of mass per unit volume",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/D/D01590.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "2.64 grams per cubic centimeter"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Melting Point",
description: "The melting point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from solid to liquid at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/melting-point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1050 K (777°C or 1431°F)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "777°C"
}
]
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{
string: "102Sr",
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{
string: "103Sr",
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string: "104Sr",
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string: "105Sr",
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{
string: "106Sr",
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{
string: "107Sr",
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{
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string: "72.965700 ± 0.00043 [Estimated]"
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string: "73.956170 ± 0.000107 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "74.949952770 ± 0.000236183"
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{
string: "75.941762761 ± 0.000037"
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{
string: "76.937945455 ± 0.0000085"
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{
string: "77.932179980 ± 0.000008"
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{
string: "78.929707664 ± 0.000009"
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string: "79.924517540 ± 0.000003718"
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string: "80.923211394 ± 0.000003358"
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string: "80.923211394 ± 0.000003358"
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{
string: "80.923211394 ± 0.000003358"
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{
string: "81.918399847 ± 0.000006432"
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string: "82.917554374 ± 0.000007336"
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{
string: "82.917554374 ± 0.000007336"
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{
string: "83.913419120 ± 0.000001334"
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{
string: "84.912932043 ± 0.00000302"
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{
string: "84.912932043 ± 0.00000302"
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{
string: "85.90926072631 ± 0.00000000561"
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{
string: "85.90926072631 ± 0.00000000561"
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{
string: "86.90887749615 ± 0.00000000548"
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string: "86.90887749615 ± 0.00000000548"
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{
string: "87.90561225561 ± 0.00000000599"
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string: "88.907450808 ± 0.000000098"
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{
string: "89.907730885 ± 0.00000228"
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{
string: "90.910195958 ± 0.000005853"
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{
string: "91.911038224 ± 0.000003675"
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string: "92.914024311 ± 0.000008109"
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{
string: "93.915355643 ± 0.000001785"
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{
string: "94.919355840 ± 0.000006239"
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{
string: "95.921712692 ± 0.000009098"
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{
string: "96.926374776 ± 0.000003633"
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string: "96.926374776 ± 0.000003633"
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string: "96.926374776 ± 0.000003633"
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{
string: "97.928691860 ± 0.000003463"
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{
string: "98.932880511 ± 0.000005089"
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{
string: "99.935779615 ± 0.000007686"
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{
string: "99.935779615 ± 0.000007686"
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{
string: "100.940606266 ± 0.000009103"
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{
string: "101.944004680 ± 0.000072"
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{
string: "102.949090 ± 0.00021 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "103.952650 ± 0.00032 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "104.958550 ± 0.00054 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "105.962651 ± 0.000644 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "106.968975 ± 0.000751 [Estimated]"
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string: "22.3 m ± 0.4"
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string: "25.36 d ± 0.03"
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string: "32.41 h ± 0.03"
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string: "4.95 s ± 0.12"
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string: "Stable"
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string: "64.849 d ± 0.007"
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string: "67.63 m ± 0.04"
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string: "Stable"
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{
string: "455 ns ± 7"
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{
string: "Stable"
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{
string: "2.815 h ± 0.012"
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{
string: "Stable"
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{
string: "50.563 d ± 0.025"
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{
string: "28.79 y ± 0.06"
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{
string: "9.65 h ± 0.06"
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{
string: "2.611 h ± 0.017"
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{
string: "7.43 m ± 0.03"
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{
string: "75.3 s ± 0.2"
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{
string: "23.90 s ± 0.14"
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{
string: "1.07 s ± 0.01"
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{
string: "429 ms ± 5"
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{
string: "165 ns ± 4"
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{
string: "515 ns ± 10"
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{
string: "653 ms ± 2"
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string: "202 ms ± 3"
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{
string: "122 ns ± 9"
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{
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{
string: "IT=100%"
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{
string: "IT ?"
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string: "ε=100%"
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string: "β+=100%",
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string: "β-=100%",
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string: "β-=100%; β-n=0%[Estimated]",
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string: "IT=100%"
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string: "IT=100%"
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string: "β-=100%; β-n=0.25±0.5%",
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string: "β-=100%; β-n=0.78±1.3%",
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string: "β-=100%; β-n=2%[Estimated]; β-2n=0.01%[Estimated]",
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string: "β-=100%; β-n=9%[Estimated]; β-2n=0%[Estimated]",
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string: "β-=100%; β-n=10%[Estimated]; β-2n=1%[Estimated]",
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reference: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "PubChem",
description: "Data deposited in or computed by PubChem",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
sourceName: "Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)",
sourceID: "e38",
name: "Sr",
description: "The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.",
url: "https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/",
anid: 6590265
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
sourceName: "Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)",
sourceID: "a38",
name: "Strontium",
description: "Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report) and CIAAW. The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/",
url: "http://www.ciaaw.org/strontium.htm",
licenseURL: "http://www.ciaaw.org/bylaws.htm",
anid: 2292419
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
sourceName: "Jefferson Lab, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "jlab38",
name: "Strontium",
description: "Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/",
url: "https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele038.html",
licenseNote: "Please see citation and linking information: https://education.jlab.org/faq/index.html",
licenseURL: "https://www.jlab.org/privacy-and-security-notice",
anid: 507100
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{
referenceNumber: 5,
sourceName: "Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "lanl38",
name: "Strontium",
description: "The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.",
url: "https://periodic.lanl.gov/38.shtml",
anid: 507218
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
sourceName: "NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory",
sourceID: "e38",
name: "Strontium",
description: "The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Elements/elInfo.pl?element=38",
licenseURL: "https://www.nist.gov/pml/database-disclaimer",
anid: 2292655
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
sourceName: "PubChem Elements",
sourceID: "38",
name: "Sr",
description: "The element property data was retrieved from publications.",
anid: 7660039
},
{
referenceNumber: 7,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "38",
name: "Strontium",
description: "This section provides all form of data related to element Strontium.",
anid: 694331
}
]
}
},
{
record: {
recordType: "AtomicNumber",
recordNumber: 39,
recordTitle: "Yttrium",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01022.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Yttrium"
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]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Yttrium"
}
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}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
description: "Element symbol, Also called atomic symbol, typically consists of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet derived from the element name in one of several languages.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Y"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Y"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
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name: "InChI",
value: {
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string: "InChI=1S/Y"
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}
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]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI Key",
description: "International Chemical Identifier hash (InChIKey) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI Key",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "VWQVUPCCIRVNHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N"
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}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
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{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
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},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Radius",
description: "Atomic radius is the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell containing electrons.",
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referenceNumber: 5,
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},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Empirical Atomic Radius",
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value: {
number: [
180
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unit: "pm (Empirical)"
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},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Covalent Atomic Radius",
reference: [
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},
{
tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
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}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ground Level",
description: "Also called ground-state level. The ground state electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom with lower energy levels.",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/ASD/Html/iehelp.html#IEGROUNDLEV",
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},
{
tocHeading: "Ionization Energy",
description: "Ionization energy is the minimum energy required to eject an electron out of a neutral atom or molecule in its ground state.",
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},
{
tocHeading: "Electronegativity",
description: "The concept electronegativity was introduced by L. Pauling as the power of an atom to attract electrons to itself.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01990",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Pauling Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"A.L. Allred, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 1961, 17(3-4), 215-221. DOI:10.1016/0022-1902(61)80142-5"
],
value: {
number: [
1.22
],
unit: "(Pauling Scale)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Allen Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1989, 111, 9003. DOI:10.1021/ja00207a003; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek and L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 2780. DOI:10.1021/ja992866e; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek, E.T. Knight, J.F. Capitani and L.C Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 5132. DOI:10.1021/ja9928677"
],
value: {
number: [
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unit: "(Allen Scale)"
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}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Affinity",
description: "Electron affinity refers to energy required to detach an electron from the singly charged negative ion.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01977",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.T Myers, J. Chem. Edu., 1990, 67(4), 307. DOI:10.1021/ed067p307"
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value: {
number: [
0.307
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unit: "eV"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.J. Zollweg, J. Chem. Phys., 1969, 50, 4251. DOI:10.1063/1.1670890"
],
value: {
number: [
-0.4
],
unit: "eV"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Spectra",
description: "Atomic and ionic spectral lines originate from specified electronic transitions between energy levels of atoms and ions, respectively.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00502.html",
information: [
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tocHeading: "Physical Description",
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tocHeading: "Element Classification",
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{
tocHeading: "Element Period Number",
description: "The element period number refers to a horizontal row of the periodic table. The periodic table has 7 periods.",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/periodic-table-of-the-elements/The-periodic-table#ref80835",
information: [
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value: {
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},
{
tocHeading: "Element Group Number",
description: "Element group refers to a set of chemical elements in the same vertical column of the periodic table",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/group-periodic-table",
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{
tocHeading: "Density",
description: "Density is a degree of consistency measured by the quantity of mass per unit volume",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/D/D01590.html",
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
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},
{
tocHeading: "Melting Point",
description: "The melting point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from solid to liquid at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/melting-point",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "1795 K (1522°C or 2772°F)"
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{
tocHeading: "Boiling Point",
description: "Boiling Point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from liquid to gas at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_point",
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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{
tocHeading: "Estimated Crustal Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in earth crust",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust",
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tocHeading: "Estimated Oceanic Abundance",
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tocHeading: "History",
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string: "The name derives from the Swedish village of Ytterby where the mineral gadolinite was found. In 1794, the Finnish chemist Johan Gadolin discovered yttrium in the mineral ytterbite, which was later renamed gadolinite for Gadolin. Gadolin originally called the element ytterbium after ytterbite. The name was subsequently shortened to yttrium, and later another element was given the name ytterbium."
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string: "Yttrium was discovered by Johan Gadolin, a Finnish chemist, while analyzing the composition of the mineral gadolinite ((Ce, La, Nd, Y)2FeBe2Si2O10) in 1789. Gadolinite, which was named for Johan Gadolin, was discovered several years earlier in a quarry near the town of Ytterby, Sweden. Today, yttrium is primarily obtained through an ion exchange process from monazite sand ((Ce, La, Th, Nd, Y)PO4), a material rich in rare earth elements.",
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string: "In 1843 Mosander showed that yttira could be resolved into the oxides (or earths) of three elements. The name yttria was reserved for the most basic one; the others were named erbia and terbia."
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tocHeading: "Description",
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}
}
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tocHeading: "Uses",
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string: "Yttrium oxide also is used to produce yttrium-iron-garnets, which are very effective microwave filters."
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string: "Yttrium iron, aluminum, and gadolinium garnets, with formulas such as Y3Fe5O12 and Y3Al5O12, have interesting magnetic properties. Yttrium iron garnet is also exceptionally efficient as both a transmitter and transducer of acoustic energy. Yttrium aluminum garnet, with a hardness of 8.5, is also finding use as a gemstone (simulated diamond).",
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string: "Small amounts of yttrium (0.1 to 0.2%) can be used to reduce the grain size in chromium, molybdenum, zirconium, and titanium, and to increase strength of aluminum and magnesium alloys."
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string: "Alloys with other useful properties can be obtained by using yttrium as an additive. The metal can be used as a deoxidizer for vanadium and other nonferrous metals. The metal has a low cross section for nuclear capture. 90Y, one of the isotopes of yttrium, exists in equilibrium with its parent 90Sr, a product of nuclear explosions. Yttrium has been considered for use as a nodulizer for producing nodular cast iron, in which the graphite forms compact nodules instead of the usual flakes. Such iron has increased ductility.",
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string: "Yttrium also can be used in laser systems and as a catalyst for ethylene polymerization reactions."
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{
string: "It also has potential use in ceramic and glass formulas, as the oxide has a high melting point and imparts shock resistance and low expansion characteristics to glass."
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}
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tocHeading: "Sources",
description: "Sources (where the element come from) information for the given element",
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}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Compounds",
description: "Related compounds information to this element",
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{
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{
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{
string: "77.943990 ± 0.00032 [Estimated]"
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{
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{
string: "79.934354755 ± 0.000006701"
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{
string: "79.934354755 ± 0.000006701"
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{
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{
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string: "81.926930188 ± 0.000005902"
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{
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string: "82.922484025 ± 0.00002"
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{
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string: "83.920671061 ± 0.000004615"
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{
string: "83.920671061 ± 0.000004615"
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{
string: "84.916433039 ± 0.00002036"
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{
string: "84.916433039 ± 0.00002036"
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{
string: "84.916433039 ± 0.00002036"
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{
string: "85.914886098 ± 0.000015182"
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{
string: "85.914886098 ± 0.000015182"
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{
string: "85.914886098 ± 0.000015182"
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{
string: "86.910876102 ± 0.00000121"
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string: "86.910876102 ± 0.00000121"
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{
string: "87.909501276 ± 0.00000161"
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string: "87.909501276 ± 0.00000161"
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{
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string: "89.907144800 ± 0.000001729"
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{
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{
string: "95.915902953 ± 0.000006535"
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{
string: "95.915902953 ± 0.000006535"
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{
string: "96.918280286 ± 0.000007213"
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{
string: "96.918280286 ± 0.000007213"
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{
string: "96.918280286 ± 0.000007213"
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{
string: "97.922388360 ± 0.000008511"
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{
string: "98.924154288 ± 0.000007114"
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{
string: "98.924154288 ± 0.000007114"
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
string: "101.934327889 ± 0.000004377"
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{
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{
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{
string: "104.944959000 ± 0.001435"
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{
string: "105.950560 ± 0.00054 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "106.954520 ± 0.00054 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "107.959960 ± 0.00064 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "108.964358 ± 0.000751 [Estimated]"
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{
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{
string: "54 ms ± 5"
},
{
string: "5.8 s ± 0.6"
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{
string: "14.8 s ± 0.6"
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{
string: "30.1 s ± 0.5"
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{
string: "4.8 s ± 0.3"
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{
string: "4.7 us ± 0.3"
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{
string: "70.4 s ± 1.0"
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{
string: "8.30 s ± 0.20"
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{
string: "258 ns ± 22"
},
{
string: "147 ns ± 7"
},
{
string: "7.08 m ± 0.08"
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{
string: "2.85 m ± 0.02"
},
{
string: "39.5 m ± 0.8"
},
{
string: "4.6 s ± 0.2"
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{
string: "292 ns ± 10"
},
{
string: "2.68 h ± 0.05"
},
{
string: "4.86 h ± 0.20"
},
{
string: "178 ns ± 7"
},
{
string: "14.74 h ± 0.02"
},
{
string: "47.4 m ± 0.4"
},
{
string: "125.3 ns ± 5.5"
},
{
string: "79.8 h ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "13.37 h ± 0.03"
},
{
string: "106.626 d ± 0.021"
},
{
string: "301 us ± 3"
},
{
string: "13.98 ms ± 0.17"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "15.663 s ± 0.005"
},
{
string: "64.00 h ± 0.21"
},
{
string: "3.19 h ± 0.06"
},
{
string: "58.51 d ± 0.06"
},
{
string: "49.71 m ± 0.04"
},
{
string: "3.54 h ± 0.01"
},
{
string: "3.7 us ± 0.5"
},
{
string: "10.18 h ± 0.08"
},
{
string: "820 ms ± 40"
},
{
string: "18.7 m ± 0.1"
},
{
string: "1.295 us ± 0.005"
},
{
string: "10.3 m ± 0.1"
},
{
string: "48.6 us ± 0.5"
},
{
string: "5.34 s ± 0.05"
},
{
string: "9.6 s ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "3.75 s ± 0.03"
},
{
string: "1.17 s ± 0.03"
},
{
string: "142 ms ± 8"
},
{
string: "548 ms ± 2"
},
{
string: "2.0 s ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "610 ns ± 9"
},
{
string: "6.87 us ± 0.05"
},
{
string: "806 ns ± 21"
},
{
string: "1.484 s ± 0.007"
},
{
string: "8.6 us ± 0.8"
},
{
string: "735 ms ± 7"
},
{
string: "940 ms ± 30"
},
{
string: "426 ms ± 20"
},
{
string: "190 ns ± 40"
},
{
string: "870 ns ± 90"
},
{
string: "298 ms ± 9"
},
{
string: "360 ms ± 40"
},
{
string: "239 ms ± 12"
},
{
string: "197 ms ± 4"
},
{
string: "95 ms ± 9"
},
{
string: "74 ms ± 6"
},
{
string: "33.5 ms ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "30 ms ± 5"
},
{
string: "25 ms ± 5"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Discovery Year",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: ""
},
{
string: "2001"
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{
string: "1999"
},
{
string: "1992"
},
{
string: "1998"
},
{
string: "1992"
},
{
string: "1981"
},
{
string: "1998"
},
{
string: "1997"
},
{
string: "1981"
},
{
string: "1980"
},
{
string: "1994"
},
{
string: "1994"
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{
string: "1962"
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{
string: "1972"
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{
string: "1962"
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{
string: "1976"
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{
string: "2005"
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{
string: "1952"
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{
string: "1952"
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string: "1977"
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{
string: "1951"
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{
string: "1962"
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{
string: "2000"
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{
string: "1940"
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{
string: "1940"
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{
string: "1948"
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{
string: "1955"
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{
string: "1962"
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{
string: "1923"
},
{
string: "1951"
},
{
string: "1937"
},
{
string: "1961"
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{
string: "1943"
},
{
string: "1953"
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{
string: "1940"
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{
string: "2009"
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{
string: "1948"
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{
string: "1974"
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{
string: "1948"
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{
string: "1999"
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{
string: "1959"
},
{
string: "1981"
},
{
string: "1975"
},
{
string: "1974"
},
{
string: "1970"
},
{
string: "1970"
},
{
string: "1986"
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{
string: "1970"
},
{
string: "1977"
},
{
string: "1972"
},
{
string: "1970"
},
{
string: "1972"
},
{
string: "1975"
},
{
string: "1985"
},
{
string: "1977"
},
{
string: "1977"
},
{
string: "1983"
},
{
string: "2012"
},
{
string: "2009"
},
{
string: "1983"
},
{
string: "1980"
},
{
string: "1994"
},
{
string: "1994"
},
{
string: "1994"
},
{
string: "1997"
},
{
string: "1997"
},
{
string: "2010"
},
{
string: "2010"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Decay Modes, Intensities and Uncertainties [%]",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "β+ ?; β+p ?; p ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 7,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+ ?; p ?; β+p ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 12,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=?; β+p ?; p<10%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 7,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%; β+p ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β+=100%; β+p ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=81±0.2%; β+=19±0.2%",
markup: [
{
start: 13,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=60±0.5%; IT=40±0.5%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+≈100%; IT<0.002%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=99.31±0.4%; β+=0.69±0.4%",
markup: [
{
start: 16,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=98.43±1.1%; β+=1.57±1.1%",
markup: [
{
start: 16,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IS=100."
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT≈100%; β-=0.0018±0.2%",
markup: [
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT>98.5%; β-<1.5%",
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start: 11,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=0.055±0.4%",
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β->99.3%; IT<0.7%; β-n<0.08%",
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
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start: 20,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=94.8±0.9%; β-=5.2±0.9%",
markup: [
{
start: 15,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=0.331±2.4%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=?; IT=10%[Estimated]; β-n=3.4±1%",
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
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start: 26,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=1.7±0.4%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=0.92±0.8%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=1%[Estimated]",
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=1.94±1.8%",
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length: 1,
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start: 10,
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type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=4.9±1.2%",
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string: "β-=100%; β-n=4.9±1.2%",
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{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=8.0±1.7%",
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length: 1,
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},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=34±1%; β-2n=0%[Estimated]",
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
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start: 10,
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type: "Superscript"
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]
},
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string: "β-=100%; β-n<82%; β-2n=0%[Estimated]",
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reference: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "PubChem",
description: "Data deposited in or computed by PubChem",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
sourceName: "Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)",
sourceID: "e39",
name: "Y",
description: "The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.",
url: "https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/",
anid: 6590266
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
sourceName: "Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)",
sourceID: "a39",
name: "Yttrium",
description: "Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report) and CIAAW. The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/",
url: "http://www.ciaaw.org/yttrium.htm",
licenseURL: "http://www.ciaaw.org/bylaws.htm",
anid: 2292420
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{
referenceNumber: 4,
sourceName: "Jefferson Lab, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "jlab39",
name: "Yttrium",
description: "Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/",
url: "https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele039.html",
licenseNote: "Please see citation and linking information: https://education.jlab.org/faq/index.html",
licenseURL: "https://www.jlab.org/privacy-and-security-notice",
anid: 507101
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referenceNumber: 5,
sourceName: "Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "lanl39",
name: "Yttrium",
description: "The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.",
url: "https://periodic.lanl.gov/39.shtml",
anid: 507219
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
sourceName: "NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory",
sourceID: "e39",
name: "Yttrium",
description: "The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Elements/elInfo.pl?element=39",
licenseURL: "https://www.nist.gov/pml/database-disclaimer",
anid: 2292656
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
sourceName: "PubChem Elements",
sourceID: "39",
name: "Y",
description: "The element property data was retrieved from publications.",
anid: 7660040
},
{
referenceNumber: 7,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "39",
name: "Yttrium",
description: "This section provides all form of data related to element Yttrium.",
anid: 694332
}
]
}
},
{
record: {
recordType: "AtomicNumber",
recordNumber: 40,
recordTitle: "Zirconium",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01022.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Zirconium"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Zirconium"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
description: "Element symbol, Also called atomic symbol, typically consists of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet derived from the element name in one of several languages.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Zr"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Zr"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "InChI=1S/Zr"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI Key",
description: "International Chemical Identifier hash (InChIKey) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI Key",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "91.224(2)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "91.224"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "91.22"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "91.224(2)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[Kr]5s24d2",
markup: [
{
start: 6,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 9,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Electron Configuration",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[Kr]4d2 5s2",
markup: [
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start: 6,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Radius",
description: "Atomic radius is the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell containing electrons.",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_radius",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
name: "Van der Waals Atomic Radius",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "186 pm (Van der Waals)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Empirical Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"J.C. Slater, J Chem Phys, 1964, 41(10), 3199-3205. DOI:10.1063/1.1725697"
],
value: {
number: [
155
],
unit: "pm (Empirical)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Covalent Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"B. Cordero, V. Gómez, A.E. Platero-Prats, M. Revés, J. Echeverría, E. Cremades, F. Barragán, S. Alvarez, Dalton Trans. 2008, 21, 2832-2838. DOI:10.1039/b801115j PMID:18478144."
],
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "175(7) pm (Covalent)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
description: "Oxidation state gives the degree of oxidation of an atom in terms of counting electrons.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/O/O04365.html",
information: [
{
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value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "4, 3, 2, 1, −2 (an amphoteric oxide)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ground Level",
description: "Also called ground-state level. The ground state electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom with lower energy levels.",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/ASD/Html/iehelp.html#IEGROUNDLEV",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ground Level",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
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}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ionization Energy",
description: "Ionization energy is the minimum energy required to eject an electron out of a neutral atom or molecule in its ground state.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/I/I03199.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "6.634 eV"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ionization Energy",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "6.634126 eV"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electronegativity",
description: "The concept electronegativity was introduced by L. Pauling as the power of an atom to attract electrons to itself.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01990",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Pauling Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"A.L. Allred, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 1961, 17(3-4), 215-221. DOI:10.1016/0022-1902(61)80142-5"
],
value: {
number: [
1.33
],
unit: "(Pauling Scale)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Allen Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1989, 111, 9003. DOI:10.1021/ja00207a003; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek and L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 2780. DOI:10.1021/ja992866e; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek, E.T. Knight, J.F. Capitani and L.C Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 5132. DOI:10.1021/ja9928677"
],
value: {
number: [
1.32
],
unit: "(Allen Scale)"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Affinity",
description: "Electron affinity refers to energy required to detach an electron from the singly charged negative ion.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01977",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.T Myers, J. Chem. Edu., 1990, 67(4), 307. DOI:10.1021/ed067p307"
],
value: {
number: [
0.426
],
unit: "eV"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.J. Zollweg, J. Chem. Phys., 1969, 50, 4251. DOI:10.1063/1.1670890"
],
value: {
number: [
0.45
],
unit: "eV"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Spectra",
description: "Atomic and ionic spectral lines originate from specified electronic transitions between energy levels of atoms and ions, respectively.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00502.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/lines_hold.pl?el=Zr",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Lines Holdings"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/levels_hold.pl?el=Zr",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Levels Holdings"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Physical Description",
description: "Physical description, also know as physical characteristics, refers to physical appearance of element substances.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Solid"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Classification",
description: "Elements can be classified few groups according to each element's chemical properties.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Metal"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Period Number",
description: "The element period number refers to a horizontal row of the periodic table. The periodic table has 7 periods.",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/periodic-table-of-the-elements/The-periodic-table#ref80835",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "5"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Group Number",
description: "Element group refers to a set of chemical elements in the same vertical column of the periodic table",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/group-periodic-table",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "4"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Density",
description: "Density is a degree of consistency measured by the quantity of mass per unit volume",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/D/D01590.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "6.52 grams per cubic centimeter"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Melting Point",
description: "The melting point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from solid to liquid at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/melting-point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "2128 K (1855°C or 3371°F)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1855°C"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Boiling Point",
description: "Boiling Point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from liquid to gas at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "4682 K (4409°C or 7968°F)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "4377°C"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Crustal Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in earth crust",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "1.65×102 milligrams per kilogram",
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}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Oceanic Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in ocean",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "3×10-5 milligrams per liter",
markup: [
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type: "Superscript"
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}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "History",
description: "Element discovery and related information in history",
information: [
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name: "History",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "The name derives from the Arabic zargun for \"gold-like\". It was discovered in zirconia by the German chemist Martin-Heinrich Klaproth in 1789. Zirconium was first isolated by Swedish chemist Jöns Jacob Berzelius in 1824 in an impure state, and finally by the chemists D. Lely, Jr. and L. Hamburger in a pure state in 1914.",
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string: "Zirconium was discovered by Martin Heinrich Klaproth, a German chemist, while analyzing the composition of the mineral jargon (ZrSiO4) in 1789. Zirconium was isolated by Jöns Jacob Berzelius, a Swedish chemist, in 1824 and finally prepared in a pure form in 1914. Obtaining pure zirconium is very difficult because it is chemically similar to hafnium, an element which is always found mixed with deposits of zirconium. Today, most zirconium is obtained from the minerals zircon (ZrSiO4) and baddeleyite (ZrO2) through a process known as the Kroll Process.",
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string: "From the Persian zargun, gold like. Zircon, the primary gemstone of zirconium, is also known as jargon, hyacinth, jacinth, or ligure. This mineral, or its variations, is mentioned in biblical writings. The mineral was not known to contain a new element until Klaproth, in 1789, analyzed a jargon from Ceylon and identified the new element, which Werner named zircon (silex circonius), and which Klaproth called Zirkonertz (zirconia). The impure metal was first isolated by Berzelius in 1824 by heating a mixture of potassium and potassium zirconium fluoride in a small decomposition process they developed."
}
]
}
}
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},
{
tocHeading: "Description",
description: "Description about this element",
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referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Reactor-grade zirconium is essentially free of hafnium. Zircaloy(R) is an important alloy developed specifically for nuclear applications. Zirconium is exceptionally resistant to corrosion by many common acids and alkalis, by sea water, and by other agents. Alloyed with zinc, zirconium becomes magnetic at temperatures below 35°K."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Uses",
description: "Uses information in industry and other fields",
information: [
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value: {
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string: "Zirconium is a corrosion resistant metal that is used in high performance pumps and valves. Since it also does not easily absorb neutrons, zirconium is widely used in nuclear reactors. The nuclear power industry uses nearly 90% of the zirconium produced each year, which must be nearly free of hafnium. Zirconium is also used as an alloying agent in steel, to make some types of surgical equipment and as a getter, a material that combines with and removes trace gases from vacuum tubes."
},
{
string: "Zircon (ZrSiO4) is a zirconium compound that can take many different forms, the most popular of which is a clear, transparent gemstone that can be cut to look like diamond and is frequently used in jewelry. Zirconium dioxide (ZrO2) can withstand very high temperatures and is used to make crucibles and to line the walls of high temperature furnaces. Zirconium carbonate (3ZrO2·CO2·H2O) is used in lotions to treat poison ivy.",
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type: "Subscript"
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type: "Subscript"
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length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
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value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "It is used extensively by the chemical industry where corrosive agents are employed. Zirconium is used as a getter in vacuum tubes, as an alloying agent in steel, in surgical appliances, photoflash bulbs, explosive primers, rayon spinnerets, lamp filaments, etc. It is used in poison ivy lotions in the form of the carbonate as it combines with urushiol. With niobium, zirconium is superconductive at low temperatures and is used to make superconductive magnets, which offer hope of direct large-scale generation of electric power. Zirconium oxide (zircon) has a high index of refraction and is used as a gem material. The impure oxide, zirconia, is used for laboratory crucibles that will withstand heat shock, for linings of metallurgical furnaces, and by the glass and ceramic industries as a refractory material. Its use as a refractory material accounts for a large share of all zirconium consumed."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Sources",
description: "Sources (where the element come from) information for the given element",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Zirconium is produced from the mineral zircon (ZrSiO4). It is found in abundance in S-type stars, and has been identified in the sun and meteorites. Analysis of lunar rock samples obtained during the various Apollo missions to the moon show a surprisingly high zirconium oxide content, compared with terrestrial rocks.",
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}
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},
{
tocHeading: "Compounds",
description: "Related compounds information to this element",
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{
referenceNumber: 7,
name: "Compounds",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Zirconium",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "See more information at the Zirconium compound page."
}
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}
}
],
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
string: "zirconium-90(4+)"
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{
string: "zirconium-89(4+)"
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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string: "β-=100%",
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type: "Superscript"
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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string: "β-=100%; β-n<7%",
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string: "β-=100%; β-n=2%[Estimated]",
markup: [
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type: "Superscript"
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start: 10,
length: 1,
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{
string: "IT≈100%"
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],
reference: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "PubChem",
description: "Data deposited in or computed by PubChem",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
sourceName: "Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)",
sourceID: "e40",
name: "Zr",
description: "The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.",
url: "https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/",
anid: 6590267
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
sourceName: "Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)",
sourceID: "a40",
name: "Zirconium",
description: "Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report) and CIAAW. The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/",
url: "http://www.ciaaw.org/zirconium.htm",
licenseURL: "http://www.ciaaw.org/bylaws.htm",
anid: 2292421
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
sourceName: "Jefferson Lab, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "jlab40",
name: "Zirconium",
description: "Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/",
url: "https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele040.html",
licenseNote: "Please see citation and linking information: https://education.jlab.org/faq/index.html",
licenseURL: "https://www.jlab.org/privacy-and-security-notice",
anid: 507102
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
sourceName: "Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "lanl40",
name: "Zirconium",
description: "The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.",
url: "https://periodic.lanl.gov/40.shtml",
anid: 507220
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
sourceName: "NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory",
sourceID: "e40",
name: "Zirconium",
description: "The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Elements/elInfo.pl?element=40",
licenseURL: "https://www.nist.gov/pml/database-disclaimer",
anid: 2292657
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
sourceName: "PubChem Elements",
sourceID: "40",
name: "Zr",
description: "The element property data was retrieved from publications.",
anid: 7660041
},
{
referenceNumber: 7,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "40",
name: "Zirconium",
description: "This section provides all form of data related to element Zirconium.",
anid: 694333
}
]
}
},
{
record: {
recordType: "AtomicNumber",
recordNumber: 41,
recordTitle: "Niobium",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01022.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Niobium"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Niobium"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
description: "Element symbol, Also called atomic symbol, typically consists of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet derived from the element name in one of several languages.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Nb"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Nb"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "InChI=1S/Nb"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI Key",
description: "International Chemical Identifier hash (InChIKey) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI Key",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "92.906 37(1)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "92.90637"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "92.91"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "92.90637(2)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "[Kr]5s14d4",
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type: "Superscript"
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Electron Configuration",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "[Kr]4d4 5s",
markup: [
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start: 6,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Radius",
description: "Atomic radius is the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell containing electrons.",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_radius",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
name: "Van der Waals Atomic Radius",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "207 pm (Van der Waals)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Empirical Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"J.C. Slater, J Chem Phys, 1964, 41(10), 3199-3205. DOI:10.1063/1.1725697"
],
value: {
number: [
145
],
unit: "pm (Empirical)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Covalent Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"B. Cordero, V. Gómez, A.E. Platero-Prats, M. Revés, J. Echeverría, E. Cremades, F. Barragán, S. Alvarez, Dalton Trans. 2008, 21, 2832-2838. DOI:10.1039/b801115j PMID:18478144."
],
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "164(6) pm (Covalent)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
description: "Oxidation state gives the degree of oxidation of an atom in terms of counting electrons.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/O/O04365.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "+5, +3"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "5, 4, 3, 2, 1, −1, −3 (a mildly acidic oxide)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ground Level",
description: "Also called ground-state level. The ground state electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom with lower energy levels.",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/ASD/Html/iehelp.html#IEGROUNDLEV",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ground Level",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "6D1/2",
markup: [
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start: 0,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 2,
length: 3,
type: "Subscript"
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]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ionization Energy",
description: "Ionization energy is the minimum energy required to eject an electron out of a neutral atom or molecule in its ground state.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/I/I03199.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "6.759 eV"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ionization Energy",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "6.75885 eV"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electronegativity",
description: "The concept electronegativity was introduced by L. Pauling as the power of an atom to attract electrons to itself.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01990",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Pauling Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"A.L. Allred, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 1961, 17(3-4), 215-221. DOI:10.1016/0022-1902(61)80142-5"
],
value: {
number: [
1.6
],
unit: "(Pauling Scale)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Allen Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1989, 111, 9003. DOI:10.1021/ja00207a003; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek and L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 2780. DOI:10.1021/ja992866e; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek, E.T. Knight, J.F. Capitani and L.C Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 5132. DOI:10.1021/ja9928677"
],
value: {
number: [
1.41
],
unit: "(Allen Scale)"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Affinity",
description: "Electron affinity refers to energy required to detach an electron from the singly charged negative ion.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01977",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.T Myers, J. Chem. Edu., 1990, 67(4), 307. DOI:10.1021/ed067p307"
],
value: {
number: [
0.893
],
unit: "eV"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.J. Zollweg, J. Chem. Phys., 1969, 50, 4251. DOI:10.1063/1.1670890"
],
value: {
number: [
1.13
],
unit: "eV"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Spectra",
description: "Atomic and ionic spectral lines originate from specified electronic transitions between energy levels of atoms and ions, respectively.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00502.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/lines_hold.pl?el=Nb",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Lines Holdings"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/levels_hold.pl?el=Nb",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Levels Holdings"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Physical Description",
description: "Physical description, also know as physical characteristics, refers to physical appearance of element substances.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Solid"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Classification",
description: "Elements can be classified few groups according to each element's chemical properties.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Metal"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Period Number",
description: "The element period number refers to a horizontal row of the periodic table. The periodic table has 7 periods.",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/periodic-table-of-the-elements/The-periodic-table#ref80835",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "5"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Group Number",
description: "Element group refers to a set of chemical elements in the same vertical column of the periodic table",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/group-periodic-table",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "5"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Density",
description: "Density is a degree of consistency measured by the quantity of mass per unit volume",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/D/D01590.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "8.57 grams per cubic centimeter"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Melting Point",
description: "The melting point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from solid to liquid at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/melting-point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "2750 K (2477°C or 4491°F)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "2477°C"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Boiling Point",
description: "Boiling Point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from liquid to gas at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "5017 K (4744°C or 8571°F)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "4744°C"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Crustal Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in earth crust",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "2.0×101 milligrams per kilogram",
markup: [
{
start: 6,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Oceanic Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in ocean",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1×10-5 milligrams per liter",
markup: [
{
start: 4,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "History",
description: "Element discovery and related information in history",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "History",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "The name derives from the Greek mythological character Niobe, who was the daughter of Tantalus, because the elements niobium and tantalum were originally thought to be identical. Niobium was discovered in a black mineral from America called columbite by the British chemist and manufacturer Charles Hatchett in 1801 and he called the element columbium. In 1809, the English chemist William Hyde Wollaston claimed that columbium and tantalum were identical."
},
{
string: "Forty years later, the German chemist and pharmacist, Heinrich Rose, determined that they were two different elements in 1846 and gave the name niobium because it was so difficult to distinguish it from tantalum. The name columbium continued to be used in America and niobium in Europe until IUPAC adopted the name niobium in 1949. Niobium was first isolated by the chemist C. W. Blomstrand in 1846."
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "The story of niobium's discovery is a bit confusing. The first governor of Connecticut, John Winthrop the Younger, discovered a new mineral around 1734. He named the mineral columbite ((Fe, Mn, Mg)(Nb, Ta)2O6) and sent a sample of it to the British Museum in London, England. The columbite sat in the museum's mineral collection for years until it was analyzed by Charles Hatchett in 1801. Hatchett could tell that there was an element in the columbite, but he was not able to isolate it. He named the new element columbium. The fate of columbium took a drastic turn in 1809 when William Hyde Wollaston, an English chemist and physicist, compared the minerals columbite and tantalite ((Fe, Mn)(Ta, Nb)2O6) and declared that columbium was actually the element tantalum. This confusion arose because tantalum and niobium are similar metals, are always found together and are very difficult to isolate.",
markup: [
{
start: 205,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
},
{
start: 207,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
},
{
start: 702,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
},
{
start: 704,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "Niobium was rediscovered and renamed by Heinrich Rose in 1844 when he produced two new acids, niobic acid and pelopic acid, from samples of columbite and tantalite. These acids are very similar to each other and it took another twenty-two years and a Swiss chemist named Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac to prove that these were two distinct chemicals produced from two different elements. Metallic niobium was finally isolated by the Swedish chemist Christian Wilhelm Blomstrand in 1864. Today, niobium is primarily obtained from the minerals columbite and pyrochlore ((Ca, Na)2Nb2O6(O, OH, F)).",
markup: [
{
start: 580,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
},
{
start: 583,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
},
{
start: 585,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
}
]
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Named after Niobe, the daughter of Tantalu. Discovered in 1801 by Hatchett in an ore sent to England. The metal was first prepared in 1864 by Blomstrand, who reduced the chloride by heating it in a hydrogen atmosphere. The name niobium was adopted by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemicstry (IUPAC) in 1950 after 100 years of controversy. Many leading chemical societies and government organizations refer to it by this name. Most metallurgists, leading metal societies, and all but one of the leading U.S. commercial producers, however, still refer to the metal as \"columbium.\""
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Description",
description: "Description about this element",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Niobium is a shiny, white, soft, and ductile metal, and takes on a bluish cast when exposed to air at room temperatures for a long time. The metal starts to oxidize in air at 200°C, and when processed at even moderate temperatures must be placed in a protective atmosphere."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Uses",
description: "Uses information in industry and other fields",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
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]
},
{
string: "114Nb",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "115Nb",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
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}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Atomic Mass and Uncertainty [u]",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "78.966022 ± 0.000537 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "79.958754 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "80.950230 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "81.944079 ± 0.000322 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "81.944079 ± 0.000322 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "82.938211000 ± 0.000162"
},
{
string: "83.934279000 ± 0.000014"
},
{
string: "83.934279000 ± 0.000014"
},
{
string: "83.934279000 ± 0.000014"
},
{
string: "84.928845837 ± 0.0000044"
},
{
string: "84.928845837 ± 0.0000044"
},
{
string: "85.925781535 ± 0.000005903"
},
{
string: "85.925781535 ± 0.000005903"
},
{
string: "86.920692472 ± 0.000007302"
},
{
string: "86.920692472 ± 0.000007302"
},
{
string: "87.918224287 ± 0.000063134"
},
{
string: "87.918224287 ± 0.000063134"
},
{
string: "88.913445272 ± 0.000025369"
},
{
string: "88.913445272 ± 0.000025369"
},
{
string: "89.911259204 ± 0.000003561"
},
{
string: "89.911259204 ± 0.000003561"
},
{
string: "89.911259204 ± 0.000003561"
},
{
string: "89.911259204 ± 0.000003561"
},
{
string: "89.911259204 ± 0.000003561"
},
{
string: "89.911259204 ± 0.000003561"
},
{
string: "90.906990274 ± 0.000003141"
},
{
string: "90.906990274 ± 0.000003141"
},
{
string: "90.906990274 ± 0.000003141"
},
{
string: "91.907188568 ± 0.000001915"
},
{
string: "91.907188568 ± 0.000001915"
},
{
string: "91.907188568 ± 0.000001915"
},
{
string: "91.907188568 ± 0.000001915"
},
{
string: "92.906373161 ± 0.0000016"
},
{
string: "92.906373161 ± 0.0000016"
},
{
string: "92.906373161 ± 0.0000016"
},
{
string: "93.907278992 ± 0.000001601"
},
{
string: "93.907278992 ± 0.000001601"
},
{
string: "94.906831115 ± 0.000000545"
},
{
string: "94.906831115 ± 0.000000545"
},
{
string: "95.908101591 ± 0.000000157"
},
{
string: "96.908098414 ± 0.000004561"
},
{
string: "96.908098414 ± 0.000004561"
},
{
string: "97.910332650 ± 0.000005369"
},
{
string: "97.910332650 ± 0.000005369"
},
{
string: "98.911609371 ± 0.000012886"
},
{
string: "98.911609371 ± 0.000012886"
},
{
string: "99.914333963 ± 0.000008573"
},
{
string: "99.914333963 ± 0.000008573"
},
{
string: "99.914333963 ± 0.000008573"
},
{
string: "99.914333963 ± 0.000008573"
},
{
string: "100.915306496 ± 0.000004024"
},
{
string: "101.918083697 ± 0.000002732"
},
{
string: "101.918083697 ± 0.000002732"
},
{
string: "102.919453403 ± 0.000004224"
},
{
string: "103.922899115 ± 0.000002938"
},
{
string: "103.922899115 ± 0.000002938"
},
{
string: "104.924942564 ± 0.000004324"
},
{
string: "105.928927768 ± 0.000004424"
},
{
string: "105.928927768 ± 0.000004424"
},
{
string: "105.928927768 ± 0.000004424"
},
{
string: "106.931589672 ± 0.000008612"
},
{
string: "107.936074988 ± 0.000008842"
},
{
string: "107.936074988 ± 0.000008842"
},
{
string: "108.939141000 ± 0.0002775"
},
{
string: "108.939141000 ± 0.0002775"
},
{
string: "109.943843000 ± 0.0009"
},
{
string: "110.947530 ± 0.00032 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "111.952470 ± 0.00032 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "112.956510 ± 0.00043 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "113.962010 ± 0.00054 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "114.966340 ± 0.00054 [Estimated]"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Half Life and Uncertainty",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Not-specified"
},
{
string: "Not-specified"
},
{
string: "<44 ns"
},
{
string: "50 ms ± 5"
},
{
string: "92 ns ± 17"
},
{
string: "3.9 s ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "9.8 s ± 0.9"
},
{
string: "176 ns ± 46"
},
{
string: "92 ns ± 5"
},
{
string: "20.5 s ± 0.7"
},
{
string: "3.3 s ± 0.9"
},
{
string: "88 s ± 1"
},
{
string: "56.3 s ± 8.3"
},
{
string: "3.7 m ± 0.1"
},
{
string: "2.6 m ± 0.1"
},
{
string: "14.50 m ± 0.11"
},
{
string: "7.7 m ± 0.1"
},
{
string: "2.03 h ± 0.07"
},
{
string: "1.10 h ± 0.03"
},
{
string: "14.60 h ± 0.05"
},
{
string: "63 us ± 2"
},
{
string: "18.81 s ± 0.06"
},
{
string: "<1 us"
},
{
string: "6.19 ms ± 0.08"
},
{
string: "472 ns ± 13"
},
{
string: "680 y ± 130"
},
{
string: "60.86 d ± 0.22"
},
{
string: "3.76 us ± 0.12"
},
{
string: "34.7 My ± 2.4"
},
{
string: "10.15 d ± 0.02"
},
{
string: "5.9 us ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "167 ns ± 4"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "16.12 y ± 0.12"
},
{
string: "1.5 us ± 0.5"
},
{
string: "20.4 ky ± 0.4"
},
{
string: "6.263 m ± 0.004"
},
{
string: "34.991 d ± 0.006"
},
{
string: "3.61 d ± 0.03"
},
{
string: "23.35 h ± 0.05"
},
{
string: "72.1 m ± 0.7"
},
{
string: "58.7 s ± 1.8"
},
{
string: "2.86 s ± 0.06"
},
{
string: "51.3 m ± 0.4"
},
{
string: "15.0 s ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "2.5 m ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "1.5 s ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "2.99 s ± 0.11"
},
{
string: "460 ns ± 60"
},
{
string: "12.43 us ± 0.26"
},
{
string: "7.1 s ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "4.3 s ± 0.4"
},
{
string: "1.3 s ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "1.5 s ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "4.9 s ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "940 ms ± 40"
},
{
string: "2.95 s ± 0.06"
},
{
string: "1050 ms ± 100"
},
{
string: "800 ns ± 50"
},
{
string: "849 ns ± 45"
},
{
string: "289 ms ± 9"
},
{
string: "198 ms ± 6"
},
{
string: "109 ns ± 2"
},
{
string: "106.9 ms ± 4.9"
},
{
string: "115 ns ± 8"
},
{
string: "82 ms ± 2"
},
{
string: "54 ms ± 2"
},
{
string: "38 ms ± 2"
},
{
string: "32 ms ± 4"
},
{
string: "17 ms ± 5"
},
{
string: "23 ms ± 8"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Discovery Year",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: ""
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: "1992"
},
{
string: "2008"
},
{
string: "1988"
},
{
string: "1977"
},
{
string: "2009"
},
{
string: "2000"
},
{
string: "1988"
},
{
string: "1988"
},
{
string: "1974"
},
{
string: "1994"
},
{
string: "1971"
},
{
string: "1972"
},
{
string: "1964"
},
{
string: "1971"
},
{
string: "1954"
},
{
string: "1954"
},
{
string: "1951"
},
{
string: "1967"
},
{
string: "1969"
},
{
string: "1981"
},
{
string: "1967"
},
{
string: "1978"
},
{
string: "1951"
},
{
string: "1950"
},
{
string: "1974"
},
{
string: "1938"
},
{
string: "1959"
},
{
string: "1958"
},
{
string: "1989"
},
{
string: "1932"
},
{
string: "1965"
},
{
string: "2007"
},
{
string: "1938"
},
{
string: "1962"
},
{
string: "1951"
},
{
string: "1969"
},
{
string: "1949"
},
{
string: "1951"
},
{
string: "1950"
},
{
string: "1960"
},
{
string: "1948"
},
{
string: "1950"
},
{
string: "1960"
},
{
string: "1967"
},
{
string: "1967"
},
{
string: "1986"
},
{
string: "1980"
},
{
string: "1970"
},
{
string: "1972"
},
{
string: "1976"
},
{
string: "1971"
},
{
string: "1971"
},
{
string: "1976"
},
{
string: "1984"
},
{
string: "1976"
},
{
string: "1999"
},
{
string: "1999"
},
{
string: "1992"
},
{
string: "1994"
},
{
string: "2012"
},
{
string: "1994"
},
{
string: "2011"
},
{
string: "1994"
},
{
string: "1997"
},
{
string: "1997"
},
{
string: "1997"
},
{
string: "2010"
},
{
string: "2010"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Decay Modes, Intensities and Uncertainties [%]",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "p ?; β+ ?; β+p ?",
markup: [
{
start: 6,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 12,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "p ?; β+ ?; β+p ?",
markup: [
{
start: 6,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 12,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "p ?; β+ ?; β+p ?",
markup: [
{
start: 6,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 12,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%; β+p ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=?; β+ ?",
markup: [
{
start: 7,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100[gs=0,m=100]"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "ε≈100%; e+=0.0138±2.5%",
markup: [
{
start: 9,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=96.6±0.5%; ε=3.4±0.5%; ; e+=0.0028±0.2%",
markup: [
{
start: 29,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IS=100."
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT ?"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=99.50±0.6%; β-=0.50±0.6%",
markup: [
{
start: 16,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=94.4±0.6%; β-=5.6±0.6%",
markup: [
{
start: 15,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-≈100%; IT=0.1%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=?; IT<3.8%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=0%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=0.06±0.3%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=0.05±0.3%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=1.7±0.9%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=4.5±0.3%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=7.4±0.8%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=6.3±0.5%; β-2n=0%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 24,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=31±0.5%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=40±0.8%; β-2n=0.09%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 23,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=90%[Estimated]; β-2n=0%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=70%[Estimated]; β-2n=1%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 30,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=90%[Estimated]; β-2n=2%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 30,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=50%[Estimated]; β-2n=6%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=60%[Estimated]; β-2n=1%[Estimated]",
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{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 10,
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type: "Superscript"
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}
}
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reference: [
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referenceNumber: 1,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "PubChem",
description: "Data deposited in or computed by PubChem",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"
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{
referenceNumber: 2,
sourceName: "Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)",
sourceID: "e41",
name: "Nb",
description: "The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.",
url: "https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/",
anid: 6590268
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
sourceName: "Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)",
sourceID: "a41",
name: "Niobium",
description: "Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report) and CIAAW. The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/",
url: "http://www.ciaaw.org/niobium.htm",
licenseURL: "http://www.ciaaw.org/bylaws.htm",
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sourceName: "Jefferson Lab, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "jlab41",
name: "Niobium",
description: "Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/",
url: "https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele041.html",
licenseNote: "Please see citation and linking information: https://education.jlab.org/faq/index.html",
licenseURL: "https://www.jlab.org/privacy-and-security-notice",
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referenceNumber: 5,
sourceName: "Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "lanl41",
name: "Niobium",
description: "The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.",
url: "https://periodic.lanl.gov/41.shtml",
anid: 507221
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
sourceName: "NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory",
sourceID: "e41",
name: "Niobium",
description: "The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Elements/elInfo.pl?element=41",
licenseURL: "https://www.nist.gov/pml/database-disclaimer",
anid: 2292658
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sourceName: "PubChem Elements",
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description: "The element property data was retrieved from publications.",
anid: 7660042
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sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "41",
name: "Niobium",
description: "This section provides all form of data related to element Niobium.",
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{
record: {
recordType: "AtomicNumber",
recordNumber: 42,
recordTitle: "Molybdenum",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01022.html",
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referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Molybdenum"
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name: "Element Name",
value: {
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string: "Molybdenum"
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{
tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
description: "Element symbol, Also called atomic symbol, typically consists of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet derived from the element name in one of several languages.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
information: [
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string: "Mo"
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name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Mo"
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]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "InChI=1S/Mo"
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}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI Key",
description: "International Chemical Identifier hash (InChIKey) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI Key",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
information: [
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}
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name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "95.95(1)"
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]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
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}
},
{
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name: "Electron Configuration",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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length: 1,
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]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Radius",
description: "Atomic radius is the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell containing electrons.",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_radius",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
name: "Van der Waals Atomic Radius",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "209 pm (Van der Waals)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Empirical Atomic Radius",
reference: [
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],
value: {
number: [
145
],
unit: "pm (Empirical)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Covalent Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"B. Cordero, V. Gómez, A.E. Platero-Prats, M. Revés, J. Echeverría, E. Cremades, F. Barragán, S. Alvarez, Dalton Trans. 2008, 21, 2832-2838. DOI:10.1039/b801115j PMID:18478144."
],
value: {
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string: "154(5) pm (Covalent)"
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}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
description: "Oxidation state gives the degree of oxidation of an atom in terms of counting electrons.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/O/O04365.html",
information: [
{
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value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, −1, −2, −4 (a strongly acidic oxide)"
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]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ground Level",
description: "Also called ground-state level. The ground state electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom with lower energy levels.",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/ASD/Html/iehelp.html#IEGROUNDLEV",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ground Level",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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}
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]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ionization Energy",
description: "Ionization energy is the minimum energy required to eject an electron out of a neutral atom or molecule in its ground state.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/I/I03199.html",
information: [
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value: {
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string: "7.092 eV"
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}
},
{
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name: "Ionization Energy",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "7.09243 eV"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electronegativity",
description: "The concept electronegativity was introduced by L. Pauling as the power of an atom to attract electrons to itself.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01990",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Pauling Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"A.L. Allred, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 1961, 17(3-4), 215-221. DOI:10.1016/0022-1902(61)80142-5"
],
value: {
number: [
2.16
],
unit: "(Pauling Scale)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Allen Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1989, 111, 9003. DOI:10.1021/ja00207a003; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek and L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 2780. DOI:10.1021/ja992866e; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek, E.T. Knight, J.F. Capitani and L.C Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 5132. DOI:10.1021/ja9928677"
],
value: {
number: [
1.47
],
unit: "(Allen Scale)"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Affinity",
description: "Electron affinity refers to energy required to detach an electron from the singly charged negative ion.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01977",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.T Myers, J. Chem. Edu., 1990, 67(4), 307. DOI:10.1021/ed067p307"
],
value: {
number: [
0.746
],
unit: "eV"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.J. Zollweg, J. Chem. Phys., 1969, 50, 4251. DOI:10.1063/1.1670890"
],
value: {
number: [
1.18
],
unit: "eV"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Spectra",
description: "Atomic and ionic spectral lines originate from specified electronic transitions between energy levels of atoms and ions, respectively.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00502.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/lines_hold.pl?el=Mo",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Lines Holdings"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/levels_hold.pl?el=Mo",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Levels Holdings"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Physical Description",
description: "Physical description, also know as physical characteristics, refers to physical appearance of element substances.",
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Solid"
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}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Classification",
description: "Elements can be classified few groups according to each element's chemical properties.",
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Metal"
}
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}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Period Number",
description: "The element period number refers to a horizontal row of the periodic table. The periodic table has 7 periods.",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/periodic-table-of-the-elements/The-periodic-table#ref80835",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "5"
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}
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]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Group Number",
description: "Element group refers to a set of chemical elements in the same vertical column of the periodic table",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/group-periodic-table",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "6"
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},
{
tocHeading: "Density",
description: "Density is a degree of consistency measured by the quantity of mass per unit volume",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/D/D01590.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "10.2 grams per cubic centimeter"
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]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Melting Point",
description: "The melting point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from solid to liquid at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/melting-point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "2896 K (2623°C or 4753°F)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "2623°C"
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}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Boiling Point",
description: "Boiling Point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from liquid to gas at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "4912 K (4639°C or 8382°F)"
}
]
}
},
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referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
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string: "4639°C"
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},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Crustal Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in earth crust",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "1.2 milligrams per kilogram"
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}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Oceanic Abundance",
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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tocHeading: "History",
description: "Element discovery and related information in history",
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name: "History",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "The name derives from the Greek molybdos for \"lead\". The ancients used the term \"lead\" for any black mineral that leaves a mark on paper. Molybdenum was discovered by the Swedish pharmacist and chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele in 1778. It was first isolated by the Swedish chemist Peter-Jacob Hjelm in 1781.",
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string: "Molybdenum was discovered by Carl Welhelm Scheele, a Swedish chemist, in 1778 in a mineral known as molybdenite (MoS2) which had been confused as a lead compound. Molybdenum was isolated by Peter Jacob Hjelm in 1781. Today, most molybdenum is obtained from molybdenite, wulfenite (PbMoO4) and powellite (CaMoO4). These ores typically occur in conjunction with ores of tin and tungsten. Molybdenum is also obtained as a byproduct of mining and processing tungsten and copper.",
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string: "From the Greek word molybdo, lead. Before Scheele recognized molybdenite as a distinct ore of a new element in 1778, it was confused with graphite and lead ore. The metal was prepared in impure form in 1782 by Hjelm. Molybdenum does not occur natively, but is obtained principally from molybdenite. Wulfenite, and Powellite are also minor commercial ores."
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]
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},
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tocHeading: "Description",
description: "Description about this element",
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}
]
}
}
]
},
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tocHeading: "Uses",
description: "Uses information in industry and other fields",
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value: {
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string: "Molybdenum has a high melting point and is used to make the electrodes of electrically heated glass furnaces. Some electrical filaments are also made from molybdenum. The metal is used to make some missile and aircraft parts and is used in the nuclear power industry. Molybdenum is also used as a catalyst in the refining of petroleum."
},
{
string: "Molybdenum is primarily used as an alloying agent in steel. When added to steel in concentrations between 0.25% and 8%, molybdenum forms ultra-high strength steels that can withstand pressures up to 300,000 pounds per square inch. Molybdenum also improves the strength of steel at high temperatures. When alloyed with nickel, molybdenum forms heat and corrosion resistant materials used in the chemical industry."
},
{
string: "Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), one of molybdenum's compounds, is used as a high temperature lubricant. Molybdenum trioxide (MoO3), another molybdenum compound, is used to adhere enamels to metals. Other molybdenum compounds include: molybdic acid (H2MoO4), molybdenum hexafluoride (MoF6) and molybdenum phosphide (MoP2).",
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tocHeading: "Sources",
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value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Molybdenum is also recovered as a by-product of copper and tungsten mining operations. The metal is prepared from the powder made by the hydrogen reduction of purified molybdic trioxide or ammonium molybdate."
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]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Compounds",
description: "Related compounds information to this element",
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{
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{
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{
string: "molybdenum(3+)"
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{
string: "molybdenum-92"
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{
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{
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{
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string: "0.242 92(80)"
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string: "108.928431106 ± 0.00001201"
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string: "110.935652016 ± 0.000013502"
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{
string: "111.938310 ± 0.00021 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "112.943650 ± 0.000322 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "113.946530 ± 0.00032 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "114.951960 ± 0.00043 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "115.955448 ± 0.000537 [Estimated]"
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{
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string: "11.3 m ± 0.2"
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string: "35.6 s ± 1.6"
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string: "420 ns ± 30"
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{
string: "1.105 s ± 0.010"
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string: "210 ns ± 60"
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{
string: "292 ms ± 7"
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{
string: "193.6 ms ± 4.4"
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{
string: "~200 ms"
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{
string: "125 ms ± 5"
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{
string: "80 ms ± 2"
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{
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{
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string: "1999"
},
{
string: "1991"
},
{
string: "1992"
},
{
string: "1991"
},
{
string: "1977"
},
{
string: "1971"
},
{
string: "1980"
},
{
string: "1980"
},
{
string: "1953"
},
{
string: "1971"
},
{
string: "1948"
},
{
string: "1953"
},
{
string: "1930"
},
{
string: "1964"
},
{
string: "1946"
},
{
string: "1950"
},
{
string: "2005"
},
{
string: "1930"
},
{
string: "1930"
},
{
string: "1930"
},
{
string: "1930"
},
{
string: "1930"
},
{
string: "1948"
},
{
string: "1958"
},
{
string: "1975"
},
{
string: "1930"
},
{
string: "1941"
},
{
string: "1977"
},
{
string: "1977"
},
{
string: "1954"
},
{
string: "1963"
},
{
string: "1962"
},
{
string: "1962"
},
{
string: "1969"
},
{
string: "1972"
},
{
string: "1976"
},
{
string: "1972"
},
{
string: "1992"
},
{
string: "2012"
},
{
string: "1992"
},
{
string: "1994"
},
{
string: "2011"
},
{
string: "1994"
},
{
string: "1994"
},
{
string: "1997"
},
{
string: "2010"
},
{
string: "2010"
},
{
string: "2010"
},
{
string: "2015"
}
]
}
},
{
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reference: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "PubChem",
description: "Data deposited in or computed by PubChem",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
sourceName: "Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)",
sourceID: "e42",
name: "Mo",
description: "The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.",
url: "https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/",
anid: 6590269
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
sourceName: "Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)",
sourceID: "a42",
name: "Molybdenum",
description: "Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report) and CIAAW. The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/",
url: "http://www.ciaaw.org/molybdenum.htm",
licenseURL: "http://www.ciaaw.org/bylaws.htm",
anid: 2292423
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{
referenceNumber: 4,
sourceName: "Jefferson Lab, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "jlab42",
name: "Molybdenum",
description: "Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/",
url: "https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele042.html",
licenseNote: "Please see citation and linking information: https://education.jlab.org/faq/index.html",
licenseURL: "https://www.jlab.org/privacy-and-security-notice",
anid: 507104
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{
referenceNumber: 5,
sourceName: "Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "lanl42",
name: "Molybdenum",
description: "The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.",
url: "https://periodic.lanl.gov/42.shtml",
anid: 507222
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
sourceName: "NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory",
sourceID: "e42",
name: "Molybdenum",
description: "The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Elements/elInfo.pl?element=42",
licenseURL: "https://www.nist.gov/pml/database-disclaimer",
anid: 2292659
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
sourceName: "PubChem Elements",
sourceID: "42",
name: "Mo",
description: "The element property data was retrieved from publications.",
anid: 7660043
},
{
referenceNumber: 7,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "42",
name: "Molybdenum",
description: "This section provides all form of data related to element Molybdenum.",
anid: 694335
}
]
}
},
{
record: {
recordType: "AtomicNumber",
recordNumber: 43,
recordTitle: "Technetium",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01022.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Technetium"
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}
},
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referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
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string: "Technetium"
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}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
description: "Element symbol, Also called atomic symbol, typically consists of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet derived from the element name in one of several languages.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Tc"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Tc"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "InChI=1S/Tc"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI Key",
description: "International Chemical Identifier hash (InChIKey) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI Key",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "GKLVYJBZJHMRIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "98"
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]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
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string: "98"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[98]"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[Kr]5s24d5",
markup: [
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start: 6,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 9,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Electron Configuration",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[Kr]4d5 5s2",
markup: [
{
start: 6,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Radius",
description: "Atomic radius is the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell containing electrons.",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_radius",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
name: "Van der Waals Atomic Radius",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "209 pm (Van der Waals)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Empirical Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"J.C. Slater, J Chem Phys, 1964, 41(10), 3199-3205. DOI:10.1063/1.1725697"
],
value: {
number: [
135
],
unit: "pm (Empirical)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Covalent Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"B. Cordero, V. Gómez, A.E. Platero-Prats, M. Revés, J. Echeverría, E. Cremades, F. Barragán, S. Alvarez, Dalton Trans. 2008, 21, 2832-2838. DOI:10.1039/b801115j PMID:18478144."
],
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "147(7) pm (Covalent)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
description: "Oxidation state gives the degree of oxidation of an atom in terms of counting electrons.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/O/O04365.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "+7, +6, +4"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, −1, −3 (a strongly acidic oxide)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ground Level",
description: "Also called ground-state level. The ground state electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom with lower energy levels.",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/ASD/Html/iehelp.html#IEGROUNDLEV",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ground Level",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "6S5/2",
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start: 0,
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type: "Superscript"
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start: 2,
length: 3,
type: "Subscript"
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]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ionization Energy",
description: "Ionization energy is the minimum energy required to eject an electron out of a neutral atom or molecule in its ground state.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/I/I03199.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "7.28 eV"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ionization Energy",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "7.11938 eV"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electronegativity",
description: "The concept electronegativity was introduced by L. Pauling as the power of an atom to attract electrons to itself.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01990",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Pauling Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"A.L. Allred, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 1961, 17(3-4), 215-221. DOI:10.1016/0022-1902(61)80142-5"
],
value: {
number: [
1.9
],
unit: "(Pauling Scale)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Allen Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1989, 111, 9003. DOI:10.1021/ja00207a003; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek and L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 2780. DOI:10.1021/ja992866e; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek, E.T. Knight, J.F. Capitani and L.C Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 5132. DOI:10.1021/ja9928677"
],
value: {
number: [
1.51
],
unit: "(Allen Scale)"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Affinity",
description: "Electron affinity refers to energy required to detach an electron from the singly charged negative ion.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01977",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.T Myers, J. Chem. Edu., 1990, 67(4), 307. DOI:10.1021/ed067p307"
],
value: {
number: [
0.55
],
unit: "eV"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.J. Zollweg, J. Chem. Phys., 1969, 50, 4251. DOI:10.1063/1.1670890"
],
value: {
number: [
0.99
],
unit: "eV"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Spectra",
description: "Atomic and ionic spectral lines originate from specified electronic transitions between energy levels of atoms and ions, respectively.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00502.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/lines_hold.pl?el=Tc",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Lines Holdings"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/levels_hold.pl?el=Tc",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Levels Holdings"
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start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 4,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "98Tc",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "98Tcm",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 4,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "99Tc",
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{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "99Tcm",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
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start: 4,
length: 1,
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{
string: "100Tc",
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{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "100Tcm",
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{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "100Tcn",
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{
start: 0,
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type: "Superscript"
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start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "101Tc",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "101Tcm",
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{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "102Tc",
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{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "102Tcm",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "103Tc",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "104Tc",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "104Tcm",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "104Tcn",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "105Tc",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "106Tc",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "107Tc",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "107Tcm",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
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{
string: "107Tcn",
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{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "108Tc",
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{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "109Tc",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "110Tc",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "111Tc",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "112Tc",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "112Tcm",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "113Tc",
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{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "113Tcm",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
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{
string: "114Tc",
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{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "114Tcm",
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{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
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{
string: "115Tc",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "116Tc",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "117Tc",
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{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "118Tc",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "119Tc",
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{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "120Tc",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "121Tc",
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{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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]
}
]
}
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{
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stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "82.966377 ± 0.000537 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "83.959527 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "84.950778 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "85.944637 ± 0.000322 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "85.944637 ± 0.000322 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "86.938067187 ± 0.0000045"
},
{
string: "86.938067187 ± 0.0000045"
},
{
string: "86.938067187 ± 0.0000045"
},
{
string: "87.933782381 ± 0.00016"
},
{
string: "87.933782381 ± 0.00016"
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{
string: "87.933782381 ± 0.00016"
},
{
string: "88.927648650 ± 0.0000041"
},
{
string: "88.927648650 ± 0.0000041"
},
{
string: "89.924073921 ± 0.0000011"
},
{
string: "89.924073921 ± 0.0000011"
},
{
string: "90.918424975 ± 0.000002536"
},
{
string: "90.918424975 ± 0.000002536"
},
{
string: "91.915269779 ± 0.00000333"
},
{
string: "91.915269779 ± 0.00000333"
},
{
string: "91.915269779 ± 0.00000333"
},
{
string: "91.915269779 ± 0.00000333"
},
{
string: "92.910245149 ± 0.000001086"
},
{
string: "92.910245149 ± 0.000001086"
},
{
string: "92.910245149 ± 0.000001086"
},
{
string: "93.909652325 ± 0.00000437"
},
{
string: "93.909652325 ± 0.00000437"
},
{
string: "94.907652287 ± 0.000005453"
},
{
string: "94.907652287 ± 0.000005453"
},
{
string: "95.907866681 ± 0.000005524"
},
{
string: "95.907866681 ± 0.000005524"
},
{
string: "96.906360723 ± 0.00000442"
},
{
string: "96.906360723 ± 0.00000442"
},
{
string: "97.907211205 ± 0.000003628"
},
{
string: "97.907211205 ± 0.000003628"
},
{
string: "98.906249678 ± 0.000000974"
},
{
string: "98.906249678 ± 0.000000974"
},
{
string: "99.907652711 ± 0.00000145"
},
{
string: "99.907652711 ± 0.00000145"
},
{
string: "99.907652711 ± 0.00000145"
},
{
string: "100.907305260 ± 0.000025768"
},
{
string: "100.907305260 ± 0.000025768"
},
{
string: "101.909207275 ± 0.00000984"
},
{
string: "101.909207275 ± 0.00000984"
},
{
string: "102.909174008 ± 0.000010531"
},
{
string: "103.911428905 ± 0.000026718"
},
{
string: "103.911428905 ± 0.000026718"
},
{
string: "103.911428905 ± 0.000026718"
},
{
string: "104.911657952 ± 0.000037857"
},
{
string: "105.914356697 ± 0.00001315"
},
{
string: "106.915458485 ± 0.00000931"
},
{
string: "106.915458485 ± 0.00000931"
},
{
string: "106.915458485 ± 0.00000931"
},
{
string: "107.918493541 ± 0.000009413"
},
{
string: "108.920254156 ± 0.00001038"
},
{
string: "109.923741312 ± 0.000010195"
},
{
string: "110.925899016 ± 0.000011359"
},
{
string: "111.929941644 ± 0.00000592"
},
{
string: "111.929941644 ± 0.00000592"
},
{
string: "112.932569033 ± 0.0000036"
},
{
string: "112.932569033 ± 0.0000036"
},
{
string: "113.937090000 ± 0.000465"
},
{
string: "113.937090000 ± 0.000465"
},
{
string: "114.939538000 ± 0.0008475"
},
{
string: "115.944760 ± 0.00032 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "116.948060 ± 0.00043 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "117.952990 ± 0.00043 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "118.956660 ± 0.00054 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "119.961870 ± 0.00054 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "120.965883 ± 0.000537 [Estimated]"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Half Life and Uncertainty",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Not-specified"
},
{
string: "Not-specified"
},
{
string: "Not-specified ± <110ns"
},
{
string: "55 ms ± 7"
},
{
string: "1.10 us ± 0.12"
},
{
string: "2.2 s ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "2 s [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "647 ns ± 24"
},
{
string: "6.4 s ± 0.8"
},
{
string: "5.8 s ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "146 ns ± 12"
},
{
string: "12.8 s ± 0.9"
},
{
string: "12.9 s ± 0.8"
},
{
string: "49.2 s ± 0.4"
},
{
string: "8.7 s ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "3.14 m ± 0.02"
},
{
string: "3.3 m ± 0.1"
},
{
string: "4.25 m ± 0.15"
},
{
string: "1.03 us ± 0.07"
},
{
string: "<0.1 us"
},
{
string: "<0.1 us"
},
{
string: "2.75 h ± 0.05"
},
{
string: "43.5 m ± 1.0"
},
{
string: "10.2 us ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "293 m ± 1"
},
{
string: "52.0 m ± 1.0"
},
{
string: "20.0 h ± 0.1"
},
{
string: "61 d ± 2"
},
{
string: "4.28 d ± 0.07"
},
{
string: "51.5 m ± 1.0"
},
{
string: "4.21 My ± 0.16"
},
{
string: "91.0 d ± 0.6"
},
{
string: "4.2 My ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "14.7 us ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "211.1 ky ± 1.2"
},
{
string: "6.006 h ± 0.0005"
},
{
string: "15.46 s ± 0.19"
},
{
string: "8.32 us ± 0.14"
},
{
string: "3.2 us ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "14.22 m ± 0.01"
},
{
string: "636 us ± 8"
},
{
string: "5.28 s ± 0.15"
},
{
string: "4.35 m ± 0.07"
},
{
string: "54.2 s ± 0.8"
},
{
string: "18.3 m ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "3.5 us ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "400 ns ± 20"
},
{
string: "7.6 m ± 0.1"
},
{
string: "35.6 s ± 0.6"
},
{
string: "21.2 s ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "3.85 us ± 0.05"
},
{
string: "184 ns ± 3"
},
{
string: "5.17 s ± 0.07"
},
{
string: "1.14 s ± 0.03"
},
{
string: "900 ms ± 13"
},
{
string: "350 ms ± 11"
},
{
string: "323 ms ± 6"
},
{
string: "150 ns ± 17"
},
{
string: "152 ms ± 8"
},
{
string: "527 ns ± 16"
},
{
string: "90 ms ± 20"
},
{
string: "100 ms ± 20"
},
{
string: "78 ms ± 2"
},
{
string: "57 ms ± 3"
},
{
string: "44.5 ms ± 3.0"
},
{
string: "30 ms ± 4"
},
{
string: "22 ms ± 3"
},
{
string: "21 ms ± 5"
},
{
string: "22 ms ± 6"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Discovery Year",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: ""
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: "1992"
},
{
string: "2000"
},
{
string: "1991"
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: "2009"
},
{
string: "1991"
},
{
string: "1993"
},
{
string: "2009"
},
{
string: "1991"
},
{
string: "1991"
},
{
string: "1974"
},
{
string: "1974"
},
{
string: "1974"
},
{
string: "1975"
},
{
string: "1964"
},
{
string: "1976"
},
{
string: "1976"
},
{
string: "1976"
},
{
string: "1948"
},
{
string: "1939"
},
{
string: "1973"
},
{
string: "1948"
},
{
string: "1948"
},
{
string: "1947"
},
{
string: "1959"
},
{
string: "1947"
},
{
string: "1950"
},
{
string: "1946"
},
{
string: "1954"
},
{
string: "1955"
},
{
string: "1976"
},
{
string: "1938"
},
{
string: "1958"
},
{
string: "1952"
},
{
string: "1958"
},
{
string: "1967"
},
{
string: "1941"
},
{
string: "1964"
},
{
string: "1954"
},
{
string: "1954"
},
{
string: "1957"
},
{
string: "1956"
},
{
string: "1981"
},
{
string: "1999"
},
{
string: "1955"
},
{
string: "1965"
},
{
string: "1965"
},
{
string: "2007"
},
{
string: "1974"
},
{
string: "1970"
},
{
string: "1976"
},
{
string: "1976"
},
{
string: "1988"
},
{
string: "1990"
},
{
string: "2010"
},
{
string: "1992"
},
{
string: "2010"
},
{
string: "1994"
},
{
string: "2011"
},
{
string: "1994"
},
{
string: "1997"
},
{
string: "1997"
},
{
string: "2010"
},
{
string: "2010"
},
{
string: "2010"
},
{
string: "2015"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Decay Modes, Intensities and Uncertainties [%]",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "p ?; β+ ?; β+p ?",
markup: [
{
start: 6,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 12,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "p ?; β+ ?; β+p ?",
markup: [
{
start: 6,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 12,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "p ?"
},
{
string: "β+=100%; β+p ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%; β+p ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+ ?; IT ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%; β+p ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%; β+p ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+≈100%; IT<0.01%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+>99%; IT<1%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=77.4±0.6%; β+=22.6±0.6%",
markup: [
{
start: 15,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+≈100%; IT<0.1%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=96.12±3.2%; IT=3.88±3.2%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=98.0±0.5%; β+=2.0±0.5%",
markup: [
{
start: 15,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "ε=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=96.06±1.8%; ε=3.94±1.8%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β+=0%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT≈100%; β-=0.0037±0.6%",
markup: [
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-≈100%; ε=0.0018±0.9%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
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string: "β-=100%",
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string: "β-=98±0.2%; IT=2±0.2%",
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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},
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string: "β-=100%",
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
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string: "IT=100%"
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string: "IT=100%"
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string: "β-=100%",
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type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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},
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string: "IT=100%"
},
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string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
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string: "β-=100%; β-n=0.08±0.2%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=0.04±0.2%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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},
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string: "β-=100%; β-n=0.85±2%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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string: "β-=100%; β-n=1.5±0.2%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
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start: 10,
length: 1,
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},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=2.1±0.3%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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string: "IT=100%"
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{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=6%[Estimated]",
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type: "Superscript"
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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string: "β- ?; β-n=6%[Estimated]",
markup: [
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type: "Superscript"
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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string: "β-=100%; β-n=20%[Estimated]",
markup: [
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type: "Superscript"
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},
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string: "β-=100%; β-n=20%[Estimated]; β-2n=0.05%[Estimated]",
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string: "β-=100%; β-n=30%[Estimated]; β-2n=0%[Estimated]",
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],
reference: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "PubChem",
description: "Data deposited in or computed by PubChem",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
sourceName: "Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)",
sourceID: "e43",
name: "Tc",
description: "The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.",
url: "https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/",
anid: 6590270
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
sourceName: "Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)",
sourceID: "a43",
name: "Technetium",
description: "Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report) and CIAAW. The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/",
url: "http://www.ciaaw.org/",
licenseURL: "http://www.ciaaw.org/bylaws.htm",
anid: 2292424
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
sourceName: "Jefferson Lab, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "jlab43",
name: "Technetium",
description: "Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/",
url: "https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele043.html",
licenseNote: "Please see citation and linking information: https://education.jlab.org/faq/index.html",
licenseURL: "https://www.jlab.org/privacy-and-security-notice",
anid: 507105
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
sourceName: "Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "lanl43",
name: "Technetium",
description: "The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.",
url: "https://periodic.lanl.gov/43.shtml",
anid: 507223
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
sourceName: "NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory",
sourceID: "e43",
name: "Technetium",
description: "The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Elements/elInfo.pl?element=43",
licenseURL: "https://www.nist.gov/pml/database-disclaimer",
anid: 2292660
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
sourceName: "PubChem Elements",
sourceID: "43",
name: "Tc",
description: "The element property data was retrieved from publications.",
anid: 7660044
},
{
referenceNumber: 7,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "43",
name: "Technetium",
description: "This section provides all form of data related to element Technetium.",
anid: 694336
}
]
}
},
{
record: {
recordType: "AtomicNumber",
recordNumber: 44,
recordTitle: "Ruthenium",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01022.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Ruthenium"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Ruthenium"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
description: "Element symbol, Also called atomic symbol, typically consists of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet derived from the element name in one of several languages.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Ru"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Ru"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "InChI=1S/Ru"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI Key",
description: "International Chemical Identifier hash (InChIKey) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI Key",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "101.07(2)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "101.07"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "101.1"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "101.07(2)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[Kr]5s14d7",
markup: [
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start: 6,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 9,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Electron Configuration",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[Kr]4d7 5s",
markup: [
{
start: 6,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Radius",
description: "Atomic radius is the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell containing electrons.",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_radius",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
name: "Van der Waals Atomic Radius",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "207 pm (Van der Waals)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Empirical Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"J.C. Slater, J Chem Phys, 1964, 41(10), 3199-3205. DOI:10.1063/1.1725697"
],
value: {
number: [
130
],
unit: "pm (Empirical)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Covalent Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"B. Cordero, V. Gómez, A.E. Platero-Prats, M. Revés, J. Echeverría, E. Cremades, F. Barragán, S. Alvarez, Dalton Trans. 2008, 21, 2832-2838. DOI:10.1039/b801115j PMID:18478144."
],
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "146(7) pm (Covalent)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
description: "Oxidation state gives the degree of oxidation of an atom in terms of counting electrons.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/O/O04365.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "+3"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "-4, -2, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 (a mildly acidic oxide)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ground Level",
description: "Also called ground-state level. The ground state electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom with lower energy levels.",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/ASD/Html/iehelp.html#IEGROUNDLEV",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ground Level",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "5F5",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 2,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ionization Energy",
description: "Ionization energy is the minimum energy required to eject an electron out of a neutral atom or molecule in its ground state.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/I/I03199.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "7.361 eV"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ionization Energy",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "7.36050 eV"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electronegativity",
description: "The concept electronegativity was introduced by L. Pauling as the power of an atom to attract electrons to itself.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01990",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Pauling Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"A.L. Allred, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 1961, 17(3-4), 215-221. DOI:10.1016/0022-1902(61)80142-5"
],
value: {
number: [
2.2
],
unit: "(Pauling Scale)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Allen Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1989, 111, 9003. DOI:10.1021/ja00207a003; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek and L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 2780. DOI:10.1021/ja992866e; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek, E.T. Knight, J.F. Capitani and L.C Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 5132. DOI:10.1021/ja9928677"
],
value: {
number: [
1.54
],
unit: "(Allen Scale)"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Affinity",
description: "Electron affinity refers to energy required to detach an electron from the singly charged negative ion.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01977",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.T Myers, J. Chem. Edu., 1990, 67(4), 307. DOI:10.1021/ed067p307"
],
value: {
number: [
1.05
],
unit: "eV"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.J. Zollweg, J. Chem. Phys., 1969, 50, 4251. DOI:10.1063/1.1670890"
],
value: {
number: [
1.51
],
unit: "eV"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Spectra",
description: "Atomic and ionic spectral lines originate from specified electronic transitions between energy levels of atoms and ions, respectively.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00502.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/lines_hold.pl?el=Ru",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Lines Holdings"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/levels_hold.pl?el=Ru",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Levels Holdings"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Physical Description",
description: "Physical description, also know as physical characteristics, refers to physical appearance of element substances.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Solid"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Classification",
description: "Elements can be classified few groups according to each element's chemical properties.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Metal"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Period Number",
description: "The element period number refers to a horizontal row of the periodic table. The periodic table has 7 periods.",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/periodic-table-of-the-elements/The-periodic-table#ref80835",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "5"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Group Number",
description: "Element group refers to a set of chemical elements in the same vertical column of the periodic table",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/group-periodic-table",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "8"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Density",
description: "Density is a degree of consistency measured by the quantity of mass per unit volume",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/D/D01590.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "12.1 grams per cubic centimeter"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Melting Point",
description: "The melting point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from solid to liquid at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/melting-point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "2607 K (2334°C or 4233°F)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "2334°C"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Boiling Point",
description: "Boiling Point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from liquid to gas at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "4423 K (4150°C or 7502°F)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "4150°C"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Crustal Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in earth crust",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1×10-3 milligrams per kilogram",
markup: [
{
start: 4,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Oceanic Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in ocean",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "7×10-7 milligrams per liter",
markup: [
{
start: 4,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "History",
description: "Element discovery and related information in history",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "History",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "The name derives from the Latin ruthenia for the old name of Russia. It was discovered in a crude platinum ore by the Russian chemist Gottfried Wilhelm Osann in 1828. Osann thought that he had found three new metals in the sample, pluranium, ruthenium, and polinium. In 1844, Russian chemist Karl Karlovich Klaus was able to show that Osann's mistake was due to the impurity of the sample, and Klaus was able to isolate the ruthenium metal.",
markup: [
{
start: 32,
length: 8,
type: "Italics"
}
]
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Ruthenium was discovered by Karl Karlovich Klaus, a Russian chemist, in 1844 while analyzing the residue of a sample of platinum ore obtained from the Ural mountains. Apparently, Jedrzej Sniadecki, a Polish chemist, had produced ruthenium in 1807 but he withdrew his claim of discovery after other scientists failed to replicate his results. Ruthenium tends to occur along with deposits of platinum and is primarily obtained as a byproduct of mining and refining platinum. Ruthenium is also obtained as a byproduct of the nickel mining operation in the Sudbury region of Ontario, Canada."
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
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string: "From the Latin word Ruthenia, Russia. In 1827, Berzelius and Osann examined the residues left after dissolving crude platinum from the Ural mountains in aqua regia. While Berzelius found no unusual metals, Osann thought he found three new metals, one of which he named ruthenium. In 1844 Klaus, generally recognized as the discoverer, showed that Osann's ruthenium oxide was very impure and that it contained a new metal. Klaus obtained 6 g of ruthenium from the portion of crude platinum that is insoluble in aqua regia."
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{
string: "97.905286713 ± 0.000006937"
},
{
string: "98.905930278 ± 0.000000369"
},
{
string: "99.904210452 ± 0.000000368"
},
{
string: "100.905573075 ± 0.000000445"
},
{
string: "100.905573075 ± 0.000000445"
},
{
string: "101.904340300 ± 0.000000448"
},
{
string: "102.906314833 ± 0.000000475"
},
{
string: "102.906314833 ± 0.000000475"
},
{
string: "103.905425360 ± 0.000002681"
},
{
string: "104.907745525 ± 0.000002682"
},
{
string: "104.907745525 ± 0.000002682"
},
{
string: "105.907328203 ± 0.000005787"
},
{
string: "106.909969885 ± 0.00000931"
},
{
string: "107.910185841 ± 0.000009318"
},
{
string: "108.913323756 ± 0.000009612"
},
{
string: "108.913323756 ± 0.000009612"
},
{
string: "109.914038548 ± 0.00000958"
},
{
string: "110.917567616 ± 0.000010394"
},
{
string: "111.918806972 ± 0.000010305"
},
{
string: "112.922846396 ± 0.000039587"
},
{
string: "112.922846396 ± 0.000039587"
},
{
string: "113.924613780 ± 0.000003811"
},
{
string: "114.928942393 ± 0.000095004"
},
{
string: "114.928942393 ± 0.000095004"
},
{
string: "115.931219193 ± 0.000004"
},
{
string: "116.936135000 ± 0.000465"
},
{
string: "116.936135000 ± 0.000465"
},
{
string: "117.938529 ± 0.000215 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "118.943570 ± 0.00032 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "118.943570 ± 0.00032 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "119.946310 ± 0.00043 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "120.951640 ± 0.00043 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "121.954750 ± 0.000537 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "122.960193 ± 0.000537 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "123.963542 ± 0.000644 [Estimated]"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Half Life and Uncertainty",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1 ms ± >400ns [Estimated]"
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{
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{
string: "50 ms ± >1.5us [Estimated]"
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{
string: "1.3 s ± 0.3"
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{
string: "1.5 s ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "11 s ± 3"
},
{
string: "8.0 s ± 0.4"
},
{
string: "7.6 s ± 0.8"
},
{
string: "3.65 m ± 0.05"
},
{
string: "59.7 s ± 0.6"
},
{
string: "10.8 s ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "2.49 us ± 0.15"
},
{
string: "51.8 m ± 0.6"
},
{
string: "71 us ± 4"
},
{
string: "1.643 h ± 0.013"
},
{
string: "Stable ± >80Ey"
},
{
string: "2.837 d ± 0.0014"
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{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "17.5 us ± 0.4"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "39.247 d ± 0.013"
},
{
string: "1.69 ms ± 0.07"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "4.44 h ± 0.02"
},
{
string: "340 ns ± 15"
},
{
string: "371.8 d ± 0.18"
},
{
string: "3.75 m ± 0.05"
},
{
string: "4.55 m ± 0.05"
},
{
string: "34.5 s ± 1.0"
},
{
string: "680 ns ± 30"
},
{
string: "12.04 s ± 0.17"
},
{
string: "2.12 s ± 0.07"
},
{
string: "1.75 s ± 0.07"
},
{
string: "800 ms ± 50"
},
{
string: "510 ms ± 30"
},
{
string: "540 ms ± 30"
},
{
string: "318 ms ± 19"
},
{
string: "76 ms ± 6"
},
{
string: "204 ms ± 6"
},
{
string: "151 ms ± 3"
},
{
string: "2.49 us ± 0.6"
},
{
string: "99 ms ± 3"
},
{
string: "69.5 ms ± 2.0"
},
{
string: "384 ns ± 22"
},
{
string: "45 ms ± 2"
},
{
string: "29 ms ± 2"
},
{
string: "25 ms ± 1"
},
{
string: "19 ms ± 2"
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{
string: "15 ms ± 3"
}
]
}
},
{
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{
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{
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{
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{
string: "1991"
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{
string: "1983"
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{
string: "1983"
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{
string: "1971"
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{
string: "1972"
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{
string: "1983"
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{
string: "1983"
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{
string: "1952"
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{
string: "1971"
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{
string: "1948"
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{
string: "1931"
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{
string: "1946"
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{
string: "1944"
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{
string: "1931"
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{
string: "1931"
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{
string: "1931"
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{
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{
string: "1931"
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{
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{
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{
string: "1931"
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{
string: "1945"
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{
string: "1974"
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{
string: "1948"
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{
string: "1951"
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{
string: "1955"
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{
string: "1967"
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{
string: "1976"
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{
string: "1970"
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{
string: "1971"
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{
string: "1970"
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{
string: "1988"
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{
string: "1998"
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{
string: "1991"
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{
string: "1992"
},
{
string: "2010"
},
{
string: "1994"
},
{
string: "1994"
},
{
string: "2012"
},
{
string: "1994"
},
{
string: "1997"
},
{
string: "2012"
},
{
string: "2010"
},
{
string: "2010"
},
{
string: "2010"
},
{
string: "2010"
},
{
string: "2010"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
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string: "β+=100%; β+p=3.1±1.8%",
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start: 1,
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string: "β+=100%",
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string: "β+=100%; β+p ?",
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string: "β+≈100%; β+p=?; IT ?",
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string: "IT=100%"
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string: "β+=100%",
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{
string: "IS=5.54±1.4%; 2β+ ?",
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{
string: "β+=100%",
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{
string: "IS=1.87±0.3%"
},
{
string: "IS=12.76±1.4%"
},
{
string: "IS=12.60±0.7%"
},
{
string: "IS=17.06±0.2%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IS=31.55±1.4%"
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string: "β-=100%",
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string: "IT=100%"
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string: "IS=18.62±2.7%; 2β- ?",
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string: "β-=100%",
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string: "IT=100%"
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string: "β-=100%",
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string: "β-=100%",
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string: "β-=100%",
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string: "β-=100%",
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string: "IT=100%"
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string: "β-=100%",
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string: "β-=100%",
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string: "β-=100%",
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "IT=?; β-=?",
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{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=0%[Estimated]; β-2n=0%[Estimated]",
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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string: "β-=100%; β-n=0.02%[Estimated]",
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string: "IT=100%"
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string: "β-=100%; β-n=0.1%[Estimated]",
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string: "β-=100%; β-n=0.5%[Estimated]",
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string: "β-=100%; β-n=3%[Estimated]; β-2n=0%[Estimated]",
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string: "IT=100%"
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string: "β-=100%; β-n=4%[Estimated]",
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string: "β-=100%; β-n=6%[Estimated]; β-2n=0%[Estimated]",
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string: "β-=100%; β-n=7%[Estimated]; β-2n=0%[Estimated]",
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],
reference: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "PubChem",
description: "Data deposited in or computed by PubChem",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
sourceName: "Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)",
sourceID: "e44",
name: "Ru",
description: "The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.",
url: "https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/",
anid: 6590271
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
sourceName: "Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)",
sourceID: "a44",
name: "Ruthenium",
description: "Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report) and CIAAW. The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/",
url: "http://www.ciaaw.org/ruthenium.htm",
licenseURL: "http://www.ciaaw.org/bylaws.htm",
anid: 2292425
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
sourceName: "Jefferson Lab, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "jlab44",
name: "Ruthenium",
description: "Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/",
url: "https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele044.html",
licenseNote: "Please see citation and linking information: https://education.jlab.org/faq/index.html",
licenseURL: "https://www.jlab.org/privacy-and-security-notice",
anid: 507106
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
sourceName: "Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "lanl44",
name: "Ruthenium",
description: "The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.",
url: "https://periodic.lanl.gov/44.shtml",
anid: 507224
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
sourceName: "NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory",
sourceID: "e44",
name: "Ruthenium",
description: "The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Elements/elInfo.pl?element=44",
licenseURL: "https://www.nist.gov/pml/database-disclaimer",
anid: 2292661
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
sourceName: "PubChem Elements",
sourceID: "44",
name: "Ru",
description: "The element property data was retrieved from publications.",
anid: 7660045
},
{
referenceNumber: 7,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "44",
name: "Ruthenium",
description: "This section provides all form of data related to element Ruthenium.",
anid: 694337
}
]
}
},
{
record: {
recordType: "AtomicNumber",
recordNumber: 45,
recordTitle: "Rhodium",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01022.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Rhodium"
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]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Rhodium"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
description: "Element symbol, Also called atomic symbol, typically consists of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet derived from the element name in one of several languages.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Rh"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Rh"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "InChI=1S/Rh"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI Key",
description: "International Chemical Identifier hash (InChIKey) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI Key",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "102.905 49(2)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "102.90550"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "102.9"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "102.90550(2)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
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{
tocHeading: "Atomic Radius",
description: "Atomic radius is the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell containing electrons.",
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referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Empirical Atomic Radius",
reference: [
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value: {
number: [
135
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unit: "pm (Empirical)"
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},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
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reference: [
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},
{
tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
description: "Oxidation state gives the degree of oxidation of an atom in terms of counting electrons.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/O/O04365.html",
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}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ground Level",
description: "Also called ground-state level. The ground state electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom with lower energy levels.",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/ASD/Html/iehelp.html#IEGROUNDLEV",
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{
tocHeading: "Ionization Energy",
description: "Ionization energy is the minimum energy required to eject an electron out of a neutral atom or molecule in its ground state.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/I/I03199.html",
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},
{
tocHeading: "Electronegativity",
description: "The concept electronegativity was introduced by L. Pauling as the power of an atom to attract electrons to itself.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01990",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Pauling Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"A.L. Allred, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 1961, 17(3-4), 215-221. DOI:10.1016/0022-1902(61)80142-5"
],
value: {
number: [
2.28
],
unit: "(Pauling Scale)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Allen Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1989, 111, 9003. DOI:10.1021/ja00207a003; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek and L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 2780. DOI:10.1021/ja992866e; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek, E.T. Knight, J.F. Capitani and L.C Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 5132. DOI:10.1021/ja9928677"
],
value: {
number: [
1.56
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unit: "(Allen Scale)"
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]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Affinity",
description: "Electron affinity refers to energy required to detach an electron from the singly charged negative ion.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01977",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.T Myers, J. Chem. Edu., 1990, 67(4), 307. DOI:10.1021/ed067p307"
],
value: {
number: [
1.137
],
unit: "eV"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.J. Zollweg, J. Chem. Phys., 1969, 50, 4251. DOI:10.1063/1.1670890"
],
value: {
number: [
1.68
],
unit: "eV"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Spectra",
description: "Atomic and ionic spectral lines originate from specified electronic transitions between energy levels of atoms and ions, respectively.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00502.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
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url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/lines_hold.pl?el=Rh",
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stringWithMarkup: [
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tocHeading: "Physical Description",
description: "Physical description, also know as physical characteristics, refers to physical appearance of element substances.",
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},
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tocHeading: "Element Classification",
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tocHeading: "Element Period Number",
description: "The element period number refers to a horizontal row of the periodic table. The periodic table has 7 periods.",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/periodic-table-of-the-elements/The-periodic-table#ref80835",
information: [
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tocHeading: "Element Group Number",
description: "Element group refers to a set of chemical elements in the same vertical column of the periodic table",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/group-periodic-table",
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tocHeading: "Density",
description: "Density is a degree of consistency measured by the quantity of mass per unit volume",
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tocHeading: "Melting Point",
description: "The melting point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from solid to liquid at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/melting-point",
information: [
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tocHeading: "Boiling Point",
description: "Boiling Point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from liquid to gas at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_point",
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tocHeading: "Estimated Crustal Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in earth crust",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust",
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tocHeading: "History",
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string: "Rhodium was discovered by William Hyde Wollaston, an English chemist, in 1803 shortly after his discovery of the element palladium. He obtained rhodium from a sample of platinum ore that was obtained from South America. After removing the platinum and palladium from the sample, he was left with a dark red powder. The powder turned out to be sodium rhodium chloride (Na3RhCl6·12H2O). Wollaston obtained rhodium from the powder by treating it with hydrogen gas (H2). Rhodium tends to occur along with deposits of platinum and is primarily obtained as a byproduct of mining and refining platinum. Rhodium is also obtained as a byproduct of the nickel mining operation in the Sudbury region of Ontario, Canada.",
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tocHeading: "Description",
description: "Description about this element",
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}
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}
}
]
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tocHeading: "Uses",
description: "Uses information in industry and other fields",
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string: "Rhodium is used to make electrical contacts, as jewelry and in catalytic converters, but is most frequently used as an alloying agent in other materials, such as platinum and palladium. These alloys are used to make such things as furnace coils, electrodes for aircraft spark plugs and laboratory crucibles."
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]
}
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string: "Rhodium's primary use is as an alloying agent to harden platinum and palladium. Such alloys are used for furnace windings, thermocoupling elements, bushings for glass fiber production, electrodes for aircraft spark plugs, and laboratory crucibles. It is useful as an electrical contact material as it has a low electrical resistance, a low and stable contact resistance, and is highly resistant to corrosion. Plated rhodium, produced by electroplating or evaporation, is exceptionally hard and is used for optical instruments. Rhodium is also used for jewelry, for decoration, and as a catalyst."
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}
}
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tocHeading: "Sources",
description: "Sources (where the element come from) information for the given element",
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string: "Rhodium occurs natively with other platinum metals in river sands of the Urals and in North and South America. It is also found with other platinum metals in the copper-nickel sulfide area of the Sudbury, Ontario region. Although the quantity occurring there is very small, the large tonnages of nickel processed make the recovery commercially feasible. The annual world production of rhodium is only 7 or 8 tons."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Compounds",
description: "Related compounds information to this element",
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stringWithMarkup: [
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},
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{
string: "87.960429 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "88.950767 ± 0.000387 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "89.944498 ± 0.000322 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "89.944498 ± 0.000322 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "90.937123 ± 0.00032 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "90.937123 ± 0.00032 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "91.932367694 ± 0.0000047"
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{
string: "91.932367694 ± 0.0000047"
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{
string: "92.925912781 ± 0.000002821"
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{
string: "93.921730453 ± 0.000003627"
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{
string: "93.921730453 ± 0.000003627"
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{
string: "93.921730453 ± 0.000003627"
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{
string: "94.915897895 ± 0.000004171"
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{
string: "94.915897895 ± 0.000004171"
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{
string: "95.914451710 ± 0.000010737"
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{
string: "95.914451710 ± 0.000010737"
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{
string: "96.911327876 ± 0.000038071"
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{
string: "96.911327876 ± 0.000038071"
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{
string: "97.910707740 ± 0.000012782"
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{
string: "97.910707740 ± 0.000012782"
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{
string: "98.908124690 ± 0.000007189"
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{
string: "98.908124690 ± 0.000007189"
},
{
string: "99.908114141 ± 0.000019458"
},
{
string: "99.908114141 ± 0.000019458"
},
{
string: "99.908114141 ± 0.000019458"
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{
string: "99.908114141 ± 0.000019458"
},
{
string: "100.906158905 ± 0.00000627"
},
{
string: "100.906158905 ± 0.00000627"
},
{
string: "101.906834270 ± 0.000006881"
},
{
string: "101.906834270 ± 0.000006881"
},
{
string: "102.905494068 ± 0.00000247"
},
{
string: "102.905494068 ± 0.00000247"
},
{
string: "103.906645295 ± 0.000002472"
},
{
string: "103.906645295 ± 0.000002472"
},
{
string: "104.905687806 ± 0.000002685"
},
{
string: "104.905687806 ± 0.000002685"
},
{
string: "105.907285901 ± 0.000005785"
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{
string: "105.907285901 ± 0.000005785"
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{
string: "106.906747974 ± 0.000012937"
},
{
string: "106.906747974 ± 0.000012937"
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{
string: "107.908714688 ± 0.000015024"
},
{
string: "107.908714688 ± 0.000015024"
},
{
string: "108.908749326 ± 0.000004336"
},
{
string: "108.908749326 ± 0.000004336"
},
{
string: "109.911079742 ± 0.000019114"
},
{
string: "109.911079742 ± 0.000019114"
},
{
string: "110.911642531 ± 0.000007354"
},
{
string: "111.914404705 ± 0.000047327"
},
{
string: "111.914404705 ± 0.000047327"
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{
string: "112.915439567 ± 0.000007653"
},
{
string: "113.918721296 ± 0.000076824"
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{
string: "113.918721296 ± 0.000076824"
},
{
string: "114.920310993 ± 0.000007854"
},
{
string: "115.924061645 ± 0.000079261"
},
{
string: "115.924061645 ± 0.000079261"
},
{
string: "116.926035623 ± 0.000009546"
},
{
string: "117.930340443 ± 0.000026017"
},
{
string: "118.932556952 ± 0.00001"
},
{
string: "119.936860 ± 0.00021 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "119.936860 ± 0.00021 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "120.939613000 ± 0.000665"
},
{
string: "121.944090 ± 0.000322 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "121.944090 ± 0.000322 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "122.947010 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "123.951809 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "124.954911 ± 0.000537 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "125.959957 ± 0.000537 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "126.963467 ± 0.000644 [Estimated]"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Half Life and Uncertainty",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1 ms [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "10 ms ± >1.5us [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "15 ms ± 7"
},
{
string: "1.1 s ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "1.60 s ± 0.15"
},
{
string: "1.46 s ± 0.11"
},
{
string: "4.66 s ± 0.25"
},
{
string: "0.53 s ± 0.37"
},
{
string: "13.9 s ± 1.6"
},
{
string: "70.6 s ± 0.6"
},
{
string: "480 ns ± 30"
},
{
string: "25.8 s ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "5.02 m ± 0.10"
},
{
string: "1.96 m ± 0.04"
},
{
string: "9.90 m ± 0.10"
},
{
string: "1.51 m ± 0.02"
},
{
string: "30.7 m ± 0.6"
},
{
string: "46.2 m ± 1.6"
},
{
string: "8.72 m ± 0.12"
},
{
string: "3.6 m ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "16.1 d ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "4.7 h ± 0.1"
},
{
string: "20.8 h ± 0.1"
},
{
string: "214.0 ns ± 2.0"
},
{
string: "4.6 m ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "130 ns ± 10"
},
{
string: "3.3 y ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "4.34 d ± 0.01"
},
{
string: "207.0 d ± 1.5"
},
{
string: "3.742 y ± 0.010"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "56.114 m ± 0.009"
},
{
string: "42.3 s ± 0.4"
},
{
string: "4.34 m ± 0.03"
},
{
string: "35.357 h ± 0.037"
},
{
string: "42.9 s ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "30.07 s ± 0.35"
},
{
string: "131 m ± 2"
},
{
string: "21.7 m ± 0.4"
},
{
string: ">10 us"
},
{
string: "16.8 s ± 0.5"
},
{
string: "6.0 m ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "80 s ± 2"
},
{
string: "1.66 us ± 0.04"
},
{
string: "3.35 s ± 0.12"
},
{
string: "28.5 s ± 1.3"
},
{
string: "11 s ± 1"
},
{
string: "3.4 s ± 0.4"
},
{
string: "6.73 s ± 0.15"
},
{
string: "2.80 s ± 0.12"
},
{
string: "1.85 s ± 0.05"
},
{
string: "1.85 s ± 0.05"
},
{
string: "990 ms ± 50"
},
{
string: "685 ms ± 39"
},
{
string: "570 ms ± 50"
},
{
string: "421 ms ± 30"
},
{
string: "284 ms ± 9"
},
{
string: "190 ms ± 6"
},
{
string: "129.6 ms ± 4.2"
},
{
string: "295 ns ± 16"
},
{
string: "76 ms ± 5"
},
{
string: "51 ms ± 6"
},
{
string: "830 ns ± 120"
},
{
string: "42 ms ± 4"
},
{
string: "30 ms ± 2"
},
{
string: "26.5 ms ± 2.0"
},
{
string: "19 ms ± 3"
},
{
string: "28 ms ± 14"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Discovery Year",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: ""
},
{
string: "1995"
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{
string: "1994"
},
{
string: "2001"
},
{
string: "1994"
},
{
string: "2004"
},
{
string: "1994"
},
{
string: "2004"
},
{
string: "1994"
},
{
string: "1979"
},
{
string: "2004"
},
{
string: "1973"
},
{
string: "1967"
},
{
string: "1974"
},
{
string: "1967"
},
{
string: "1966"
},
{
string: "1955"
},
{
string: "1971"
},
{
string: "1955"
},
{
string: "1966"
},
{
string: "1952"
},
{
string: "1952"
},
{
string: "1948"
},
{
string: "1965"
},
{
string: "1973"
},
{
string: "1984"
},
{
string: "1948"
},
{
string: "1944"
},
{
string: "1941"
},
{
string: "1962"
},
{
string: "1934"
},
{
string: "1943"
},
{
string: "1939"
},
{
string: "1939"
},
{
string: "1945"
},
{
string: "1950"
},
{
string: "1947"
},
{
string: "1955"
},
{
string: "1951"
},
{
string: "1986"
},
{
string: "1955"
},
{
string: "1969"
},
{
string: "1972"
},
{
string: "1987"
},
{
string: "1963"
},
{
string: "1969"
},
{
string: "1975"
},
{
string: "1972"
},
{
string: "1987"
},
{
string: "1971"
},
{
string: "1988"
},
{
string: "1987"
},
{
string: "1988"
},
{
string: "1970"
},
{
string: "1987"
},
{
string: "1991"
},
{
string: "1994"
},
{
string: "1994"
},
{
string: "1994"
},
{
string: "2012"
},
{
string: "1994"
},
{
string: "1997"
},
{
string: "2012"
},
{
string: "2010"
},
{
string: "2010"
},
{
string: "2010"
},
{
string: "2010"
},
{
string: "2015"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Decay Modes, Intensities and Uncertainties [%]",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "β+ ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+ ?; β+p ?; p ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 7,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%; β+p ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%; β+p ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%; β+p=1.3±0.5%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%; IT ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%; β+p=1.9±0.1%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%; β+p=?",
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{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%; β+p=1.8±0.5%",
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{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=88±0.5%; β+=12±0.5%",
markup: [
{
start: 13,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=60±0.5%; β+=40±0.5%",
markup: [
{
start: 13,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=94.4±0.6%; IT=5.6±0.6%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=89±0.5%; β+=11±0.5%",
markup: [
{
start: 13,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+≈100%; IT<0.16%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "ε=95.1±0.5%; e+=4.9±0.5%",
markup: [
{
start: 14,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT≈98.3%; β+≈1.7%",
markup: [
{
start: 11,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "ε=100%"
},
{
string: "ε=92.80±2.5%; IT=7.20±2.5%"
},
{
string: "β+=78±0.5%; β-=22±0.5%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 13,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+≈100%; IT=0.233±2.4%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IS=100."
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-≈100%; β+=0.45±1%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT≈100%; β-=0.13±0.1%",
markup: [
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=0.05%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n<2.1%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n<7.6%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=3.1±1.4%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=6.4±1.6%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n<5.4%; β-2n=0%[Estimated]",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 20,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=7%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=10%[Estimated]; β-2n=0.01%[Estimated]",
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 30,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=20%[Estimated]; β-2n=0%[Estimated]",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 30,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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},
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string: "β-=100%; β-n=20%[Estimated]; β-2n=0.3%[Estimated]",
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
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string: "β-=100%; β-n=20%[Estimated]; β-2n=0.03%[Estimated]",
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},
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string: "β-=100%; β-n=30%[Estimated]; β-2n=0.2%[Estimated]",
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],
reference: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "PubChem",
description: "Data deposited in or computed by PubChem",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
sourceName: "Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)",
sourceID: "e45",
name: "Rh",
description: "The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.",
url: "https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/",
anid: 6590272
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
sourceName: "Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)",
sourceID: "a45",
name: "Rhodium",
description: "Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report) and CIAAW. The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/",
url: "http://www.ciaaw.org/rhodium.htm",
licenseURL: "http://www.ciaaw.org/bylaws.htm",
anid: 2292426
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
sourceName: "Jefferson Lab, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "jlab45",
name: "Rhodium",
description: "Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/",
url: "https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele045.html",
licenseNote: "Please see citation and linking information: https://education.jlab.org/faq/index.html",
licenseURL: "https://www.jlab.org/privacy-and-security-notice",
anid: 507107
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
sourceName: "Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "lanl45",
name: "Rhodium",
description: "The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.",
url: "https://periodic.lanl.gov/45.shtml",
anid: 507225
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
sourceName: "NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory",
sourceID: "e45",
name: "Rhodium",
description: "The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Elements/elInfo.pl?element=45",
licenseURL: "https://www.nist.gov/pml/database-disclaimer",
anid: 2292662
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
sourceName: "PubChem Elements",
sourceID: "45",
name: "Rh",
description: "The element property data was retrieved from publications.",
anid: 7660046
},
{
referenceNumber: 7,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "45",
name: "Rhodium",
description: "This section provides all form of data related to element Rhodium.",
anid: 694338
}
]
}
},
{
record: {
recordType: "AtomicNumber",
recordNumber: 46,
recordTitle: "Palladium",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01022.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Palladium"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Palladium"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
description: "Element symbol, Also called atomic symbol, typically consists of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet derived from the element name in one of several languages.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Pd"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Pd"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "InChI=1S/Pd"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI Key",
description: "International Chemical Identifier hash (InChIKey) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI Key",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "106.42(1)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "106.42"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "106.4"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "106.42(1)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "[Kr]4d10",
markup: [
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start: 6,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
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}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Electron Configuration",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[Kr]4d10",
markup: [
{
start: 6,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Radius",
description: "Atomic radius is the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell containing electrons.",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_radius",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
name: "Van der Waals Atomic Radius",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "202 pm (Van der Waals)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Empirical Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"J.C. Slater, J Chem Phys, 1964, 41(10), 3199-3205. DOI:10.1063/1.1725697"
],
value: {
number: [
140
],
unit: "pm (Empirical)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Covalent Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"B. Cordero, V. Gómez, A.E. Platero-Prats, M. Revés, J. Echeverría, E. Cremades, F. Barragán, S. Alvarez, Dalton Trans. 2008, 21, 2832-2838. DOI:10.1039/b801115j PMID:18478144."
],
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "139(6) pm (Covalent)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
description: "Oxidation state gives the degree of oxidation of an atom in terms of counting electrons.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/O/O04365.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "+3, +2"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "0, +1, +2, +3, +4 (a mildly basic oxide)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ground Level",
description: "Also called ground-state level. The ground state electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom with lower energy levels.",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/ASD/Html/iehelp.html#IEGROUNDLEV",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ground Level",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1S0",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 2,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ionization Energy",
description: "Ionization energy is the minimum energy required to eject an electron out of a neutral atom or molecule in its ground state.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/I/I03199.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "8.337 eV"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ionization Energy",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "8.336839 eV"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electronegativity",
description: "The concept electronegativity was introduced by L. Pauling as the power of an atom to attract electrons to itself.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01990",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Pauling Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"A.L. Allred, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 1961, 17(3-4), 215-221. DOI:10.1016/0022-1902(61)80142-5"
],
value: {
number: [
2.2
],
unit: "(Pauling Scale)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Allen Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1989, 111, 9003. DOI:10.1021/ja00207a003; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek and L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 2780. DOI:10.1021/ja992866e; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek, E.T. Knight, J.F. Capitani and L.C Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 5132. DOI:10.1021/ja9928677"
],
value: {
number: [
1.58
],
unit: "(Allen Scale)"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Affinity",
description: "Electron affinity refers to energy required to detach an electron from the singly charged negative ion.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01977",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.T Myers, J. Chem. Edu., 1990, 67(4), 307. DOI:10.1021/ed067p307"
],
value: {
number: [
0.557
],
unit: "eV"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.J. Zollweg, J. Chem. Phys., 1969, 50, 4251. DOI:10.1063/1.1670890"
],
value: {
number: [
1.02
],
unit: "eV"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Spectra",
description: "Atomic and ionic spectral lines originate from specified electronic transitions between energy levels of atoms and ions, respectively.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00502.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/lines_hold.pl?el=Pd",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Lines Holdings"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/levels_hold.pl?el=Pd",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Levels Holdings"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Physical Description",
description: "Physical description, also know as physical characteristics, refers to physical appearance of element substances.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Solid"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Classification",
description: "Elements can be classified few groups according to each element's chemical properties.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Metal"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
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type: "Superscript"
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{
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{
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{
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string: "117Pdm",
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{
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string: "118Pd",
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{
start: 0,
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{
string: "119Pd",
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{
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type: "Superscript"
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
string: "122Pd",
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{
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{
string: "123Pd",
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{
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]
},
{
string: "124Pd",
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{
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type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "124Pdm",
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{
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{
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{
string: "125Pd",
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{
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{
string: "126Pd",
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Atomic Mass and Uncertainty [u]",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "89.957370 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "90.950692 ± 0.00043 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "91.941406 ± 0.000322 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "92.936660 ± 0.000323 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "93.929036292 ± 0.000004602"
},
{
string: "93.929036292 ± 0.000004602"
},
{
string: "93.929036292 ± 0.000004602"
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{
string: "94.924888512 ± 0.000003253"
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{
string: "94.924888512 ± 0.000003253"
},
{
string: "95.918213744 ± 0.000004502"
},
{
string: "95.918213744 ± 0.000004502"
},
{
string: "96.916471987 ± 0.0000052"
},
{
string: "97.912698337 ± 0.00000509"
},
{
string: "98.911773290 ± 0.000005347"
},
{
string: "99.908520315 ± 0.000018935"
},
{
string: "100.908284828 ± 0.000004925"
},
{
string: "101.905632058 ± 0.000000594"
},
{
string: "102.906110840 ± 0.000001019"
},
{
string: "103.904030401 ± 0.000001434"
},
{
string: "104.905079487 ± 0.000001222"
},
{
string: "104.905079487 ± 0.000001222"
},
{
string: "105.903480293 ± 0.000001186"
},
{
string: "106.905128064 ± 0.000001289"
},
{
string: "106.905128064 ± 0.000001289"
},
{
string: "106.905128064 ± 0.000001289"
},
{
string: "107.903891805 ± 0.000001189"
},
{
string: "108.905950574 ± 0.000001195"
},
{
string: "108.905950574 ± 0.000001195"
},
{
string: "108.905950574 ± 0.000001195"
},
{
string: "109.905172868 ± 0.000000657"
},
{
string: "110.907690347 ± 0.000000785"
},
{
string: "110.907690347 ± 0.000000785"
},
{
string: "111.907329986 ± 0.000007025"
},
{
string: "112.910261267 ± 0.000007455"
},
{
string: "112.910261267 ± 0.000007455"
},
{
string: "113.910368780 ± 0.000007456"
},
{
string: "114.913658718 ± 0.000014541"
},
{
string: "114.913658718 ± 0.000014541"
},
{
string: "115.914297210 ± 0.000007656"
},
{
string: "116.917954944 ± 0.000007785"
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{
string: "116.917954944 ± 0.000007785"
},
{
string: "117.919066847 ± 0.000002673"
},
{
string: "118.923340459 ± 0.000008851"
},
{
string: "118.923340459 ± 0.000008851"
},
{
string: "119.924551258 ± 0.000002459"
},
{
string: "120.928950343 ± 0.0000036"
},
{
string: "120.928950343 ± 0.0000036"
},
{
string: "120.928950343 ± 0.0000036"
},
{
string: "121.930631694 ± 0.000021"
},
{
string: "122.935126000 ± 0.0008475"
},
{
string: "123.937316 ± 0.00032 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "123.937316 ± 0.00032 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "124.941900 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "125.944326 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "125.944326 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "125.944326 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "125.944326 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "126.949350 ± 0.000537 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "127.952238 ± 0.000537 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "127.952238 ± 0.000537 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "128.959624 ± 0.000644 [Estimated]"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Half Life and Uncertainty",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "10 ms ± >400ns [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "10 ms ± >1.5us [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "1.1 s ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "1.15 s ± 0.05"
},
{
string: "9.0 s ± 0.5"
},
{
string: "511.0 ns ± 7.3"
},
{
string: "197 ns ± 22"
},
{
string: "7.5 s ± 0.5"
},
{
string: "13.3 s ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "122 s ± 2"
},
{
string: "1.81 us ± 0.01"
},
{
string: "3.10 m ± 0.09"
},
{
string: "17.7 m ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "21.4 m ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "3.63 d ± 0.09"
},
{
string: "8.47 h ± 0.06"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "16.991 d ± 0.019"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "36.1 us ± 0.4"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "6.5 My ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "850 ns ± 100"
},
{
string: "21.3 s ± 0.5"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "13.701 h ± 0.0024"
},
{
string: "380 ns ± 50."
},
{
string: "4.696 m ± 0.003"
},
{
string: "Stable ± >200Ey"
},
{
string: "23.4 m ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "5.5 h ± 0.1"
},
{
string: "21.04 h ± 0.17"
},
{
string: "93 s ± 5"
},
{
string: "300 ms ± 100"
},
{
string: "2.42 m ± 0.06"
},
{
string: "25 s ± 2"
},
{
string: "50 s ± 3"
},
{
string: "11.8 s ± 0.4"
},
{
string: "4.3 s ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "19.1 ms ± 0.7"
},
{
string: "1.9 s ± 0.1"
},
{
string: "920 ms ± 80"
},
{
string: "3 ms [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "492 ms ± 33"
},
{
string: "290 ms ± 1"
},
{
string: "460 ns ± 90"
},
{
string: "460 ns ± 90"
},
{
string: "195 ms ± 5"
},
{
string: "108 ms ± 2"
},
{
string: "88 ms ± 15"
},
{
string: ">20 us"
},
{
string: "57 ms ± 10"
},
{
string: "48.6 ms ± 1.2"
},
{
string: "330 ns ± 40"
},
{
string: "440 ns ± 30"
},
{
string: "23.0 ns ± 0.9"
},
{
string: "38 ms ± 2"
},
{
string: "35 ms ± 3"
},
{
string: "5.8 us ± 0.8"
},
{
string: "31 ms ± 7"
}
]
}
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{
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string: "2016"
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{
string: "1995"
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{
string: "1994"
},
{
string: "1994"
},
{
string: "1982"
},
{
string: "1995"
},
{
string: "2011"
},
{
string: "1980"
},
{
string: "1982"
},
{
string: "1980"
},
{
string: "1983"
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{
string: "1969"
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{
string: "1955"
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{
string: "1955"
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{
string: "1948"
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{
string: "1948"
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{
string: "1935"
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{
string: "1950"
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{
string: "1935"
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{
string: "1935"
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{
string: "1970"
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{
string: "1935"
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{
string: "1958"
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{
string: "1969"
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{
string: "1952"
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{
string: "1935"
},
{
string: "1937"
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{
string: "1978"
},
{
string: "1957"
},
{
string: "1935"
},
{
string: "1937"
},
{
string: "1952"
},
{
string: "1951"
},
{
string: "1954"
},
{
string: "1993"
},
{
string: "1958"
},
{
string: "1958"
},
{
string: "1987"
},
{
string: "1970"
},
{
string: "1968"
},
{
string: "1990"
},
{
string: "1969"
},
{
string: "1991"
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: "1993"
},
{
string: "1994"
},
{
string: "2007"
},
{
string: "2007"
},
{
string: "1994"
},
{
string: "1994"
},
{
string: "1997"
},
{
string: "2012"
},
{
string: "2008"
},
{
string: "2008"
},
{
string: "2013"
},
{
string: "2013"
},
{
string: "2014"
},
{
string: "2010"
},
{
string: "2010"
},
{
string: "2013"
},
{
string: "2015"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Decay Modes, Intensities and Uncertainties [%]",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "β+ ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+ ?; β+p ?",
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 7,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%; β+p ?",
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
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string: "β+=100%; β+p=7.5±0.5%",
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "β+=100%",
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%; β+p ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β+=?; IT=11±0.3%; β+p=0.93±1.5%",
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{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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type: "Superscript"
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string: "β+=100%",
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string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
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type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "β+=100%",
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},
{
string: "ε=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IS=1.02±0.1%; 2β+ ?",
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start: 16,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "ε=100%"
},
{
string: "IS=11.14±0.8%"
},
{
string: "IS=22.33±0.8%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IS=27.33±0.3%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IS=26.46±0.9%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IS=11.72±0.9%; 2β- ?",
markup: [
{
start: 17,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "IT=73±0.3%; β-=27±0.3%",
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{
start: 13,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
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{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
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{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=92.0±2%; IT=8.0±2%",
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{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
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{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
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{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
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{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=0%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT ?; β- ?",
markup: [
{
start: 7,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n<0.7%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n<0.8%",
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{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%; β- ?; β-n=0%[Estimated]",
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{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 16,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%; β- ?; β-n=0%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 16,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n<2.5%",
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{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=0.4%[Estimated]",
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{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=0.03%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%; β- ?",
markup: [
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100 ?; β-n=6%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 11,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=0.4%[Estimated]",
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{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=?; β ?"
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=10%[Estimated]; β-2n=0%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 30,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=20%[Estimated]",
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{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
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type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=90%[Estimated]; β-2n=2%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "PubChem",
description: "Data deposited in or computed by PubChem",
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{
referenceNumber: 2,
sourceName: "Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)",
sourceID: "e46",
name: "Pd",
description: "The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.",
url: "https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/",
anid: 6590273
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{
referenceNumber: 3,
sourceName: "Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)",
sourceID: "a46",
name: "Palladium",
description: "Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report) and CIAAW. The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/",
url: "http://www.ciaaw.org/palladium.htm",
licenseURL: "http://www.ciaaw.org/bylaws.htm",
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sourceName: "Jefferson Lab, U.S. Department of Energy",
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name: "Palladium",
description: "Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/",
url: "https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele046.html",
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licenseURL: "https://www.jlab.org/privacy-and-security-notice",
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sourceName: "Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "lanl46",
name: "Palladium",
description: "The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.",
url: "https://periodic.lanl.gov/46.shtml",
anid: 507226
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referenceNumber: 6,
sourceName: "NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory",
sourceID: "e46",
name: "Palladium",
description: "The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Elements/elInfo.pl?element=46",
licenseURL: "https://www.nist.gov/pml/database-disclaimer",
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record: {
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recordNumber: 47,
recordTitle: "Silver",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01022.html",
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tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
description: "Element symbol, Also called atomic symbol, typically consists of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet derived from the element name in one of several languages.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
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{
tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
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referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "InChI=1S/Ag"
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}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI Key",
description: "International Chemical Identifier hash (InChIKey) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI Key",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N"
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]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
information: [
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},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
information: [
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]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Radius",
description: "Atomic radius is the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell containing electrons.",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_radius",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
name: "Van der Waals Atomic Radius",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "172 pm (Van der Waals)"
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]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Empirical Atomic Radius",
reference: [
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],
value: {
number: [
160
],
unit: "pm (Empirical)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Covalent Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"B. Cordero, V. Gómez, A.E. Platero-Prats, M. Revés, J. Echeverría, E. Cremades, F. Barragán, S. Alvarez, Dalton Trans. 2008, 21, 2832-2838. DOI:10.1039/b801115j PMID:18478144."
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value: {
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},
{
tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
description: "Oxidation state gives the degree of oxidation of an atom in terms of counting electrons.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/O/O04365.html",
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value: {
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{
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value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "−2, −1, 1, 2, 3 (an amphoteric oxide)"
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]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ground Level",
description: "Also called ground-state level. The ground state electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom with lower energy levels.",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/ASD/Html/iehelp.html#IEGROUNDLEV",
information: [
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},
{
tocHeading: "Ionization Energy",
description: "Ionization energy is the minimum energy required to eject an electron out of a neutral atom or molecule in its ground state.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/I/I03199.html",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "7.576 eV"
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}
},
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name: "Ionization Energy",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "7.576234 eV"
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]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electronegativity",
description: "The concept electronegativity was introduced by L. Pauling as the power of an atom to attract electrons to itself.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01990",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Pauling Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"A.L. Allred, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 1961, 17(3-4), 215-221. DOI:10.1016/0022-1902(61)80142-5"
],
value: {
number: [
1.93
],
unit: "(Pauling Scale)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Allen Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1989, 111, 9003. DOI:10.1021/ja00207a003; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek and L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 2780. DOI:10.1021/ja992866e; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek, E.T. Knight, J.F. Capitani and L.C Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 5132. DOI:10.1021/ja9928677"
],
value: {
number: [
1.87
],
unit: "(Allen Scale)"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Affinity",
description: "Electron affinity refers to energy required to detach an electron from the singly charged negative ion.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01977",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.T Myers, J. Chem. Edu., 1990, 67(4), 307. DOI:10.1021/ed067p307"
],
value: {
number: [
1.302
],
unit: "eV"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.J. Zollweg, J. Chem. Phys., 1969, 50, 4251. DOI:10.1063/1.1670890"
],
value: {
number: [
2
],
unit: "eV"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Spectra",
description: "Atomic and ionic spectral lines originate from specified electronic transitions between energy levels of atoms and ions, respectively.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00502.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/lines_hold.pl?el=Ag",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Lines Holdings"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/levels_hold.pl?el=Ag",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Levels Holdings"
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]
}
}
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},
{
tocHeading: "Physical Description",
description: "Physical description, also know as physical characteristics, refers to physical appearance of element substances.",
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Solid"
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}
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},
{
tocHeading: "Element Classification",
description: "Elements can be classified few groups according to each element's chemical properties.",
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value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Metal"
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]
}
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},
{
tocHeading: "Element Period Number",
description: "The element period number refers to a horizontal row of the periodic table. The periodic table has 7 periods.",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/periodic-table-of-the-elements/The-periodic-table#ref80835",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "5"
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}
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},
{
tocHeading: "Element Group Number",
description: "Element group refers to a set of chemical elements in the same vertical column of the periodic table",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/group-periodic-table",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "11"
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},
{
tocHeading: "Density",
description: "Density is a degree of consistency measured by the quantity of mass per unit volume",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/D/D01590.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "10.501 grams per cubic centimeter"
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]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Melting Point",
description: "The melting point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from solid to liquid at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/melting-point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "1234.93 K (961.78°C or 1763.20°F)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "961.78°C"
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}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Boiling Point",
description: "Boiling Point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from liquid to gas at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "2435 K (2162°C or 3924°F)"
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}
},
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referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
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string: "2162°C"
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},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Crustal Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in earth crust",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust",
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "7.5×10-2 milligrams per kilogram",
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}
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}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Oceanic Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in ocean",
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "4×10-5 milligrams per liter",
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},
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tocHeading: "History",
description: "Element discovery and related information in history",
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referenceNumber: 3,
name: "History",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "The name derives from the Anglo-Saxon seofor and siolfur, which is of unknown origin. The symbol Ag derives from the Latin argentum and Sanskrit argunas from \"bright\". Silver was known in prehistoric times.",
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type: "Italics"
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
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string: "Archaeological evidence suggests that people have been using silver for at least 5000 years. Silver can be obtained from pure deposits, from silver ores such as argentite (Ag2S) and horn silver (AgCl), and in conjunction with deposits of ores containing lead, gold or copper.",
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string: "The Latin word for silver is argentum. Silver has been known since ancient times. It is mentioned in Genesis. Slag dumps in Asia Minor and on islands in the Aegean Sea indicate that man learned to separate silver from lead as early as 3000 B.C."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Description",
description: "Description about this element",
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value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Pure silver has a brilliant white metallic luster. It is a little harder than gold and is very ductile and malleable, being exceeded only by gold and perhaps palladium. Pure silver has the highest electrical and thermal conductivity of all metals, and possesses the lowest contact resistance. It is stable in pure air and water, but tarnishes when exposed to ozone, hydrogen sulfide, or air containing sulfur. The alloys of silver are important."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Uses",
description: "Uses information in industry and other fields",
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Silver and silver compounds have many uses. Pure silver is the best conductor of heat and electricity of all known metals, so it is sometimes used in making solder, electrical contacts and printed circuit boards. Silver is also the best reflector of visible light known, but silver mirrors must be given a protective coating to prevent them from tarnishing. Silver has also been used to create coins, although today other metals are typically used in its place. Sterling silver, an alloy containing 92.5% silver, is used to make silverware, jewelry and other decorative items. High capacity batteries can be made with silver and zinc and silver and cadmium. Silver nitrate (AgNO3) is light sensitive and is used to make photographic films and papers. Silver iodide (AgI) is used to seed clouds to produce rain.",
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}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Sources",
description: "Sources (where the element come from) information for the given element",
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referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Silver occurs natively and in ores such as argentite (Ag2S) and horn silver (AgCl); lead, lead-zinc, copper, gold, and copper-nickel ores are principal sources. Mexico, Canada, Peru, and the U.S. are the principal silver producers in the western hemisphere.",
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},
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tocHeading: "Production",
description: "Substance or material production for related element",
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referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Silver is also recovered during electrolytic refining of copper. Commercial fine silver contains at least 99.9% silver. Purities of 99.999+% are available commercially."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Compounds",
description: "Related compounds information to this element",
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{
referenceNumber: 7,
name: "Compounds",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Silver",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "See more information at the Silver compound page."
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}
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],
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type: "Superscript"
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{
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{
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{
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{
string: "126Ag",
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{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "126Agm",
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{
start: 0,
length: 3,
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{
start: 5,
length: 1,
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{
string: "126Agn",
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{
start: 0,
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{
string: "127Ag",
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{
start: 0,
length: 3,
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{
string: "127Agm",
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{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "128Ag",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "129Ag",
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{
start: 0,
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type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "129Agm",
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{
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{
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{
string: "130Ag",
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{
start: 0,
length: 3,
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{
string: "131Ag",
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{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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]
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{
string: "132Ag",
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{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Atomic Mass and Uncertainty [u]",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "91.960139 ± 0.000537 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "92.950330 ± 0.00043 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "93.943736 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "93.943736 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "93.943736 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "94.936020 ± 0.00032 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "94.936020 ± 0.00032 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "94.936020 ± 0.00032 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "94.936020 ± 0.00032 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "95.930743906 ± 0.000096708"
},
{
string: "95.930743906 ± 0.000096708"
},
{
string: "95.930743906 ± 0.000096708"
},
{
string: "95.930743906 ± 0.000096708"
},
{
string: "95.930743906 ± 0.000096708"
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{
string: "96.923965326 ± 0.000118204"
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{
string: "96.923965326 ± 0.000118204"
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{
string: "97.921559972 ± 0.000035327"
},
{
string: "97.921559972 ± 0.000035327"
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{
string: "98.917645768 ± 0.000006725"
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{
string: "98.917645768 ± 0.000006725"
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{
string: "99.916115445 ± 0.000005367"
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{
string: "99.916115445 ± 0.000005367"
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{
string: "100.912683953 ± 0.000005193"
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{
string: "100.912683953 ± 0.000005193"
},
{
string: "101.911704540 ± 0.000008771"
},
{
string: "101.911704540 ± 0.000008771"
},
{
string: "102.908960560 ± 0.0000044"
},
{
string: "102.908960560 ± 0.0000044"
},
{
string: "103.908623725 ± 0.000004527"
},
{
string: "103.908623725 ± 0.000004527"
},
{
string: "104.906525607 ± 0.000004877"
},
{
string: "104.906525607 ± 0.000004877"
},
{
string: "105.906663507 ± 0.000003237"
},
{
string: "105.906663507 ± 0.000003237"
},
{
string: "106.905091531 ± 0.000002557"
},
{
string: "106.905091531 ± 0.000002557"
},
{
string: "107.905950266 ± 0.000002563"
},
{
string: "107.905950266 ± 0.000002563"
},
{
string: "108.904755773 ± 0.000001381"
},
{
string: "108.904755773 ± 0.000001381"
},
{
string: "109.906110719 ± 0.00000138"
},
{
string: "109.906110719 ± 0.00000138"
},
{
string: "109.906110719 ± 0.00000138"
},
{
string: "110.905296816 ± 0.000001565"
},
{
string: "110.905296816 ± 0.000001565"
},
{
string: "111.907048550 ± 0.0000026"
},
{
string: "112.906572858 ± 0.000017866"
},
{
string: "112.906572858 ± 0.000017866"
},
{
string: "113.908823031 ± 0.0000049"
},
{
string: "113.908823031 ± 0.0000049"
},
{
string: "114.908767363 ± 0.000019611"
},
{
string: "114.908767363 ± 0.000019611"
},
{
string: "115.911386812 ± 0.0000035"
},
{
string: "115.911386812 ± 0.0000035"
},
{
string: "115.911386812 ± 0.0000035"
},
{
string: "116.911773974 ± 0.00001457"
},
{
string: "116.911773974 ± 0.00001457"
},
{
string: "117.914595487 ± 0.0000027"
},
{
string: "117.914595487 ± 0.0000027"
},
{
string: "117.914595487 ± 0.0000027"
},
{
string: "117.914595487 ± 0.0000027"
},
{
string: "118.915570293 ± 0.000015783"
},
{
string: "118.915570293 ± 0.000015783"
},
{
string: "119.918784767 ± 0.0000048"
},
{
string: "119.918784767 ± 0.0000048"
},
{
string: "119.918784767 ± 0.0000048"
},
{
string: "120.920125282 ± 0.000013"
},
{
string: "120.920125282 ± 0.000013"
},
{
string: "121.923664448 ± 0.000041"
},
{
string: "121.923664448 ± 0.000041"
},
{
string: "121.923664448 ± 0.000041"
},
{
string: "121.923664448 ± 0.000041"
},
{
string: "122.925337062 ± 0.000033"
},
{
string: "122.925337062 ± 0.000033"
},
{
string: "122.925337062 ± 0.000033"
},
{
string: "122.925337062 ± 0.000033"
},
{
string: "123.928931229 ± 0.00027"
},
{
string: "123.928931229 ± 0.00027"
},
{
string: "123.928931229 ± 0.00027"
},
{
string: "124.930735000 ± 0.000465"
},
{
string: "124.930735000 ± 0.000465"
},
{
string: "124.930735000 ± 0.000465"
},
{
string: "124.930735000 ± 0.000465"
},
{
string: "125.934857 ± 0.000215 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "125.934857 ± 0.000215 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "125.934857 ± 0.000215 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "126.937262 ± 0.000215 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "126.937262 ± 0.000215 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "127.941363 ± 0.000322 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "128.944197 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "128.944197 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "129.950942 ± 0.000537 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "130.956650 ± 0.000537 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "131.963725 ± 0.000537 [Estimated]"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Half Life and Uncertainty",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1 ms ± >400ns [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "20 ms ± >1.5us [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "37 ms ± 18"
},
{
string: "550 ms ± 60"
},
{
string: "400 ms ± 40"
},
{
string: "1.76 s ± 0.09"
},
{
string: "<500 ms"
},
{
string: "<16 ms"
},
{
string: "<40 ms"
},
{
string: "4.44 s ± 0.04"
},
{
string: "6.9 s ± 0.5"
},
{
string: "100 us ± 10"
},
{
string: "1.543 us ± 0.028"
},
{
string: "160 ns ± 30"
},
{
string: "25.5 s ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "100 ms [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "47.5 s ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "220 ns ± 20"
},
{
string: "2.07 m ± 0.05"
},
{
string: "10.5 s ± 0.5"
},
{
string: "2.01 m ± 0.09"
},
{
string: "2.24 m ± 0.13"
},
{
string: "11.1 m ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "3.10 s ± 0.10"
},
{
string: "12.9 m ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "7.7 m ± 0.5"
},
{
string: "65.7 m ± 0.7"
},
{
string: "5.7 s ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "69.2 m ± 1.0"
},
{
string: "33.5 m ± 2.0"
},
{
string: "41.29 d ± 0.07"
},
{
string: "7.23 m ± 0.16"
},
{
string: "23.96 m ± 0.04"
},
{
string: "8.28 d ± 0.02"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "44.3 s ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "2.382 m ± 0.011"
},
{
string: "438 y ± 9"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "39.6 s ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "24.56 s ± 0.11"
},
{
string: "660 ns ± 40"
},
{
string: "249.83 d ± 0.04"
},
{
string: "7.433 d ± 0.010"
},
{
string: "64.8 s ± 0.8"
},
{
string: "3.130 h ± 0.008"
},
{
string: "5.37 h ± 0.05"
},
{
string: "68.7 s ± 1.6"
},
{
string: "4.6 s ± 0.1"
},
{
string: "1.50 ms ± 0.05"
},
{
string: "20.0 m ± 0.5"
},
{
string: "18.0 s ± 0.7"
},
{
string: "3.83 m ± 0.08"
},
{
string: "20 s ± 1"
},
{
string: "9.3 s ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "73.6 s ± 1.4"
},
{
string: "5.34 s ± 0.05"
},
{
string: "3.76 s ± 0.15"
},
{
string: "~0.1 us"
},
{
string: "2.0 s ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "~0.1 us"
},
{
string: "6.0 s ± 0.5"
},
{
string: "2.1 s ± 0.1"
},
{
string: "1.52 s ± 0.07"
},
{
string: "940 ms ± 100"
},
{
string: "384 ms ± 22"
},
{
string: "780 ms ± 20"
},
{
string: "200 ms [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "529 ms ± 13"
},
{
string: "550 ms ± 50"
},
{
string: "200 ms ± 50"
},
{
string: "6.3 us ± 1.0"
},
{
string: "300 ms ± 5"
},
{
string: "100 ms [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "202 ns ± 20"
},
{
string: "393 ns ± 15"
},
{
string: "177.9 ms ± 2.6"
},
{
string: "144 ms ± 20"
},
{
string: "1.7 us ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "159 ms ± 8"
},
{
string: "50 ms [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "80 ns ± 17"
},
{
string: "491 ns ± 20"
},
{
string: "99.3 ms ± 4.6"
},
{
string: "92 ms ± 9"
},
{
string: "27 us ± 6"
},
{
string: "89 ms ± 2"
},
{
string: "20 ms [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "59 ms ± 5"
},
{
string: "49.9 ms ± 3.5"
},
{
string: "10 ms [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "40.6 ms ± 4.5"
},
{
string: "35 ms ± 8"
},
{
string: "30 ms ± 14"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Discovery Year",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "2016"
},
{
string: "1994"
},
{
string: "1994"
},
{
string: "1994"
},
{
string: "2002"
},
{
string: "1994"
},
{
string: "2003"
},
{
string: "2003"
},
{
string: "2003"
},
{
string: "1982"
},
{
string: "2003"
},
{
string: "2011"
},
{
string: "2011"
},
{
string: "2011"
},
{
string: "1978"
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: "1978"
},
{
string: "1998"
},
{
string: "1967"
},
{
string: "1978"
},
{
string: "1970"
},
{
string: "1980"
},
{
string: "1966"
},
{
string: "1975"
},
{
string: "1960"
},
{
string: "1967"
},
{
string: "1954"
},
{
string: "1962"
},
{
string: "1955"
},
{
string: "1959"
},
{
string: "1939"
},
{
string: "1969"
},
{
string: "1937"
},
{
string: "1938"
},
{
string: "1924"
},
{
string: "1940"
},
{
string: "1937"
},
{
string: "1969"
},
{
string: "1924"
},
{
string: "1967"
},
{
string: "1937"
},
{
string: "1975"
},
{
string: "1938"
},
{
string: "1937"
},
{
string: "1957"
},
{
string: "1938"
},
{
string: "1949"
},
{
string: "1958"
},
{
string: "1958"
},
{
string: "1990"
},
{
string: "1949"
},
{
string: "1958"
},
{
string: "1958"
},
{
string: "2005"
},
{
string: "1970"
},
{
string: "1958"
},
{
string: "1990"
},
{
string: "1967"
},
{
string: "1989"
},
{
string: "1971"
},
{
string: "1989"
},
{
string: "1975"
},
{
string: "1975"
},
{
string: "1971"
},
{
string: "2012"
},
{
string: "1971"
},
{
string: "1982"
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: "1978"
},
{
string: "2000"
},
{
string: "2000"
},
{
string: "2013"
},
{
string: "1976"
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: "2013"
},
{
string: "2009"
},
{
string: "1984"
},
{
string: "1995"
},
{
string: "2012"
},
{
string: "1994"
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: "2013"
},
{
string: "2009"
},
{
string: "1994"
},
{
string: "1995"
},
{
string: "2012"
},
{
string: "1995"
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: "2000"
},
{
string: "2000"
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: "2000"
},
{
string: "2013"
},
{
string: "2015"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Decay Modes, Intensities and Uncertainties [%]",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "β+ ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+ ?; p ?; β+p ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 12,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%; β+p ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%; β+p=20%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β+=95.4±0.7%; β+p=27%; p=4.1±0.6%; 2p=0.5±0.3%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 15,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%; β+p=2.5±0.3%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%; β+p=6.9±0.7%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β+=100%; β+p=15.1±2.6%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT ?"
},
{
string: "β+=100%; β+p=0.0012±0.5%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=?; IT ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=51±0.5%; IT=49±0.5%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+≈100%; IT<0.07%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT≈100%; β+=0.34±0.7%",
markup: [
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=?; β-≈0.5%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 7,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%; IT LE 4.2e-6",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IS=51.839±0.8%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=97.15±2%; β+=2.85±2%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 14,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=91.3±0.9%; IT=8.7±0.9%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IS=48.161±0.8%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-≈100%; ε=0.30±0.6%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=98.67±0.8%; IT=1.33±0.8%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=99.3±0.2%; β-=0.7±0.2%",
markup: [
{
start: 15,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=64±0.7%; β-=36±0.7%",
markup: [
{
start: 13,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=79.0±0.3%; IT=21.0±0.3%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=93.0%; IT=7.0%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=92.0%; IT=8.0%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=94.0±1.5%; IT=6.0±1.5%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=59%; IT=41%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n<0.003%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=?; IT ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=68±1%; β-=32±0.5%",
markup: [
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start: 11,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=0.080±1.3%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β- ?; IT ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=0.186±1%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; IT ?; β-n=0.2%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
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start: 16,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; IT ?; β-n=0.2%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
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start: 16,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=1.0±0.5%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β- ?; IT ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=1.3±0.9%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=1%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=5%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β- ?; IT ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=6%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; IT ?; β-n=6%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
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start: 16,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=7%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β- ?; IT ?",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=8%[Estimated]; β-2n=0.01%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 29,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=10%[Estimated]",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β- ?; β-n=10%[Estimated]",
markup: [
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 7,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=90%[Estimated]; β-2n=2%[Estimated]",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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string: "β-=100%; β-n=90%[Estimated]; β-2n=10%",
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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type: "Superscript"
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string: "β-=100%; β-n=0%[Estimated]; β-2n=90%[Estimated]",
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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],
reference: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "PubChem",
description: "Data deposited in or computed by PubChem",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
sourceName: "Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)",
sourceID: "e47",
name: "Ag",
description: "The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.",
url: "https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/",
anid: 6590274
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
sourceName: "Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)",
sourceID: "a47",
name: "Silver",
description: "Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report) and CIAAW. The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/",
url: "http://www.ciaaw.org/silver.htm",
licenseURL: "http://www.ciaaw.org/bylaws.htm",
anid: 2292428
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
sourceName: "Jefferson Lab, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "jlab47",
name: "Silver",
description: "Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/",
url: "https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele047.html",
licenseNote: "Please see citation and linking information: https://education.jlab.org/faq/index.html",
licenseURL: "https://www.jlab.org/privacy-and-security-notice",
anid: 507109
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
sourceName: "Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "lanl47",
name: "Silver",
description: "The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.",
url: "https://periodic.lanl.gov/47.shtml",
anid: 507227
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
sourceName: "NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory",
sourceID: "e47",
name: "Silver",
description: "The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Elements/elInfo.pl?element=47",
licenseURL: "https://www.nist.gov/pml/database-disclaimer",
anid: 2292664
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
sourceName: "PubChem Elements",
sourceID: "47",
name: "Ag",
description: "The element property data was retrieved from publications.",
anid: 7660048
},
{
referenceNumber: 7,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "47",
name: "Silver",
description: "This section provides all form of data related to element Silver.",
anid: 694340
}
]
}
},
{
record: {
recordType: "AtomicNumber",
recordNumber: 48,
recordTitle: "Cadmium",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01022.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Cadmium"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Cadmium"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
description: "Element symbol, Also called atomic symbol, typically consists of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet derived from the element name in one of several languages.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Cd"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Cd"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "InChI=1S/Cd"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI Key",
description: "International Chemical Identifier hash (InChIKey) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI Key",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "BDOSMKKIYDKNTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "112.414(4)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "112.414"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "112.4"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "112.414(4)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[Kr]5s24d10",
markup: [
{
start: 6,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 9,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Electron Configuration",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[Kr]4d10 5s2",
markup: [
{
start: 6,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 11,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Radius",
description: "Atomic radius is the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell containing electrons.",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_radius",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
name: "Van der Waals Atomic Radius",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "158 pm (Van der Waals)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Empirical Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"J.C. Slater, J Chem Phys, 1964, 41(10), 3199-3205. DOI:10.1063/1.1725697"
],
value: {
number: [
155
],
unit: "pm (Empirical)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Covalent Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"B. Cordero, V. Gómez, A.E. Platero-Prats, M. Revés, J. Echeverría, E. Cremades, F. Barragán, S. Alvarez, Dalton Trans. 2008, 21, 2832-2838. DOI:10.1039/b801115j PMID:18478144."
],
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "144(9) pm (Covalent)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
description: "Oxidation state gives the degree of oxidation of an atom in terms of counting electrons.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/O/O04365.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "+2"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "2, 1, −2 (a mildly basic oxide)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ground Level",
description: "Also called ground-state level. The ground state electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom with lower energy levels.",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/ASD/Html/iehelp.html#IEGROUNDLEV",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ground Level",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1S0",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 2,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ionization Energy",
description: "Ionization energy is the minimum energy required to eject an electron out of a neutral atom or molecule in its ground state.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/I/I03199.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "8.994 eV"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ionization Energy",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "8.993820 eV"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electronegativity",
description: "The concept electronegativity was introduced by L. Pauling as the power of an atom to attract electrons to itself.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01990",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Pauling Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"A.L. Allred, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 1961, 17(3-4), 215-221. DOI:10.1016/0022-1902(61)80142-5"
],
value: {
number: [
1.69
],
unit: "(Pauling Scale)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Allen Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1989, 111, 9003. DOI:10.1021/ja00207a003; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek and L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 2780. DOI:10.1021/ja992866e; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek, E.T. Knight, J.F. Capitani and L.C Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 5132. DOI:10.1021/ja9928677"
],
value: {
number: [
1.52
],
unit: "(Allen Scale)"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Affinity",
description: "Electron affinity refers to energy required to detach an electron from the singly charged negative ion.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01977",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.T Myers, J. Chem. Edu., 1990, 67(4), 307. DOI:10.1021/ed067p307"
],
value: {
number: [
0
],
unit: "eV"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.J. Zollweg, J. Chem. Phys., 1969, 50, 4251. DOI:10.1063/1.1670890"
],
value: {
number: [
0.27
],
unit: "eV"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Spectra",
description: "Atomic and ionic spectral lines originate from specified electronic transitions between energy levels of atoms and ions, respectively.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00502.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/lines_hold.pl?el=Cd",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Lines Holdings"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/levels_hold.pl?el=Cd",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Levels Holdings"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Physical Description",
description: "Physical description, also know as physical characteristics, refers to physical appearance of element substances.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Solid"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Classification",
description: "Elements can be classified few groups according to each element's chemical properties.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Metal"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Period Number",
description: "The element period number refers to a horizontal row of the periodic table. The periodic table has 7 periods.",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/periodic-table-of-the-elements/The-periodic-table#ref80835",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "5"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Group Number",
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string: "Cadmium is alloyed with silver to form solder, a metal with a relatively low melting point used to join electrical components, pipes and other metallic items. Cadmium based solders must be handled with care to prevent cadmium poisoning. Cadmium alloys are also used to make low friction bearings that are highly resistant to fatigue."
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{
string: "Hydrated cadmium sulfate (3CdSO4·5H2O), one of cadmium's compounds, is used in a device called a Weston cell, a type of battery that produces a precise voltage used to calibrate medical and laboratory equipment. Cadmium sulfide (CdS), another cadmium compound, is a yellow powder that is used as a pigment. Other cadmium compounds are used in the phosphors of black and white television sets and in the blue and green phosphors in color television sets.",
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{
string: "115Cd",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "115Cdm",
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{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "116Cd",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "117Cd",
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{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "117Cdm",
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{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "118Cd",
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{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "119Cd",
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{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "119Cdm",
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{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "120Cd",
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{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "121Cd",
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{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "121Cdm",
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{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "122Cd",
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{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "123Cd",
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{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "123Cdm",
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{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "124Cd",
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{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "125Cd",
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{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "125Cdm",
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{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "125Cdn",
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{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "126Cd",
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{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "127Cd",
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{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "127Cdm",
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{
start: 0,
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type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "127Cdn",
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{
start: 0,
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type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
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{
string: "128Cd",
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{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "128Cdm",
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{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "128Cdn",
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{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "128Cdp",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
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{
string: "129Cd",
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{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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]
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{
string: "129Cdm",
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{
start: 0,
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{
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "129Cdn",
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{
start: 0,
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{
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type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "130Cd",
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{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "130Cdm",
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{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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{
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "131Cd",
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{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "132Cd",
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{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "133Cd",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "134Cd",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Atomic Mass and Uncertainty [u]",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "93.956908 ± 0.000537 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "94.949940 ± 0.00043 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "95.940340 ± 0.00043 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "95.940340 ± 0.00043 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "96.935100 ± 0.00032 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "96.935100 ± 0.00032 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "97.927389317 ± 0.000055605"
},
{
string: "97.927389317 ± 0.000055605"
},
{
string: "97.927389317 ± 0.000055605"
},
{
string: "98.924925847 ± 0.0000017"
},
{
string: "99.920348820 ± 0.000001799"
},
{
string: "100.918586211 ± 0.0000016"
},
{
string: "101.914481799 ± 0.000001784"
},
{
string: "102.913416923 ± 0.000001943"
},
{
string: "103.909856230 ± 0.000001795"
},
{
string: "104.909463895 ± 0.000001494"
},
{
string: "105.906459797 ± 0.000001184"
},
{
string: "106.906612108 ± 0.000001787"
},
{
string: "107.904183587 ± 0.000001205"
},
{
string: "108.904986698 ± 0.000001649"
},
{
string: "108.904986698 ± 0.000001649"
},
{
string: "108.904986698 ± 0.000001649"
},
{
string: "109.903007460 ± 0.000000407"
},
{
string: "110.904183766 ± 0.000000383"
},
{
string: "110.904183766 ± 0.000000383"
},
{
string: "111.902763883 ± 0.000000268"
},
{
string: "112.904408097 ± 0.000000262"
},
{
string: "112.904408097 ± 0.000000262"
},
{
string: "113.903364990 ± 0.000000296"
},
{
string: "114.905437417 ± 0.000000699"
},
{
string: "114.905437417 ± 0.000000699"
},
{
string: "115.904763230 ± 0.000000172"
},
{
string: "116.907226038 ± 0.000001087"
},
{
string: "116.907226038 ± 0.000001087"
},
{
string: "117.906921955 ± 0.000021471"
},
{
string: "118.909846903 ± 0.000040467"
},
{
string: "118.909846903 ± 0.000040467"
},
{
string: "119.909868067 ± 0.000004"
},
{
string: "120.912963663 ± 0.000002085"
},
{
string: "120.912963663 ± 0.000002085"
},
{
string: "121.913459052 ± 0.000002468"
},
{
string: "122.916892453 ± 0.000002894"
},
{
string: "122.916892453 ± 0.000002894"
},
{
string: "123.917657363 ± 0.000003215"
},
{
string: "124.921257577 ± 0.000003097"
},
{
string: "124.921257577 ± 0.000003097"
},
{
string: "124.921257577 ± 0.000003097"
},
{
string: "125.922429127 ± 0.000002658"
},
{
string: "126.926196624 ± 0.000013"
},
{
string: "126.926196624 ± 0.000013"
},
{
string: "126.926196624 ± 0.000013"
},
{
string: "127.927812857 ± 0.000007776"
},
{
string: "127.927812857 ± 0.000007776"
},
{
string: "127.927812857 ± 0.000007776"
},
{
string: "127.927812857 ± 0.000007776"
},
{
string: "128.932304399 ± 0.000018"
},
{
string: "128.932304399 ± 0.000018"
},
{
string: "128.932304399 ± 0.000018"
},
{
string: "129.934387566 ± 0.000024"
},
{
string: "129.934387566 ± 0.000024"
},
{
string: "130.940720000 ± 0.00011"
},
{
string: "131.946040 ± 0.00021 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "132.952850 ± 0.00032 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "133.958218 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Half Life and Uncertainty",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "80 ms ± >400ns [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "90 ms ± 40"
},
{
string: "880 ms ± 90"
},
{
string: "300 ms ± 110"
},
{
string: "1.10 s ± 0.08"
},
{
string: "3.8 s ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "9.2 s ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "189 ns ± 19"
},
{
string: "240 ns ± 40"
},
{
string: "16 s ± 3"
},
{
string: "49.1 s ± 0.5"
},
{
string: "1.36 m ± 0.05"
},
{
string: "5.5 m ± 0.5"
},
{
string: "7.3 m ± 0.1"
},
{
string: "57.7 m ± 1.0"
},
{
string: "55.5 m ± 0.4"
},
{
string: "Stable ± >1.1Zy"
},
{
string: "6.50 h ± 0.02"
},
{
string: "Stable ± >410Py"
},
{
string: "461.6 d ± 0.4"
},
{
string: "12 us ± 2"
},
{
string: "10.9 us ± 0.5"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "48.50 m ± 0.09"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "8.04 Py ± 0.05"
},
{
string: "13.89 y ± 0.11"
},
{
string: "Stable ± >92Py"
},
{
string: "53.46 h ± 0.05"
},
{
string: "44.56 d ± 0.24"
},
{
string: "28.7 Ey ± 1.3"
},
{
string: "2.49 h ± 0.04"
},
{
string: "3.36 h ± 0.05"
},
{
string: "50.3 m ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "2.69 m ± 0.02"
},
{
string: "2.20 m ± 0.02"
},
{
string: "50.80 s ± 0.21"
},
{
string: "13.5 s ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "8.3 s ± 0.8"
},
{
string: "5.24 s ± 0.03"
},
{
string: "2.10 s ± 0.02"
},
{
string: "1.82 s ± 0.03"
},
{
string: "1.25 s ± 0.02"
},
{
string: "680 ms ± 40"
},
{
string: "480 ms ± 30"
},
{
string: "19 us ± 3"
},
{
string: "513 ms ± 6"
},
{
string: "330 ms ± 20"
},
{
string: "200 ms [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "17.5 us ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "246 ms ± 2"
},
{
string: "270 ns ± 7"
},
{
string: "3.56 us ± 0.06"
},
{
string: "6.3 ms ± 0.8"
},
{
string: "151.5 ms ± 5.7"
},
{
string: "147 ms ± 3"
},
{
string: "3.6 ms ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "126.8 ms ± 1.8"
},
{
string: "240 ns ± 16"
},
{
string: "98 ms ± 2"
},
{
string: "82 ms ± 4"
},
{
string: "61 ms ± 6"
},
{
string: "65 ms ± 15"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Discovery Year",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "2016"
},
{
string: "2011"
},
{
string: "2008"
},
{
string: "2011"
},
{
string: "1978"
},
{
string: "1982"
},
{
string: "1978"
},
{
string: "1996"
},
{
string: "2004"
},
{
string: "1978"
},
{
string: "1970"
},
{
string: "1969"
},
{
string: "1969"
},
{
string: "1960"
},
{
string: "1955"
},
{
string: "1950"
},
{
string: "1935"
},
{
string: "1946"
},
{
string: "1935"
},
{
string: "1950"
},
{
string: "1956"
},
{
string: "1964"
},
{
string: "1925"
},
{
string: "1925"
},
{
string: "1945"
},
{
string: "1925"
},
{
string: "1925"
},
{
string: "1965"
},
{
string: "1925"
},
{
string: "1939"
},
{
string: "1959"
},
{
string: "1925"
},
{
string: "1939"
},
{
string: "1966"
},
{
string: "1961"
},
{
string: "1961"
},
{
string: "1974"
},
{
string: "1973"
},
{
string: "1965"
},
{
string: "1982"
},
{
string: "1973"
},
{
string: "1983"
},
{
string: "1986"
},
{
string: "1974"
},
{
string: "1986"
},
{
string: "1986"
},
{
string: "2011"
},
{
string: "1978"
},
{
string: "1986"
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: "2010"
},
{
string: "1986"
},
{
string: "2009"
},
{
string: "2009"
},
{
string: "2016"
},
{
string: "1986"
},
{
string: "2003"
},
{
string: "2014"
},
{
string: "1986"
},
{
string: "2007"
},
{
string: "2000"
},
{
string: "2000"
},
{
string: "2010"
},
{
string: "2015"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Decay Modes, Intensities and Uncertainties [%]",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "β+ ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+ ?; β+p ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 7,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%; β+p=5.5±4%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%; β+p ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%; β+p=11.8±2%",
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{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%; β+p=25±0.4%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%; β+p<0.025%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%; β+p=0.21±0.8%; β+α<1e-4%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 25,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IS=1.25±0.6%; 2β+ ?",
markup: [
{
start: 16,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IS=0.89±0.3%; 2β+ ?",
markup: [
{
start: 16,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "ε=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IS=12.49±1.8%"
},
{
string: "IS=12.80±1.2%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IS=24.13±2.1%"
},
{
string: "IS=12.22±1.2%; β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 16,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=99.9036±1.9%; IT=0.0964±1.9%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IS=28.73±4.2%; 2β- ?",
markup: [
{
start: 17,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-≈100%; IT<0.003%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IS=7.49±1.8%; 2β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 16,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-≈100%; IT≈0%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=?; IT ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
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type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
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type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
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},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=0.03%[Estimated]",
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type: "Superscript"
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string: "β- ?; IT ?",
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string: "IT=100%"
},
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string: "β-=100%; β-n=0.7%[Estimated]",
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string: "IT=100%"
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{
string: "IT=100%"
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{
string: "IT=100%"
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string: "β-=100%; β-n=0.1%[Estimated]",
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string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=3.5±1%",
markup: [
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length: 1,
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string: "IT=100%"
},
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string: "β-=100%; β-n=3.5±1%; β-2n=0%[Estimated]",
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string: "β-=100%; β-n=60±1.5%; β-2n=0.2%[Estimated]",
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string: "β-=100%; β-n=0.5%[Estimated]; β-2n=90%[Estimated]",
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],
reference: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "PubChem",
description: "Data deposited in or computed by PubChem",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
sourceName: "Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)",
sourceID: "e48",
name: "Cd",
description: "The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.",
url: "https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/",
anid: 6590275
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
sourceName: "Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)",
sourceID: "a48",
name: "Cadmium",
description: "Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report) and CIAAW. The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/",
url: "http://www.ciaaw.org/cadmium.htm",
licenseURL: "http://www.ciaaw.org/bylaws.htm",
anid: 2292429
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{
referenceNumber: 4,
sourceName: "Jefferson Lab, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "jlab48",
name: "Cadmium",
description: "Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/",
url: "https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele048.html",
licenseNote: "Please see citation and linking information: https://education.jlab.org/faq/index.html",
licenseURL: "https://www.jlab.org/privacy-and-security-notice",
anid: 507110
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{
referenceNumber: 5,
sourceName: "Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "lanl48",
name: "Cadmium",
description: "The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.",
url: "https://periodic.lanl.gov/48.shtml",
anid: 507228
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
sourceName: "NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory",
sourceID: "e48",
name: "Cadmium",
description: "The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Elements/elInfo.pl?element=48",
licenseURL: "https://www.nist.gov/pml/database-disclaimer",
anid: 2292665
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
sourceName: "PubChem Elements",
sourceID: "48",
name: "Cd",
description: "The element property data was retrieved from publications.",
anid: 7660049
},
{
referenceNumber: 7,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "48",
name: "Cadmium",
description: "This section provides all form of data related to element Cadmium.",
anid: 694341
}
]
}
},
{
record: {
recordType: "AtomicNumber",
recordNumber: 49,
recordTitle: "Indium",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01022.html",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Indium"
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{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Indium"
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}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
description: "Element symbol, Also called atomic symbol, typically consists of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet derived from the element name in one of several languages.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "In"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "In"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "InChI=1S/In"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI Key",
description: "International Chemical Identifier hash (InChIKey) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI Key",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "APFVFJFRJDLVQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "114.818(1)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "114.818"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
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string: "114.8"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "114.818(1)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
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string: "[Kr]5s24d105p1",
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type: "Superscript"
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length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 13,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Electron Configuration",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[Cd]5p"
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]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Radius",
description: "Atomic radius is the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell containing electrons.",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_radius",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
name: "Van der Waals Atomic Radius",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "193 pm (Van der Waals)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Empirical Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"J.C. Slater, J Chem Phys, 1964, 41(10), 3199-3205. DOI:10.1063/1.1725697"
],
value: {
number: [
155
],
unit: "pm (Empirical)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Covalent Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"B. Cordero, V. Gómez, A.E. Platero-Prats, M. Revés, J. Echeverría, E. Cremades, F. Barragán, S. Alvarez, Dalton Trans. 2008, 21, 2832-2838. DOI:10.1039/b801115j PMID:18478144."
],
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "142(5) pm (Covalent)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
description: "Oxidation state gives the degree of oxidation of an atom in terms of counting electrons.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/O/O04365.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "+3"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "3, 2, 1, −1, −2, −5 (an amphoteric oxide)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ground Level",
description: "Also called ground-state level. The ground state electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom with lower energy levels.",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/ASD/Html/iehelp.html#IEGROUNDLEV",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ground Level",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "2P°1/2",
markup: [
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start: 0,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 3,
length: 3,
type: "Subscript"
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]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ionization Energy",
description: "Ionization energy is the minimum energy required to eject an electron out of a neutral atom or molecule in its ground state.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/I/I03199.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "5.786 eV"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ionization Energy",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "5.7863557 eV"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electronegativity",
description: "The concept electronegativity was introduced by L. Pauling as the power of an atom to attract electrons to itself.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01990",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Pauling Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"A.L. Allred, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 1961, 17(3-4), 215-221. DOI:10.1016/0022-1902(61)80142-5"
],
value: {
number: [
1.78
],
unit: "(Pauling Scale)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Allen Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1989, 111, 9003. DOI:10.1021/ja00207a003; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek and L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 2780. DOI:10.1021/ja992866e; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek, E.T. Knight, J.F. Capitani and L.C Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 5132. DOI:10.1021/ja9928677"
],
value: {
number: [
1.656
],
unit: "(Allen Scale)"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Affinity",
description: "Electron affinity refers to energy required to detach an electron from the singly charged negative ion.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01977",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.T Myers, J. Chem. Edu., 1990, 67(4), 307. DOI:10.1021/ed067p307"
],
value: {
number: [
0.3
],
unit: "eV"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.J. Zollweg, J. Chem. Phys., 1969, 50, 4251. DOI:10.1063/1.1670890"
],
value: {
number: [
0.2
],
unit: "eV"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Spectra",
description: "Atomic and ionic spectral lines originate from specified electronic transitions between energy levels of atoms and ions, respectively.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00502.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/lines_hold.pl?el=In",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Lines Holdings"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/levels_hold.pl?el=In",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Levels Holdings"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Physical Description",
description: "Physical description, also know as physical characteristics, refers to physical appearance of element substances.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Solid"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Classification",
description: "Elements can be classified few groups according to each element's chemical properties.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Metal"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Period Number",
description: "The element period number refers to a horizontal row of the periodic table. The periodic table has 7 periods.",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/periodic-table-of-the-elements/The-periodic-table#ref80835",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "5"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Group Number",
description: "Element group refers to a set of chemical elements in the same vertical column of the periodic table",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/group-periodic-table",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "13"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Density",
description: "Density is a degree of consistency measured by the quantity of mass per unit volume",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/D/D01590.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "7.31 grams per cubic centimeter"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Melting Point",
description: "The melting point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from solid to liquid at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/melting-point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "429.75 K (156.60°C or 313.88°F)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "156.6°C"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Boiling Point",
description: "Boiling Point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from liquid to gas at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "2345 K (2072°C or 3762°F)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "2072°C"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Crustal Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in earth crust",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "2.5×10-1 milligrams per kilogram",
markup: [
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start: 6,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Oceanic Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in ocean",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "2×10-2 milligrams per liter",
markup: [
{
start: 4,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "History",
description: "Element discovery and related information in history",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "History",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "The name derives from the term \"indigo\" for the indigo-blue line in the element's spark spectrum. It was discovered in 1863 by the German physicist Ferdinand Reich and the German metallurgist Hieronymus Theodor Richter, while examining zinc blende. They isolated indium in 1867."
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Indium was discovered by the German chemists Ferdinand Reich and Hieronymus Theodor Richter in 1863. Reich and Richter had been looking for traces of the element thallium in samples of zinc ores. A brilliant indigo line in the sample's spectrum revealed the existence of indium. Indium is about as abundant as silver but is much easier to recover since it typically occurs along with zinc, iron, lead and copper ores."
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "From the brilliant indigo line in its spectrum. Discovered by Reich and Richter, who later isolated the metal. Until 1924, a gram or so constituted the world's supply of this element in isolated form. It is probably about as abundant as silver. About 4 million troy ounces of indium are now produced annually in the Free World. Canada is presently producing more than 1,000,000 troy ounces annually."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Description",
description: "Description about this element",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Indium is available in ultra pure form. Indium is a very soft, silvery-white metal with a brilliant luster. The pure metal gives a high-pitched \"cry\" when bent. It wets glass, as does gallium."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Uses",
description: "Uses information in industry and other fields",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Indium is used to coat the bearings of high speed motors since it allows for the even distribution of lubricating oil. Indium is used to dope germanium to make transistors. It is also used to make other electrical components such as rectifiers, thermistors and photoconductors. Indium can be used to make mirrors that are as reflective as silver mirrors but do not tarnish as quickly. Indium is also used to make low melting alloys. An alloy of 24% indium and 76% gallium is a liquid at room temperature."
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "It has found application in making low-melting allows; an allow of 24% indium - 76% gallium is liquid at room temperature. It is used in making bearing alloys, germanium transistors, rectifiers, thermistors, and photoconductors. It can be plated onto metal and evaporated onto glass, forming a mirror as good as that made with silver but with more resistance to atmospheric corrosion."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Sources",
description: "Sources (where the element come from) information for the given element",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Indium is most frequently associated with zinc materials, and it is from these that most commercial indium is now obtained; however, it is also found in iron, lead, and copper ores."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Compounds",
description: "Related compounds information to this element",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 7,
name: "Compounds",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Indium",
value: {
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{
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{
string: "96.949340 ± 0.00043 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "97.942140 ± 0.00032 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "97.942140 ± 0.00032 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "98.934110 ± 0.00032 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "99.930957180 ± 0.000195942"
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string: "100.926340 ± 0.00021 [Estimated]"
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{
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{
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{
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{
string: "108.907149685 ± 0.000004261"
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{
string: "109.907170665 ± 0.000012402"
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{
string: "109.907170665 ± 0.000012402"
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{
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{
string: "110.905107233 ± 0.000003675"
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{
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{
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string: "111.905538704 ± 0.000004563"
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{
string: "111.905538704 ± 0.000004563"
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{
string: "112.904060448 ± 0.000000202"
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{
string: "112.904060448 ± 0.000000202"
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{
string: "113.904916402 ± 0.000000323"
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{
string: "113.904916402 ± 0.000000323"
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{
string: "113.904916402 ± 0.000000323"
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{
string: "113.904916402 ± 0.000000323"
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{
string: "114.903878773 ± 0.000000012"
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{
string: "114.903878773 ± 0.000000012"
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{
string: "115.905259992 ± 0.000000236"
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{
string: "115.905259992 ± 0.000000236"
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{
string: "115.905259992 ± 0.000000236"
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{
string: "116.904515712 ± 0.000005239"
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{
string: "116.904515712 ± 0.000005239"
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{
string: "117.906356659 ± 0.000008322"
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{
string: "117.906356659 ± 0.000008322"
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{
string: "117.906356659 ± 0.000008322"
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{
string: "118.905850944 ± 0.000007844"
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{
string: "118.905850944 ± 0.000007844"
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{
string: "118.905850944 ± 0.000007844"
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{
string: "118.905850944 ± 0.000007844"
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{
string: "119.907966805 ± 0.000042952"
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{
string: "119.907966805 ± 0.000042952"
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{
string: "119.907966805 ± 0.000042952"
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{
string: "120.907851286 ± 0.00002943"
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{
string: "120.907851286 ± 0.00002943"
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{
string: "120.907851286 ± 0.00002943"
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{
string: "121.910280966 ± 0.000053738"
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{
string: "121.910280966 ± 0.000053738"
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{
string: "121.910280966 ± 0.000053738"
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{
string: "122.910433826 ± 0.000021285"
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{
string: "122.910433826 ± 0.000021285"
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{
string: "122.910433826 ± 0.000021285"
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{
string: "122.910433826 ± 0.000021285"
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{
string: "123.913182263 ± 0.00003282"
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{
string: "123.913182263 ± 0.00003282"
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{
string: "124.913604591 ± 0.00002901"
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{
string: "124.913604591 ± 0.00002901"
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{
string: "124.913604591 ± 0.00002901"
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{
string: "124.913604591 ± 0.00002901"
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{
string: "125.916507344 ± 0.000028901"
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{
string: "125.916507344 ± 0.000028901"
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{
string: "125.916507344 ± 0.000028901"
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{
string: "126.917448546 ± 0.000022713"
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{
string: "126.917448546 ± 0.000022713"
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{
string: "126.917448546 ± 0.000022713"
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{
string: "126.917448546 ± 0.000022713"
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{
string: "127.920401053 ± 0.000164766"
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{
string: "127.920401053 ± 0.000164766"
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{
string: "127.920401053 ± 0.000164766"
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{
string: "128.921805486 ± 0.000002891"
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{
string: "128.921805486 ± 0.000002891"
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{
string: "128.921805486 ± 0.000002891"
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{
string: "128.921805486 ± 0.000002891"
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{
string: "128.921805486 ± 0.000002891"
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{
string: "129.924977288 ± 0.000040844"
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{
string: "129.924977288 ± 0.000040844"
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{
string: "129.924977288 ± 0.000040844"
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{
string: "129.924977288 ± 0.000040844"
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{
string: "130.926972122 ± 0.0000029"
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{
string: "130.926972122 ± 0.0000029"
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{
string: "130.926972122 ± 0.0000029"
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{
string: "130.926972122 ± 0.0000029"
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{
string: "131.932998449 ± 0.000064447"
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{
string: "132.938310 ± 0.00021 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "132.938310 ± 0.00021 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "133.944540 ± 0.00032 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "134.950050 ± 0.00043 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "135.956511 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "136.962383 ± 0.000537 [Estimated]"
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{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Half Life and Uncertainty",
value: {
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{
string: "1 ms ± >400ns [Estimated]"
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{
string: "50 ms ± 30"
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{
string: "37 ms ± 5"
},
{
string: "1.01 s ± 0.13"
},
{
string: "3.1 s ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "1 s [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "5.83 s ± 0.17"
},
{
string: "15.1 s ± 1.1"
},
{
string: "10 s [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "23.3 s ± 0.1"
},
{
string: "60 s ± 1"
},
{
string: "34 s ± 2"
},
{
string: "1.80 m ± 0.03"
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{
string: "15.7 s ± 0.5"
},
{
string: "5.07 m ± 0.07"
},
{
string: "48 s ± 6"
},
{
string: "6.2 m ± 0.1"
},
{
string: "5.2 m ± 0.1"
},
{
string: "32.4 m ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "50.4 s ± 0.6"
},
{
string: "58.0 m ± 1.2"
},
{
string: "39.6 m ± 0.7"
},
{
string: "4.167 h ± 0.018"
},
{
string: "1.34 m ± 0.07"
},
{
string: "209 ms ± 6"
},
{
string: "4.92 h ± 0.08"
},
{
string: "69.1 m ± 0.5"
},
{
string: "2.806 d ± 0.0007"
},
{
string: "7.7 m ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "14.88 m ± 0.15"
},
{
string: "20.67 m ± 0.08"
},
{
string: "690 ns ± 50"
},
{
string: "2.81 us ± 0.03"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "1.657 h ± 0.0004"
},
{
string: "71.9 s ± 0.1"
},
{
string: "49.51 d ± 0.01"
},
{
string: "43.1 ms ± 0.6"
},
{
string: "4.3 ns ± 0.4"
},
{
string: "441 Ty ± 25"
},
{
string: "4.486 h ± 0.004"
},
{
string: "14.10 s ± 0.03"
},
{
string: "54.29 m ± 0.17"
},
{
string: "2.18 s ± 0.04"
},
{
string: "43.2 m ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "116.2 m ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "5.0 s ± 0.5"
},
{
string: "4.364 m ± 0.007"
},
{
string: "8.5 s ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "2.4 m ± 0.1"
},
{
string: "18.0 m ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "130 ns ± 15"
},
{
string: "240 ns ± 25"
},
{
string: "3.08 s ± 0.08"
},
{
string: "46.2 s ± 0.8"
},
{
string: "47.3 s ± 0.5"
},
{
string: "23.1 s ± 0.6"
},
{
string: "3.88 m ± 0.10"
},
{
string: "17 us ± 2"
},
{
string: "1.5 s ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "10.3 s ± 0.6"
},
{
string: "10.8 s ± 0.4"
},
{
string: "6.17 s ± 0.05"
},
{
string: "47.4 s ± 0.4"
},
{
string: "1.4 us ± 0.2"
},
{
string: ">100 us"
},
{
string: "3.12 s ± 0.09"
},
{
string: "3.7 s ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "2.36 s ± 0.04"
},
{
string: "12.2 s ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "9.4 us ± 0.6"
},
{
string: "5.0 ms ± 1.5"
},
{
string: "1.53 s ± 0.01"
},
{
string: "1.64 s ± 0.05"
},
{
string: "22 us ± 2"
},
{
string: "1.09 s ± 0.01"
},
{
string: "3.67 s ± 0.04"
},
{
string: "1.04 s ± 0.10"
},
{
string: "9 us ± 2"
},
{
string: "816 ms ± 27"
},
{
string: "720 ms ± 100"
},
{
string: "23 us ± 2"
},
{
string: "570 ms ± 10"
},
{
string: "1.23 s ± 0.03"
},
{
string: "11.2 us ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "670 ms ± 100"
},
{
string: "110 ms ± 15"
},
{
string: "284 ms ± 10"
},
{
string: "540 ms ± 10"
},
{
string: "540 ms ± 10"
},
{
string: "5.3 us ± 0.4"
},
{
string: "261 ms ± 3"
},
{
string: "350 ms ± 50"
},
{
string: "320 ms ± 60"
},
{
string: "669 ns ± 34"
},
{
string: "198 ms ± 2"
},
{
string: "165 ms ± 3"
},
{
string: "180 ms [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "140 ms ± 4"
},
{
string: "101 ms ± 4"
},
{
string: "86 ms ± 9"
},
{
string: "70 ms ± 40"
}
]
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},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Discovery Year",
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stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "2016"
},
{
string: "2011"
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{
string: "1994"
},
{
string: "2001"
},
{
string: "1994"
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: "1982"
},
{
string: "1988"
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: "1981"
},
{
string: "1978"
},
{
string: "1988"
},
{
string: "1977"
},
{
string: "1988"
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{
string: "1975"
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{
string: "1975"
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{
string: "1962"
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{
string: "1966"
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{
string: "1949"
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{
string: "1973"
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{
string: "1949"
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{
string: "1955"
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{
string: "1948"
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{
string: "1966"
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{
string: "1963"
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{
string: "1939"
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{
string: "1962"
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{
string: "1947"
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{
string: "1966"
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{
string: "1947"
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{
string: "1953"
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{
string: "1976"
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{
string: "1976"
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{
string: "1934"
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{
string: "1939"
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{
string: "1937"
},
{
string: "1939"
},
{
string: "1958"
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{
string: "1975"
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{
string: "1924"
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{
string: "1961"
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{
string: "1937"
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{
string: "1945"
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{
string: "1950"
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{
string: "1937"
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{
string: "1940"
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{
string: "1949"
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{
string: "1964"
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{
string: "1969"
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{
string: "1949"
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{
string: "1973"
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{
string: "1974"
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{
string: "2002"
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{
string: "1958"
},
{
string: "1960"
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{
string: "1960"
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{
string: "1960"
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{
string: "1974"
},
{
string: "2010"
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{
string: "1963"
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{
string: "1979"
},
{
string: "1979"
},
{
string: "1960"
},
{
string: "1960"
},
{
string: "2004"
},
{
string: "2010"
},
{
string: "1964"
},
{
string: "1974"
},
{
string: "1967"
},
{
string: "1974"
},
{
string: "1998"
},
{
string: "1998"
},
{
string: "1974"
},
{
string: "1970"
},
{
string: "2003"
},
{
string: "1975"
},
{
string: "1974"
},
{
string: "2004"
},
{
string: "2004"
},
{
string: "1975"
},
{
string: "1986"
},
{
string: "1988"
},
{
string: "1975"
},
{
string: "1976"
},
{
string: "2003"
},
{
string: "2004"
},
{
string: "2004"
},
{
string: "1973"
},
{
string: "1973"
},
{
string: "1986"
},
{
string: "2003"
},
{
string: "1976"
},
{
string: "1984"
},
{
string: "1984"
},
{
string: "2009"
},
{
string: "1973"
},
{
string: "1996"
},
{
string: "1996"
},
{
string: "1996"
},
{
string: "2002"
},
{
string: "2015"
},
{
string: "2015"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Decay Modes, Intensities and Uncertainties [%]",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "β+ ?",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β+=100%; p ?; β+p ?",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 15,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
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{
string: "β+=100%; β+p=5.6±0.3%",
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 10,
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{
string: "β+=100%; β+p=19±0.2%",
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 10,
length: 1,
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{
string: "β+=100%; β+p=0.9±0.4%",
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β+ ?; IT ?",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β+=100%; β+p=1.64±2.4%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%; β+p=?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=95%[Estimated]; IT=5%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%; β+p=0.0093±1.3%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=67%; IT=33%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=80%; β+=20%",
markup: [
{
start: 9,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=?; β+=25%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 7,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100[gs=100,m=0]"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "ε=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=57.4±4.8%; β-=42.6±4.8%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 15,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IS=4.29±0.5%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=99.50±1.5%; β+=0.50±1.5%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 16,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=96.75±2.4%; β+=3.25±2.4%",
markup: [
{
start: 16,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100[gs=0,m=100]"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IS=95.71±0.5%; β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 16,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=95.0±0.7%; β-=5.0±0.7%",
markup: [
{
start: 15,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-≈100%; ε=0.0237±4.3%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100[gs=0,m=100]"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=52.9±1.5%; IT=47.1±1.5%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=98.6 3[gs=0,m=98.6]; β-=1.4±0.3%",
markup: [
{
start: 25,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=95.6%; IT=4.4%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=98.8±0.2%; IT=1.2±0.2%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-≈100%; IT ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n<0.03%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=0.69±0.4%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=1%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=0.038±0.3%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=0.23±0.7%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-≈100%; IT<0.3%; β-n=3.6±0.4%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 19,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-≈100%; IT ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT≈100%; β- ?",
markup: [
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=0.93±1.3%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=1.65±1.5%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=1.65±1.5%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=2.2±0.3%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-≈100%; β-n<2.0±0.3%; IT<0.018%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β->99%; β-n=0.028±0.5%; IT<1%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 9,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=6.3±0.9%; β-2n=0%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 24,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=85±1%; β-2n=0.4%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 21,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT ?; β- ?",
markup: [
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=65%; β-2n<4%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 19,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β- ?; β-n=90%[Estimated]; β-2n=8%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 7,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
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start: 27,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
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string: "β-=100%; β-n=0%[Estimated]; β-2n=90%[Estimated]",
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
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string: "β-=100%; β-n=0%[Estimated]; β-2n=90%[Estimated]",
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
}
]
}
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}
],
reference: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "PubChem",
description: "Data deposited in or computed by PubChem",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
sourceName: "Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)",
sourceID: "e49",
name: "In",
description: "The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.",
url: "https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/",
anid: 6590276
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
sourceName: "Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)",
sourceID: "a49",
name: "Indium",
description: "Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report) and CIAAW. The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/",
url: "http://www.ciaaw.org/indium.htm",
licenseURL: "http://www.ciaaw.org/bylaws.htm",
anid: 2292430
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{
referenceNumber: 4,
sourceName: "Jefferson Lab, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "jlab49",
name: "Indium",
description: "Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/",
url: "https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele049.html",
licenseNote: "Please see citation and linking information: https://education.jlab.org/faq/index.html",
licenseURL: "https://www.jlab.org/privacy-and-security-notice",
anid: 507111
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{
referenceNumber: 5,
sourceName: "Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "lanl49",
name: "Indium",
description: "The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.",
url: "https://periodic.lanl.gov/49.shtml",
anid: 507229
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
sourceName: "NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory",
sourceID: "e49",
name: "Indium",
description: "The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Elements/elInfo.pl?element=49",
licenseURL: "https://www.nist.gov/pml/database-disclaimer",
anid: 2292666
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
sourceName: "PubChem Elements",
sourceID: "49",
name: "In",
description: "The element property data was retrieved from publications.",
anid: 7660050
},
{
referenceNumber: 7,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "49",
name: "Indium",
description: "This section provides all form of data related to element Indium.",
anid: 694342
}
]
}
},
{
record: {
recordType: "AtomicNumber",
recordNumber: 50,
recordTitle: "Tin",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01022.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Tin"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Tin"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
description: "Element symbol, Also called atomic symbol, typically consists of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet derived from the element name in one of several languages.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Sn"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Sn"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "InChI=1S/Sn"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI Key",
description: "International Chemical Identifier hash (InChIKey) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI Key",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "118.710(7)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "118.710"
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}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "118.7"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "118.710(7)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
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type: "Superscript"
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referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Electron Configuration",
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markup: [
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Radius",
description: "Atomic radius is the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell containing electrons.",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_radius",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
name: "Van der Waals Atomic Radius",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "217 pm (Van der Waals)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Empirical Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"J.C. Slater, J Chem Phys, 1964, 41(10), 3199-3205. DOI:10.1063/1.1725697"
],
value: {
number: [
145
],
unit: "pm (Empirical)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Covalent Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"B. Cordero, V. Gómez, A.E. Platero-Prats, M. Revés, J. Echeverría, E. Cremades, F. Barragán, S. Alvarez, Dalton Trans. 2008, 21, 2832-2838. DOI:10.1039/b801115j PMID:18478144."
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},
{
tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
description: "Oxidation state gives the degree of oxidation of an atom in terms of counting electrons.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/O/O04365.html",
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referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ground Level",
description: "Also called ground-state level. The ground state electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom with lower energy levels.",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/ASD/Html/iehelp.html#IEGROUNDLEV",
information: [
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{
tocHeading: "Ionization Energy",
description: "Ionization energy is the minimum energy required to eject an electron out of a neutral atom or molecule in its ground state.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/I/I03199.html",
information: [
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value: {
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},
{
tocHeading: "Electronegativity",
description: "The concept electronegativity was introduced by L. Pauling as the power of an atom to attract electrons to itself.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01990",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Pauling Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"A.L. Allred, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 1961, 17(3-4), 215-221. DOI:10.1016/0022-1902(61)80142-5"
],
value: {
number: [
1.96
],
unit: "(Pauling Scale)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Allen Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1989, 111, 9003. DOI:10.1021/ja00207a003; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek and L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 2780. DOI:10.1021/ja992866e; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek, E.T. Knight, J.F. Capitani and L.C Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 5132. DOI:10.1021/ja9928677"
],
value: {
number: [
1.824
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unit: "(Allen Scale)"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Affinity",
description: "Electron affinity refers to energy required to detach an electron from the singly charged negative ion.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01977",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.T Myers, J. Chem. Edu., 1990, 67(4), 307. DOI:10.1021/ed067p307"
],
value: {
number: [
1.2
],
unit: "eV"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.J. Zollweg, J. Chem. Phys., 1969, 50, 4251. DOI:10.1063/1.1670890"
],
value: {
number: [
1.03
],
unit: "eV"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Spectra",
description: "Atomic and ionic spectral lines originate from specified electronic transitions between energy levels of atoms and ions, respectively.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00502.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/lines_hold.pl?el=Sn",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Lines Holdings"
}
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}
},
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name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/levels_hold.pl?el=Sn",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Levels Holdings"
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]
}
}
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},
{
tocHeading: "Physical Description",
description: "Physical description, also know as physical characteristics, refers to physical appearance of element substances.",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Solid"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Classification",
description: "Elements can be classified few groups according to each element's chemical properties.",
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value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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},
{
tocHeading: "Element Period Number",
description: "The element period number refers to a horizontal row of the periodic table. The periodic table has 7 periods.",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/periodic-table-of-the-elements/The-periodic-table#ref80835",
information: [
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value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "5"
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}
}
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},
{
tocHeading: "Element Group Number",
description: "Element group refers to a set of chemical elements in the same vertical column of the periodic table",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/group-periodic-table",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "14"
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}
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{
tocHeading: "Density",
description: "Density is a degree of consistency measured by the quantity of mass per unit volume",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/D/D01590.html",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "7.287 grams per cubic centimeter"
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}
}
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},
{
tocHeading: "Melting Point",
description: "The melting point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from solid to liquid at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/melting-point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "505.08 K (231.93°C or 449.47°F)"
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}
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value: {
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string: "231.93°C"
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},
{
tocHeading: "Boiling Point",
description: "Boiling Point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from liquid to gas at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "2875 K (2602°C or 4715°F)"
}
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}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "2602°C"
}
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}
}
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},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Crustal Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in earth crust",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "2.3 milligrams per kilogram"
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}
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},
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tocHeading: "Estimated Oceanic Abundance",
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value: {
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string: "4×10-6 milligrams per liter",
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tocHeading: "History",
description: "Element discovery and related information in history",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 3,
name: "History",
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stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "The name derives from the Anglo-Saxon tin of unknown origin. The symbol Sn is derived from Latin stannum for alloys containing lead. The element was known in prehistoric times.",
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string: "Archaeological evidence suggests that people have been using tin for at least 5500 years. Tin is primarily obtained from the mineral cassiterite (SnO2) and is extracted by roasting cassiterite in a furnace with carbon. Tin makes up only about 0.001% of the earth's crust and is chiefly mined in Malaysia. Two allotropes of tin occur near room temperature. The first form of tin is called gray tin and is stable at temperatures below 13.2°C (55.76°F). There are few, if any, uses for gray tin. At temperatures above 13.2°C, gray tin slowly turns into tin's second form, white tin. White tin is the normal form of the metal and has many uses. Unfortunately, white tin will turn into gray tin if its temperature falls below 13.2°C. This change can be prevented if small amounts of antimony or bismuth are added to white tin.",
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tocHeading: "Description",
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string: "Ordinary tin is composed of nine stable isotopes; 18 unstable isotopes are also known. Ordinary tin is a silver-white metal, is malleable, somewhat ductile, and has a highly crystalline structure. Due to the breaking of these crystals, a \"tin cry\" is heard when a bar is bent."
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string: "Tin resists corrosion and is used as a protective coating on other metals. Tin cans are probably the most familiar example of this application. A tin can is actually made from steel. A thin layer of tin is applied to the inside and outside of the can to keep the steel from rusting. Once widely used, tin cans have largely been replaced with plastic and aluminum containers."
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{
string: "Tin is used in the Pilkington process to produce window glass. In the Pilkington process, molten glass is poured onto a pool of molten tin. The glass floats on the surface of the tin and cools, forming solid glass with flat, parallel surfaces. Most of the window glass produced today is made this way."
},
{
string: "Tin is used to form many useful alloys. Bronze is an alloy of tin and copper. Tin and lead are alloyed to make pewter and solder. An alloy of tin and niobium is used to make superconductive wire. Type metal, fusible metal, bell metal and Babbitt metal are other examples of tin alloys."
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{
string: "Tin salts can be sprayed onto glass to make electrically conductive coatings. These can then be used to make panel lighting and frost-free windshields. Stannous fluoride (SnF2) is used in some types of toothpaste.",
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tocHeading: "Sources",
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string: "Tin is found chiefly in cassiterite (SnO2). Most of the world's supply comes from Malaya, Bolivia, Indonesia, Zaire, Thailand, and Nigeria. The U.S. produces almost none, although occurrences have been found in Alaska and California. Tin is obtained by reducing the ore with coal in a reverberatory furnace.",
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name: "Molecular Forms",
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string: "The element has two allotropic forms at normal pressure. On warming, gray, or alpha tin, with a cubic structure, changes at 13.2°C into white, or beta tin, the ordinary form of the metal. White tin has a tetragonal structure. When tin is cooled below 13.2°C, it changes slowly from white to gray. This change is affected by impurities such as aluminum and zinc, and can be prevented by small additions of antimony or bismuth. This change from the alpha to beta form is called the tin pest. There are few if any uses for gray tin. Tin takes a high polish and is used to coat other metals to prevent corrosion or other chemical action. Such tin plate over steel is used in the so-called tin can for preserving food."
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{
string: "Alloys of tin are very important. Soft solder, type metal, fusible metal, pewter, bronze, bell metal, Babbitt metal, White metal, die casting alloy, and phosphor bronze are some of the important alloys using tin."
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{
string: "Tin resists distilled sea and soft tap water, but is attacked by strong acids, alkalis, and acid salts. Oxygen in solution accelerates the attack. When heated in air, tin forms Sn2, which is feebly acid, forming stannate salts with basic oxides. The most important salt is the chloride, which is used as a reducing agent and as a mordant in calico printing. Tin salts sprayed onto glass are used to produce electrically conductive coatings. These have been used for panel lighting and for frost-free windshields. Most window glass is now made by floating molten glass on molten tin (float glass) to produce a flat surface (Pilkington process).",
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{
string: "137Sn",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "138Sn",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "138Snm",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "139Sn",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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]
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Atomic Mass and Uncertainty [u]",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "98.948530 ± 0.00054 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "98.948530 ± 0.00054 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "99.938504196 ± 0.000323693"
},
{
string: "99.938504196 ± 0.000323693"
},
{
string: "100.935259244 ± 0.000322068"
},
{
string: "101.930289530 ± 0.000107466"
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{
string: "101.930289530 ± 0.000107466"
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{
string: "102.928101962 ± 0.000075855"
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{
string: "103.923105197 ± 0.000006167"
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{
string: "104.921268423 ± 0.000004263"
},
{
string: "105.916957396 ± 0.000005465"
},
{
string: "106.915713651 ± 0.0000057"
},
{
string: "107.911894292 ± 0.000005778"
},
{
string: "108.911292843 ± 0.000008533"
},
{
string: "109.907844835 ± 0.00001479"
},
{
string: "110.907741126 ± 0.000005728"
},
{
string: "110.907741126 ± 0.000005728"
},
{
string: "111.904824877 ± 0.000000315"
},
{
string: "112.905175845 ± 0.00000169"
},
{
string: "112.905175845 ± 0.00000169"
},
{
string: "113.902780132 ± 0.000000031"
},
{
string: "113.902780132 ± 0.000000031"
},
{
string: "114.903344697 ± 0.000000016"
},
{
string: "114.903344697 ± 0.000000016"
},
{
string: "114.903344697 ± 0.000000016"
},
{
string: "115.901742824 ± 0.000000103"
},
{
string: "115.901742824 ± 0.000000103"
},
{
string: "115.901742824 ± 0.000000103"
},
{
string: "116.902954017 ± 0.000000518"
},
{
string: "116.902954017 ± 0.000000518"
},
{
string: "116.902954017 ± 0.000000518"
},
{
string: "117.901606609 ± 0.000000536"
},
{
string: "117.901606609 ± 0.000000536"
},
{
string: "117.901606609 ± 0.000000536"
},
{
string: "118.903311216 ± 0.000000778"
},
{
string: "118.903311216 ± 0.000000778"
},
{
string: "118.903311216 ± 0.000000778"
},
{
string: "118.903311216 ± 0.000000778"
},
{
string: "119.902201873 ± 0.000000962"
},
{
string: "119.902201873 ± 0.000000962"
},
{
string: "119.902201873 ± 0.000000962"
},
{
string: "120.904242792 ± 0.000001025"
},
{
string: "120.904242792 ± 0.000001025"
},
{
string: "120.904242792 ± 0.000001025"
},
{
string: "120.904242792 ± 0.000001025"
},
{
string: "120.904242792 ± 0.000001025"
},
{
string: "121.903444001 ± 0.00000257"
},
{
string: "121.903444001 ± 0.00000257"
},
{
string: "121.903444001 ± 0.00000257"
},
{
string: "121.903444001 ± 0.00000257"
},
{
string: "122.905725446 ± 0.000002594"
},
{
string: "122.905725446 ± 0.000002594"
},
{
string: "122.905725446 ± 0.000002594"
},
{
string: "122.905725446 ± 0.000002594"
},
{
string: "122.905725446 ± 0.000002594"
},
{
string: "123.905276692 ± 0.000001088"
},
{
string: "123.905276692 ± 0.000001088"
},
{
string: "123.905276692 ± 0.000001088"
},
{
string: "123.905276692 ± 0.000001088"
},
{
string: "123.905276692 ± 0.000001088"
},
{
string: "124.907786442 ± 0.000001109"
},
{
string: "124.907786442 ± 0.000001109"
},
{
string: "124.907786442 ± 0.000001109"
},
{
string: "124.907786442 ± 0.000001109"
},
{
string: "124.907786442 ± 0.000001109"
},
{
string: "125.907658836 ± 0.000011215"
},
{
string: "125.907658836 ± 0.000011215"
},
{
string: "125.907658836 ± 0.000011215"
},
{
string: "125.907658836 ± 0.000011215"
},
{
string: "126.910390401 ± 0.000010796"
},
{
string: "126.910390401 ± 0.000010796"
},
{
string: "126.910390401 ± 0.000010796"
},
{
string: "126.910390401 ± 0.000010796"
},
{
string: "126.910390401 ± 0.000010796"
},
{
string: "127.910507197 ± 0.000018958"
},
{
string: "127.910507197 ± 0.000018958"
},
{
string: "127.910507197 ± 0.000018958"
},
{
string: "127.910507197 ± 0.000018958"
},
{
string: "128.913482102 ± 0.000018547"
},
{
string: "128.913482102 ± 0.000018547"
},
{
string: "128.913482102 ± 0.000018547"
},
{
string: "128.913482102 ± 0.000018547"
},
{
string: "128.913482102 ± 0.000018547"
},
{
string: "129.913974533 ± 0.00000201"
},
{
string: "129.913974533 ± 0.00000201"
},
{
string: "129.913974533 ± 0.00000201"
},
{
string: "130.917053066 ± 0.000003887"
},
{
string: "130.917053066 ± 0.000003887"
},
{
string: "130.917053066 ± 0.000003887"
},
{
string: "131.917823902 ± 0.000002121"
},
{
string: "131.917823902 ± 0.000002121"
},
{
string: "132.923913756 ± 0.000002044"
},
{
string: "133.928680433 ± 0.0000034"
},
{
string: "133.928680433 ± 0.0000034"
},
{
string: "134.934908605 ± 0.0000033"
},
{
string: "135.939990 ± 0.00032 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "136.946550 ± 0.00043 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "137.951840 ± 0.00054 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "137.951840 ± 0.00054 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "138.958733 ± 0.000537 [Estimated]"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Half Life and Uncertainty",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "5 ms ± >0.2us [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "Not-specified"
},
{
string: "1.16 s ± 0.16"
},
{
string: "100 ns [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "1.97 s ± 0.16"
},
{
string: "3.8 s ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "367 ns ± 8"
},
{
string: "7.0 s ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "20.8 s ± 0.5"
},
{
string: "34 s ± 1"
},
{
string: "1.92 m ± 0.08"
},
{
string: "2.90 m ± 0.05"
},
{
string: "10.30 m ± 0.08"
},
{
string: "18.0 m ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "4.154 h ± 0.004"
},
{
string: "35.3 m ± 0.6"
},
{
string: "12.5 us ± 1.0"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "115.09 d ± 0.03"
},
{
string: "21.4 m ± 0.4"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "733 ns ± 14"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "3.26 us ± 0.08"
},
{
string: "159 us ± 1"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "348 ns ± 19"
},
{
string: "833 ns ± 30"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "14.00 d ± 0.05"
},
{
string: "1.75 us ± 0.07"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "230 ns ± 10"
},
{
string: "2.52 us ± 0.06"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "293.1 d ± 0.7"
},
{
string: "9.6 us ± 1.2"
},
{
string: "96 ns ± 9"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "11.8 us ± 0.5"
},
{
string: "6.26 us ± 0.11"
},
{
string: "27.03 h ± 0.04"
},
{
string: "43.9 y ± 0.5"
},
{
string: "5.3 us ± 0.5"
},
{
string: "520 ns ± 50"
},
{
string: "167 ns ± 25"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "7.5 us ± 0.9"
},
{
string: "62 us ± 3"
},
{
string: "146 ns ± 15"
},
{
string: "129.2 d ± 0.4"
},
{
string: "40.06 m ± 0.01"
},
{
string: "7.4 us ± 2.6"
},
{
string: "6 us"
},
{
string: "34 us"
},
{
string: "Stable ± >100Py"
},
{
string: "270 ns ± 60"
},
{
string: "3.1 us ± 0.5"
},
{
string: "45 us ± 5"
},
{
string: "260 ns ± 25"
},
{
string: "9.64 d ± 0.03"
},
{
string: "9.52 m ± 0.05"
},
{
string: "6.2 us ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "650 ns ± 60"
},
{
string: "230 ns ± 17"
},
{
string: "230 ky ± 14"
},
{
string: "5.8 us ± 0.7"
},
{
string: "7.6 us ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "160 ns ± 20"
},
{
string: "2.10 h ± 0.04"
},
{
string: "4.13 m ± 0.03"
},
{
string: "4.52 us ± 0.15"
},
{
string: "1.26 us ± 0.15"
},
{
string: "250 ns ± 30"
},
{
string: "59.07 m ± 0.14"
},
{
string: "6.5 s ± 0.5"
},
{
string: "2.91 us ± 0.14"
},
{
string: "220 ns ± 30"
},
{
string: "2.23 m ± 0.04"
},
{
string: "6.9 m ± 0.1"
},
{
string: "3.49 us ± 0.11"
},
{
string: "2.22 us ± 0.13"
},
{
string: "221 ns ± 18"
},
{
string: "3.72 m ± 0.07"
},
{
string: "1.7 m ± 0.1"
},
{
string: "1.501 us ± 0.017"
},
{
string: "56.0 s ± 0.5"
},
{
string: "58.4 s ± 0.5"
},
{
string: "304 ns ± 15"
},
{
string: "39.7 s ± 0.8"
},
{
string: "2.079 us ± 0.016"
},
{
string: "1.46 s ± 0.03"
},
{
string: "890 ms ± 20"
},
{
string: "87 ns ± 8"
},
{
string: "515 ms ± 5"
},
{
string: "350 ms ± 5"
},
{
string: "273 ms ± 7"
},
{
string: "150 ms ± 30"
},
{
string: "210 ns ± 45"
},
{
string: "130 ms ± 60"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Discovery Year",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "2011"
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: "1994"
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: "1994"
},
{
string: "1994"
},
{
string: "1996"
},
{
string: "1981"
},
{
string: "1985"
},
{
string: "1981"
},
{
string: "1975"
},
{
string: "1976"
},
{
string: "1968"
},
{
string: "1966"
},
{
string: "1965"
},
{
string: "1949"
},
{
string: "1972"
},
{
string: "1927"
},
{
string: "1939"
},
{
string: "1961"
},
{
string: "1927"
},
{
string: "1980"
},
{
string: "1927"
},
{
string: "1967"
},
{
string: "1958"
},
{
string: "1922"
},
{
string: "1964"
},
{
string: "1978"
},
{
string: "1923"
},
{
string: "1950"
},
{
string: "1979"
},
{
string: "1924"
},
{
string: "1961"
},
{
string: "1973"
},
{
string: "1925"
},
{
string: "1950"
},
{
string: "1992"
},
{
string: "2016"
},
{
string: "1926"
},
{
string: "1960"
},
{
string: "1987"
},
{
string: "1948"
},
{
string: "1962"
},
{
string: "1995"
},
{
string: "2012"
},
{
string: "1995"
},
{
string: "1928"
},
{
string: "1979"
},
{
string: "1992"
},
{
string: "2012"
},
{
string: "1948"
},
{
string: "1948"
},
{
string: "1992"
},
{
string: "1994"
},
{
string: "1994"
},
{
string: "1922"
},
{
string: "1979"
},
{
string: "1979"
},
{
string: "1992"
},
{
string: "2012"
},
{
string: "1939"
},
{
string: "1939"
},
{
string: "2000"
},
{
string: "2008"
},
{
string: "2000"
},
{
string: "1962"
},
{
string: "1979"
},
{
string: "2000"
},
{
string: "2012"
},
{
string: "1951"
},
{
string: "1962"
},
{
string: "2000"
},
{
string: "2004"
},
{
string: "2008"
},
{
string: "1956"
},
{
string: "1979"
},
{
string: "1981"
},
{
string: "2011"
},
{
string: "1962"
},
{
string: "1962"
},
{
string: "2000"
},
{
string: "2000"
},
{
string: "2008"
},
{
string: "1972"
},
{
string: "1974"
},
{
string: "1981"
},
{
string: "1963"
},
{
string: "1977"
},
{
string: "2001"
},
{
string: "1963"
},
{
string: "1986"
},
{
string: "1973"
},
{
string: "1974"
},
{
string: "2000"
},
{
string: "1994"
},
{
string: "1994"
},
{
string: "1994"
},
{
string: "2010"
},
{
string: "2014"
},
{
string: "2015"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Decay Modes, Intensities and Uncertainties [%]",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "β+ ?; β+p ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 7,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: "β+=100%; β+p<17%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "p ?"
},
{
string: "β+=100%; β+p=21.0±0.7%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%; β+p=1.2±0.1%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%; β+p=?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "ε=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IS=0.97±0.1%; 2β+ ?",
markup: [
{
start: 16,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=91.1±2.3%; β+=8.9±2.3%",
markup: [
{
start: 15,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IS=0.66±0.1%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IS=0.34±0.1%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IS=14.54±0.9%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IS=7.68±0.7%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IS=24.22±0.9%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IS=8.59±0.4%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IS=32.58±0.9%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=77.6±2%; β-=22.4±2%",
markup: [
{
start: 13,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IS=4.63±0.3%; 2β- ?",
markup: [
{
start: 16,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IS=5.79±0.5%; 2β- ?",
markup: [
{
start: 16,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-≈100%; IT<0.002%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; IT<0.0004%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=0.0294±2.4%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=17±1.3%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=21±0.3%; β-2n=6%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 23,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=28±0.3%; β-2n=2%[Estimated]",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 10,
length: 1,
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},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=50±0.8%; β-2n=40%[Estimated]",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 10,
length: 1,
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n≈36%; β-2n=5%[Estimated]",
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type: "Superscript"
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type: "Superscript"
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string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=80%[Estimated]; β-2n=20%[Estimated]",
markup: [
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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],
reference: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "PubChem",
description: "Data deposited in or computed by PubChem",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
sourceName: "Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)",
sourceID: "e50",
name: "Sn",
description: "The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.",
url: "https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/",
anid: 6590277
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
sourceName: "Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)",
sourceID: "a50",
name: "Tin",
description: "Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report) and CIAAW. The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/",
url: "http://www.ciaaw.org/tin.htm",
licenseURL: "http://www.ciaaw.org/bylaws.htm",
anid: 2292431
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{
referenceNumber: 4,
sourceName: "Jefferson Lab, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "jlab50",
name: "Tin",
description: "Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/",
url: "https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele050.html",
licenseNote: "Please see citation and linking information: https://education.jlab.org/faq/index.html",
licenseURL: "https://www.jlab.org/privacy-and-security-notice",
anid: 507112
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
sourceName: "Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "lanl50",
name: "Tin",
description: "The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.",
url: "https://periodic.lanl.gov/50.shtml",
anid: 507230
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
sourceName: "NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory",
sourceID: "e50",
name: "Tin",
description: "The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Elements/elInfo.pl?element=50",
licenseURL: "https://www.nist.gov/pml/database-disclaimer",
anid: 2292667
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
sourceName: "PubChem Elements",
sourceID: "50",
name: "Sn",
description: "The element property data was retrieved from publications.",
anid: 7660051
},
{
referenceNumber: 7,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "50",
name: "Tin",
description: "This section provides all form of data related to element Tin.",
anid: 694343
}
]
}
},
{
record: {
recordType: "AtomicNumber",
recordNumber: 51,
recordTitle: "Antimony",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01022.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Antimony"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Antimony"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
description: "Element symbol, Also called atomic symbol, typically consists of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet derived from the element name in one of several languages.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Sb"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Sb"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "InChI=1S/Sb"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI Key",
description: "International Chemical Identifier hash (InChIKey) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI Key",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "WATWJIUSRGPENY-UHFFFAOYSA-N"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "121.760(1)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "121.760"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "121.8"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "121.760(1)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "[Kr]5s24d105p3",
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 13,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Electron Configuration",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[Cd]5p3",
markup: [
{
start: 6,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Radius",
description: "Atomic radius is the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell containing electrons.",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_radius",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
name: "Van der Waals Atomic Radius",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "206 pm (Van der Waals)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Empirical Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"J.C. Slater, J Chem Phys, 1964, 41(10), 3199-3205. DOI:10.1063/1.1725697"
],
value: {
number: [
145
],
unit: "pm (Empirical)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Covalent Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"B. Cordero, V. Gómez, A.E. Platero-Prats, M. Revés, J. Echeverría, E. Cremades, F. Barragán, S. Alvarez, Dalton Trans. 2008, 21, 2832-2838. DOI:10.1039/b801115j PMID:18478144."
],
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "139(5) pm (Covalent)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
description: "Oxidation state gives the degree of oxidation of an atom in terms of counting electrons.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/O/O04365.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "+5, +3, -3"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "5, 4, 3, 2, 1, −1, −2, −3 (an amphoteric oxide)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ground Level",
description: "Also called ground-state level. The ground state electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom with lower energy levels.",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/ASD/Html/iehelp.html#IEGROUNDLEV",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ground Level",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "4S°3/2",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 3,
length: 3,
type: "Subscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ionization Energy",
description: "Ionization energy is the minimum energy required to eject an electron out of a neutral atom or molecule in its ground state.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/I/I03199.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "8.64 eV"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ionization Energy",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "8.608389 eV"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electronegativity",
description: "The concept electronegativity was introduced by L. Pauling as the power of an atom to attract electrons to itself.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01990",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Pauling Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"A.L. Allred, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 1961, 17(3-4), 215-221. DOI:10.1016/0022-1902(61)80142-5"
],
value: {
number: [
2.05
],
unit: "(Pauling Scale)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Allen Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1989, 111, 9003. DOI:10.1021/ja00207a003; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek and L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 2780. DOI:10.1021/ja992866e; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek, E.T. Knight, J.F. Capitani and L.C Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 5132. DOI:10.1021/ja9928677"
],
value: {
number: [
1.984
],
unit: "(Allen Scale)"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Affinity",
description: "Electron affinity refers to energy required to detach an electron from the singly charged negative ion.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01977",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.T Myers, J. Chem. Edu., 1990, 67(4), 307. DOI:10.1021/ed067p307"
],
value: {
number: [
1.07
],
unit: "eV"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.J. Zollweg, J. Chem. Phys., 1969, 50, 4251. DOI:10.1063/1.1670890"
],
value: {
number: [
0.94
],
unit: "eV"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Spectra",
description: "Atomic and ionic spectral lines originate from specified electronic transitions between energy levels of atoms and ions, respectively.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00502.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/lines_hold.pl?el=Sb",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Lines Holdings"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/levels_hold.pl?el=Sb",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Levels Holdings"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Physical Description",
description: "Physical description, also know as physical characteristics, refers to physical appearance of element substances.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Solid"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Classification",
description: "Elements can be classified few groups according to each element's chemical properties.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Semi-metal"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Period Number",
description: "The element period number refers to a horizontal row of the periodic table. The periodic table has 7 periods.",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/periodic-table-of-the-elements/The-periodic-table#ref80835",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "5"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Group Number",
description: "Element group refers to a set of chemical elements in the same vertical column of the periodic table",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/group-periodic-table",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "15 - Pnictogen"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Density",
description: "Density is a degree of consistency measured by the quantity of mass per unit volume",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/D/D01590.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "6.685 grams per cubic centimeter"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Melting Point",
description: "The melting point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from solid to liquid at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/melting-point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "903.78 K (630.63°C or 1167.13°F)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "630.63°C"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Boiling Point",
description: "Boiling Point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from liquid to gas at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1860 K (1587°C or 2889°F)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1635°C"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Crustal Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in earth crust",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "2×10-1 milligrams per kilogram",
markup: [
{
start: 4,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Oceanic Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in ocean",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "2.4×10-4 milligrams per liter",
markup: [
{
start: 6,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "History",
description: "Element discovery and related information in history",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "History",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "The name derives from the Greek, anti + monos for \"not alone\" or \"not one\" because it was found in many compounds. The symbol Sb comes from stibium, which is derived from the Greek stibi for \"mark\" because it was used for blackening eyebrows and eyelashes. The minerals stibnite (Sb2S3) and stibine (SbH3) are two of more than one hundred mineral species, which were known in the ancient world.",
markup: [
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start: 33,
length: 4,
type: "Italics"
},
{
start: 40,
length: 5,
type: "Italics"
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{
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length: 7,
type: "Italics"
},
{
start: 181,
length: 5,
type: "Italics"
},
{
start: 282,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
},
{
start: 284,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
},
{
start: 303,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
}
]
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Antimony has been known since ancient times. It is sometimes found free in nature, but is usually obtained from the ores stibnite (Sb2S3) and valentinite (Sb2O3). Nicolas Lémery, a French chemist, was the first person to scientifically study antimony and its compounds. He published his findings in 1707. Antimony makes up about 0.00002% of the earth's crust.",
markup: [
{
start: 133,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
},
{
start: 135,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
},
{
start: 157,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
},
{
start: 159,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
}
]
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "From the Greek word anti plus monos - \"a metal not found alone\". Antimony was recognized in compounds by the ancients and was known as a metal at the beginning of the 17th century and possibly much earlier."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Description",
description: "Description about this element",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Antimony is a poor conductor of heat and electricity. Antimony and many of its compounds are toxic."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Uses",
description: "Uses information in industry and other fields",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
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{
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string: "128Sbm",
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{
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{
string: "131Sb",
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{
string: "131Sbm",
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
string: "102.939690 ± 0.00032 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "103.936474502 ± 0.000131449"
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{
string: "104.931276549 ± 0.000023431"
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{
string: "105.928637982 ± 0.000008"
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{
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{
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{
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{
string: "108.918141204 ± 0.000005652"
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{
string: "109.916854286 ± 0.0000064"
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{
string: "110.913218189 ± 0.0000095"
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{
string: "111.912399903 ± 0.00001914"
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{
string: "111.912399903 ± 0.00001914"
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{
string: "112.909374652 ± 0.000018457"
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{
string: "113.909289191 ± 0.000023444"
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{
string: "113.909289191 ± 0.000023444"
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{
string: "114.906598000 ± 0.000017203"
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{
string: "114.906598000 ± 0.000017203"
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{
string: "115.906792583 ± 0.000005539"
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{
string: "115.906792583 ± 0.000005539"
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{
string: "115.906792583 ± 0.000005539"
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{
string: "116.904841535 ± 0.000009057"
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{
string: "116.904841535 ± 0.000009057"
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{
string: "116.904841535 ± 0.000009057"
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{
string: "117.905532174 ± 0.000003238"
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{
string: "117.905532174 ± 0.000003238"
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{
string: "117.905532174 ± 0.000003238"
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{
string: "118.903945512 ± 0.000008267"
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{
string: "118.903945512 ± 0.000008267"
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{
string: "118.903945512 ± 0.000008267"
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{
string: "119.905079624 ± 0.000007725"
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{
string: "119.905079624 ± 0.000007725"
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{
string: "119.905079624 ± 0.000007725"
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{
string: "119.905079624 ± 0.000007725"
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{
string: "120.903810093 ± 0.000002771"
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{
string: "120.903810093 ± 0.000002771"
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{
string: "121.905168074 ± 0.000002768"
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{
string: "121.905168074 ± 0.000002768"
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{
string: "121.905168074 ± 0.000002768"
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{
string: "121.905168074 ± 0.000002768"
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{
string: "122.904214016 ± 0.000001616"
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{
string: "122.904214016 ± 0.000001616"
},
{
string: "122.904214016 ± 0.000001616"
},
{
string: "123.905935789 ± 0.000001618"
},
{
string: "123.905935789 ± 0.000001618"
},
{
string: "123.905935789 ± 0.000001618"
},
{
string: "123.905935789 ± 0.000001618"
},
{
string: "124.905252987 ± 0.00000279"
},
{
string: "124.905252987 ± 0.00000279"
},
{
string: "124.905252987 ± 0.00000279"
},
{
string: "124.905252987 ± 0.00000279"
},
{
string: "125.907253036 ± 0.000034103"
},
{
string: "125.907253036 ± 0.000034103"
},
{
string: "125.907253036 ± 0.000034103"
},
{
string: "125.907253036 ± 0.000034103"
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{
string: "126.906924277 ± 0.000005502"
},
{
string: "126.906924277 ± 0.000005502"
},
{
string: "126.906924277 ± 0.000005502"
},
{
string: "127.909145645 ± 0.000020525"
},
{
string: "127.909145645 ± 0.000020525"
},
{
string: "128.909146696 ± 0.000022792"
},
{
string: "128.909146696 ± 0.000022792"
},
{
string: "128.909146696 ± 0.000022792"
},
{
string: "128.909146696 ± 0.000022792"
},
{
string: "129.911662688 ± 0.000015257"
},
{
string: "129.911662688 ± 0.000015257"
},
{
string: "129.911662688 ± 0.000015257"
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{
string: "129.911662688 ± 0.000015257"
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{
string: "130.911989341 ± 0.000002236"
},
{
string: "130.911989341 ± 0.000002236"
},
{
string: "130.911989341 ± 0.000002236"
},
{
string: "130.911989341 ± 0.000002236"
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{
string: "131.914508015 ± 0.000002648"
},
{
string: "131.914508015 ± 0.000002648"
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{
string: "131.914508015 ± 0.000002648"
},
{
string: "132.915272130 ± 0.000003357"
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{
string: "132.915272130 ± 0.000003357"
},
{
string: "133.920535675 ± 0.00000183"
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{
string: "133.920535675 ± 0.00000183"
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{
string: "134.925184357 ± 0.000002834"
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{
string: "135.930749011 ± 0.000006258"
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{
string: "135.930749011 ± 0.000006258"
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{
string: "136.935522522 ± 0.000056"
},
{
string: "137.941792000 ± 0.0011425"
},
{
string: "138.946550 ± 0.00043 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "139.952830 ± 0.00064 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "139.952830 ± 0.00064 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "140.958014 ± 0.000537 [Estimated]"
}
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}
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{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Half Life and Uncertainty",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Not-specified ± <49ns"
},
{
string: "470 ms ± 130"
},
{
string: "1.12 s ± 0.16"
},
{
string: "600 ms ± 200"
},
{
string: "226 ns ± 14"
},
{
string: "4.0 s ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "7.4 s ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "17.0 s ± 0.7"
},
{
string: "23.6 s ± 0.3"
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{
string: "75 s ± 1"
},
{
string: "53.5 s ± 0.6"
},
{
string: "536 ns ± 22"
},
{
string: "6.67 m ± 0.07"
},
{
string: "3.49 m ± 0.03"
},
{
string: "219 us ± 12"
},
{
string: "32.1 m ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "159 ns ± 3"
},
{
string: "15.8 m ± 0.8"
},
{
string: "194 ns ± 4"
},
{
string: "60.3 m ± 0.6"
},
{
string: "2.80 h ± 0.01"
},
{
string: "355 us ± 17"
},
{
string: "290 ns ± 5"
},
{
string: "3.6 m ± 0.1"
},
{
string: "20.6 us ± 0.6"
},
{
string: "5.00 h ± 0.02"
},
{
string: "38.19 h ± 0.22"
},
{
string: "130 ns ± 3"
},
{
string: "850 ms ± 90"
},
{
string: "15.89 m ± 0.04"
},
{
string: "5.76 d ± 0.02"
},
{
string: "246 ns ± 2"
},
{
string: "400 ns ± 8"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "179 us ± 6"
},
{
string: "2.723 d ± 0.0002"
},
{
string: "1.86 us ± 0.08"
},
{
string: "530 us ± 30"
},
{
string: "4.191 m ± 0.003"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "214 ns ± 3"
},
{
string: "65 us ± 1"
},
{
string: "60.20 d ± 0.03"
},
{
string: "93 s ± 5"
},
{
string: "20.2 m ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "3.2 us ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "2.758 y ± 0.0003"
},
{
string: "4.1 us ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "28.0 us ± 0.7"
},
{
string: "272 ns ± 16"
},
{
string: "12.35 d ± 0.06"
},
{
string: "19.15 m ± 0.08"
},
{
string: "~11 s"
},
{
string: "553 ns ± 5"
},
{
string: "3.85 d ± 0.05"
},
{
string: "11 us ± 1"
},
{
string: "234 ns ± 12"
},
{
string: "9.05 h ± 0.04"
},
{
string: "10.41 m ± 0.18"
},
{
string: "4.366 h ± 0.026"
},
{
string: "17.7 m ± 0.1"
},
{
string: "2.2 us ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "1.1 us ± 0.1"
},
{
string: "39.5 m ± 0.8"
},
{
string: "6.3 m ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "800 ns ± 100"
},
{
string: "1.8 us ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "23.03 m ± 0.04"
},
{
string: "91 us ± 4"
},
{
string: "4.3 us ± 0.8"
},
{
string: "1.1 us ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "2.79 m ± 0.07"
},
{
string: "4.10 m ± 0.05"
},
{
string: "102 ns ± 4"
},
{
string: "2.34 m ± 0.05"
},
{
string: "16.54 us ± 0.19"
},
{
string: "780 ms ± 60"
},
{
string: "10.07 s ± 0.05"
},
{
string: "1.679 s ± 0.015"
},
{
string: "923 ms ± 14"
},
{
string: "570 ns ± 5"
},
{
string: "484 ms ± 22"
},
{
string: "348 ms ± 15"
},
{
string: "93 ms ± 13"
},
{
string: "100 ms ± >400ns [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "41 us ± 8"
},
{
string: "100 ms [Estimated]"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Discovery Year",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: ""
},
{
string: "1995"
},
{
string: "1994"
},
{
string: "1981"
},
{
string: "1998"
},
{
string: "1994"
},
{
string: "1976"
},
{
string: "1976"
},
{
string: "1972"
},
{
string: "1972"
},
{
string: "1959"
},
{
string: "1976"
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{
string: "1958"
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{
string: "1959"
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{
string: "1973"
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{
string: "1958"
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{
string: "1977"
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{
string: "1949"
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{
string: "1976"
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{
string: "1949"
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{
string: "1947"
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{
string: "1970"
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{
string: "1987"
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{
string: "1947"
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{
string: "1975"
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{
string: "1947"
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{
string: "1947"
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{
string: "1991"
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{
string: "1979"
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{
string: "1937"
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{
string: "1958"
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{
string: "1976"
},
{
string: "1983"
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{
string: "1922"
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{
string: "2008"
},
{
string: "1939"
},
{
string: "1962"
},
{
string: "1963"
},
{
string: "1947"
},
{
string: "1922"
},
{
string: "2005"
},
{
string: "2007"
},
{
string: "1939"
},
{
string: "1947"
},
{
string: "1947"
},
{
string: "1989"
},
{
string: "1951"
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{
string: "2007"
},
{
string: "2007"
},
{
string: "2007"
},
{
string: "1956"
},
{
string: "1956"
},
{
string: "1976"
},
{
string: "1976"
},
{
string: "1939"
},
{
string: "1974"
},
{
string: "2005"
},
{
string: "1956"
},
{
string: "1955"
},
{
string: "1939"
},
{
string: "1982"
},
{
string: "1987"
},
{
string: "2003"
},
{
string: "1962"
},
{
string: "1962"
},
{
string: "2002"
},
{
string: "2002"
},
{
string: "1956"
},
{
string: "1969"
},
{
string: "2000"
},
{
string: "2000"
},
{
string: "1956"
},
{
string: "1956"
},
{
string: "1974"
},
{
string: "1966"
},
{
string: "1978"
},
{
string: "1967"
},
{
string: "1968"
},
{
string: "1964"
},
{
string: "1976"
},
{
string: "2001"
},
{
string: "1994"
},
{
string: "1994"
},
{
string: "1994"
},
{
string: "2010"
},
{
string: "2016"
},
{
string: ""
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Decay Modes, Intensities and Uncertainties [%]",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "p ?"
},
{
string: "β+=?; β+p<7%; p<7%; α ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 7,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+ ?; p<0.1%; β+p ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 15,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "ε=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
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type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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},
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string: "IT=100%"
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{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IS=57.21±0.5%"
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{
string: "IT=100%"
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{
string: "β-=97.59±1.2%; β+=2.41±1.2%",
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string: "IT=100%"
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{
string: "IT=100%"
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{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IS=42.79±0.5%"
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string: "IT=100%"
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string: "IT=100%"
},
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string: "β-=100%",
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string: "IT=75±0.5%; β-=25±0.5%",
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type: "Superscript"
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string: "IT=100[gs=0,m=100]"
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string: "IT=100%"
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string: "β-=100%",
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string: "β-=86±0.4%; IT=14±0.4%",
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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},
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string: "IT=100[gs=0,m=100]"
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string: "β-=100%",
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string: "IT=100%"
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string: "β-=96.4±1%; IT=3.6±1%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β-=85%; IT=15%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
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]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
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]
},
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string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=5%[Estimated]",
markup: [
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type: "Superscript"
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=0.088±0.4%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=22±0.3%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 10,
length: 1,
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},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=16.3±3.2%; β-2n=10%[Estimated]",
markup: [
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type: "Superscript"
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=49±0.6%; β-2n=0.3%[Estimated]",
markup: [
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length: 1,
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 23,
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type: "Superscript"
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string: "β-=100%; β-n=72±0.8%; β-2n=2%[Estimated]",
markup: [
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start: 10,
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string: "β-=100%; β-n=90±1%; β-2n=3%[Estimated]",
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type: "Superscript"
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string: "β- ?; β-n=40%[Estimated]; β-2n=20%[Estimated]",
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],
reference: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "PubChem",
description: "Data deposited in or computed by PubChem",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
sourceName: "Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)",
sourceID: "e51",
name: "Sb",
description: "The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.",
url: "https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/",
anid: 6590278
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
sourceName: "Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)",
sourceID: "a51",
name: "Antimony",
description: "Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report) and CIAAW. The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/",
url: "http://www.ciaaw.org/antimony.htm",
licenseURL: "http://www.ciaaw.org/bylaws.htm",
anid: 2292432
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
sourceName: "Jefferson Lab, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "jlab51",
name: "Antimony",
description: "Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/",
url: "https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele051.html",
licenseNote: "Please see citation and linking information: https://education.jlab.org/faq/index.html",
licenseURL: "https://www.jlab.org/privacy-and-security-notice",
anid: 507113
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
sourceName: "Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "lanl51",
name: "Antimony",
description: "The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.",
url: "https://periodic.lanl.gov/51.shtml",
anid: 507231
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
sourceName: "NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory",
sourceID: "e51",
name: "Antimony",
description: "The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Elements/elInfo.pl?element=51",
licenseURL: "https://www.nist.gov/pml/database-disclaimer",
anid: 2292668
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
sourceName: "PubChem Elements",
sourceID: "51",
name: "Sb",
description: "The element property data was retrieved from publications.",
anid: 7660052
},
{
referenceNumber: 7,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "51",
name: "Antimony",
description: "This section provides all form of data related to element Antimony.",
anid: 694344
}
]
}
},
{
record: {
recordType: "AtomicNumber",
recordNumber: 52,
recordTitle: "Tellurium",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01022.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Tellurium"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Tellurium"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
description: "Element symbol, Also called atomic symbol, typically consists of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet derived from the element name in one of several languages.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Te"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Te"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "InChI=1S/Te"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI Key",
description: "International Chemical Identifier hash (InChIKey) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI Key",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "PORWMNRCUJJQNO-UHFFFAOYSA-N"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "127.60(3)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "127.60"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "127.6"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "127.60(3)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[Kr]5s24d105p4",
markup: [
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start: 6,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 9,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 13,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Electron Configuration",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[Cd]5p4",
markup: [
{
start: 6,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Radius",
description: "Atomic radius is the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell containing electrons.",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_radius",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
name: "Van der Waals Atomic Radius",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "206 pm (Van der Waals)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Empirical Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"J.C. Slater, J Chem Phys, 1964, 41(10), 3199-3205. DOI:10.1063/1.1725697"
],
value: {
number: [
140
],
unit: "pm (Empirical)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Covalent Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"B. Cordero, V. Gómez, A.E. Platero-Prats, M. Revés, J. Echeverría, E. Cremades, F. Barragán, S. Alvarez, Dalton Trans. 2008, 21, 2832-2838. DOI:10.1039/b801115j PMID:18478144."
],
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "138(4) pm (Covalent)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
description: "Oxidation state gives the degree of oxidation of an atom in terms of counting electrons.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/O/O04365.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "+6, +4, -2"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, −1, −2 (a mildly acidic oxide)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ground Level",
description: "Also called ground-state level. The ground state electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom with lower energy levels.",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/ASD/Html/iehelp.html#IEGROUNDLEV",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ground Level",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "3P2",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 2,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ionization Energy",
description: "Ionization energy is the minimum energy required to eject an electron out of a neutral atom or molecule in its ground state.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/I/I03199.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "9.010 eV"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ionization Energy",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "9.009808 eV"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electronegativity",
description: "The concept electronegativity was introduced by L. Pauling as the power of an atom to attract electrons to itself.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01990",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Pauling Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"A.L. Allred, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 1961, 17(3-4), 215-221. DOI:10.1016/0022-1902(61)80142-5"
],
value: {
number: [
2.1
],
unit: "(Pauling Scale)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Allen Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1989, 111, 9003. DOI:10.1021/ja00207a003; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek and L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 2780. DOI:10.1021/ja992866e; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek, E.T. Knight, J.F. Capitani and L.C Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 5132. DOI:10.1021/ja9928677"
],
value: {
number: [
2.158
],
unit: "(Allen Scale)"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Affinity",
description: "Electron affinity refers to energy required to detach an electron from the singly charged negative ion.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01977",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.T Myers, J. Chem. Edu., 1990, 67(4), 307. DOI:10.1021/ed067p307"
],
value: {
number: [
1.971
],
unit: "eV"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.J. Zollweg, J. Chem. Phys., 1969, 50, 4251. DOI:10.1063/1.1670890"
],
value: {
number: [
1.96
],
unit: "eV"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Spectra",
description: "Atomic and ionic spectral lines originate from specified electronic transitions between energy levels of atoms and ions, respectively.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00502.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/lines_hold.pl?el=Te",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Lines Holdings"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/levels_hold.pl?el=Te",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Levels Holdings"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Physical Description",
description: "Physical description, also know as physical characteristics, refers to physical appearance of element substances.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Solid"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Classification",
description: "Elements can be classified few groups according to each element's chemical properties.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Semi-metal"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Period Number",
description: "The element period number refers to a horizontal row of the periodic table. The periodic table has 7 periods.",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/periodic-table-of-the-elements/The-periodic-table#ref80835",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "5"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Group Number",
description: "Element group refers to a set of chemical elements in the same vertical column of the periodic table",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/group-periodic-table",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "16 - Chalcogen"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Density",
description: "Density is a degree of consistency measured by the quantity of mass per unit volume",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/D/D01590.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "6.232 grams per cubic centimeter"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Melting Point",
description: "The melting point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from solid to liquid at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/melting-point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "722.66 K (449.51°C or 841.12°F)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "449.51°C"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Boiling Point",
description: "Boiling Point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from liquid to gas at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1261 K (988°C or 1810°F)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "988°C"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Crustal Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in earth crust",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1×10-3 milligrams per kilogram",
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string: "126Te",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "127Te",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "127Tem",
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{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "128Te",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "128Tem",
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{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "129Te",
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{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "129Tem",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "130Te",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "130Tem",
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{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "130Ten",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "130Tep",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "131Te",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "131Tem",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "131Ten",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "132Te",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "132Tem",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "132Ten",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "132Tep",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "133Te",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "133Tem",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "133Ten",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "134Te",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "134Tem",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "135Te",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "135Tem",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "136Te",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "137Te",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "138Te",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "139Te",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "140Te",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "141Te",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "142Te",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "143Te",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Atomic Mass and Uncertainty [u]",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "104.943304508 ± 0.000322084"
},
{
string: "105.937498526 ± 0.000107934"
},
{
string: "106.935008356 ± 0.000076039"
},
{
string: "107.929380471 ± 0.000005808"
},
{
string: "108.927304534 ± 0.000004704"
},
{
string: "109.922458104 ± 0.000007058"
},
{
string: "110.921000589 ± 0.0000069"
},
{
string: "111.916727850 ± 0.000009"
},
{
string: "112.915891000 ± 0.00003"
},
{
string: "113.912089000 ± 0.00003"
},
{
string: "114.911902000 ± 0.00003"
},
{
string: "114.911902000 ± 0.00003"
},
{
string: "114.911902000 ± 0.00003"
},
{
string: "115.908460000 ± 0.00003"
},
{
string: "116.908646313 ± 0.000014446"
},
{
string: "116.908646313 ± 0.000014446"
},
{
string: "117.905853839 ± 0.00001984"
},
{
string: "118.906407148 ± 0.000008541"
},
{
string: "118.906407148 ± 0.000008541"
},
{
string: "119.904059514 ± 0.000003311"
},
{
string: "120.904942488 ± 0.000027751"
},
{
string: "120.904942488 ± 0.000027751"
},
{
string: "121.903043434 ± 0.000001617"
},
{
string: "122.904269747 ± 0.000001615"
},
{
string: "122.904269747 ± 0.000001615"
},
{
string: "123.902817064 ± 0.000001612"
},
{
string: "124.904429900 ± 0.000001612"
},
{
string: "124.904429900 ± 0.000001612"
},
{
string: "125.903310866 ± 0.000001614"
},
{
string: "126.905225714 ± 0.000001625"
},
{
string: "126.905225714 ± 0.000001625"
},
{
string: "127.904461311 ± 0.000000929"
},
{
string: "127.904461311 ± 0.000000929"
},
{
string: "128.906596492 ± 0.000000933"
},
{
string: "128.906596492 ± 0.000000933"
},
{
string: "129.906222747 ± 0.000000012"
},
{
string: "129.906222747 ± 0.000000012"
},
{
string: "129.906222747 ± 0.000000012"
},
{
string: "129.906222747 ± 0.000000012"
},
{
string: "130.908522211 ± 0.000000065"
},
{
string: "130.908522211 ± 0.000000065"
},
{
string: "130.908522211 ± 0.000000065"
},
{
string: "131.908546716 ± 0.000003742"
},
{
string: "131.908546716 ± 0.000003742"
},
{
string: "131.908546716 ± 0.000003742"
},
{
string: "131.908546716 ± 0.000003742"
},
{
string: "132.910963332 ± 0.000002218"
},
{
string: "132.910963332 ± 0.000002218"
},
{
string: "132.910963332 ± 0.000002218"
},
{
string: "133.911396379 ± 0.000002948"
},
{
string: "133.911396379 ± 0.000002948"
},
{
string: "134.916554718 ± 0.000001848"
},
{
string: "134.916554718 ± 0.000001848"
},
{
string: "135.920101182 ± 0.000002448"
},
{
string: "136.925599357 ± 0.000002254"
},
{
string: "137.929472454 ± 0.000004065"
},
{
string: "138.935367193 ± 0.0000038"
},
{
string: "139.939262917 ± 0.000067"
},
{
string: "140.945800 ± 0.00043 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "141.950220 ± 0.00054 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "142.956760 ± 0.00054 [Estimated]"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Half Life and Uncertainty",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "633 ns ± 66"
},
{
string: "78 us ± 11"
},
{
string: "3.1 ms ± 0.1"
},
{
string: "2.1 s ± 0.1"
},
{
string: "4.6 s ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "18.6 s ± 0.8"
},
{
string: "26.2 s ± 0.6"
},
{
string: "2.0 m ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "1.7 m ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "15.2 m ± 0.7"
},
{
string: "5.8 m ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "6.7 m ± 0.4"
},
{
string: "7.5 us ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "2.49 h ± 0.04"
},
{
string: "62 m ± 2"
},
{
string: "103 ms ± 3"
},
{
string: "6.00 d ± 0.02"
},
{
string: "16.05 h ± 0.05"
},
{
string: "4.70 d ± 0.04"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "19.17 d ± 0.04"
},
{
string: "164.2 d ± 0.8"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "Stable ± >2Py"
},
{
string: "119.2 d ± 0.1"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "57.40 d ± 0.15"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "9.35 h ± 0.07"
},
{
string: "106.1 d ± 0.7"
},
{
string: "2.0 Yy ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "363 ns ± 27"
},
{
string: "69.6 m ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "33.6 d ± 0.1"
},
{
string: "690 Ey ± 130"
},
{
string: "186 ns ± 11"
},
{
string: "1.90 us ± 0.08"
},
{
string: "261 ns ± 33"
},
{
string: "25.0 m ± 0.1"
},
{
string: "32.48 h ± 0.11"
},
{
string: "93 ms ± 12"
},
{
string: "3.204 d ± 0.013"
},
{
string: "145 ns ± 8"
},
{
string: "28.1 us ± 1.5"
},
{
string: "3.70 us ± 0.09"
},
{
string: "12.5 m ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "55.4 m ± 0.4"
},
{
string: "100 ns ± 5"
},
{
string: "41.8 m ± 0.8"
},
{
string: "164.1 ns ± 0.9"
},
{
string: "19.0 s ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "511 ns ± 20"
},
{
string: "17.63 s ± 0.08"
},
{
string: "2.49 s ± 0.05"
},
{
string: "1.4 s ± 0.4"
},
{
string: "500 ms ± >150ns [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "300 ms ± >300ns [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "150 ms ± >150ns [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "100 ms ± >150ns [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "100 ms ± >400ns [Estimated]"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Discovery Year",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "2006"
},
{
string: "1981"
},
{
string: "1979"
},
{
string: "1974"
},
{
string: "1967"
},
{
string: "1977"
},
{
string: "1967"
},
{
string: "1976"
},
{
string: "1974"
},
{
string: "1968"
},
{
string: "1961"
},
{
string: "1974"
},
{
string: "1972"
},
{
string: "1958"
},
{
string: "1958"
},
{
string: "1963"
},
{
string: "1948"
},
{
string: "1948"
},
{
string: "1960"
},
{
string: "1936"
},
{
string: "1939"
},
{
string: "1940"
},
{
string: "1932"
},
{
string: "1932"
},
{
string: "1951"
},
{
string: "1932"
},
{
string: "1931"
},
{
string: "1949"
},
{
string: "1924"
},
{
string: "1938"
},
{
string: "1940"
},
{
string: "1924"
},
{
string: "1998"
},
{
string: "1939"
},
{
string: "1940"
},
{
string: "1924"
},
{
string: "1972"
},
{
string: "1998"
},
{
string: "1998"
},
{
string: "1939"
},
{
string: "1940"
},
{
string: "1998"
},
{
string: "1948"
},
{
string: "1973"
},
{
string: "1979"
},
{
string: "1979"
},
{
string: "1940"
},
{
string: "1957"
},
{
string: "2001"
},
{
string: "1948"
},
{
string: "1970"
},
{
string: "1969"
},
{
string: "1980"
},
{
string: "1974"
},
{
string: "1975"
},
{
string: "1975"
},
{
string: "1994"
},
{
string: "1994"
},
{
string: "1994"
},
{
string: "1994"
},
{
string: "2010"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Decay Modes, Intensities and Uncertainties [%]",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "α≈100%"
},
{
string: "α=100%"
},
{
string: "α=70±3%; β+ ?; β+p ?",
markup: [
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 16,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=51±0.4%; α=49±0.4%; β+p=2.4±1%; β+α<0.065%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 24,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 36,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=96.1±1.3%; α=3.9±1.3%; β+p=9.4±3.1%; β+α<0.005%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 27,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 41,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+≈100%; α=0.003%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%; β+p=?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+≈100%; IT<0.06%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "ε=75±0.1%; e+=25±0.1%",
markup: [
{
start: 12,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT ?"
},
{
string: "ε=100%"
},
{
string: "ε=97.94±0.5%; e+=2.06±0.5%",
markup: [
{
start: 15,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "ε=99.59±0.4%; e+=0.41±0.4%; IT<0.008%",
markup: [
{
start: 15,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IS=0.09±0.1%; 2β+ ?",
markup: [
{
start: 16,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=88.6±1.1%; β+=11.4±1.1%",
markup: [
{
start: 15,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IS=2.55±1.2%"
},
{
string: "IS=0.89±0.3%; ε=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IS=4.74±1.4%"
},
{
string: "IS=7.07±1.5%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IS=18.84±2.5%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=97.6±0.2%; β-=2.4±0.2%",
markup: [
{
start: 15,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IS=31.74±0.8%; 2β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 17,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=64±0.7%; β-=36±0.7%",
markup: [
{
start: 13,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IS=34.08±6.2%; 2β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 17,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=74.1±0.5%; IT=25.9±0.5%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=83.5±2%; IT=16.5±2%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=1.31±0.5%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=2.99±1.6%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
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reference: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "PubChem",
description: "Data deposited in or computed by PubChem",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
sourceName: "Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)",
sourceID: "e52",
name: "Te",
description: "The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.",
url: "https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/",
anid: 6590279
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
sourceName: "Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)",
sourceID: "a52",
name: "Tellurium",
description: "Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report) and CIAAW. The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/",
url: "http://www.ciaaw.org/tellurium.htm",
licenseURL: "http://www.ciaaw.org/bylaws.htm",
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referenceNumber: 4,
sourceName: "Jefferson Lab, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "jlab52",
name: "Tellurium",
description: "Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/",
url: "https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele052.html",
licenseNote: "Please see citation and linking information: https://education.jlab.org/faq/index.html",
licenseURL: "https://www.jlab.org/privacy-and-security-notice",
anid: 507114
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referenceNumber: 5,
sourceName: "Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "lanl52",
name: "Tellurium",
description: "The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.",
url: "https://periodic.lanl.gov/52.shtml",
anid: 507232
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
sourceName: "NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory",
sourceID: "e52",
name: "Tellurium",
description: "The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Elements/elInfo.pl?element=52",
licenseURL: "https://www.nist.gov/pml/database-disclaimer",
anid: 2292669
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referenceNumber: 8,
sourceName: "PubChem Elements",
sourceID: "52",
name: "Te",
description: "The element property data was retrieved from publications.",
anid: 7660053
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{
referenceNumber: 7,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "52",
name: "Tellurium",
description: "This section provides all form of data related to element Tellurium.",
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record: {
recordType: "AtomicNumber",
recordNumber: 53,
recordTitle: "Iodine",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01022.html",
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{
tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
description: "Element symbol, Also called atomic symbol, typically consists of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet derived from the element name in one of several languages.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
information: [
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}
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},
{
tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
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name: "InChI",
value: {
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string: "InChI=1S/I"
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]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI Key",
description: "International Chemical Identifier hash (InChIKey) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI Key",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "ZCYVEMRRCGMTRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
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value: {
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}
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value: {
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name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
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string: "126.90447(3)"
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}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
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value: {
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referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Electron Configuration",
value: {
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}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Radius",
description: "Atomic radius is the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell containing electrons.",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_radius",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
name: "Van der Waals Atomic Radius",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "198 pm (Van der Waals)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Empirical Atomic Radius",
reference: [
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],
value: {
number: [
140
],
unit: "pm (Empirical)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Covalent Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"B. Cordero, V. Gómez, A.E. Platero-Prats, M. Revés, J. Echeverría, E. Cremades, F. Barragán, S. Alvarez, Dalton Trans. 2008, 21, 2832-2838. DOI:10.1039/b801115j PMID:18478144."
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value: {
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string: "139(3) pm (Covalent)"
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},
{
tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
description: "Oxidation state gives the degree of oxidation of an atom in terms of counting electrons.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/O/O04365.html",
information: [
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value: {
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{
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value: {
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string: "7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 1, −1 (a strongly acidic oxide)"
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]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ground Level",
description: "Also called ground-state level. The ground state electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom with lower energy levels.",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/ASD/Html/iehelp.html#IEGROUNDLEV",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ground Level",
value: {
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},
{
tocHeading: "Ionization Energy",
description: "Ionization energy is the minimum energy required to eject an electron out of a neutral atom or molecule in its ground state.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/I/I03199.html",
information: [
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value: {
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referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ionization Energy",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "10.451260 eV"
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}
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]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electronegativity",
description: "The concept electronegativity was introduced by L. Pauling as the power of an atom to attract electrons to itself.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01990",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Pauling Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"A.L. Allred, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 1961, 17(3-4), 215-221. DOI:10.1016/0022-1902(61)80142-5"
],
value: {
number: [
2.66
],
unit: "(Pauling Scale)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Allen Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1989, 111, 9003. DOI:10.1021/ja00207a003; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek and L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 2780. DOI:10.1021/ja992866e; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek, E.T. Knight, J.F. Capitani and L.C Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 5132. DOI:10.1021/ja9928677"
],
value: {
number: [
2.359
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unit: "(Allen Scale)"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Affinity",
description: "Electron affinity refers to energy required to detach an electron from the singly charged negative ion.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01977",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.T Myers, J. Chem. Edu., 1990, 67(4), 307. DOI:10.1021/ed067p307"
],
value: {
number: [
3.059
],
unit: "eV"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.J. Zollweg, J. Chem. Phys., 1969, 50, 4251. DOI:10.1063/1.1670890"
],
value: {
number: [
3.06
],
unit: "eV"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Spectra",
description: "Atomic and ionic spectral lines originate from specified electronic transitions between energy levels of atoms and ions, respectively.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00502.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/lines_hold.pl?el=I",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Lines Holdings"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/levels_hold.pl?el=I",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Levels Holdings"
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]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Physical Description",
description: "Physical description, also know as physical characteristics, refers to physical appearance of element substances.",
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Solid"
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}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Classification",
description: "Elements can be classified few groups according to each element's chemical properties.",
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Non-metal"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Period Number",
description: "The element period number refers to a horizontal row of the periodic table. The periodic table has 7 periods.",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/periodic-table-of-the-elements/The-periodic-table#ref80835",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "5"
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}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Group Number",
description: "Element group refers to a set of chemical elements in the same vertical column of the periodic table",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/group-periodic-table",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "17 - Halogen"
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}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Density",
description: "Density is a degree of consistency measured by the quantity of mass per unit volume",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/D/D01590.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "4.93 grams per cubic centimeter"
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]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Melting Point",
description: "The melting point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from solid to liquid at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/melting-point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "386.85 K (113.7°C or 236.7°F)"
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]
}
},
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referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
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string: "113.7°C"
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}
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]
},
{
tocHeading: "Boiling Point",
description: "Boiling Point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from liquid to gas at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_point",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "457.55 K (184.4°C or 364.0°F)"
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}
},
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referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
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string: "184.3°C"
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},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Crustal Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in earth crust",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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}
}
]
},
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tocHeading: "Estimated Oceanic Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in ocean",
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "6×10-2 milligrams per liter",
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},
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tocHeading: "History",
description: "Element discovery and related information in history",
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name: "History",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "The name derives from the Greek iodes for \"violet\" because of its violet vapours. Iodine was discovered in seaweed by the French chemist Bernard Courtois in 1811, and named by the French chemist Louis-Joseph Gay-Lussac, when he proved it was an element in 1814.",
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string: "Iodine was discovered by the French chemist Barnard Courtois in 1811. Courtois was extracting sodium and potassium compounds from seaweed ash. Once these compounds were removed, he added sulfuric acid (H2SO4) to further process the ash. He accidentally added too much acid and a violet colored cloud erupted from the mass. The gas condensed on metal objects in the room, creating solid iodine. Today, iodine is chiefly obtained from deposits of sodium iodate (NaIO3) and sodium periodate (NaIO4) in Chile and Bolivia. Trace amounts of iodine are required by the human body. Iodine is part of thyroxin, a hormone produced by the thyroid gland that controls the body's rate of physical and mental development. A lack of iodine can also cause a goiter, a swelling of the thyroid gland. Iodine is added to salt (iodized salt) to prevent these diseases.",
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string: "From the Greek word iodes, violet. Discovered by Courtois in 1811, Iodine, a halogen, occurs sparingly in the form of iodides in sea water from which it is assimilated by seaweeds, Chilean saltpeter, nitrate-bearing earth (known as caliche), brines from old sea deposits, and in brackish waters from oil and salt wells."
}
]
}
}
]
},
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tocHeading: "Description",
description: "Description about this element",
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value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Iodine is a bluish-black, lustrous solid, volatizing at ordinary temperatures into a blue-violet gas with an irritating odor; it forms compounds with many elements, but is less active than the other halogens, which displace it from iodides. Iodine exhibits some metallic-like properties. It dissolves readily in chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, or carbon disulfide to form beautiful purple solutions. It is only slightly soluble in water."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Uses",
description: "Uses information in industry and other fields",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Iodine is used as a test for starch and turns a deep blue when it comes in contact with it. Potassium iodide (KI) is used to make photographic film and, when mixed with iodine in alcohol, as an antiseptic for external wounds. A radioactive isotope of iodine, iodine-131, is used to treat some diseases of the thyroid gland."
},
{
string: "Care should be taken in handling and using iodine. It can burn the skin and damage the eyes and mucous membranes. Pure iodine is poisonous if ingested."
}
]
}
},
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value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Iodine compounds are important in organic chemistry and very useful in medicine. Iodides, and thyroxine which contains iodine, are used internally in medicine, and as a solution of KI and iodine in alcohol is used for external wounds. Potassium iodide finds use in photography. The deep blue color with starch solution is characteristic of the free element."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Sources",
description: "Sources (where the element come from) information for the given element",
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referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Ultrapure iodine can be obtained from the reaction of potassium iodide with copper sulfate. Several other methods of isolating the element are known."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Compounds",
description: "Related compounds information to this element",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 7,
name: "Compounds",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Iodine",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "See more information at the Iodine compound page."
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}
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string: "127.905808600 ± 0.000003915"
},
{
string: "127.905808600 ± 0.000003915"
},
{
string: "128.904983687 ± 0.000003401"
},
{
string: "129.906670211 ± 0.000003401"
},
{
string: "129.906670211 ± 0.000003401"
},
{
string: "129.906670211 ± 0.000003401"
},
{
string: "129.906670211 ± 0.000003401"
},
{
string: "129.906670211 ± 0.000003401"
},
{
string: "130.906126384 ± 0.000000649"
},
{
string: "130.906126384 ± 0.000000649"
},
{
string: "131.907993514 ± 0.000004364"
},
{
string: "131.907993514 ± 0.000004364"
},
{
string: "132.907827361 ± 0.0000069"
},
{
string: "132.907827361 ± 0.0000069"
},
{
string: "132.907827361 ± 0.0000069"
},
{
string: "132.907827361 ± 0.0000069"
},
{
string: "132.907827361 ± 0.0000069"
},
{
string: "133.909775663 ± 0.000005213"
},
{
string: "133.909775663 ± 0.000005213"
},
{
string: "134.910059382 ± 0.000002212"
},
{
string: "135.914604695 ± 0.000015231"
},
{
string: "135.914604695 ± 0.000015231"
},
{
string: "136.918028180 ± 0.000009"
},
{
string: "137.922726394 ± 0.0000064"
},
{
string: "137.922726394 ± 0.0000064"
},
{
string: "138.926493403 ± 0.0000043"
},
{
string: "139.931715917 ± 0.000013"
},
{
string: "140.935666084 ± 0.000017"
},
{
string: "141.941202000 ± 0.000402"
},
{
string: "142.945646 ± 0.000215 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "143.951390 ± 0.00043 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "144.956050 ± 0.00054 [Estimated]"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Half Life and Uncertainty",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "20 us [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "36 ms ± 6"
},
{
string: "103 us ± 5"
},
{
string: "664 ms ± 24"
},
{
string: "2.5 s ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "3.34 s ± 0.08"
},
{
string: "6.6 s ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "2.1 s ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "6.2 s ± 0.5"
},
{
string: "1.3 m ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "2.91 s ± 0.15"
},
{
string: "3.27 us ± 0.16"
},
{
string: "2.22 m ± 0.04"
},
{
string: "13.7 m ± 0.5"
},
{
string: "8.5 m ± 0.5"
},
{
string: "19.1 m ± 0.4"
},
{
string: "81.67 m ± 0.18"
},
{
string: "242 ns ± 5"
},
{
string: "53 m ± 4"
},
{
string: "2.12 h ± 0.01"
},
{
string: "9.0 us ± 1.4"
},
{
string: "3.63 m ± 0.06"
},
{
string: "190 ns ± 10"
},
{
string: "81 us ± 3"
},
{
string: "81 us ± 3"
},
{
string: "148 ns ± 5"
},
{
string: "13.223 h ± 0.0019"
},
{
string: "4.176 d ± 0.0003"
},
{
string: "59.407 d ± 0.010"
},
{
string: "12.93 d ± 0.05"
},
{
string: "128 ns"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "24.99 m ± 0.02"
},
{
string: "845 ns ± 20"
},
{
string: "175 ns ± 15"
},
{
string: "15.7 My ± 0.4"
},
{
string: "12.36 h ± 0.01"
},
{
string: "8.84 m ± 0.06"
},
{
string: "133 ns ± 7"
},
{
string: "315 ns ± 15"
},
{
string: "254 ns ± 4"
},
{
string: "8.025 d ± 0.0006"
},
{
string: "24 us ± 1"
},
{
string: "2.295 h ± 0.013"
},
{
string: "1.387 h ± 0.015"
},
{
string: "20.83 h ± 0.08"
},
{
string: "9 s ± 2"
},
{
string: "~170 ns"
},
{
string: "780 ns ± 1606"
},
{
string: "469 ns ± 15"
},
{
string: "52.5 m ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "3.52 m ± 0.04"
},
{
string: "6.58 h ± 0.03"
},
{
string: "83.4 s ± 1.0"
},
{
string: "46.9 s ± 1.0"
},
{
string: "24.13 s ± 0.12"
},
{
string: "6.23 s ± 0.03"
},
{
string: "1.26 us ± 0.16"
},
{
string: "2.282 s ± 0.010"
},
{
string: "860 ms ± 40"
},
{
string: "430 ms ± 20"
},
{
string: "222 ms ± 12"
},
{
string: "130 ms ± 45"
},
{
string: "100 ms ± >150ns [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "100 ms ± >400ns [Estimated]"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Discovery Year",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: ""
},
{
string: "1991"
},
{
string: "1984"
},
{
string: "1977"
},
{
string: "1977"
},
{
string: "1977"
},
{
string: "1977"
},
{
string: "1977"
},
{
string: "1995"
},
{
string: "1969"
},
{
string: "1976"
},
{
string: "1990"
},
{
string: "1969"
},
{
string: "1957"
},
{
string: "1968"
},
{
string: "1954"
},
{
string: "1957"
},
{
string: "1974"
},
{
string: "1967"
},
{
string: "1950"
},
{
string: "1982"
},
{
string: "1950"
},
{
string: "2004"
},
{
string: "2004"
},
{
string: "2004"
},
{
string: "2004"
},
{
string: "1949"
},
{
string: "1938"
},
{
string: "1947"
},
{
string: "1938"
},
{
string: "2012"
},
{
string: "1920"
},
{
string: "1934"
},
{
string: "1982"
},
{
string: "1991"
},
{
string: "1951"
},
{
string: "1938"
},
{
string: "1966"
},
{
string: "1989"
},
{
string: "1989"
},
{
string: "1975"
},
{
string: "1939"
},
{
string: "2009"
},
{
string: "1948"
},
{
string: "1973"
},
{
string: "1940"
},
{
string: "1970"
},
{
string: "1984"
},
{
string: "2004"
},
{
string: "2009"
},
{
string: "1948"
},
{
string: "1970"
},
{
string: "1940"
},
{
string: "1949"
},
{
string: "1959"
},
{
string: "1943"
},
{
string: "1949"
},
{
string: "2007"
},
{
string: "1949"
},
{
string: "1972"
},
{
string: "1974"
},
{
string: "1975"
},
{
string: "1994"
},
{
string: "1994"
},
{
string: "2010"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Decay Modes, Intensities and Uncertainties [%]",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "α ?"
},
{
string: "α=?; β+=9%[Estimated]; p<1%; β+p ?",
markup: [
{
start: 6,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 30,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "p=100%; α=0.014±0.4%"
},
{
string: "β+=83±0.4%; α=17±0.4%; β+p=11±0.3%; β+α=1.1±0.3%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 24,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 37,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+≈100%; α≈0.1%; β+p ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 18,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+≈100%; α=0.0012%; β+p=0.88±1%; β+α=0.104±1.2%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 21,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 34,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%; α=3.310e-7%; β+α ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 23,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%; β+p ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=91±0.2%; IT=9±0.2%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%; e+≈77%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+≈100%; IT=?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "e+=51±0.4%; ε=49±0.4%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "e+=78±0.2%; ε=22±0.2%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "ε=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=52.7±0.5%; β-=47.3±0.5%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 15,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IS=100."
},
{
string: "β-=93.1±0.8%; β+=6.9±0.8%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 15,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=84±0.2%; β-=16±0.2%",
markup: [
{
start: 13,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=86±0.2%; β-=14±0.2%",
markup: [
{
start: 13,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=97.7±1%; β-=2.3±1%",
markup: [
{
start: 13,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; IT=0%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=7.76±1.4%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=5.46±1.8%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=10.0±0.3%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=9.3±1%; β-2n=0%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 22,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=21±0.3%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=20%[Estimated]; β-2n=1%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 30,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β- ?; β-n=70%[Estimated]; β-2n=0.02%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 7,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 27,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β- ?; β-n=40%[Estimated]; β-2n=1%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 7,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 27,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β- ?; β-n=40%[Estimated]; β-2n=0.3%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
}
]
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}
]
}
]
}
],
reference: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "PubChem",
description: "Data deposited in or computed by PubChem",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
sourceName: "Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)",
sourceID: "e53",
name: "I",
description: "The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.",
url: "https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/",
anid: 6590280
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
sourceName: "Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)",
sourceID: "a53",
name: "Iodine",
description: "Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report) and CIAAW. The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/",
url: "http://www.ciaaw.org/iodine.htm",
licenseURL: "http://www.ciaaw.org/bylaws.htm",
anid: 2292434
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
sourceName: "Jefferson Lab, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "jlab53",
name: "Iodine",
description: "Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/",
url: "https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele053.html",
licenseNote: "Please see citation and linking information: https://education.jlab.org/faq/index.html",
licenseURL: "https://www.jlab.org/privacy-and-security-notice",
anid: 507115
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
sourceName: "Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "lanl53",
name: "Iodine",
description: "The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.",
url: "https://periodic.lanl.gov/53.shtml",
anid: 507233
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
sourceName: "NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory",
sourceID: "e53",
name: "Iodine",
description: "The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Elements/elInfo.pl?element=53",
licenseURL: "https://www.nist.gov/pml/database-disclaimer",
anid: 2292670
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
sourceName: "PubChem Elements",
sourceID: "53",
name: "I",
description: "The element property data was retrieved from publications.",
anid: 7660054
},
{
referenceNumber: 7,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "53",
name: "Iodine",
description: "This section provides all form of data related to element Iodine.",
anid: 694346
}
]
}
},
{
record: {
recordType: "AtomicNumber",
recordNumber: 54,
recordTitle: "Xenon",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01022.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Xenon"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Xenon"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
description: "Element symbol, Also called atomic symbol, typically consists of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet derived from the element name in one of several languages.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Xe"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Xe"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
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{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
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tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
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tocHeading: "Atomic Radius",
description: "Atomic radius is the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell containing electrons.",
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tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
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tocHeading: "Ground Level",
description: "Also called ground-state level. The ground state electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom with lower energy levels.",
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tocHeading: "Ionization Energy",
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tocHeading: "Electronegativity",
description: "The concept electronegativity was introduced by L. Pauling as the power of an atom to attract electrons to itself.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01990",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Pauling Scale Electronegativity",
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value: {
number: [
2.6
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unit: "(Pauling Scale)"
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},
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referenceNumber: 8,
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"L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1989, 111, 9003. DOI:10.1021/ja00207a003; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek and L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 2780. DOI:10.1021/ja992866e; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek, E.T. Knight, J.F. Capitani and L.C Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 5132. DOI:10.1021/ja9928677"
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tocHeading: "Electron Affinity",
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url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01977",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
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number: [
0
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unit: "eV"
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},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
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value: {
number: [
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}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Spectra",
description: "Atomic and ionic spectral lines originate from specified electronic transitions between energy levels of atoms and ions, respectively.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00502.html",
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tocHeading: "Density",
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tocHeading: "Melting Point",
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tocHeading: "Boiling Point",
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},
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tocHeading: "Estimated Crustal Abundance",
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type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "α=64±3.5%; β+ ?; β+p ?",
markup: [
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start: 12,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 18,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "β+ ?; α=10.4±0.19%; β+p ?",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
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start: 21,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β+≈100%; α=1.2±0.8%; β+p ?",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
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start: 22,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β+≈100%; α≈0.011%; β+p=7±0.4%; β+α≈0.007±0.4%",
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
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start: 20,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 32,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β+=100%; β+p=0.34±0.6%; α=0.0003±0.1%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
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string: "β+=100%; β+p=0.0029±0.6%",
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "e+=79±0.5%; ε=21±0.5%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "ε=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IS=0.0952±0.3%; 2β+ ?",
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start: 18,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IS=0.0890±0.2%; 2β+ ?",
markup: [
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start: 18,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "ε=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IS=1.9102±0.8%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IS=26.4006±8.2%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IS=4.0710±1.3%"
},
{
string: "IS=21.2324±3%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IS=26.9086±3.3%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IS=10.4357±2.1%; 2β- ?",
markup: [
{
start: 19,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT≈100%; β-=0.30±1.7%",
markup: [
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IS=8.8573±4.4%; 2β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 18,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=0.044±0.5%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=0.21±0.6%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=1.00±1.5%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=3.0±0.3%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=5.0±0.6%; β-2n=0%[Estimated]",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=6.9±1.5%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=4.0±2.3%; β-2n=0.01%[Estimated]",
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type: "Superscript"
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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string: "β- ?; β-n=10%[Estimated]; β-2n=0%[Estimated]",
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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}
]
}
],
reference: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "PubChem",
description: "Data deposited in or computed by PubChem",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
sourceName: "Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)",
sourceID: "e54",
name: "Xe",
description: "The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.",
url: "https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/",
anid: 6590281
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
sourceName: "Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)",
sourceID: "a54",
name: "Xenon",
description: "Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report) and CIAAW. The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/",
url: "http://www.ciaaw.org/xenon.htm",
licenseURL: "http://www.ciaaw.org/bylaws.htm",
anid: 2292435
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
sourceName: "Jefferson Lab, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "jlab54",
name: "Xenon",
description: "Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/",
url: "https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele054.html",
licenseNote: "Please see citation and linking information: https://education.jlab.org/faq/index.html",
licenseURL: "https://www.jlab.org/privacy-and-security-notice",
anid: 507116
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
sourceName: "Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "lanl54",
name: "Xenon",
description: "The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.",
url: "https://periodic.lanl.gov/54.shtml",
anid: 507234
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
sourceName: "NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory",
sourceID: "e54",
name: "Xenon",
description: "The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Elements/elInfo.pl?element=54",
licenseURL: "https://www.nist.gov/pml/database-disclaimer",
anid: 2292671
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
sourceName: "PubChem Elements",
sourceID: "54",
name: "Xe",
description: "The element property data was retrieved from publications.",
anid: 7660055
},
{
referenceNumber: 7,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "54",
name: "Xenon",
description: "This section provides all form of data related to element Xenon.",
anid: 694347
}
]
}
},
{
record: {
recordType: "AtomicNumber",
recordNumber: 55,
recordTitle: "Cesium",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01022.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Cesium"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Caesium"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
description: "Element symbol, Also called atomic symbol, typically consists of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet derived from the element name in one of several languages.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Cs"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Cs"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "InChI=1S/Cs"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI Key",
description: "International Chemical Identifier hash (InChIKey) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI Key",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "TVFDJXOCXUVLDH-UHFFFAOYSA-N"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "132.905 451 96(6)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "132.90545196"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "132.9"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "132.90545196(6)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[Xe]6s1",
markup: [
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start: 6,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Electron Configuration",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[Xe]6s"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Radius",
description: "Atomic radius is the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell containing electrons.",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_radius",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
name: "Van der Waals Atomic Radius",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "343 pm (Van der Waals)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Empirical Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"J.C. Slater, J Chem Phys, 1964, 41(10), 3199-3205. DOI:10.1063/1.1725697"
],
value: {
number: [
260
],
unit: "pm (Empirical)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Covalent Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"B. Cordero, V. Gómez, A.E. Platero-Prats, M. Revés, J. Echeverría, E. Cremades, F. Barragán, S. Alvarez, Dalton Trans. 2008, 21, 2832-2838. DOI:10.1039/b801115j PMID:18478144."
],
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "244(11) pm (Covalent)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
description: "Oxidation state gives the degree of oxidation of an atom in terms of counting electrons.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/O/O04365.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "+1"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "+1, −1 (a strongly basic oxide)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ground Level",
description: "Also called ground-state level. The ground state electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom with lower energy levels.",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/ASD/Html/iehelp.html#IEGROUNDLEV",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ground Level",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "2S1/2",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 2,
length: 3,
type: "Subscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ionization Energy",
description: "Ionization energy is the minimum energy required to eject an electron out of a neutral atom or molecule in its ground state.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/I/I03199.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "3.894 eV"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ionization Energy",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "3.89390572743 eV"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electronegativity",
description: "The concept electronegativity was introduced by L. Pauling as the power of an atom to attract electrons to itself.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01990",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Pauling Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"A.L. Allred, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 1961, 17(3-4), 215-221. DOI:10.1016/0022-1902(61)80142-5"
],
value: {
number: [
0.79
],
unit: "(Pauling Scale)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Allen Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1989, 111, 9003. DOI:10.1021/ja00207a003; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek and L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 2780. DOI:10.1021/ja992866e; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek, E.T. Knight, J.F. Capitani and L.C Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 5132. DOI:10.1021/ja9928677"
],
value: {
number: [
0.659
],
unit: "(Allen Scale)"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Affinity",
description: "Electron affinity refers to energy required to detach an electron from the singly charged negative ion.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01977",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.T Myers, J. Chem. Edu., 1990, 67(4), 307. DOI:10.1021/ed067p307"
],
value: {
number: [
0.472
],
unit: "eV"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.J. Zollweg, J. Chem. Phys., 1969, 50, 4251. DOI:10.1063/1.1670890"
],
value: {
number: [
0.39
],
unit: "eV"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Spectra",
description: "Atomic and ionic spectral lines originate from specified electronic transitions between energy levels of atoms and ions, respectively.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00502.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/lines_hold.pl?el=Cs",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Lines Holdings"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/levels_hold.pl?el=Cs",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Levels Holdings"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Physical Description",
description: "Physical description, also know as physical characteristics, refers to physical appearance of element substances.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Solid"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Classification",
description: "Elements can be classified few groups according to each element's chemical properties.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Metal"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Period Number",
description: "The element period number refers to a horizontal row of the periodic table. The periodic table has 7 periods.",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/periodic-table-of-the-elements/The-periodic-table#ref80835",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "6"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Group Number",
description: "Element group refers to a set of chemical elements in the same vertical column of the periodic table",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/group-periodic-table",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1 - Alkali Metal"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Density",
description: "Density is a degree of consistency measured by the quantity of mass per unit volume",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/D/D01590.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1.93 grams per cubic centimeter"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Melting Point",
description: "The melting point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from solid to liquid at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/melting-point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "301.59 K (28.44°C or 83.19°F)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "28.5°C"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Boiling Point",
description: "Boiling Point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from liquid to gas at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
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name: "Atomic Mass and Uncertainty [u]",
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{
string: "110.954030 ± 0.00021 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "111.950305341 ± 0.000093178"
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{
string: "112.944428488 ± 0.000009207"
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{
string: "113.941296175 ± 0.000076331"
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{
string: "114.935910 ± 0.00011 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "115.933395 ± 0.000108 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "115.933395 ± 0.000108 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "116.928616726 ± 0.000067"
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{
string: "116.928616726 ± 0.000067"
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{
string: "116.928616726 ± 0.000067"
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{
string: "117.926559519 ± 0.00001369"
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{
string: "117.926559519 ± 0.00001369"
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{
string: "117.926559519 ± 0.00001369"
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{
string: "118.922377330 ± 0.000014965"
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{
string: "118.922377330 ± 0.000014965"
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{
string: "118.922377330 ± 0.000014965"
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{
string: "119.920677279 ± 0.000010702"
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{
string: "119.920677279 ± 0.000010702"
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{
string: "119.920677279 ± 0.000010702"
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{
string: "120.917227238 ± 0.00001534"
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{
string: "120.917227238 ± 0.00001534"
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{
string: "120.917227238 ± 0.00001534"
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{
string: "121.916108145 ± 0.000036164"
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{
string: "121.916108145 ± 0.000036164"
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{
string: "121.916108145 ± 0.000036164"
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{
string: "121.916108145 ± 0.000036164"
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{
string: "121.916108145 ± 0.000036164"
},
{
string: "122.912996062 ± 0.000013"
},
{
string: "122.912996062 ± 0.000013"
},
{
string: "122.912996062 ± 0.000013"
},
{
string: "122.912996062 ± 0.000013"
},
{
string: "123.912257798 ± 0.000008914"
},
{
string: "123.912257798 ± 0.000008914"
},
{
string: "123.912257798 ± 0.000008914"
},
{
string: "124.909727867 ± 0.000008313"
},
{
string: "124.909727867 ± 0.000008313"
},
{
string: "125.909445655 ± 0.000011166"
},
{
string: "125.909445655 ± 0.000011166"
},
{
string: "125.909445655 ± 0.000011166"
},
{
string: "126.907417381 ± 0.000005988"
},
{
string: "126.907417381 ± 0.000005988"
},
{
string: "127.907748648 ± 0.000005843"
},
{
string: "128.906065690 ± 0.000004889"
},
{
string: "128.906065690 ± 0.000004889"
},
{
string: "129.906709283 ± 0.000008971"
},
{
string: "129.906709283 ± 0.000008971"
},
{
string: "129.906709283 ± 0.000008971"
},
{
string: "130.905464999 ± 0.00000534"
},
{
string: "131.906437743 ± 0.000001112"
},
{
string: "132.905451961 ± 0.000000008"
},
{
string: "133.906718503 ± 0.000000017"
},
{
string: "133.906718503 ± 0.000000017"
},
{
string: "134.905977234 ± 0.000001064"
},
{
string: "134.905977234 ± 0.000001064"
},
{
string: "135.907311590 ± 0.00000202"
},
{
string: "135.907311590 ± 0.00000202"
},
{
string: "136.907089464 ± 0.000000384"
},
{
string: "137.911017207 ± 0.000009832"
},
{
string: "137.911017207 ± 0.000009832"
},
{
string: "137.911017207 ± 0.000009832"
},
{
string: "138.913363992 ± 0.00000337"
},
{
string: "139.917283305 ± 0.000008804"
},
{
string: "139.917283305 ± 0.000008804"
},
{
string: "140.920045086 ± 0.000009871"
},
{
string: "141.924299512 ± 0.000007586"
},
{
string: "142.927347348 ± 0.00000813"
},
{
string: "143.932075404 ± 0.000021612"
},
{
string: "143.932075404 ± 0.000021612"
},
{
string: "143.932075404 ± 0.000021612"
},
{
string: "144.935528930 ± 0.000009733"
},
{
string: "144.935528930 ± 0.000009733"
},
{
string: "145.940621870 ± 0.000003106"
},
{
string: "145.940621870 ± 0.000003106"
},
{
string: "146.944261515 ± 0.000009"
},
{
string: "146.944261515 ± 0.000009"
},
{
string: "147.949639029 ± 0.000014"
},
{
string: "147.949639029 ± 0.000014"
},
{
string: "148.953569 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "149.959023 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "150.963253 ± 0.000537 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "151.968942 ± 0.000537 [Estimated]"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Half Life and Uncertainty",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1 us [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "490 us ± 30"
},
{
string: "17.7 us ± 0.4"
},
{
string: "570 ms ± 20"
},
{
string: "1.4 s ± 0.8"
},
{
string: "700 ms ± 40"
},
{
string: "3.85 s ± 0.13"
},
{
string: "8.4 s ± 0.6"
},
{
string: "6.5 s ± 0.4"
},
{
string: "R= ?"
},
{
string: "14 s ± 2"
},
{
string: "17 s ± 3"
},
{
string: "R<0.1"
},
{
string: "43.0 s ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "30.4 s ± 0.1"
},
{
string: "R=.5~~.2"
},
{
string: "60.4 s ± 0.6"
},
{
string: "57 s ± 6"
},
{
string: "R<0.1"
},
{
string: "155 s ± 4"
},
{
string: "122 s ± 3"
},
{
string: "R=2"
},
{
string: "21.18 s ± 0.19"
},
{
string: ">1 us"
},
{
string: "3.70 m ± 0.11"
},
{
string: "360 ms ± 20"
},
{
string: "R=0.1 .0"
},
{
string: "5.88 m ± 0.03"
},
{
string: "1.64 s ± 0.12"
},
{
string: "114 ns ± 5"
},
{
string: "R<0.1"
},
{
string: "30.9 s ± 0.4"
},
{
string: "6.3 s ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "R= ?"
},
{
string: "46.7 m ± 0.1"
},
{
string: "900 us ± 30"
},
{
string: "1.64 m ± 0.02"
},
{
string: ">1 us"
},
{
string: "171 us ± 14"
},
{
string: "6.25 h ± 0.10"
},
{
string: "55 us ± 3"
},
{
string: "3.640 m ± 0.014"
},
{
string: "32.06 h ± 0.06"
},
{
string: "718 ns ± 21"
},
{
string: "29.21 m ± 0.04"
},
{
string: "3.46 m ± 0.06"
},
{
string: "R=.2~~~."
},
{
string: "9.689 d ± 0.016"
},
{
string: "6.480 d ± 0.006"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "2.065 y ± 0.0004"
},
{
string: "2.912 h ± 0.002"
},
{
string: "1.33 My ± 0.19"
},
{
string: "53 m ± 2"
},
{
string: "13.16 d ± 0.03"
},
{
string: "17.5 s ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "30.08 y ± 0.09"
},
{
string: "33.41 m ± 0.18"
},
{
string: "2.91 m ± 0.08"
},
{
string: "R= ?"
},
{
string: "9.27 m ± 0.05"
},
{
string: "63.7 s ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "471 ns ± 51"
},
{
string: "24.84 s ± 0.16"
},
{
string: "1.684 s ± 0.014"
},
{
string: "1.791 s ± 0.007"
},
{
string: "994 ms ± 6"
},
{
string: "1.1 us ± 0.1"
},
{
string: "<1 s"
},
{
string: "582 ms ± 6"
},
{
string: "500 ns ± 100"
},
{
string: "323 ms ± 6"
},
{
string: "1.25 us ± 0.05"
},
{
string: "230 ms ± 1"
},
{
string: "190 ns ± 20"
},
{
string: "145 ms ± 4"
},
{
string: "4.8 us ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "113 ms ± 8"
},
{
string: "84.4 ms ± 8.2"
},
{
string: "69 ms ± 26"
},
{
string: "30 ms [Estimated]"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Discovery Year",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: ""
},
{
string: "1994"
},
{
string: "1984"
},
{
string: "1978"
},
{
string: "1978"
},
{
string: "1975"
},
{
string: "1975"
},
{
string: "1972"
},
{
string: "1978"
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: "1969"
},
{
string: "1972"
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: "1969"
},
{
string: "1978"
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: "1969"
},
{
string: "1977"
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: "1969"
},
{
string: "1981"
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: "1969"
},
{
string: "1987"
},
{
string: "1969"
},
{
string: "1969"
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: "1954"
},
{
string: "1972"
},
{
string: "2000"
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: "1969"
},
{
string: "1983"
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: "1954"
},
{
string: "1998"
},
{
string: "1954"
},
{
string: "1993"
},
{
string: "1993"
},
{
string: "1950"
},
{
string: "1980"
},
{
string: "1951"
},
{
string: "1950"
},
{
string: "1977"
},
{
string: "1952"
},
{
string: "1977"
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: "1947"
},
{
string: "1953"
},
{
string: "1921"
},
{
string: "1940"
},
{
string: "1975"
},
{
string: "1949"
},
{
string: "1962"
},
{
string: "1951"
},
{
string: "1981"
},
{
string: "1951"
},
{
string: "1943"
},
{
string: "1971"
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: "1939"
},
{
string: "1950"
},
{
string: "1974"
},
{
string: "1962"
},
{
string: "1962"
},
{
string: "1962"
},
{
string: "1967"
},
{
string: "2009"
},
{
string: "1978"
},
{
string: "1971"
},
{
string: "2015"
},
{
string: "1971"
},
{
string: "2015"
},
{
string: "1978"
},
{
string: "2015"
},
{
string: "1978"
},
{
string: "2015"
},
{
string: "1979"
},
{
string: "1979"
},
{
string: "1979"
},
{
string: ""
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Decay Modes, Intensities and Uncertainties [%]",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "p ?"
},
{
string: "p≈100%; α<0.26%"
},
{
string: "p=100%"
},
{
string: "β+≈100%; α=0.018±0.6%; β+p=8.7±1.3%; β+α=0.19±0.3%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 24,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 38,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%; β+p≈0.07%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%; β+p=0.28±0.7%; β+α=0.049±2.5%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 25,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%; β+p=0.51±1.5%; β+α=0.008±0.2%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 25,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: "β+=100%; β+p=0.021±1.4%; β+α=0.0012±0.5%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 26,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%; β+p=0.021±1.4%; β+α=0.0012±0.5%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 26,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: "β+=100%; β+α<2e-6%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: "β+=100%; β+α<2.0e-5±0.4%; β+p<7e-6±0.3%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 27,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%; β+α<2.0e-5±0.4%; β+p<7e-6±0.3%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 27,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=83%; IT=17%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: "β+=100%; β+α<2e-7%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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},
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string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=98.4%; β-=1.6%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
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start: 11,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "IT≈100%; β+=0.16±0.2%",
markup: [
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: "ε=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=98.13±0.9%; β-=1.87±0.9%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 16,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "IS=100."
},
{
string: "β-=100%; ε=0.0003±0.1%",
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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string: "IT=100%"
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markup: [
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
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string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=?; β- ?",
markup: [
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start: 7,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "IT=81±0.2%; β-=19±0.2%",
markup: [
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start: 13,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=0.035±0.3%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=0.090±0.4%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=1.64±0.7%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=3.03±1.3%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=?; IT ?",
markup: [
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=14.7±0.9%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=14.2±0.5%; β-2n=0%[Estimated]",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
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string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=28.5±1.7%",
markup: [
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type: "Superscript"
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string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=25.1±2.5%; β-2n=0%[Estimated]",
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},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=60%[Estimated]; β-2n=0%[Estimated]",
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],
reference: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "PubChem",
description: "Data deposited in or computed by PubChem",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
sourceName: "Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)",
sourceID: "e55",
name: "Cs",
description: "The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.",
url: "https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/",
anid: 6590282
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
sourceName: "Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)",
sourceID: "a55",
name: "Caesium",
description: "Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report) and CIAAW. The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/",
url: "http://www.ciaaw.org/caesium.htm",
licenseURL: "http://www.ciaaw.org/bylaws.htm",
anid: 2292436
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
sourceName: "Jefferson Lab, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "jlab55",
name: "Cesium",
description: "Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/",
url: "https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele055.html",
licenseNote: "Please see citation and linking information: https://education.jlab.org/faq/index.html",
licenseURL: "https://www.jlab.org/privacy-and-security-notice",
anid: 507117
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
sourceName: "Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "lanl55",
name: "Cesium",
description: "The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.",
url: "https://periodic.lanl.gov/55.shtml",
anid: 507235
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
sourceName: "NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory",
sourceID: "e55",
name: "Cesium",
description: "The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Elements/elInfo.pl?element=55",
licenseURL: "https://www.nist.gov/pml/database-disclaimer",
anid: 2292672
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
sourceName: "PubChem Elements",
sourceID: "55",
name: "Cs",
description: "The element property data was retrieved from publications.",
anid: 7660056
},
{
referenceNumber: 7,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "55",
name: "Cesium",
description: "This section provides all form of data related to element Cesium.",
anid: 694348
}
]
}
},
{
record: {
recordType: "AtomicNumber",
recordNumber: 56,
recordTitle: "Barium",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01022.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Barium"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Barium"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
description: "Element symbol, Also called atomic symbol, typically consists of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet derived from the element name in one of several languages.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Ba"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Ba"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "InChI=1S/Ba"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI Key",
description: "International Chemical Identifier hash (InChIKey) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI Key",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "DSAJWYNOEDNPEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "137.327(7)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "137.327"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "137.3"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "137.327(7)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "[Xe]6s2",
markup: [
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Electron Configuration",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "[Xe]6s2",
markup: [
{
start: 6,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Radius",
description: "Atomic radius is the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell containing electrons.",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_radius",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
name: "Van der Waals Atomic Radius",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "268 pm (Van der Waals)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Empirical Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"J.C. Slater, J Chem Phys, 1964, 41(10), 3199-3205. DOI:10.1063/1.1725697"
],
value: {
number: [
215
],
unit: "pm (Empirical)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Covalent Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"B. Cordero, V. Gómez, A.E. Platero-Prats, M. Revés, J. Echeverría, E. Cremades, F. Barragán, S. Alvarez, Dalton Trans. 2008, 21, 2832-2838. DOI:10.1039/b801115j PMID:18478144."
],
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "215(11) pm (Covalent)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
description: "Oxidation state gives the degree of oxidation of an atom in terms of counting electrons.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/O/O04365.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "+2"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "+2, +1 (a strongly basic oxide)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ground Level",
description: "Also called ground-state level. The ground state electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom with lower energy levels.",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/ASD/Html/iehelp.html#IEGROUNDLEV",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ground Level",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1S0",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 2,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
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]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ionization Energy",
description: "Ionization energy is the minimum energy required to eject an electron out of a neutral atom or molecule in its ground state.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/I/I03199.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "5.212 eV"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ionization Energy",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "5.2116646 eV"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electronegativity",
description: "The concept electronegativity was introduced by L. Pauling as the power of an atom to attract electrons to itself.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01990",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Pauling Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"A.L. Allred, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 1961, 17(3-4), 215-221. DOI:10.1016/0022-1902(61)80142-5"
],
value: {
number: [
0.89
],
unit: "(Pauling Scale)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Allen Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1989, 111, 9003. DOI:10.1021/ja00207a003; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek and L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 2780. DOI:10.1021/ja992866e; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek, E.T. Knight, J.F. Capitani and L.C Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 5132. DOI:10.1021/ja9928677"
],
value: {
number: [
0.881
],
unit: "(Allen Scale)"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Affinity",
description: "Electron affinity refers to energy required to detach an electron from the singly charged negative ion.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01977",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.T Myers, J. Chem. Edu., 1990, 67(4), 307. DOI:10.1021/ed067p307"
],
value: {
number: [
0
],
unit: "eV"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.J. Zollweg, J. Chem. Phys., 1969, 50, 4251. DOI:10.1063/1.1670890"
],
value: {
number: [
-0.48
],
unit: "eV"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Spectra",
description: "Atomic and ionic spectral lines originate from specified electronic transitions between energy levels of atoms and ions, respectively.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00502.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/lines_hold.pl?el=Ba",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Lines Holdings"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/levels_hold.pl?el=Ba",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Levels Holdings"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Physical Description",
description: "Physical description, also know as physical characteristics, refers to physical appearance of element substances.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Solid"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Classification",
description: "Elements can be classified few groups according to each element's chemical properties.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Metal"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
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{
string: "112.957290 ± 0.00032 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "113.950718495 ± 0.000110227"
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{
string: "114.947375 ± 0.000215 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "115.941406 ± 0.000215 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "116.938316561 ± 0.00026875"
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{
string: "117.933060 ± 0.00021 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "118.930659686 ± 0.000214997"
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{
string: "119.926045000 ± 0.000322241"
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{
string: "120.924052289 ± 0.000152333"
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{
string: "121.919904000 ± 0.00003"
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{
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{
string: "122.918781062 ± 0.000013"
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{
string: "123.915093629 ± 0.000013416"
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{
string: "124.914471843 ± 0.0000118"
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{
string: "124.914471843 ± 0.0000118"
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{
string: "125.911250204 ± 0.000013416"
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{
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{
string: "126.911091275 ± 0.000012192"
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{
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{
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{
string: "128.908680896 ± 0.000011354"
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{
string: "129.906320874 ± 0.000002741"
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{
string: "129.906320874 ± 0.000002741"
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{
string: "130.906941181 ± 0.000002757"
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{
string: "130.906941181 ± 0.000002757"
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{
string: "131.905061098 ± 0.000001131"
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{
string: "132.906007325 ± 0.000001065"
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{
string: "132.906007325 ± 0.000001065"
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{
string: "133.904508399 ± 0.000000326"
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{
string: "133.904508399 ± 0.000000326"
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{
string: "134.905688606 ± 0.000000328"
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{
string: "134.905688606 ± 0.000000328"
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{
string: "135.904575959 ± 0.000000328"
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{
string: "135.904575959 ± 0.000000328"
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{
string: "135.904575959 ± 0.000000328"
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{
string: "136.905827375 ± 0.000000337"
},
{
string: "136.905827375 ± 0.000000337"
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{
string: "136.905827375 ± 0.000000337"
},
{
string: "137.905247229 ± 0.000000339"
},
{
string: "137.905247229 ± 0.000000339"
},
{
string: "138.908841334 ± 0.000000342"
},
{
string: "139.910606666 ± 0.000008516"
},
{
string: "140.914403500 ± 0.00000571"
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{
string: "141.916432888 ± 0.000006355"
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{
string: "142.920625150 ± 0.000007253"
},
{
string: "143.922954821 ± 0.000007661"
},
{
string: "144.927518400 ± 0.0000091"
},
{
string: "145.930276431 ± 0.000022397"
},
{
string: "146.935303900 ± 0.0000212"
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{
string: "147.938170578 ± 0.000067718"
},
{
string: "148.942973000 ± 0.00047"
},
{
string: "149.946430 ± 0.000322 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "150.951755 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "151.955222 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "152.960848 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "153.964766 ± 0.000537 [Estimated]"
}
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}
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{
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name: "Half Life and Uncertainty",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "100 ms [Estimated]"
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{
string: "460 ms ± 125"
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{
string: "450 ms ± 50"
},
{
string: "1.3 s ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "1.75 s ± 0.07"
},
{
string: "5.2 s ± 0.2"
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{
string: "5.4 s ± 0.3"
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{
string: "24 s ± 2"
},
{
string: "29.7 s ± 1.5"
},
{
string: "1.95 m ± 0.15"
},
{
string: "2.7 m ± 0.4"
},
{
string: "830 ns ± 60"
},
{
string: "11.0 m ± 0.5"
},
{
string: "3.3 m ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "2.76 us ± 0.14"
},
{
string: "100 m ± 2"
},
{
string: "12.7 m ± 0.4"
},
{
string: "1.93 s ± 0.07"
},
{
string: "2.43 d ± 0.05"
},
{
string: "2.23 h ± 0.11"
},
{
string: "2.135 h ± 0.010"
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{
string: "Stable ± ~1Zy"
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{
string: "9.54 ms ± 0.14"
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{
string: "11.52 d ± 0.01"
},
{
string: "14.26 m ± 0.09"
},
{
string: "Stable ± >300Ey"
},
{
string: "10.551 y ± 0.011"
},
{
string: "38.90 h ± 0.06"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "2.63 us ± 0.14"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "28.11 h ± 0.02"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "308.4 ms ± 1.9"
},
{
string: "91 ns ± 2"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "2.552 m ± 0.001"
},
{
string: "590 ns ± 100"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "800 ns ± 100"
},
{
string: "83.13 m ± 0.06"
},
{
string: "12.752 d ± 0.0023"
},
{
string: "18.27 m ± 0.07"
},
{
string: "10.6 m ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "14.5 s ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "11.5 s ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "4.31 s ± 0.16"
},
{
string: "2.22 s ± 0.07"
},
{
string: "894 ms ± 10"
},
{
string: "620 ms ± 5"
},
{
string: "348 ms ± 4"
},
{
string: "259 ms ± 5"
},
{
string: "167 ms ± 5"
},
{
string: "139 ms ± 8"
},
{
string: "116 ms ± 52"
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{
string: "53 ms ± 48"
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string: ""
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{
string: "1997"
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string: "1997"
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{
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{
string: "1975"
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{
string: "1974"
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{
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{
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{
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{
string: "1932"
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{
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{
string: "1973"
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{
string: "1925"
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{
string: "1971"
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{
string: "1937"
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{
string: "1939"
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{
string: "1945"
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{
string: "1959"
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{
string: "1962"
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{
string: "1967"
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{
string: "1974"
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{
string: "1970"
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{
string: "1978"
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{
string: "1979"
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{
string: "1993"
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{
string: "1994"
},
{
string: "1994"
},
{
string: "2010"
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{
string: "2016"
},
{
string: "2016"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Decay Modes, Intensities and Uncertainties [%]",
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stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "p ?; α ?"
},
{
string: "β+≈100%; β+p=20±1%; α=0.9±0.3%; 12C<0.0034%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
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{
string: "β+=100%; β+p>15%",
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{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "β+=100%; β+p=3±0.1%",
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{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "β+=100%; β+p=13±0.3%; β+α=0.024±0.8%",
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{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "β+=100%",
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "β+=100%; β+p=25±0.2%",
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{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "β+=100%",
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type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "β+=100%; β+p=0.02±0.1%",
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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string: "β+=100%",
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type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "β+=100%",
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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string: "IT=100%"
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string: "β+=100%",
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "β+=100%",
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string: "IT=100%"
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "β+=100%",
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{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "IT=100%"
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{
string: "ε=100%"
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{
string: "β+=100%",
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{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
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{
string: "β+≈100%; IT=?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "IS=0.106±0.1%; 2β+ ?",
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start: 17,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IS=0.101±0.1%; 2β+ ?",
markup: [
{
start: 17,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "ε=100%"
},
{
string: "IT≈100%; ε=0.0104±0.5%"
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{
string: "IS=2.417±1.8%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IS=6.592±1.2%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IS=7.854±2.4%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IS=11.232±2.4%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IS=71.698±4.2%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
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{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "β-=100%",
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{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
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{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
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{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "β-=100%",
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{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "β-=100%",
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{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=0.06±0.3%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=0.4±0.3%",
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=0.43±1.2%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=1%[Estimated]",
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{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
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{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=7%[Estimated]",
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{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
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{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=5%[Estimated]",
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=3%[Estimated]; β-2n=0%[Estimated]",
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{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 29,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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],
reference: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "PubChem",
description: "Data deposited in or computed by PubChem",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
sourceName: "Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)",
sourceID: "e56",
name: "Ba",
description: "The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.",
url: "https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/",
anid: 6590283
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
sourceName: "Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)",
sourceID: "a56",
name: "Barium",
description: "Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report) and CIAAW. The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/",
url: "http://www.ciaaw.org/barium.htm",
licenseURL: "http://www.ciaaw.org/bylaws.htm",
anid: 2292437
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
sourceName: "Jefferson Lab, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "jlab56",
name: "Barium",
description: "Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/",
url: "https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele056.html",
licenseNote: "Please see citation and linking information: https://education.jlab.org/faq/index.html",
licenseURL: "https://www.jlab.org/privacy-and-security-notice",
anid: 507118
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
sourceName: "Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "lanl56",
name: "Barium",
description: "The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.",
url: "https://periodic.lanl.gov/56.shtml",
anid: 507236
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
sourceName: "NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory",
sourceID: "e56",
name: "Barium",
description: "The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Elements/elInfo.pl?element=56",
licenseURL: "https://www.nist.gov/pml/database-disclaimer",
anid: 2292673
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
sourceName: "PubChem Elements",
sourceID: "56",
name: "Ba",
description: "The element property data was retrieved from publications.",
anid: 7660057
},
{
referenceNumber: 7,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "56",
name: "Barium",
description: "This section provides all form of data related to element Barium.",
anid: 694349
}
]
}
},
{
record: {
recordType: "AtomicNumber",
recordNumber: 57,
recordTitle: "Lanthanum",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01022.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Lanthanum"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Lanthanum"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
description: "Element symbol, Also called atomic symbol, typically consists of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet derived from the element name in one of several languages.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "La"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "La"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "InChI=1S/La"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI Key",
description: "International Chemical Identifier hash (InChIKey) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI Key",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "FZLIPJUXYLNCLC-UHFFFAOYSA-N"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "138.905 47(7)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "138.90547"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "138.9"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "138.90547(7)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "[Xe]6s25d1",
markup: [
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start: 6,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 9,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Electron Configuration",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[Xe]5d6s2",
markup: [
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start: 8,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Radius",
description: "Atomic radius is the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell containing electrons.",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_radius",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
name: "Van der Waals Atomic Radius",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "240 pm (Van der Waals)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Empirical Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"J.C. Slater, J Chem Phys, 1964, 41(10), 3199-3205. DOI:10.1063/1.1725697"
],
value: {
number: [
195
],
unit: "pm (Empirical)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Covalent Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"B. Cordero, V. Gómez, A.E. Platero-Prats, M. Revés, J. Echeverría, E. Cremades, F. Barragán, S. Alvarez, Dalton Trans. 2008, 21, 2832-2838. DOI:10.1039/b801115j PMID:18478144."
],
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "207(8) pm (Covalent)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
description: "Oxidation state gives the degree of oxidation of an atom in terms of counting electrons.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/O/O04365.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "+3"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "3, 2, 1 (a strongly basic oxide)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ground Level",
description: "Also called ground-state level. The ground state electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom with lower energy levels.",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/ASD/Html/iehelp.html#IEGROUNDLEV",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ground Level",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "2D3/2",
markup: [
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start: 0,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 2,
length: 3,
type: "Subscript"
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]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ionization Energy",
description: "Ionization energy is the minimum energy required to eject an electron out of a neutral atom or molecule in its ground state.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/I/I03199.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "5.577 eV"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ionization Energy",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "5.5769 eV"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electronegativity",
description: "The concept electronegativity was introduced by L. Pauling as the power of an atom to attract electrons to itself.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01990",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Pauling Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"A.L. Allred, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 1961, 17(3-4), 215-221. DOI:10.1016/0022-1902(61)80142-5"
],
value: {
number: [
1.1
],
unit: "(Pauling Scale)"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Affinity",
description: "Electron affinity refers to energy required to detach an electron from the singly charged negative ion.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01977",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.T Myers, J. Chem. Edu., 1990, 67(4), 307. DOI:10.1021/ed067p307"
],
value: {
number: [
0.5
],
unit: "eV"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.J. Zollweg, J. Chem. Phys., 1969, 50, 4251. DOI:10.1063/1.1670890"
],
value: {
number: [
0.55
],
unit: "eV"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Spectra",
description: "Atomic and ionic spectral lines originate from specified electronic transitions between energy levels of atoms and ions, respectively.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00502.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/lines_hold.pl?el=La",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Lines Holdings"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/levels_hold.pl?el=La",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Levels Holdings"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Physical Description",
description: "Physical description, also know as physical characteristics, refers to physical appearance of element substances.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Solid"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Classification",
description: "Elements can be classified few groups according to each element's chemical properties.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Metal"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Period Number",
description: "The element period number refers to a horizontal row of the periodic table. The periodic table has 7 periods.",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/periodic-table-of-the-elements/The-periodic-table#ref80835",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "6"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Group Number",
description: "Element group refers to a set of chemical elements in the same vertical column of the periodic table",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/group-periodic-table",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "- Lanthanide"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Density",
description: "Density is a degree of consistency measured by the quantity of mass per unit volume",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/D/D01590.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "6.15 grams per cubic centimeter"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Melting Point",
description: "The melting point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from solid to liquid at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/melting-point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1191 K (918°C or 1684°F)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "920°C"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Boiling Point",
description: "Boiling Point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from liquid to gas at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "3737 K (3464°C or 6267°F)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "3464°C"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Crustal Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in earth crust",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "3.9×101 milligrams per kilogram",
markup: [
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type: "Superscript"
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]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Oceanic Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in ocean",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "3.4×10-6 milligrams per liter",
markup: [
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start: 6,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
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]
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "History",
description: "Element discovery and related information in history",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "History",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "The name derives from the Greek lanthanein for \"to be hidden\" or \"to escape notice\" because it hid in cerium ore and was difficult to separate from that rare earth mineral. Lanthanum was discovered by the Swedish surgeon and chemist Carl-Gustav Mosander in 1839. In 1842, Mosander separated his lanthanium sample into two oxides; for one of these he retained the name lanthanum and for the other he gave the name didymium (or twin).",
markup: [
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}
]
}
},
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Lanthanum was discovered by Carl Gustaf Mosander, a Swedish chemist, in 1839. Mosander was searching for impurities he believed existed within samples of cerium. He treated cerium nitrate (Ce(NO3)3) with dilute nitric acid (HNO3) and found a new substance he named lanthana (La2O3). Roughly 0.0018% of the earth's crust is composed of lanthanum. Today, lanthanum is primarily obtained through an ion exchange process from monazite sand ((Ce, La, Th, Nd, Y)PO4), a material rich in rare earth elements that can contain as much as 25% lanthanum.",
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value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "From the Greek word lanthanein, to escape notice. Mosander in 1839 extracted lanthana from impure cerium nitrate and recognized the new element."
},
{
string: "Lanthanum was isolated in relatively pure form in 1923. Iron exchange and solvent extraction techniques have led to much easier isolation of the so-called \"rare-earth\" elements."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Description",
description: "Description about this element",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Lanthanum is silvery white, malleable, ductile, and soft enough to be cut with a knife. It is one of the most reactive of the rare-earth metals. It oxidizes rapidly when exposed to air. Cold water attacks lanthanum slowly, while hot water attacks it much more rapidly."
},
{
string: "The metal reacts directly with elemental carbon, nitrogen, boron, selenium, silicon, phosphorus, sulfur, and with halogens."
},
{
string: "At 310°C, lanthanum changes from a hexagonal to a face-centered cubic structure, and at 865°C it again transforms into a body-centered cubic structure."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Uses",
description: "Uses information in industry and other fields",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Lanthanum is one of the rare earth elements used to make carbon arc lights which are used in the motion picture industry for studio lighting and projector lights. Lanthanum also makes up about 25% of Misch metal, a material that is used to make flints for lighters. Lanthana (La2O3) is used to make the glass used in camera lenses and in other special glasses.",
markup: [
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type: "Subscript"
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start: 280,
length: 1,
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}
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}
},
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value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Rare-earth compounds containing lanthanum are extensively used in carbon lighting applications, especially by the motion picture industry for studio lighting and projection. This application consumes about 25 percent of the rare-earth compounds produced. La2O3 improves the alkali resistance of glass, and is used in making special optical glasses. Small amounts of lanthanum, as an additive, can be used to produce nodular cast iron.",
markup: [
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},
{
string: "There is current interest in hydrogen sponge alloys containing lanthanum. These alloys take up to 400 times their own volume of hydrogen gas, and the process is reversible. Every time they take up the gas, heat energy is released; therefore these alloys have possibilities in an energy conservation system."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Sources",
description: "Sources (where the element come from) information for the given element",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Lanthanum is found in rare-earth minerals such as cerite, monazite, allanite, and bastnasite. Monazite and bastnasite are principal ores in which lanthanum occurs in percentages up to 25 percent and 38 percent respectively. Misch metal, used in making lighter flints, contains about 25 percent lanthanum."
},
{
string: "The availability of lanthanum and other rare earths has improved greatly in recent years. The metal can be produced by reducing the anhydrous fluoride with calcium."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Compounds",
description: "Related compounds information to this element",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 7,
name: "Compounds",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Lanthanum",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "See more information at the Lanthanum compound page."
}
]
}
}
],
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Forms",
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string: "lanthanum-132"
},
{
string: "lanthanum-131"
},
{
string: "lanthanum-135"
},
{
string: "lanthanum-138"
},
{
string: "lanthanum-141"
},
{
string: "lanthanum-142"
},
{
string: "lanthanum-143"
},
{
string: "lanthanum-139"
},
{
string: "lanthanum-134"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 7,
name: "Formula",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "La"
},
{
string: "La"
},
{
string: "La+3"
},
{
string: "La"
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{
string: "La"
},
{
string: "La"
},
{
string: "La"
},
{
string: "La"
},
{
string: "La"
},
{
string: "La"
},
{
string: "La"
},
{
string: "La"
},
{
string: "La"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 7,
name: "SMILES",
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{
string: "[La]"
},
{
string: "[140La]"
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{
string: "[La+3]"
},
{
string: "[137La]"
},
{
string: "[132La]"
},
{
string: "[131La]"
},
{
string: "[135La]"
},
{
string: "[138La]"
},
{
string: "[141La]"
},
{
string: "[142La]"
},
{
string: "[143La]"
},
{
string: "[139La]"
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{
string: "[134La]"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 7,
name: "Molecular Weight",
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stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "138.905"
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{
string: "139.909"
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{
string: "138.905"
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{
string: "136.906"
},
{
string: "131.91"
},
{
string: "130.91"
},
{
string: "134.907"
},
{
string: "137.907"
},
{
string: "140.911"
},
{
string: "141.914"
},
{
string: "142.916"
},
{
string: "138.906"
},
{
string: "133.909"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Handling and Storage",
description: "Handling and Storage information",
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{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Lanthanum and its compounds have a low to moderate acute toxicity rating; therefore, care should be taken in handling them."
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]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Isotopes",
description: "Isotopes are variants of a chemical element which contain different neutron number",
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{
referenceNumber: 4,
name: "Stable Isotope Count",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Natural lanthanum is a mixture of two stable isotopes, 138La and 139La. Twenty three other radioactive isotopes are recognized.",
markup: [
{
start: 55,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 65,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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]
}
]
}
}
],
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Isotope Mass and Abundance",
description: "Atomic mass and abundance (composition) information for a given isotope/nulide. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
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information: [
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Isotope",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: " 138La",
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{
start: 0,
length: 4,
type: "Superscript"
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{
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}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Atomic Mass (uncertainty) [u]",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "137.907 12(2)"
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name: "Abundance (uncertainty)",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "0.000 8881(71)"
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{
string: "0.999 1119(71)"
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}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Mass, Half Life, and Decay",
description: "This section provides the information from the Nubase2016. The number after the ± refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton. The '?' refers to 'not determined or qualified'. For further explainations, click read more below.",
url: "https://pubchemdocs.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nubase2016",
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},
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Nuclide",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "116La",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "117La",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "117Lam",
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{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "118La",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "119La",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "120La",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "121La",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "122La",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "123La",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "124La",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "124Lam",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "125La",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "125Lam",
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{
start: 0,
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{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "126La",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "126Lam",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "127La",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "127Lam",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "128La",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "128Lam",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "129La",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "129Lam",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
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type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "130La",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
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type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "130Lam",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
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type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "130Lan",
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{
start: 0,
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{
start: 5,
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type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "131La",
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{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "131Lam",
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{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "132La",
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{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "132Lam",
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{
start: 0,
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type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
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{
string: "133La",
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{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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]
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{
string: "134La",
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{
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type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "134Lam",
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{
string: "135La",
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{
string: "136La",
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{
start: 0,
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{
string: "136Lam",
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{
string: "137La",
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{
string: "137Lam",
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{
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{
string: "139Lam",
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{
string: "140La",
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{
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{
string: "142La",
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{
string: "142Lam",
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{
string: "144La",
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{
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{
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{
string: "147La",
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{
string: "148La",
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{
string: "149La",
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start: 0,
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{
string: "150La",
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start: 0,
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{
string: "151La",
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{
start: 0,
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type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "152La",
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start: 0,
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{
string: "153La",
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{
string: "154La",
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{
string: "155La",
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{
string: "156La",
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start: 0,
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type: "Superscript"
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{
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string: "115.956365 ± 0.000335 [Estimated]"
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string: "116.950111 ± 0.000215 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "116.950111 ± 0.000215 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "117.946795 ± 0.000322 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "118.941181 ± 0.000322 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "119.938196 ± 0.000322 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "120.933236 ± 0.000322 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "121.930710 ± 0.00032 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "122.926300 ± 0.00021 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "123.924574275 ± 0.000060836"
},
{
string: "123.924574275 ± 0.000060836"
},
{
string: "124.920815932 ± 0.000027909"
},
{
string: "124.920815932 ± 0.000027909"
},
{
string: "125.919512667 ± 0.000097163"
},
{
string: "125.919512667 ± 0.000097163"
},
{
string: "126.916375084 ± 0.000027912"
},
{
string: "126.916375084 ± 0.000027912"
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{
string: "127.915592123 ± 0.000058452"
},
{
string: "127.915592123 ± 0.000058452"
},
{
string: "128.912694475 ± 0.00002292"
},
{
string: "128.912694475 ± 0.00002292"
},
{
string: "129.912369413 ± 0.000027854"
},
{
string: "129.912369413 ± 0.000027854"
},
{
string: "129.912369413 ± 0.000027854"
},
{
string: "130.910070000 ± 0.00003"
},
{
string: "130.910070000 ± 0.00003"
},
{
string: "131.910118959 ± 0.000039032"
},
{
string: "131.910118959 ± 0.000039032"
},
{
string: "132.908218000 ± 0.00003"
},
{
string: "133.908514011 ± 0.000021395"
},
{
string: "133.908514011 ± 0.000021395"
},
{
string: "134.906984568 ± 0.000010127"
},
{
string: "135.907634962 ± 0.000057081"
},
{
string: "135.907634962 ± 0.000057081"
},
{
string: "136.906450618 ± 0.00000178"
},
{
string: "136.906450618 ± 0.00000178"
},
{
string: "137.907117834 ± 0.000003422"
},
{
string: "137.907117834 ± 0.000003422"
},
{
string: "137.907117834 ± 0.000003422"
},
{
string: "138.906358804 ± 0.000002156"
},
{
string: "138.906358804 ± 0.000002156"
},
{
string: "139.909483184 ± 0.000002156"
},
{
string: "140.910969222 ± 0.000004528"
},
{
string: "141.914090454 ± 0.000006773"
},
{
string: "141.914090454 ± 0.000006773"
},
{
string: "142.916079422 ± 0.000007869"
},
{
string: "143.919645589 ± 0.000013888"
},
{
string: "144.921808066 ± 0.00001317"
},
{
string: "145.925871468 ± 0.000036088"
},
{
string: "145.925871468 ± 0.000036088"
},
{
string: "146.928417800 ± 0.0000115"
},
{
string: "147.932679400 ± 0.0000209"
},
{
string: "148.935351260 ± 0.00021499"
},
{
string: "149.939742000 ± 0.0004675"
},
{
string: "150.942769000 ± 0.0004675"
},
{
string: "151.947085 ± 0.000322 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "152.950553 ± 0.000322 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "153.955416 ± 0.000322 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "154.959280 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "155.964519 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]"
}
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{
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value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "10 ms [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "21.7 ms ± 1.8"
},
{
string: "10 ms ± 5"
},
{
string: "200 ms [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "1 s [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "2.8 s ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "5.3 s ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "8.6 s ± 0.5"
},
{
string: "17 s ± 3"
},
{
string: "29.21 s ± 0.17"
},
{
string: "21 s ± 4"
},
{
string: "64.8 s ± 1.2"
},
{
string: "390 ms ± 40"
},
{
string: "54 s ± 2"
},
{
string: "20 s ± 20"
},
{
string: "5.1 m ± 0.1"
},
{
string: "3.7 m ± 0.4"
},
{
string: "5.18 m ± 0.14"
},
{
string: "<1.4 m"
},
{
string: "11.6 m ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "560 ms ± 50"
},
{
string: "8.7 m ± 0.1"
},
{
string: "760 ns ± 90"
},
{
string: "33 ns ± 1"
},
{
string: "59 m ± 2"
},
{
string: "170 us ± 7"
},
{
string: "4.8 h ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "24.3 m ± 0.5"
},
{
string: "3.912 h ± 0.008"
},
{
string: "6.45 m ± 0.16"
},
{
string: "29 us ± 4"
},
{
string: "19.5 h ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "9.87 m ± 0.03"
},
{
string: "114 ms ± 3"
},
{
string: "60 ky ± 20"
},
{
string: "342 ns ± 25"
},
{
string: "102 Gy ± 1"
},
{
string: "116 ns ± 5"
},
{
string: "2.0 us ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "315 ns ± 35"
},
{
string: "40.285 h ± 0.003"
},
{
string: "3.92 h ± 0.03"
},
{
string: "91.1 m ± 0.5"
},
{
string: "870 ns ± 170"
},
{
string: "14.2 m ± 0.1"
},
{
string: "40.8 s ± 0.4"
},
{
string: "24.8 s ± 2.0"
},
{
string: "6.27 s ± 0.10"
},
{
string: "10.0 s ± 0.1"
},
{
string: "4.06 s ± 0.04"
},
{
string: "1.35 s ± 0.04"
},
{
string: "1.07 s ± 0.02"
},
{
string: "504 ms ± 15"
},
{
string: "465 ms ± 24"
},
{
string: "287 ms ± 16"
},
{
string: "245 ms ± 18"
},
{
string: "161 ms ± 15"
},
{
string: "101 ms ± 28"
},
{
string: "84 ms ± 78"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Discovery Year",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: ""
},
{
string: "2001"
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: "1984"
},
{
string: "1988"
},
{
string: "1984"
},
{
string: "1978"
},
{
string: "1978"
},
{
string: "1992"
},
{
string: "1973"
},
{
string: "1998"
},
{
string: "1961"
},
{
string: "1997"
},
{
string: "1963"
},
{
string: "1963"
},
{
string: "1961"
},
{
string: "1995"
},
{
string: "1963"
},
{
string: "1969"
},
{
string: "1961"
},
{
string: "2012"
},
{
string: "2014"
},
{
string: "1951"
},
{
string: "1966"
},
{
string: "1951"
},
{
string: "1969"
},
{
string: "1950"
},
{
string: "1951"
},
{
string: "1985"
},
{
string: "1948"
},
{
string: "1950"
},
{
string: "1966"
},
{
string: "1948"
},
{
string: "1982"
},
{
string: "1947"
},
{
string: "1975"
},
{
string: "2014"
},
{
string: "1924"
},
{
string: "2012"
},
{
string: "1935"
},
{
string: "1951"
},
{
string: "1953"
},
{
string: "1983"
},
{
string: "1951"
},
{
string: "1967"
},
{
string: "1974"
},
{
string: "1970"
},
{
string: "1969"
},
{
string: "1979"
},
{
string: "1969"
},
{
string: "1979"
},
{
string: "1993"
},
{
string: "1994"
},
{
string: "1994"
},
{
string: "1994"
},
{
string: "2016"
},
{
string: "2016"
},
{
string: "2016"
}
]
}
},
{
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reference: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "PubChem",
description: "Data deposited in or computed by PubChem",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
sourceName: "Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)",
sourceID: "e57",
name: "La",
description: "The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.",
url: "https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/",
anid: 6590284
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
sourceName: "Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)",
sourceID: "a57",
name: "Lanthanum",
description: "Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report) and CIAAW. The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/",
url: "http://www.ciaaw.org/lanthanum.htm",
licenseURL: "http://www.ciaaw.org/bylaws.htm",
anid: 2292438
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{
referenceNumber: 4,
sourceName: "Jefferson Lab, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "jlab57",
name: "Lanthanum",
description: "Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/",
url: "https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele057.html",
licenseNote: "Please see citation and linking information: https://education.jlab.org/faq/index.html",
licenseURL: "https://www.jlab.org/privacy-and-security-notice",
anid: 507119
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{
referenceNumber: 5,
sourceName: "Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "lanl57",
name: "Lanthanum",
description: "The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.",
url: "https://periodic.lanl.gov/57.shtml",
anid: 507237
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
sourceName: "NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory",
sourceID: "e57",
name: "Lanthanum",
description: "The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Elements/elInfo.pl?element=57",
licenseURL: "https://www.nist.gov/pml/database-disclaimer",
anid: 2292674
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
sourceName: "PubChem Elements",
sourceID: "57",
name: "La",
description: "The element property data was retrieved from publications.",
anid: 7660058
},
{
referenceNumber: 7,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "57",
name: "Lanthanum",
description: "This section provides all form of data related to element Lanthanum.",
anid: 694350
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]
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},
{
record: {
recordType: "AtomicNumber",
recordNumber: 58,
recordTitle: "Cerium",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01022.html",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Cerium"
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]
}
},
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referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
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string: "Cerium"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
description: "Element symbol, Also called atomic symbol, typically consists of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet derived from the element name in one of several languages.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Ce"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Ce"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "InChI=1S/Ce"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI Key",
description: "International Chemical Identifier hash (InChIKey) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI Key",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "GWXLDORMOJMVQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "140.116(1)"
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]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "140.116"
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}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "140.1"
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]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "140.116(1)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
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}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Electron Configuration",
value: {
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string: "[Xe]4f5d6s2",
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start: 10,
length: 1,
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}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Radius",
description: "Atomic radius is the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell containing electrons.",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_radius",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
name: "Van der Waals Atomic Radius",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "235 pm (Van der Waals)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Empirical Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"J.C. Slater, J Chem Phys, 1964, 41(10), 3199-3205. DOI:10.1063/1.1725697"
],
value: {
number: [
185
],
unit: "pm (Empirical)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Covalent Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"B. Cordero, V. Gómez, A.E. Platero-Prats, M. Revés, J. Echeverría, E. Cremades, F. Barragán, S. Alvarez, Dalton Trans. 2008, 21, 2832-2838. DOI:10.1039/b801115j PMID:18478144."
],
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "204(9) pm (Covalent)"
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}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
description: "Oxidation state gives the degree of oxidation of an atom in terms of counting electrons.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/O/O04365.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "+4, +3"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "4, 3, 2, 1 (a mildly basic oxide)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ground Level",
description: "Also called ground-state level. The ground state electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom with lower energy levels.",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/ASD/Html/iehelp.html#IEGROUNDLEV",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ground Level",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "1G°4",
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type: "Superscript"
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length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
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]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ionization Energy",
description: "Ionization energy is the minimum energy required to eject an electron out of a neutral atom or molecule in its ground state.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/I/I03199.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "5.539 eV"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ionization Energy",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "5.5386 eV"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electronegativity",
description: "The concept electronegativity was introduced by L. Pauling as the power of an atom to attract electrons to itself.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01990",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Pauling Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"A.L. Allred, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 1961, 17(3-4), 215-221. DOI:10.1016/0022-1902(61)80142-5"
],
value: {
number: [
1.12
],
unit: "(Pauling Scale)"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Affinity",
description: "Electron affinity refers to energy required to detach an electron from the singly charged negative ion.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01977",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.T Myers, J. Chem. Edu., 1990, 67(4), 307. DOI:10.1021/ed067p307"
],
value: {
number: [
0.5
],
unit: "eV"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Spectra",
description: "Atomic and ionic spectral lines originate from specified electronic transitions between energy levels of atoms and ions, respectively.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00502.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
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string: "As ceric sulfate is used extensively as a volumetric oxidizing agent in quantitative analysis. Cerium compounds are used in the manufacture of glass, both as a component and as a decolorizer."
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string: "The oxide is finding increased use as a glass polishing agent instead of rouge, for it polishes much faster than rouge. Cerium, with other rare earths, is used in carbon-arc lighting, especially in the motion picture industry. It is also useful as a catalyst in petroleum refining and in metallurgical and nuclear applications."
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{
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{
string: "118.952828 ± 0.000537 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "119.946752 ± 0.000537 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "120.943435 ± 0.00043 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "121.937870 ± 0.00043 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "122.935280 ± 0.00032 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "123.930310 ± 0.00032 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "124.928440 ± 0.00021 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "124.928440 ± 0.00021 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "125.923971000 ± 0.00003"
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{
string: "126.922727000 ± 0.000031"
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{
string: "126.922727000 ± 0.000031"
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{
string: "126.922727000 ± 0.000031"
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{
string: "127.918911000 ± 0.00003"
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{
string: "128.918102000 ± 0.00003"
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{
string: "129.914736000 ± 0.00003"
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{
string: "129.914736000 ± 0.00003"
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{
string: "130.914429465 ± 0.000035214"
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{
string: "130.914429465 ± 0.000035214"
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{
string: "131.911463846 ± 0.000021945"
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{
string: "131.911463846 ± 0.000021945"
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{
string: "132.911520402 ± 0.000017557"
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{
string: "132.911520402 ± 0.000017557"
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{
string: "133.908928142 ± 0.000021886"
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{
string: "133.908928142 ± 0.000021886"
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{
string: "134.909160799 ± 0.000011022"
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{
string: "134.909160799 ± 0.000011022"
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{
string: "135.907129438 ± 0.000000438"
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{
string: "135.907129438 ± 0.000000438"
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{
string: "136.907762596 ± 0.000000469"
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{
string: "136.907762596 ± 0.000000469"
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{
string: "137.905988743 ± 0.000005293"
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{
string: "137.905988743 ± 0.000005293"
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{
string: "138.906657625 ± 0.000007761"
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{
string: "138.906657625 ± 0.000007761"
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{
string: "139.905446424 ± 0.000001713"
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{
string: "139.905446424 ± 0.000001713"
},
{
string: "140.908283987 ± 0.000001714"
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{
string: "141.909249884 ± 0.000002693"
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{
string: "142.912391630 ± 0.000002692"
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{
string: "143.913652830 ± 0.000003096"
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{
string: "144.917265144 ± 0.000036395"
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{
string: "145.918802065 ± 0.000017504"
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{
string: "146.922689903 ± 0.000009211"
},
{
string: "147.924424196 ± 0.000012018"
},
{
string: "148.928426900 ± 0.000011"
},
{
string: "149.930384035 ± 0.000012556"
},
{
string: "150.934272200 ± 0.000019"
},
{
string: "151.936682 ± 0.000215 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "152.941052 ± 0.000215 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "153.943940 ± 0.000215 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "154.948706 ± 0.000322 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "155.951884 ± 0.000322 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "156.957133 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "157.960644 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]"
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{
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name: "Half Life and Uncertainty",
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{
string: "200 ms [Estimated]"
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{
string: "250 ms [Estimated]"
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{
string: "1.1 s ± 0.1"
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{
string: "2 s [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "3.8 s ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "9.1 s ± 1.2"
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{
string: "9.7 s ± 0.3"
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{
string: "13 s ± 10"
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{
string: "51.0 s ± 0.3"
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{
string: "34 s ± 2"
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{
string: "28.6 s ± 0.7"
},
{
string: ">10 us"
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{
string: "3.93 m ± 0.02"
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{
string: "3.5 m ± 0.3"
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{
string: "22.9 m ± 0.5"
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{
string: "100 ns ± 8"
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{
string: "10.3 m ± 0.3"
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{
string: "5.4 m ± 0.4"
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{
string: "3.51 h ± 0.11"
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{
string: "9.4 ms ± 0.3"
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{
string: "97 m ± 4"
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{
string: "5.1 h ± 0.3"
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{
string: "3.16 d ± 0.04"
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{
string: "308 ns ± 5"
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{
string: "17.7 h ± 0.3"
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{
string: "20 s ± 1"
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{
string: "Stable ± >38Py"
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{
string: "1.96 us ± 0.09"
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{
string: "9.0 h ± 0.3"
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{
string: "34.4 h ± 0.3"
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{
string: "Stable ± >57Py"
},
{
string: "8.65 ms ± 0.20"
},
{
string: "137.641 d ± 0.020"
},
{
string: "56.54 s ± 0.13"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "7.3 us ± 1.5"
},
{
string: "32.511 d ± 0.013"
},
{
string: "Stable ± >50Py"
},
{
string: "33.039 h ± 0.006"
},
{
string: "284.91 d ± 0.05"
},
{
string: "3.01 m ± 0.06"
},
{
string: "13.52 m ± 0.13"
},
{
string: "56.4 s ± 1.0"
},
{
string: "56.8 s ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "4.94 s ± 0.04"
},
{
string: "6.05 s ± 0.07"
},
{
string: "1.76 s ± 0.06"
},
{
string: "1.42 s ± 0.02"
},
{
string: "865 ms ± 25"
},
{
string: "722 ms ± 14"
},
{
string: "313 ms ± 7"
},
{
string: "233 ms ± 9"
},
{
string: "175 ms ± 41"
},
{
string: "99 ms ± 93"
}
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{
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string: ""
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string: "2005"
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{
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{
string: "1978"
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{
string: "1978"
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{
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{
string: "1978"
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{
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{
string: "1978"
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{
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{
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{
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{
string: "1948"
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{
string: "1925"
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{
string: "1948"
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
string: "1964"
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{
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{
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{
string: "1990"
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{
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{
string: "1994"
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{
string: "1994"
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{
string: "2016"
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{
string: "2016"
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{
string: "2016"
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{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Decay Modes, Intensities and Uncertainties [%]",
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stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "β+ ?; β+p ?",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 7,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
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{
string: "β+ ?; β+p ?",
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{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 7,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "β+ ?; β+p ?",
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 7,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
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{
string: "β+=100%; β+p=?",
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start: 1,
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "β+=100%",
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]
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{
string: "β+=100%; β+p=?",
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 10,
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{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
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{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
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{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
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start: 1,
length: 1,
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{
string: "IT=100%"
},
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string: "β+=100%",
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start: 1,
length: 1,
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{
string: "β+=100%",
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{
string: "β+=100%",
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{
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length: 1,
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},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
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{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
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{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "ε=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IS=0.185±0.2%; 2β+ ?",
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start: 17,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
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{
start: 1,
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{
string: "IT=99.21±0.4%; β+=0.79±0.4%",
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{
start: 16,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "IS=0.251±0.2%; 2β+ ?",
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{
start: 17,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "ε=100%"
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{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IS=88.450±5.1%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "IS=11.114±5.1%; α ?; 2β- ?",
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{
start: 23,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
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{
string: "β-=100%",
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{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
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{
string: "β-=100%",
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{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "β-=100%",
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{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
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{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
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{
string: "β-=100%",
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=0.01%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=0.1%[Estimated]",
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{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=0.2%[Estimated]",
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type: "Superscript"
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string: "β-=100%; β-n=1%[Estimated]",
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type: "Superscript"
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string: "β-=100%; β-n=2%[Estimated]",
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type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "β-=100%; β-n ?",
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type: "Superscript"
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],
reference: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "PubChem",
description: "Data deposited in or computed by PubChem",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
sourceName: "Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)",
sourceID: "e58",
name: "Ce",
description: "The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.",
url: "https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/",
anid: 6590285
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
sourceName: "Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)",
sourceID: "a58",
name: "Cerium",
description: "Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report) and CIAAW. The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/",
url: "http://www.ciaaw.org/cerium.htm",
licenseURL: "http://www.ciaaw.org/bylaws.htm",
anid: 2292439
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
sourceName: "Jefferson Lab, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "jlab58",
name: "Cerium",
description: "Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/",
url: "https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele058.html",
licenseNote: "Please see citation and linking information: https://education.jlab.org/faq/index.html",
licenseURL: "https://www.jlab.org/privacy-and-security-notice",
anid: 507120
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
sourceName: "Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "lanl58",
name: "Cerium",
description: "The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.",
url: "https://periodic.lanl.gov/58.shtml",
anid: 507238
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
sourceName: "NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory",
sourceID: "e58",
name: "Cerium",
description: "The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Elements/elInfo.pl?element=58",
licenseURL: "https://www.nist.gov/pml/database-disclaimer",
anid: 2292675
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
sourceName: "PubChem Elements",
sourceID: "58",
name: "Ce",
description: "The element property data was retrieved from publications.",
anid: 7660059
},
{
referenceNumber: 7,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "58",
name: "Cerium",
description: "This section provides all form of data related to element Cerium.",
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recordTitle: "Praseodymium",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01022.html",
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{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Praseodymium"
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}
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referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Praseodymium"
}
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}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
description: "Element symbol, Also called atomic symbol, typically consists of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet derived from the element name in one of several languages.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Symbol",
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stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Pr"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Pr"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "InChI=1S/Pr"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI Key",
description: "International Chemical Identifier hash (InChIKey) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI Key",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "PUDIUYLPXJFUGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "140.907 66(1)"
}
]
}
},
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value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "140.90766"
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]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
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string: "140.9"
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]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "140.90766(2)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
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value: {
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name: "Electron Configuration",
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Radius",
description: "Atomic radius is the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell containing electrons.",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_radius",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
name: "Van der Waals Atomic Radius",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "239 pm (Van der Waals)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Empirical Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"J.C. Slater, J Chem Phys, 1964, 41(10), 3199-3205. DOI:10.1063/1.1725697"
],
value: {
number: [
185
],
unit: "pm (Empirical)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Covalent Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"B. Cordero, V. Gómez, A.E. Platero-Prats, M. Revés, J. Echeverría, E. Cremades, F. Barragán, S. Alvarez, Dalton Trans. 2008, 21, 2832-2838. DOI:10.1039/b801115j PMID:18478144."
],
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "203(7) pm (Covalent)"
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]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
description: "Oxidation state gives the degree of oxidation of an atom in terms of counting electrons.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/O/O04365.html",
information: [
{
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value: {
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}
},
{
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]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ground Level",
description: "Also called ground-state level. The ground state electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom with lower energy levels.",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/ASD/Html/iehelp.html#IEGROUNDLEV",
information: [
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name: "Ground Level",
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},
{
tocHeading: "Ionization Energy",
description: "Ionization energy is the minimum energy required to eject an electron out of a neutral atom or molecule in its ground state.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/I/I03199.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "5.464 eV"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ionization Energy",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "5.4702 eV (The level was determined by interpolation or extrapolation of known experimental values or by semiempirical calculation; its absolutre accuracy is reflected in the number of significant figures assigned to it.)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electronegativity",
description: "The concept electronegativity was introduced by L. Pauling as the power of an atom to attract electrons to itself.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01990",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Pauling Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"A.L. Allred, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 1961, 17(3-4), 215-221. DOI:10.1016/0022-1902(61)80142-5"
],
value: {
number: [
1.13
],
unit: "(Pauling Scale)"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Spectra",
description: "Atomic and ionic spectral lines originate from specified electronic transitions between energy levels of atoms and ions, respectively.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00502.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/lines_hold.pl?el=Pr",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Lines Holdings"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/levels_hold.pl?el=Pr",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Levels Holdings"
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]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Physical Description",
description: "Physical description, also know as physical characteristics, refers to physical appearance of element substances.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Solid"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Classification",
description: "Elements can be classified few groups according to each element's chemical properties.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Metal"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Period Number",
description: "The element period number refers to a horizontal row of the periodic table. The periodic table has 7 periods.",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/periodic-table-of-the-elements/The-periodic-table#ref80835",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "6"
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]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Group Number",
description: "Element group refers to a set of chemical elements in the same vertical column of the periodic table",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/group-periodic-table",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "- Lanthanide"
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]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Density",
description: "Density is a degree of consistency measured by the quantity of mass per unit volume",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/D/D01590.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "6.77 grams per cubic centimeter"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Melting Point",
description: "The melting point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from solid to liquid at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/melting-point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1204 K (931°C or 1708°F)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "935°C"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Boiling Point",
description: "Boiling Point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from liquid to gas at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "3793 K (3520°C or 6368°F)"
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]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "3130°C"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Crustal Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in earth crust",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "9.2 milligrams per kilogram"
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]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Oceanic Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in ocean",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "6.4×10-7 milligrams per liter",
markup: [
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}
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}
}
]
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},
{
tocHeading: "History",
description: "Element discovery and related information in history",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "History",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "The name derives from the Greek prasios for \"green\" and didymos for \"twin\" because of the pale green salts it forms. Praseodymium was discovered by the Austrian chemist Carl Auer (Baron von Welsbach) in 1885, who separated it and the element neodymium from a didymium sample (didymium had previously been thought to be a separate element).",
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string: "Praseodymium was discovered by Carl F. Auer von Welsbach, an Austrian chemist, in 1885. He separated praseodymium, as well as the element neodymium, from a material known as didymium. Today, praseodymium is primarily obtained through an ion exchange process from monazite sand ((Ce, La, Th, Nd, Y)PO4), a material rich in rare earth elements.",
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type: "Subscript"
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string: "From the Greek word prasios, green, and didymos, twin. In 1841 Mosander extracted the rare earth didymia from lanthana; in 1879, Lecoq de Boisbaudran isolated a new earth, samaria, from didymia obtained from the mineral samarskite. Six years later, in 1885, von Welsbach separated didymia into two others, praseodymia and neodymia, which gave salts of different colors. As with other rare earths, compounds of these elements in solution have distinctive sharp spectral absorption bands or lines, some of which are only a few Angstroms wide."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Description",
description: "Description about this element",
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referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Praseodymium is soft, silvery, malleable, and ductile. It is somewhat more resistant to corrosion in air than europium, lanthanum, cerium, or neodymium, but it does develop a green oxide coating that falls off when exposed to air. As with other rare-earth metals, it should be kept under a light mineral oil or sealed in plastic."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Uses",
description: "Uses information in industry and other fields",
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Praseodymium's primary use is as an alloying agent with magnesium to create high-strength metals that are used in aircraft engines. Praseodymium also makes up about 5% of Misch metal, a material that is used to make flints for lighters. Praseodymium forms the core of carbon arc lights which are used in the motion picture industry for studio lighting and projector lights. Praseodymium is added to fiber optic cables as a doping agent where it is used as a signal amplifier. Praseodymium salts are used to give glasses and enamels a yellow color. Praseodymium is also a component of didymium glass, which is used to make certain types of welder's and glass blower's goggles."
}
]
}
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value: {
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string: "Misch metal, used in making cigarette lighters, contains about 5% praseodymium metal. The rare-earth oxides, including Pr2O3 are among the most refractory substances known. Along with other rare earths, it is widely used as a core material for carbon arcs used by the motion picture industry for studio lighting and projection. Salts of praseodymium are used to color glasses and enamels; when mixed with certain other materials, praseodymium produces an intense and unusually clean yellow color in glass. Didymium glass, of which praseodymium is a component, is a colorant for welders goggles.",
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}
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]
},
{
tocHeading: "Sources",
description: "Sources (where the element come from) information for the given element",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "The element occurs along with other rare-earth elements in a variety of minerals. Monazite and bastnasite are the two principal commercial sources of the rare-earth metals. It was prepared in relatively pure form in 1931."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Production",
description: "Substance or material production for related element",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Ion-exchange and solvent extraction techniques have led to much easier isolation of the rare earths and the cost has dropped greatly in the past few years. Praseodymium can be prepared by several methods, such as by calcium reduction of the anhydrous chloride of fluoride."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Compounds",
description: "Related compounds information to this element",
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{
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name: "Compounds",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Praseodymium",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "See more information at the Praseodymium compound page."
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}
}
],
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+ ?; IT ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%; β+p=?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+ ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=96.4±1.2%; β+=3.6±1.2%",
markup: [
{
start: 15,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+ ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%; IT≈0%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "e+=51.3±1.8%; ε=48.7±1.8%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IS=100."
},
{
string: "β-≈100%; ε=0.0164±0.8%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT≈100%; β-=0.07%",
markup: [
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=64±1%; IT=36±1%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=0.02%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=0.2%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=0.3%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=0.7%[Estimated]",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=6%[Estimated]",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=10%[Estimated]",
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type: "Superscript"
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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},
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string: "β-=100%; β-n=30%[Estimated]",
markup: [
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type: "Superscript"
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}
]
}
],
reference: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "PubChem",
description: "Data deposited in or computed by PubChem",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
sourceName: "Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)",
sourceID: "e59",
name: "Pr",
description: "The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.",
url: "https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/",
anid: 6590286
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
sourceName: "Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)",
sourceID: "a59",
name: "Praseodymium",
description: "Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report) and CIAAW. The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/",
url: "http://www.ciaaw.org/praseodymium.htm",
licenseURL: "http://www.ciaaw.org/bylaws.htm",
anid: 2292440
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
sourceName: "Jefferson Lab, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "jlab59",
name: "Praseodymium",
description: "Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/",
url: "https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele059.html",
licenseNote: "Please see citation and linking information: https://education.jlab.org/faq/index.html",
licenseURL: "https://www.jlab.org/privacy-and-security-notice",
anid: 507121
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
sourceName: "Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "lanl59",
name: "Praseodymium",
description: "The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.",
url: "https://periodic.lanl.gov/59.shtml",
anid: 507239
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
sourceName: "NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory",
sourceID: "e59",
name: "Praseodymium",
description: "The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Elements/elInfo.pl?element=59",
licenseURL: "https://www.nist.gov/pml/database-disclaimer",
anid: 2292676
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
sourceName: "PubChem Elements",
sourceID: "59",
name: "Pr",
description: "The element property data was retrieved from publications.",
anid: 7660060
},
{
referenceNumber: 7,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "59",
name: "Praseodymium",
description: "This section provides all form of data related to element Praseodymium.",
anid: 694352
}
]
}
},
{
record: {
recordType: "AtomicNumber",
recordNumber: 60,
recordTitle: "Neodymium",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01022.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Neodymium"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Neodymium"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
description: "Element symbol, Also called atomic symbol, typically consists of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet derived from the element name in one of several languages.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Nd"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Nd"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "InChI=1S/Nd"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI Key",
description: "International Chemical Identifier hash (InChIKey) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI Key",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "QEFYFXOXNSNQGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "144.242(3)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "144.242"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "144.2"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "144.242(3)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "[Xe]6s24f4",
markup: [
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start: 6,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 9,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Electron Configuration",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[Xe]4f4 6s2",
markup: [
{
start: 6,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Radius",
description: "Atomic radius is the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell containing electrons.",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_radius",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
name: "Van der Waals Atomic Radius",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "229 pm (Van der Waals)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Empirical Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"J.C. Slater, J Chem Phys, 1964, 41(10), 3199-3205. DOI:10.1063/1.1725697"
],
value: {
number: [
185
],
unit: "pm (Empirical)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Covalent Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"B. Cordero, V. Gómez, A.E. Platero-Prats, M. Revés, J. Echeverría, E. Cremades, F. Barragán, S. Alvarez, Dalton Trans. 2008, 21, 2832-2838. DOI:10.1039/b801115j PMID:18478144."
],
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "201(6) pm (Covalent)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
description: "Oxidation state gives the degree of oxidation of an atom in terms of counting electrons.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/O/O04365.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "+3"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "+4, +3, +2 (a mildly basic oxide)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ground Level",
description: "Also called ground-state level. The ground state electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom with lower energy levels.",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/ASD/Html/iehelp.html#IEGROUNDLEV",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ground Level",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "5I4",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 2,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
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]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ionization Energy",
description: "Ionization energy is the minimum energy required to eject an electron out of a neutral atom or molecule in its ground state.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/I/I03199.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "5.525 eV"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ionization Energy",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "5.5250 eV"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electronegativity",
description: "The concept electronegativity was introduced by L. Pauling as the power of an atom to attract electrons to itself.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01990",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Pauling Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"A.L. Allred, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 1961, 17(3-4), 215-221. DOI:10.1016/0022-1902(61)80142-5"
],
value: {
number: [
1.14
],
unit: "(Pauling Scale)"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Spectra",
description: "Atomic and ionic spectral lines originate from specified electronic transitions between energy levels of atoms and ions, respectively.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00502.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/lines_hold.pl?el=Nd",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Lines Holdings"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/levels_hold.pl?el=Nd",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Levels Holdings"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Physical Description",
description: "Physical description, also know as physical characteristics, refers to physical appearance of element substances.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Solid"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Classification",
description: "Elements can be classified few groups according to each element's chemical properties.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Metal"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Period Number",
description: "The element period number refers to a horizontal row of the periodic table. The periodic table has 7 periods.",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/periodic-table-of-the-elements/The-periodic-table#ref80835",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "6"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Group Number",
description: "Element group refers to a set of chemical elements in the same vertical column of the periodic table",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/group-periodic-table",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "- Lanthanide"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Density",
description: "Density is a degree of consistency measured by the quantity of mass per unit volume",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/D/D01590.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "7.01 grams per cubic centimeter"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Melting Point",
description: "The melting point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from solid to liquid at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/melting-point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1294 K (1021°C or 1870°F)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1024°C"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Boiling Point",
description: "Boiling Point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from liquid to gas at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "3347 K (3074°C or 5565°F)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "3074°C"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Crustal Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in earth crust",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "4.15×101 milligrams per kilogram",
markup: [
{
start: 7,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Oceanic Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in ocean",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "2.8×10-6 milligrams per liter",
markup: [
{
start: 6,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "History",
description: "Element discovery and related information in history",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "History",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "The name derives from the Greek neos for \"new\" and didymos for \"twin\". It was discovered by the Swedish surgeon and chemist Carl Gustav Mosander in 1841, who called it didymium (or twin) because of its similarity to lanthanum, which he had previously discovered two years earlier. In 1885, the Austrian chemist Carl Auer (Baron von Welsbach) separated didymium into two elements, one of which he called neodymium (or new twin).",
markup: [
{
start: 32,
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string: "160Nd",
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{
string: "161Nd",
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{
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type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "162Nd",
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{
start: 0,
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{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Atomic Mass and Uncertainty [u]",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "123.952200 ± 0.00054 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "124.948900 ± 0.00043 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "125.943110 ± 0.00032 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "126.940380 ± 0.00032 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "127.935250 ± 0.00021 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "128.933102 ± 0.000217 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "128.933102 ± 0.000217 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "129.928506000 ± 0.00003"
},
{
string: "130.927248020 ± 0.000029541"
},
{
string: "131.923321237 ± 0.000025985"
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{
string: "132.922348000 ± 0.00005"
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{
string: "132.922348000 ± 0.00005"
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{
string: "132.922348000 ± 0.00005"
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{
string: "133.918790210 ± 0.000012686"
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{
string: "133.918790210 ± 0.000012686"
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{
string: "134.918181320 ± 0.000020534"
},
{
string: "134.918181320 ± 0.000020534"
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{
string: "135.914976064 ± 0.000012686"
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{
string: "136.914562448 ± 0.0000126"
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{
string: "136.914562448 ± 0.0000126"
},
{
string: "137.911949717 ± 0.000012454"
},
{
string: "137.911949717 ± 0.000012454"
},
{
string: "138.911954407 ± 0.00002963"
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{
string: "138.911954407 ± 0.00002963"
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{
string: "138.911954407 ± 0.00002963"
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{
string: "139.909544332 ± 0.0000037"
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{
string: "139.909544332 ± 0.0000037"
},
{
string: "139.909544332 ± 0.0000037"
},
{
string: "140.909615488 ± 0.000003505"
},
{
string: "140.909615488 ± 0.000003505"
},
{
string: "141.907728895 ± 0.000001468"
},
{
string: "141.907728895 ± 0.000001468"
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{
string: "142.909819887 ± 0.000001467"
},
{
string: "143.910092865 ± 0.000001467"
},
{
string: "144.912579199 ± 0.000001485"
},
{
string: "145.913122503 ± 0.000001488"
},
{
string: "146.916106010 ± 0.00000149"
},
{
string: "147.916899093 ± 0.000002283"
},
{
string: "148.920154648 ± 0.000002284"
},
{
string: "149.920901525 ± 0.000001384"
},
{
string: "150.923839565 ± 0.000001387"
},
{
string: "151.924691509 ± 0.000026285"
},
{
string: "152.927717949 ± 0.000002948"
},
{
string: "152.927717949 ± 0.000002948"
},
{
string: "153.929333977 ± 0.000056513"
},
{
string: "153.929333977 ± 0.000056513"
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{
string: "154.933135668 ± 0.000009826"
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{
string: "155.935078868 ± 0.000214744"
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{
string: "155.935078868 ± 0.000214744"
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{
string: "156.939386037 ± 0.00002675"
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{
string: "157.941970 ± 0.000215 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "158.946530 ± 0.000322 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "159.949400 ± 0.000322 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "160.954280 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "161.957541 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]"
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name: "Half Life and Uncertainty",
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string: "500 ms [Estimated]"
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string: "1 s ± >200ns [Estimated]"
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{
string: "1.8 s ± 0.4"
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{
string: "5 s [Estimated]"
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{
string: "6.8 s ± 0.6"
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{
string: "2.6 s ± 0.4"
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{
string: "21 s ± 3"
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{
string: "25.4 s ± 0.9"
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{
string: "1.56 m ± 0.10"
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{
string: "70 s ± 10"
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string: "~70 s"
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{
string: "301 ns ± 18"
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{
string: "8.5 m ± 1.5"
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{
string: "410 us ± 30"
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{
string: "12.4 m ± 0.6"
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{
string: "5.5 m ± 0.5"
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string: "50.7 m ± 0.3"
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string: "38.5 m ± 1.5"
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string: "1.60 s ± 0.15"
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string: "5.04 h ± 0.09"
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{
string: "370 ns ± 5"
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{
string: "29.7 m ± 0.5"
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string: "5.50 h ± 0.20"
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string: "276.8 ns ± 1.8"
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{
string: "3.37 d ± 0.02"
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{
string: "600 us ± 50"
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{
string: "1.22 us ± 0.06"
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{
string: "2.49 h ± 0.03"
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{
string: "62.0 s ± 0.8"
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{
string: "Stable"
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{
string: "16.5 us"
},
{
string: "Stable"
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{
string: "2.29 Py ± 0.16"
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{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "10.98 d ± 0.01"
},
{
string: "Stable ± >3.0Ey"
},
{
string: "1.728 h ± 0.001"
},
{
string: "8.2 Ey ± 0.9"
},
{
string: "12.44 m ± 0.07"
},
{
string: "11.4 m ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "31.6 s ± 1.0"
},
{
string: "1.10 us ± 0.04"
},
{
string: "25.9 s ± 0.2"
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{
string: "3.2 us ± 0.3"
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{
string: "8.9 s ± 0.2"
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{
string: "5.06 s ± 0.13"
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{
string: "365 ns ± 145"
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{
string: "1.15 s ± 0.03"
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{
string: "810 ms ± 30"
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{
string: "500 ms ± 30"
},
{
string: "439 ms ± 37"
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{
string: "215 ms ± 76"
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{
string: "310 ms ± 200"
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{
string: "1937"
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{
string: "1938"
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{
string: "1937"
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{
string: "1938"
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{
string: "1969"
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{
string: "1987"
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{
string: "1996"
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{
string: "1970"
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{
string: "1970"
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{
string: "1986"
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{
string: "1987"
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{
string: "1998"
},
{
string: "1992"
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{
string: "1992"
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{
string: "2012"
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{
string: "1985"
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{
string: "2012"
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{
string: "2012"
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}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Decay Modes, Intensities and Uncertainties [%]",
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stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "β+ ?; β+p ?",
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
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string: "β+=100%; β+p>0%",
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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string: "β+ ?; β+p ?",
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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type: "Superscript"
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string: "β+ ?",
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string: "β+=100%; β+p=?",
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string: "β+=100%",
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string: "β+=100%; β+p=?",
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string: "β+=100%",
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string: "β+≈100%; IT=?",
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string: "IT=100%"
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string: "IT=100%"
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string: "β+>99.97%; IT<0.03%",
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string: "β+=100%",
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{
string: "β+=100%",
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{
string: "IT=100%"
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string: "β+=100%",
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{
string: "IT=100%"
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string: "β+=100%",
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string: "β+=88.2±0.4%; IT=11.8±0.4%",
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "IT ?"
},
{
string: "ε=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
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{
string: "β+=100%",
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{
string: "IT≈100%; β+=0.032±0.8%",
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "IS=27.152±4%"
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{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IS=12.174±2.6%"
},
{
string: "IS=23.798±1.9%; α=100%"
},
{
string: "IS=8.293±1.2%"
},
{
string: "IS=17.189±3.2%; 2β- ?; α ?",
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start: 18,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "IS=5.756±2.1%; 2β- ?; α ?",
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start: 17,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IS=5.638±2.8%; 2β-=100%",
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start: 17,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "β-=100%",
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type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "β-=100%",
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string: "β-=100%",
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string: "IT=100%"
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string: "β-=100%",
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{
string: "IT=100%"
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string: "β-=100%",
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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string: "β-=100%",
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string: "IT=100%"
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string: "β-=100%",
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "β-=100%",
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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string: "β-=100%; β-n=0.02%[Estimated]",
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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string: "β-=100%; β-n=0.08%[Estimated]",
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],
reference: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "PubChem",
description: "Data deposited in or computed by PubChem",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
sourceName: "Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)",
sourceID: "e60",
name: "Nd",
description: "The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.",
url: "https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/",
anid: 6590287
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
sourceName: "Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)",
sourceID: "a60",
name: "Neodymium",
description: "Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report) and CIAAW. The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/",
url: "http://www.ciaaw.org/neodymium.htm",
licenseURL: "http://www.ciaaw.org/bylaws.htm",
anid: 2292441
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
sourceName: "Jefferson Lab, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "jlab60",
name: "Neodymium",
description: "Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/",
url: "https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele060.html",
licenseNote: "Please see citation and linking information: https://education.jlab.org/faq/index.html",
licenseURL: "https://www.jlab.org/privacy-and-security-notice",
anid: 507122
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
sourceName: "Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "lanl60",
name: "Neodymium",
description: "The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.",
url: "https://periodic.lanl.gov/60.shtml",
anid: 507240
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
sourceName: "NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory",
sourceID: "e60",
name: "Neodymium",
description: "The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Elements/elInfo.pl?element=60",
licenseURL: "https://www.nist.gov/pml/database-disclaimer",
anid: 2292677
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
sourceName: "PubChem Elements",
sourceID: "60",
name: "Nd",
description: "The element property data was retrieved from publications.",
anid: 7660061
},
{
referenceNumber: 7,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "60",
name: "Neodymium",
description: "This section provides all form of data related to element Neodymium.",
anid: 694353
}
]
}
},
{
record: {
recordType: "AtomicNumber",
recordNumber: 61,
recordTitle: "Promethium",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01022.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Promethium"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Promethium"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
description: "Element symbol, Also called atomic symbol, typically consists of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet derived from the element name in one of several languages.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Pm"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Pm"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "InChI=1S/Pm"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI Key",
description: "International Chemical Identifier hash (InChIKey) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI Key",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "VQMWBBYLQSCNPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
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tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
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tocHeading: "Atomic Radius",
description: "Atomic radius is the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell containing electrons.",
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tocHeading: "Ground Level",
description: "Also called ground-state level. The ground state electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom with lower energy levels.",
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tocHeading: "Ionization Energy",
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tocHeading: "Atomic Spectra",
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url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00502.html",
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tocHeading: "Density",
description: "Density is a degree of consistency measured by the quantity of mass per unit volume",
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tocHeading: "Melting Point",
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string: "Named after the Greek Prometheus, who, according to mythology, stole fire from heaven. In 1902 Branner predicted the existence of an element between neodymium and samarium, and this was confirmed by Moseley in 1914. In 1941, workers at Ohio State University irradiated neodymium and praseodymium with neutrons, deuterons, and alpha particles, and produced several new radioactivities, which most likely were those of element 61. Wu and Segre, and Bethe, in 1942, confirmed the formation; however, chemical proof of the production of element 61 was lacking because of the difficulty in separating the rare earths from each other at that time. In 1945, Marinsky, Glendenin, and Coryell made the first chemical identification by use of ion-exchange chromatography. Their work was done by fission of uranium and by neutron bombardment of neodymium."
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string: "151Pm",
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type: "Superscript"
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string: "152Pm",
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string: "152Pmm",
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{
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{
referenceNumber: 2,
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{
string: "125.957756 ± 0.000537 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "126.951920 ± 0.00043 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "127.948700 ± 0.00032 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "128.943230 ± 0.00032 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "129.940530 ± 0.00021 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "130.935952 ± 0.000215 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "131.933840 ± 0.00016 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "132.929782000 ± 0.000054"
},
{
string: "132.929782000 ± 0.000054"
},
{
string: "133.928353000 ± 0.000062"
},
{
string: "133.928353000 ± 0.000062"
},
{
string: "133.928353000 ± 0.000062"
},
{
string: "134.924796000 ± 0.000081"
},
{
string: "134.924796000 ± 0.000081"
},
{
string: "135.923595949 ± 0.000074152"
},
{
string: "135.923595949 ± 0.000074152"
},
{
string: "135.923595949 ± 0.000074152"
},
{
string: "136.920479522 ± 0.000014"
},
{
string: "136.920479522 ± 0.000014"
},
{
string: "137.919548077 ± 0.000029778"
},
{
string: "137.919548077 ± 0.000029778"
},
{
string: "137.919548077 ± 0.000029778"
},
{
string: "138.916799806 ± 0.000014592"
},
{
string: "138.916799806 ± 0.000014592"
},
{
string: "139.916034122 ± 0.000026029"
},
{
string: "139.916034122 ± 0.000026029"
},
{
string: "140.913555084 ± 0.000015"
},
{
string: "140.913555084 ± 0.000015"
},
{
string: "140.913555084 ± 0.000015"
},
{
string: "141.912890428 ± 0.000025332"
},
{
string: "141.912890428 ± 0.000025332"
},
{
string: "141.912890428 ± 0.000025332"
},
{
string: "142.910938073 ± 0.000003216"
},
{
string: "143.912596224 ± 0.000003181"
},
{
string: "143.912596224 ± 0.000003181"
},
{
string: "143.912596224 ± 0.000003181"
},
{
string: "144.912755773 ± 0.000003068"
},
{
string: "145.914702286 ± 0.000004624"
},
{
string: "146.915144638 ± 0.000001501"
},
{
string: "147.917481255 ± 0.000006143"
},
{
string: "147.917481255 ± 0.000006143"
},
{
string: "148.918341658 ± 0.000002434"
},
{
string: "148.918341658 ± 0.000002434"
},
{
string: "149.920990217 ± 0.000021514"
},
{
string: "150.921216817 ± 0.000004994"
},
{
string: "151.923505481 ± 0.000027817"
},
{
string: "151.923505481 ± 0.000027817"
},
{
string: "151.923505481 ± 0.000027817"
},
{
string: "152.924156436 ± 0.000009732"
},
{
string: "153.926449364 ± 0.000049733"
},
{
string: "153.926449364 ± 0.000049733"
},
{
string: "154.928137024 ± 0.000005065"
},
{
string: "155.931117490 ± 0.000003897"
},
{
string: "155.931117490 ± 0.000003897"
},
{
string: "156.933121370 ± 0.000007521"
},
{
string: "157.936565121 ± 0.000014442"
},
{
string: "157.936565121 ± 0.000014442"
},
{
string: "158.939286479 ± 0.000010777"
},
{
string: "158.939286479 ± 0.000010777"
},
{
string: "159.943100 ± 0.000215 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "160.946070 ± 0.00032 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "160.946070 ± 0.00032 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "161.950220 ± 0.000322 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "162.953570 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "163.958271 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Half Life and Uncertainty",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "500 ms [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "1 s [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "1.0 s ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "2.4 s ± 0.9"
},
{
string: "2.6 s ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "6.3 s ± 0.8"
},
{
string: "6.2 s ± 0.6"
},
{
string: "13.5 s ± 2.1"
},
{
string: "8 s [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "22 s ± 1"
},
{
string: "~5 s"
},
{
string: "20 us ± 1"
},
{
string: "49 s ± 3"
},
{
string: "40 s ± 3"
},
{
string: "107 s ± 6"
},
{
string: "300 s ± 50"
},
{
string: "1.5 us ± 0.1"
},
{
string: "2 m [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "2.4 m ± 0.1"
},
{
string: "10 s ± 2"
},
{
string: "3.24 m ± 0.05"
},
{
string: "3.24 m ± 0.05"
},
{
string: "4.15 m ± 0.05"
},
{
string: "180 ms ± 20"
},
{
string: "9.2 s ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "5.95 m ± 0.05"
},
{
string: "20.90 m ± 0.05"
},
{
string: "630 ns ± 20"
},
{
string: ">2 us"
},
{
string: "40.5 s ± 0.5"
},
{
string: "2.0 ms ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "67 us ± 5"
},
{
string: "265 d ± 7"
},
{
string: "363 d ± 14"
},
{
string: "780 ns ± 200"
},
{
string: "~2.7 us"
},
{
string: "17.7 y ± 0.4"
},
{
string: "5.53 y ± 0.05"
},
{
string: "2.623 y ± 0.0002"
},
{
string: "5.368 d ± 0.007"
},
{
string: "41.29 d ± 0.11"
},
{
string: "53.08 h ± 0.05"
},
{
string: "35 us ± 3"
},
{
string: "2.698 h ± 0.015"
},
{
string: "28.40 h ± 0.04"
},
{
string: "4.12 m ± 0.08"
},
{
string: "7.52 m ± 0.08"
},
{
string: "13.8 m ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "5.25 m ± 0.02"
},
{
string: "2.68 m ± 0.07"
},
{
string: "1.73 m ± 0.10"
},
{
string: "41.5 s ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "27.2 s ± 0.50"
},
{
string: "5.6 s ± 0.6"
},
{
string: "10.56 s ± 0.10"
},
{
string: "4.8 s ± 0.5"
},
{
string: ">16 us"
},
{
string: "1.49 s ± 0.13"
},
{
string: "4.42 us ± 0.17"
},
{
string: "725 ms ± 57"
},
{
string: "1.05 s ± 0.15"
},
{
string: "0.89 us ± 0.09"
},
{
string: "630 ms ± 180"
},
{
string: "430 ms ± 350"
},
{
string: "200 ms [Estimated]"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Discovery Year",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: ""
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: "1999"
},
{
string: "2004"
},
{
string: "1985"
},
{
string: "1998"
},
{
string: "1977"
},
{
string: "1977"
},
{
string: "1996"
},
{
string: "1977"
},
{
string: "1988"
},
{
string: "2009"
},
{
string: "1975"
},
{
string: "1989"
},
{
string: "1982"
},
{
string: "1988"
},
{
string: "1987"
},
{
string: "1975"
},
{
string: "1973"
},
{
string: "1981"
},
{
string: "1973"
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: "1967"
},
{
string: "1975"
},
{
string: "1966"
},
{
string: "1966"
},
{
string: "1952"
},
{
string: "1970"
},
{
string: "1985"
},
{
string: "1959"
},
{
string: "1971"
},
{
string: "1974"
},
{
string: "1952"
},
{
string: "1952"
},
{
string: "1993"
},
{
string: "1994"
},
{
string: "1951"
},
{
string: "1960"
},
{
string: "1947"
},
{
string: "1947"
},
{
string: "1951"
},
{
string: "1947"
},
{
string: "1966"
},
{
string: "1952"
},
{
string: "1952"
},
{
string: "1958"
},
{
string: "1971"
},
{
string: "1971"
},
{
string: "1962"
},
{
string: "1958"
},
{
string: "1958"
},
{
string: "1982"
},
{
string: "1986"
},
{
string: "2007"
},
{
string: "1987"
},
{
string: "1987"
},
{
string: "2015"
},
{
string: "1998"
},
{
string: "2015"
},
{
string: "2012"
},
{
string: "2012"
},
{
string: "2015"
},
{
string: "2012"
},
{
string: "2012"
},
{
string: ""
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Decay Modes, Intensities and Uncertainties [%]",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "β+ ?; β+p ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 7,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+ ?; p ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+≈100%; β+p ?; p=0%",
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{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%; β+p ?; p ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
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{
string: "β+=100%; β+p=?",
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{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
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{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%; β+p≈5e-5%",
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{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+ ?; IT ?",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
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{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+ ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT≈100%; β+=0.16%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "e+=77.1±2.7%; ε=22.9±2.7%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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},
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string: "IT=100%"
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{
string: "IT=100%"
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string: "ε=100%; e+<5.7e-6%",
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start: 9,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "ε=100%; e+<8e-5%",
markup: [
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start: 9,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "ε=100%; α=2.8e-7%"
},
{
string: "ε=66.0±1.3%; β-=34.0±1.3%",
markup: [
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start: 14,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=95.8±0.6%; IT=4.2±0.6%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-≈100%; IT=?",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT≈98%; β-=2%[Estimated]",
markup: [
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start: 9,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
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},
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string: "IT=100%"
},
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string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
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},
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string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=0.03%[Estimated]",
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type: "Superscript"
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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string: "β-=100%; β-n=0.4%[Estimated]",
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string: "IT=100%"
},
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string: "β-=100%; β-n=0.8%[Estimated]",
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type: "Superscript"
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length: 1,
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string: "β- ?; β-n ?",
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],
reference: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "PubChem",
description: "Data deposited in or computed by PubChem",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
sourceName: "Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)",
sourceID: "e61",
name: "Pm",
description: "The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.",
url: "https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/",
anid: 6590288
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
sourceName: "Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)",
sourceID: "a61",
name: "Promethium",
description: "Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report) and CIAAW. The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/",
url: "http://www.ciaaw.org/",
licenseURL: "http://www.ciaaw.org/bylaws.htm",
anid: 2292442
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
sourceName: "Jefferson Lab, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "jlab61",
name: "Promethium",
description: "Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/",
url: "https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele061.html",
licenseNote: "Please see citation and linking information: https://education.jlab.org/faq/index.html",
licenseURL: "https://www.jlab.org/privacy-and-security-notice",
anid: 507123
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{
referenceNumber: 5,
sourceName: "Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "lanl61",
name: "Promethium",
description: "The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.",
url: "https://periodic.lanl.gov/61.shtml",
anid: 507241
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
sourceName: "NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory",
sourceID: "e61",
name: "Promethium",
description: "The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Elements/elInfo.pl?element=61",
licenseURL: "https://www.nist.gov/pml/database-disclaimer",
anid: 2292678
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
sourceName: "PubChem Elements",
sourceID: "61",
name: "Pm",
description: "The element property data was retrieved from publications.",
anid: 7660062
},
{
referenceNumber: 7,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "61",
name: "Promethium",
description: "This section provides all form of data related to element Promethium.",
anid: 694354
}
]
}
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{
record: {
recordType: "AtomicNumber",
recordNumber: 62,
recordTitle: "Samarium",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01022.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Samarium"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Samarium"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
description: "Element symbol, Also called atomic symbol, typically consists of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet derived from the element name in one of several languages.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Sm"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Sm"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "InChI=1S/Sm"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI Key",
description: "International Chemical Identifier hash (InChIKey) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI Key",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "KZUNJOHGWZRPMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "150.36(2)"
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]
}
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value: {
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{
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},
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name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "150.36(2)"
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]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
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string: "[Xe]6s24f6 ",
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type: "Superscript"
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}
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referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Electron Configuration",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "[Xe]4f6 6s2",
markup: [
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start: 6,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Radius",
description: "Atomic radius is the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell containing electrons.",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_radius",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
name: "Van der Waals Atomic Radius",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "229 pm (Van der Waals)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Empirical Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"J.C. Slater, J Chem Phys, 1964, 41(10), 3199-3205. DOI:10.1063/1.1725697"
],
value: {
number: [
185
],
unit: "pm (Empirical)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Covalent Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"B. Cordero, V. Gómez, A.E. Platero-Prats, M. Revés, J. Echeverría, E. Cremades, F. Barragán, S. Alvarez, Dalton Trans. 2008, 21, 2832-2838. DOI:10.1039/b801115j PMID:18478144."
],
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "198(8) pm (Covalent)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
description: "Oxidation state gives the degree of oxidation of an atom in terms of counting electrons.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/O/O04365.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "+3, +2"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "4, 3, 2, 1 (a mildly basic oxide)"
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]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ground Level",
description: "Also called ground-state level. The ground state electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom with lower energy levels.",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/ASD/Html/iehelp.html#IEGROUNDLEV",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ground Level",
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]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ionization Energy",
description: "Ionization energy is the minimum energy required to eject an electron out of a neutral atom or molecule in its ground state.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/I/I03199.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "5.644 eV"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ionization Energy",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "5.64371 eV"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electronegativity",
description: "The concept electronegativity was introduced by L. Pauling as the power of an atom to attract electrons to itself.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01990",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Pauling Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"A.L. Allred, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 1961, 17(3-4), 215-221. DOI:10.1016/0022-1902(61)80142-5"
],
value: {
number: [
1.17
],
unit: "(Pauling Scale)"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Spectra",
description: "Atomic and ionic spectral lines originate from specified electronic transitions between energy levels of atoms and ions, respectively.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00502.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/lines_hold.pl?el=Sm",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Lines Holdings"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/levels_hold.pl?el=Sm",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Levels Holdings"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Physical Description",
description: "Physical description, also know as physical characteristics, refers to physical appearance of element substances.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Solid"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Classification",
description: "Elements can be classified few groups according to each element's chemical properties.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Metal"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Period Number",
description: "The element period number refers to a horizontal row of the periodic table. The periodic table has 7 periods.",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/periodic-table-of-the-elements/The-periodic-table#ref80835",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "6"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Group Number",
description: "Element group refers to a set of chemical elements in the same vertical column of the periodic table",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/group-periodic-table",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "- Lanthanide"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Density",
description: "Density is a degree of consistency measured by the quantity of mass per unit volume",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/D/D01590.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "7.52 grams per cubic centimeter"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Melting Point",
description: "The melting point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from solid to liquid at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/melting-point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1347 K (1074°C or 1965°F)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1072°C"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Boiling Point",
description: "Boiling Point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from liquid to gas at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "2067 K (1794°C or 3261°F)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1900°C"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Crustal Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in earth crust",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "7.05 milligrams per kilogram"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Oceanic Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in ocean",
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{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "4.5×10-7 milligrams per liter",
markup: [
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start: 6,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
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}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "History",
description: "Element discovery and related information in history",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "History",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "The name derives from the mineral samarskite, in which it was found and that had been named for Colonel Samarski, a Russian mine official. Samarium was originally discovered in 1878 by the Swiss chemist Marc Delafontaine, who called it decipium. It was also discovered by the French chemist Paul-Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1879. In 1881, Delafontaine determined that his decipium could be resolved into two elements, one of which was identical to Boisbaudran's samarium. In 1901, the French chemist Eugène-Anatole Demarçay showed that this samarium earth also contained europium."
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Samarium was observed spectroscopically by Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac, a Swiss chemist, in a material known as dydimia in 1853. Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran, a French chemist, was the first to isolate samarium from the mineral samarskite ((Y, Ce, U, Fe)3(Nb, Ta, Ti)5O16) in 1879. Today, samarium is primarily obtained through an ion exchange process from monazite sand ((Ce, La, Th, Nd, Y)PO4), a material rich in rare earth elements that can contain as much as 2.8% samarium.",
markup: [
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start: 264,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
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start: 277,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
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start: 279,
length: 2,
type: "Subscript"
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start: 403,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
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}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Discovered spectroscopically by its sharp absorption lines in 1879 by Lecoq de Boisbaudran in the mineral samarskite, named in honor of a Russian mine official, Col. Samarski."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Description",
description: "Description about this element",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Samarium has a bright silver luster and is reasonably stable in air. Three crystal modifications of the metal exist, with transformations at 734 and 922°C. The metal ignites in air at about 150°C. The sulfide has excellent high-temperature stability and good thermoelectric efficiencies up to 1100°C."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Uses",
description: "Uses information in industry and other fields",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Samarium is one of the rare earth elements used to make carbon arc lights which are used in the motion picture industry for studio lighting and projector lights. Samarium also makes up about 1% of Misch metal, a material that is used to make flints for lighters."
},
{
string: "Samarium forms a compound with cobalt (SmCo5) which is a powerful permanent magnet with the highest resistance to demagnetization of any material known. Samarium oxide (Sm2O3) is added to glass to absorb infrared radiation and acts as a catalyst for the dehydration and dehydrogenation of ethanol (C2H6O).",
markup: [
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start: 43,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
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start: 171,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
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start: 173,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
},
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start: 299,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
},
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start: 301,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
}
]
}
]
}
},
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referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "161Sm",
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{
string: "162Sm",
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{
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type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "163Sm",
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{
start: 0,
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type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "164Sm",
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{
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{
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string: "165Sm",
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{
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{
string: "166Sm",
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{
start: 0,
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}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Atomic Mass and Uncertainty [u]",
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stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "127.958486 ± 0.000537 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "128.954911 ± 0.000537 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "129.949000 ± 0.00043 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "130.946180 ± 0.00043 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "131.940870 ± 0.00032 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "132.938560 ± 0.00032 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "132.938560 ± 0.00032 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "133.934110 ± 0.00021 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "134.932520000 ± 0.000166"
},
{
string: "134.932520000 ± 0.000166"
},
{
string: "135.928275555 ± 0.000013416"
},
{
string: "135.928275555 ± 0.000013416"
},
{
string: "136.926970517 ± 0.000045512"
},
{
string: "136.926970517 ± 0.000045512"
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{
string: "137.923243990 ± 0.000012686"
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{
string: "138.922296634 ± 0.000011684"
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{
string: "138.922296634 ± 0.000011684"
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{
string: "139.918994717 ± 0.000013416"
},
{
string: "140.918481591 ± 0.000009167"
},
{
string: "140.918481591 ± 0.000009167"
},
{
string: "141.915204532 ± 0.000003305"
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{
string: "141.915204532 ± 0.000003305"
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{
string: "141.915204532 ± 0.000003305"
},
{
string: "142.914634821 ± 0.00000301"
},
{
string: "142.914634821 ± 0.00000301"
},
{
string: "142.914634821 ± 0.00000301"
},
{
string: "143.912006373 ± 0.000001668"
},
{
string: "143.912006373 ± 0.000001668"
},
{
string: "144.913417244 ± 0.000001694"
},
{
string: "144.913417244 ± 0.000001694"
},
{
string: "145.913046881 ± 0.000003319"
},
{
string: "146.914904064 ± 0.000001473"
},
{
string: "147.914829012 ± 0.000001467"
},
{
string: "148.917191375 ± 0.000001407"
},
{
string: "149.917282195 ± 0.000001368"
},
{
string: "150.919939066 ± 0.000001367"
},
{
string: "150.919939066 ± 0.000001367"
},
{
string: "151.919739040 ± 0.000001301"
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{
string: "152.922103969 ± 0.000001309"
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{
string: "152.922103969 ± 0.000001309"
},
{
string: "153.922216164 ± 0.000001569"
},
{
string: "154.924647051 ± 0.000001595"
},
{
string: "154.924647051 ± 0.000001595"
},
{
string: "154.924647051 ± 0.000001595"
},
{
string: "155.925538511 ± 0.000009174"
},
{
string: "155.925538511 ± 0.000009174"
},
{
string: "156.928418673 ± 0.000004759"
},
{
string: "157.929950979 ± 0.000005251"
},
{
string: "157.929950979 ± 0.000005251"
},
{
string: "158.933217202 ± 0.000006369"
},
{
string: "158.933217202 ± 0.000006369"
},
{
string: "159.935335286 ± 0.00000637"
},
{
string: "159.935335286 ± 0.00000637"
},
{
string: "159.935335286 ± 0.00000637"
},
{
string: "160.939160143 ± 0.000007318"
},
{
string: "161.941460 ± 0.00021 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "162.945550 ± 0.00032 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "163.948360 ± 0.00032 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "163.948360 ± 0.00032 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "164.952970 ± 0.00043 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "165.956275 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]"
}
]
}
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{
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name: "Half Life and Uncertainty",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "500 ms [Estimated]"
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{
string: "550 ms ± 100"
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{
string: "1 s [Estimated]"
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{
string: "1.2 s ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "4.0 s ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "2.89 s ± 0.16"
},
{
string: "3.5 s ± 0.4"
},
{
string: "9.5 s ± 0.8"
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{
string: "10.3 s ± 0.5"
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{
string: "2.4 s ± 0.9"
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{
string: "47 s ± 2"
},
{
string: "15 us ± 1"
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{
string: "45 s ± 1"
},
{
string: "20 s [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "3.1 m ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "2.57 m ± 0.10"
},
{
string: "10.7 s ± 0.6"
},
{
string: "14.82 m ± 0.12"
},
{
string: "10.2 m ± 0.2"
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{
string: "22.6 m ± 0.2"
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{
string: "72.49 m ± 0.05"
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{
string: "170 ns ± 2"
},
{
string: "480 ns ± 60"
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{
string: "8.75 m ± 0.06"
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{
string: "66 s ± 2"
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{
string: "30 ms ± 3"
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{
string: "Stable"
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{
string: "880 ns ± 25"
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{
string: "340 d ± 3"
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{
string: "990 ns ± 170"
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{
string: "68 My ± 7"
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{
string: "106.6 Gy ± 0.7"
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{
string: "6.3 Py ± 1.3"
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{
string: "Stable ± >2Py"
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{
string: "Stable"
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{
string: "90 y ± 8"
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{
string: "1.4 us ± 0.1"
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{
string: "Stable"
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{
string: "46.284 h ± 0.004"
},
{
string: "10.6 ms ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "Stable ± >2.3Ey"
},
{
string: "22.3 m ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "2.8 us ± 0.5"
},
{
string: "1.00 us ± 0.08"
},
{
string: "9.4 h ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "185 ns ± 7"
},
{
string: "8.03 m ± 0.07"
},
{
string: "5.30 m ± 0.03"
},
{
string: "115 ns ± 18"
},
{
string: "11.37 s ± 0.15"
},
{
string: "116 ns ± 8"
},
{
string: "9.6 s ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "120 ns ± 46"
},
{
string: "1.8 us ± 0.4"
},
{
string: "4.8 s ± 0.4"
},
{
string: "2.7 s ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "1.3 s ± 0.5"
},
{
string: "1.43 s ± 0.24"
},
{
string: "600 ns ± 140"
},
{
string: "980 ms ± 210"
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{
string: "800 ms ± 630"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Discovery Year",
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stringWithMarkup: [
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string: ""
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string: "1999"
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string: "1986"
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{
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{
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{
string: "1947"
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{
string: "1973"
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{
string: "1933"
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{
string: "1938"
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{
string: "1971"
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{
string: "1933"
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{
string: "1951"
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{
string: "2010"
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{
string: "2010"
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{
string: "1951"
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{
string: "1974"
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{
string: "1973"
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{
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{
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{
string: "1986"
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{
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{
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{
string: "2009"
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{
string: "2016"
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{
string: "1998"
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{
string: "2005"
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{
string: "2012"
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{
string: "2012"
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{
string: "2014"
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{
string: "2012"
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{
string: "2016"
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]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Decay Modes, Intensities and Uncertainties [%]",
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stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "β+ ?; β+p ?",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
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{
string: "β+=100%; β+p=?",
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "β+ ?",
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β+=100%; β+p=?",
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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string: "β+=100%; β+p ?",
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
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{
string: "β+=100%; β+p=?",
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "β+ ?; IT ?; β+p ?",
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 13,
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type: "Superscript"
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]
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string: "β+=100%",
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string: "β+=100%; β+p=0.02±0.1%",
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "β+=100%",
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type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "β+=100%",
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{
string: "IT=100%"
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string: "β+=100%",
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type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "β+ ?",
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{
string: "β+=100%",
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{
string: "β+=100%",
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "IT=93.7±0.5%; β+=6.3±0.5%",
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start: 15,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
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{
string: "β+=100%",
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{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
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{
string: "β+≈100%; IT=0.31±0.3%",
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{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
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{
string: "β+=100%",
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "IT=100%"
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{
string: "IT=100%"
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{
string: "β+=100%",
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "IT≈100%; β+=0.24±0.5%",
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IS=3.07±0.7%; 2β+ ?",
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{
start: 16,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "ε=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "α=100%"
},
{
string: "IS=14.99±1.8%; α=100%"
},
{
string: "IS=11.24±1%; α=100%"
},
{
string: "IS=13.82±0.7%; α ?"
},
{
string: "IS=7.38±0.1%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IS=26.75±1.6%"
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{
string: "β-=100%",
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{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
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{
string: "IS=22.75±2.9%; 2β- ?",
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start: 17,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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string: "β-=100%",
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string: "IT=100%"
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string: "IT=100%"
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{
string: "β-=100%",
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string: "IT=100%"
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string: "β-=100%",
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "β-=100%",
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "IT=100%"
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string: "β-=100%",
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length: 1,
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string: "IT=100%"
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string: "β-=100%",
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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string: "IT=100%"
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{
string: "IT=100%"
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{
string: "β-=100%",
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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string: "β-=100%",
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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string: "β-=100%",
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=0%[Estimated]",
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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string: "IT=100%"
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{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=0.02%[Estimated]",
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type: "Superscript"
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],
reference: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "PubChem",
description: "Data deposited in or computed by PubChem",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
sourceName: "Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)",
sourceID: "e62",
name: "Sm",
description: "The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.",
url: "https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/",
anid: 6590289
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
sourceName: "Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)",
sourceID: "a62",
name: "Samarium",
description: "Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report) and CIAAW. The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/",
url: "http://www.ciaaw.org/samarium.htm",
licenseURL: "http://www.ciaaw.org/bylaws.htm",
anid: 2292443
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
sourceName: "Jefferson Lab, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "jlab62",
name: "Samarium",
description: "Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/",
url: "https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele062.html",
licenseNote: "Please see citation and linking information: https://education.jlab.org/faq/index.html",
licenseURL: "https://www.jlab.org/privacy-and-security-notice",
anid: 507124
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
sourceName: "Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "lanl62",
name: "Samarium",
description: "The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.",
url: "https://periodic.lanl.gov/62.shtml",
anid: 507242
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
sourceName: "NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory",
sourceID: "e62",
name: "Samarium",
description: "The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Elements/elInfo.pl?element=62",
licenseURL: "https://www.nist.gov/pml/database-disclaimer",
anid: 2292679
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
sourceName: "PubChem Elements",
sourceID: "62",
name: "Sm",
description: "The element property data was retrieved from publications.",
anid: 7660063
},
{
referenceNumber: 7,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "62",
name: "Samarium",
description: "This section provides all form of data related to element Samarium.",
anid: 694355
}
]
}
},
{
record: {
recordType: "AtomicNumber",
recordNumber: 63,
recordTitle: "Europium",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01022.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Europium"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Europium"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
description: "Element symbol, Also called atomic symbol, typically consists of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet derived from the element name in one of several languages.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Eu"
}
]
}
},
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tocHeading: "Properties",
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tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
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tocHeading: "Atomic Radius",
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185
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tocHeading: "Density",
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tocHeading: "Melting Point",
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string: "The name derives from the continent of Europe. It was separated from the mineral samaria in magnesium- samarium nitrate by the French chemist Eugène-Anatole Demarçay in 1896. It was also first isolated by Demarçay in 1901."
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string: "Europium has been identified spectroscopically in the sun and certain stars. Seventeen isotopes are now recognized. Europium isotopes are good neutron absorbers and are being studied for use in nuclear control applications."
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string: " 153Eu",
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type: "Superscript"
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{
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name: "Atomic Mass (uncertainty) [u]",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "150.919 857(9)"
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{
string: "152.921 237(9)"
}
]
}
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{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Abundance (uncertainty)",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "0.4781(6)"
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{
string: "0.5219(6)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Mass, Half Life, and Decay",
description: "This section provides the information from the Nubase2016. The number after the ± refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton. The '?' refers to 'not determined or qualified'. For further explainations, click read more below.",
url: "https://pubchemdocs.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nubase2016",
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columnsFromNamedLists: {
name: [
"Nuclide",
"Atomic Mass and Uncertainty [u]",
"Half Life and Uncertainty",
"Discovery Year",
"Decay Modes, Intensities and Uncertainties [%]"
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useNamesAsColumnHeadings: true
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{
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name: "Atomic Mass and Uncertainty [u]",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "129.963840 ± 0.000537 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "130.957842 ± 0.00043 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "131.954696 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "132.949290 ± 0.00032 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "133.946400 ± 0.00032 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "134.941870 ± 0.00021 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "135.939620 ± 0.00021 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "135.939620 ± 0.00021 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "136.935430722 ± 0.0000047"
},
{
string: "137.933709000 ± 0.00003"
},
{
string: "138.929792310 ± 0.000014117"
},
{
string: "138.929792310 ± 0.000014117"
},
{
string: "139.928087637 ± 0.000055328"
},
{
string: "139.928087637 ± 0.000055328"
},
{
string: "139.928087637 ± 0.000055328"
},
{
string: "140.924931745 ± 0.000013568"
},
{
string: "140.924931745 ± 0.000013568"
},
{
string: "141.923441836 ± 0.000032375"
},
{
string: "141.923441836 ± 0.000032375"
},
{
string: "142.920298681 ± 0.000011793"
},
{
string: "142.920298681 ± 0.000011793"
},
{
string: "143.918819517 ± 0.000011582"
},
{
string: "143.918819517 ± 0.000011582"
},
{
string: "144.916272668 ± 0.000003334"
},
{
string: "144.916272668 ± 0.000003334"
},
{
string: "145.917210909 ± 0.000006468"
},
{
string: "145.917210909 ± 0.000006468"
},
{
string: "146.916752276 ± 0.000002823"
},
{
string: "146.916752276 ± 0.000002823"
},
{
string: "147.918089294 ± 0.000010748"
},
{
string: "147.918089294 ± 0.000010748"
},
{
string: "148.917937086 ± 0.000004241"
},
{
string: "148.917937086 ± 0.000004241"
},
{
string: "149.919707229 ± 0.000006712"
},
{
string: "149.919707229 ± 0.000006712"
},
{
string: "150.919856860 ± 0.000001422"
},
{
string: "150.919856860 ± 0.000001422"
},
{
string: "151.921751235 ± 0.000001423"
},
{
string: "151.921751235 ± 0.000001423"
},
{
string: "151.921751235 ± 0.000001423"
},
{
string: "151.921751235 ± 0.000001423"
},
{
string: "151.921751235 ± 0.000001423"
},
{
string: "151.921751235 ± 0.000001423"
},
{
string: "152.921237043 ± 0.000001428"
},
{
string: "152.921237043 ± 0.000001428"
},
{
string: "153.922985955 ± 0.000001444"
},
{
string: "153.922985955 ± 0.000001444"
},
{
string: "153.922985955 ± 0.000001444"
},
{
string: "154.922900102 ± 0.000001504"
},
{
string: "155.924763285 ± 0.000003853"
},
{
string: "156.925432791 ± 0.000004572"
},
{
string: "157.927798581 ± 0.000011008"
},
{
string: "158.929099612 ± 0.000004643"
},
{
string: "159.931850916 ± 0.000010199"
},
{
string: "159.931850916 ± 0.000010199"
},
{
string: "160.933664066 ± 0.000011164"
},
{
string: "161.936979303 ± 0.000037819"
},
{
string: "161.936979303 ± 0.000037819"
},
{
string: "162.939360977 ± 0.000070364"
},
{
string: "163.942693 ± 0.000122 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "164.945546 ± 0.000148 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "165.949320 ± 0.000384 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "166.952753 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "167.957337 ± 0.000537 [Estimated]"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Half Life and Uncertainty",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1.0 ms ± 0.4"
},
{
string: "17.8 ms ± 1.9"
},
{
string: "100 ms [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "200 ms [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "500 ms ± 200"
},
{
string: "1.5 s ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "3.3 s ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "3.8 s ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "8.4 s ± 0.5"
},
{
string: "12.1 s ± 0.6"
},
{
string: "17.9 s ± 0.6"
},
{
string: "10 us ± 2"
},
{
string: "1.51 s ± 0.02"
},
{
string: "125 ms ± 2"
},
{
string: "299.8 ns ± 2.1"
},
{
string: "40.7 s ± 0.7"
},
{
string: "2.7 s ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "2.36 s ± 0.10"
},
{
string: "1.223 m ± 0.008"
},
{
string: "2.59 m ± 0.02"
},
{
string: "50.0 us ± 0.5"
},
{
string: "10.2 s ± 0.1"
},
{
string: "1.0 us ± 0.1"
},
{
string: "5.93 d ± 0.04"
},
{
string: "490 ns ± 30"
},
{
string: "4.61 d ± 0.03"
},
{
string: "235 us ± 3"
},
{
string: "24.1 d ± 0.6"
},
{
string: "765 ns ± 15"
},
{
string: "54.5 d ± 0.5"
},
{
string: "162 ns ± 8"
},
{
string: "93.1 d ± 0.4"
},
{
string: "2.45 us ± 0.05"
},
{
string: "36.9 y ± 0.9"
},
{
string: "12.8 h ± 0.1"
},
{
string: "4.6 Ey ± 1.2"
},
{
string: "58.9 us ± 0.5"
},
{
string: "13.517 y ± 0.009"
},
{
string: "9.311 h ± 0.0013"
},
{
string: "940 ns ± 80"
},
{
string: "165 ns ± 10"
},
{
string: "384 ns ± 10"
},
{
string: "95.8 m ± 0.4"
},
{
string: "Stable ± >550Py"
},
{
string: "475 ns ± 10"
},
{
string: "8.601 y ± 0.010"
},
{
string: "2.2 us ± 0.1"
},
{
string: "46.3 m ± 0.4"
},
{
string: "4.741 y ± 0.009"
},
{
string: "15.19 d ± 0.08"
},
{
string: "15.18 h ± 0.03"
},
{
string: "45.9 m ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "18.1 m ± 0.1"
},
{
string: "42.4 s ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "29.9 s ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "26.2 s ± 2.3"
},
{
string: "~11 s"
},
{
string: "7.5 s ± 0.6"
},
{
string: "7.7 s ± 0.4"
},
{
string: "4.15 s ± 0.19"
},
{
string: "2.53 s ± 0.25"
},
{
string: "1.24 s ± 0.12"
},
{
string: "1.33 s ± 0.51"
},
{
string: "200 ms ± 100"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Discovery Year",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "2004"
},
{
string: "1998"
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: "1989"
},
{
string: "1989"
},
{
string: "1987"
},
{
string: "1987"
},
{
string: "1982"
},
{
string: "1982"
},
{
string: "1975"
},
{
string: "2011"
},
{
string: "1982"
},
{
string: "1988"
},
{
string: "2002"
},
{
string: "1977"
},
{
string: "1973"
},
{
string: "1966"
},
{
string: "1966"
},
{
string: "1965"
},
{
string: "1978"
},
{
string: "1965"
},
{
string: "1976"
},
{
string: "1951"
},
{
string: "1975"
},
{
string: "1957"
},
{
string: "1962"
},
{
string: "1951"
},
{
string: "1970"
},
{
string: "1951"
},
{
string: "1980"
},
{
string: "1959"
},
{
string: "1961"
},
{
string: "1950"
},
{
string: "1953"
},
{
string: "1933"
},
{
string: "1958"
},
{
string: "1938"
},
{
string: "1958"
},
{
string: "1978"
},
{
string: "1978"
},
{
string: "1970"
},
{
string: "1963"
},
{
string: "1933"
},
{
string: "2000"
},
{
string: "1947"
},
{
string: "1964"
},
{
string: "1975"
},
{
string: "1947"
},
{
string: "1947"
},
{
string: "1951"
},
{
string: "1951"
},
{
string: "1961"
},
{
string: "1973"
},
{
string: "2016"
},
{
string: "1986"
},
{
string: "1987"
},
{
string: "2016"
},
{
string: "2007"
},
{
string: "2007"
},
{
string: "2007"
},
{
string: "2007"
},
{
string: "2012"
},
{
string: "2012"
}
]
}
},
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string: "β+=72.08±1.3%; β-=27.92±1.3%",
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],
reference: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "PubChem",
description: "Data deposited in or computed by PubChem",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
sourceName: "Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)",
sourceID: "e63",
name: "Eu",
description: "The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.",
url: "https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/",
anid: 6590290
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
sourceName: "Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)",
sourceID: "a63",
name: "Europium",
description: "Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report) and CIAAW. The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/",
url: "http://www.ciaaw.org/europium.htm",
licenseURL: "http://www.ciaaw.org/bylaws.htm",
anid: 2292444
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
sourceName: "Jefferson Lab, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "jlab63",
name: "Europium",
description: "Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/",
url: "https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele063.html",
licenseNote: "Please see citation and linking information: https://education.jlab.org/faq/index.html",
licenseURL: "https://www.jlab.org/privacy-and-security-notice",
anid: 507125
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
sourceName: "Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "lanl63",
name: "Europium",
description: "The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.",
url: "https://periodic.lanl.gov/63.shtml",
anid: 507243
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
sourceName: "NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory",
sourceID: "e63",
name: "Europium",
description: "The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Elements/elInfo.pl?element=63",
licenseURL: "https://www.nist.gov/pml/database-disclaimer",
anid: 2292680
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
sourceName: "PubChem Elements",
sourceID: "63",
name: "Eu",
description: "The element property data was retrieved from publications.",
anid: 7660064
},
{
referenceNumber: 7,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "63",
name: "Europium",
description: "This section provides all form of data related to element Europium.",
anid: 694356
}
]
}
},
{
record: {
recordType: "AtomicNumber",
recordNumber: 64,
recordTitle: "Gadolinium",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01022.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Gadolinium"
}
]
}
},
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referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Gadolinium"
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]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
description: "Element symbol, Also called atomic symbol, typically consists of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet derived from the element name in one of several languages.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Gd"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Gd"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "InChI=1S/Gd"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI Key",
description: "International Chemical Identifier hash (InChIKey) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI Key",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "UIWYJDYFSGRHKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "157.25(3)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "157.25"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "157.2"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "157.25(3)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "[Xe]6s24f75d1",
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type: "Superscript"
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start: 9,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 12,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Electron Configuration",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[Xe]4f7 5d6s2",
markup: [
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start: 6,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 12,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Radius",
description: "Atomic radius is the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell containing electrons.",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_radius",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
name: "Van der Waals Atomic Radius",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "237 pm (Van der Waals)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Empirical Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"J.C. Slater, J Chem Phys, 1964, 41(10), 3199-3205. DOI:10.1063/1.1725697"
],
value: {
number: [
180
],
unit: "pm (Empirical)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Covalent Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"B. Cordero, V. Gómez, A.E. Platero-Prats, M. Revés, J. Echeverría, E. Cremades, F. Barragán, S. Alvarez, Dalton Trans. 2008, 21, 2832-2838. DOI:10.1039/b801115j PMID:18478144."
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value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "196(6) pm (Covalent)"
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]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
description: "Oxidation state gives the degree of oxidation of an atom in terms of counting electrons.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/O/O04365.html",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "+3"
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]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1, 2, 3 (a mildly basic oxide)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ground Level",
description: "Also called ground-state level. The ground state electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom with lower energy levels.",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/ASD/Html/iehelp.html#IEGROUNDLEV",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ground Level",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "9D°2",
markup: [
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start: 0,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 3,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
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]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ionization Energy",
description: "Ionization energy is the minimum energy required to eject an electron out of a neutral atom or molecule in its ground state.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/I/I03199.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "6.150 eV"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ionization Energy",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "6.14980 eV"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electronegativity",
description: "The concept electronegativity was introduced by L. Pauling as the power of an atom to attract electrons to itself.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01990",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Pauling Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"A.L. Allred, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 1961, 17(3-4), 215-221. DOI:10.1016/0022-1902(61)80142-5"
],
value: {
number: [
1.2
],
unit: "(Pauling Scale)"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Spectra",
description: "Atomic and ionic spectral lines originate from specified electronic transitions between energy levels of atoms and ions, respectively.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00502.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/lines_hold.pl?el=Gd",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Lines Holdings"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/levels_hold.pl?el=Gd",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Levels Holdings"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Physical Description",
description: "Physical description, also know as physical characteristics, refers to physical appearance of element substances.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Solid"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Classification",
description: "Elements can be classified few groups according to each element's chemical properties.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Metal"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Period Number",
description: "The element period number refers to a horizontal row of the periodic table. The periodic table has 7 periods.",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/periodic-table-of-the-elements/The-periodic-table#ref80835",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "6"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Group Number",
description: "Element group refers to a set of chemical elements in the same vertical column of the periodic table",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/group-periodic-table",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "- Lanthanide"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Density",
description: "Density is a degree of consistency measured by the quantity of mass per unit volume",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/D/D01590.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "7.90 grams per cubic centimeter"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Melting Point",
description: "The melting point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from solid to liquid at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/melting-point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1586 K (1313°C or 2395°F)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1312°C"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Boiling Point",
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string: "132.961503 ± 0.000537 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "133.955660 ± 0.00043 [Estimated]"
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string: "134.952345 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "135.947300 ± 0.00032 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "136.945020 ± 0.00032 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "137.940096 ± 0.00021 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "137.940096 ± 0.00021 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "138.938130 ± 0.00021 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "138.938130 ± 0.00021 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "139.933674000 ± 0.00003"
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{
string: "140.932126000 ± 0.000021213"
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{
string: "140.932126000 ± 0.000021213"
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{
string: "141.928116000 ± 0.00003"
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{
string: "142.926750682 ± 0.000215032"
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string: "142.926750682 ± 0.000215032"
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string: "143.922963000 ± 0.00003"
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string: "144.921710370 ± 0.000021158"
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string: "144.921710370 ± 0.000021158"
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string: "146.919100987 ± 0.000002109"
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string: "147.918121503 ± 0.000001668"
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string: "148.919347831 ± 0.000003607"
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string: "149.918664066 ± 0.000006523"
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{
string: "150.920355109 ± 0.00000328"
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string: "151.919798822 ± 0.000001294"
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string: "152.921757359 ± 0.000001291"
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{
string: "152.921757359 ± 0.000001291"
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{
string: "152.921757359 ± 0.000001291"
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{
string: "153.920873398 ± 0.000001285"
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{
string: "154.922629796 ± 0.000001278"
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{
string: "154.922629796 ± 0.000001278"
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{
string: "155.922130562 ± 0.000001277"
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{
string: "155.922130562 ± 0.000001277"
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{
string: "156.923967870 ± 0.000001276"
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{
string: "156.923967870 ± 0.000001276"
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{
string: "156.923967870 ± 0.000001276"
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{
string: "157.924111646 ± 0.000001276"
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{
string: "158.926396267 ± 0.000001279"
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{
string: "159.927061537 ± 0.000001371"
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{
string: "160.929676602 ± 0.000001741"
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{
string: "161.930992146 ± 0.000004303"
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{
string: "162.934176832 ± 0.000009045"
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{
string: "162.934176832 ± 0.000009045"
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{
string: "163.935830 ± 0.00011 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "164.939395 ± 0.00013 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "165.941460 ± 0.00021 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "165.941460 ± 0.00021 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "166.945450 ± 0.00032 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "167.948080 ± 0.00043 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "168.952600 ± 0.00054 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "169.955577 ± 0.00064 [Estimated]"
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{
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string: "10 ms [Estimated]"
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string: "400 ms [Estimated]"
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{
string: "1.1 s ± 0.2"
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{
string: "1 s ± >200ns [Estimated]"
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{
string: "2.2 s ± 0.2"
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{
string: "4.7 s ± 0.9"
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{
string: "6.2 us ± 0.2"
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{
string: "5.7 s ± 0.3"
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{
string: "4.8 s ± 0.9"
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{
string: "15.8 s ± 0.4"
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{
string: "14 s ± 4"
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{
string: "24.5 s ± 0.5"
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{
string: "70.2 s ± 0.6"
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{
string: "39 s ± 2"
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{
string: "110.0 s ± 1.4"
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{
string: "4.47 m ± 0.06"
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{
string: "145 ns ± 30"
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{
string: "23.0 m ± 0.4"
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{
string: "85 s ± 3"
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string: "48.27 d ± 0.10"
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{
string: "38.06 h ± 0.12"
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{
string: "510 ns ± 20"
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{
string: "70.9 y ± 1.0"
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{
string: "9.28 d ± 0.10"
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{
string: "1.79 My ± 0.08"
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{
string: "123.9 d ± 1.0"
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{
string: "108 Ty ± 8"
},
{
string: "240.4 d ± 1.0"
},
{
string: "3.5 us ± 0.4"
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{
string: "76.0 us ± 1.4"
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{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "31.97 ms ± 0.27"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "1.3 us ± 0.1"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "460 ns ± 40"
},
{
string: "18.5 us ± 2.3"
},
{
string: "Stable"
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{
string: "18.479 h ± 0.004"
},
{
string: "Stable ± >31Ey"
},
{
string: "3.646 m ± 0.003"
},
{
string: "8.4 m ± 0.2"
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{
string: "68 s ± 3"
},
{
string: "23.5 s ± 1.0"
},
{
string: "45 s ± 3"
},
{
string: "11.0 s ± 0.9"
},
{
string: "5.1 s ± 0.8"
},
{
string: "950 ns ± 60"
},
{
string: "4.2 s ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "3.03 s ± 0.16"
},
{
string: "750 ms ± 210"
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{
string: "420 ms ± 130"
}
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string: "2000"
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{
string: "1999"
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{
string: "1985"
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{
string: "1997"
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{
string: "1983"
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{
string: "1983"
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{
string: "1985"
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{
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{
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{
string: "1986"
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{
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{
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{
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{
string: "2014"
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{
string: "2012"
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string: "1985"
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string: "2012"
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string: "2012"
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{
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "β+ ?; β+p ?",
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 7,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 1,
length: 1,
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start: 1,
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string: "β+=100%",
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{
string: "IT=100%"
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string: "β+=100%; β+p=?",
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start: 1,
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string: "β+=100%; β+p=?",
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string: "β+=100%",
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string: "β+=100%; β+p=0.03±0.1%",
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string: "β+=89±0.2%; IT=11±0.2%",
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string: "ε=52±0.5%; e+=48±0.5%",
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},
{
string: "β+=100%; β+p=?; β+α=?",
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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string: "β+=100%",
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string: "IT=100%"
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string: "β+=100%",
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string: "IT=94.3±0.5%; β+=5.7±0.5%",
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start: 15,
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string: "ε=100%"
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string: "IT=100%"
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{
string: "α=100%; 2β+ ?",
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length: 1,
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string: "β+=100%; α=4.3e-4±1%",
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "α=100%; 2β+ ?",
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{
string: "ε=100%; α=1.0e-6±0.6%"
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{
string: "IS=0.20±0.1%; α=100%; 2β+ ?",
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string: "ε=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
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{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IS=2.18±0.3%"
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{
string: "IS=14.80±1.2%"
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{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IS=20.47±0.9%"
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{
string: "IT=100%"
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{
string: "IS=15.65±0.2%"
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{
string: "IT=100%"
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{
string: "IT=100%"
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{
string: "IS=24.84±0.7%"
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string: "β-=100%",
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},
{
string: "IS=21.86±1.9%; 2β- ?",
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start: 17,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "β-=100%",
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "β-=100%",
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string: "β-=100%",
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type: "Superscript"
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string: "β-=100%",
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type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "β-=100%",
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type: "Superscript"
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string: "β-=100%",
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type: "Superscript"
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string: "β-=100%",
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string: "β-=100%",
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type: "Superscript"
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string: "β-=100%",
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type: "Superscript"
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string: "β-=100%; β-n=0%[Estimated]",
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type: "Superscript"
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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string: "β-=100%; β-n=0%[Estimated]",
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],
reference: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "PubChem",
description: "Data deposited in or computed by PubChem",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
sourceName: "Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)",
sourceID: "e64",
name: "Gd",
description: "The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.",
url: "https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/",
anid: 6590291
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
sourceName: "Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)",
sourceID: "a64",
name: "Gadolinium",
description: "Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report) and CIAAW. The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/",
url: "http://www.ciaaw.org/gadolinium.htm",
licenseURL: "http://www.ciaaw.org/bylaws.htm",
anid: 2292445
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
sourceName: "Jefferson Lab, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "jlab64",
name: "Gadolinium",
description: "Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/",
url: "https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele064.html",
licenseNote: "Please see citation and linking information: https://education.jlab.org/faq/index.html",
licenseURL: "https://www.jlab.org/privacy-and-security-notice",
anid: 507126
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
sourceName: "Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "lanl64",
name: "Gadolinium",
description: "The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.",
url: "https://periodic.lanl.gov/64.shtml",
anid: 507244
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
sourceName: "NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory",
sourceID: "e64",
name: "Gadolinium",
description: "The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Elements/elInfo.pl?element=64",
licenseURL: "https://www.nist.gov/pml/database-disclaimer",
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recordTitle: "Terbium",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01022.html",
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{
tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
description: "Element symbol, Also called atomic symbol, typically consists of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet derived from the element name in one of several languages.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
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name: "Element Symbol",
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{
tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
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{
tocHeading: "InChI Key",
description: "International Chemical Identifier hash (InChIKey) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI Key",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "GZCRRIHWUXGPOV-UHFFFAOYSA-N"
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}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
information: [
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name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
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name: "Atomic Weight",
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string: "158.92535(2)"
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}
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]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
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},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Radius",
description: "Atomic radius is the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell containing electrons.",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_radius",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
name: "Van der Waals Atomic Radius",
value: {
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}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
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],
value: {
number: [
175
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unit: "pm (Empirical)"
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},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Covalent Atomic Radius",
reference: [
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{
tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
description: "Oxidation state gives the degree of oxidation of an atom in terms of counting electrons.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/O/O04365.html",
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},
{
tocHeading: "Ground Level",
description: "Also called ground-state level. The ground state electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom with lower energy levels.",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/ASD/Html/iehelp.html#IEGROUNDLEV",
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},
{
tocHeading: "Ionization Energy",
description: "Ionization energy is the minimum energy required to eject an electron out of a neutral atom or molecule in its ground state.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/I/I03199.html",
information: [
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value: {
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referenceNumber: 6,
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value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "5.8638 eV"
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]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Spectra",
description: "Atomic and ionic spectral lines originate from specified electronic transitions between energy levels of atoms and ions, respectively.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00502.html",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/lines_hold.pl?el=Tb",
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tocHeading: "Physical Description",
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},
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tocHeading: "Element Classification",
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tocHeading: "Element Period Number",
description: "The element period number refers to a horizontal row of the periodic table. The periodic table has 7 periods.",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/periodic-table-of-the-elements/The-periodic-table#ref80835",
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
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},
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tocHeading: "Element Group Number",
description: "Element group refers to a set of chemical elements in the same vertical column of the periodic table",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/group-periodic-table",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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},
{
tocHeading: "Density",
description: "Density is a degree of consistency measured by the quantity of mass per unit volume",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/D/D01590.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "8.23 grams per cubic centimeter"
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{
tocHeading: "Melting Point",
description: "The melting point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from solid to liquid at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/melting-point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "1629 K (1356°C or 2473°F)"
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{
tocHeading: "Boiling Point",
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
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},
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{
tocHeading: "Estimated Crustal Abundance",
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
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tocHeading: "History",
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name: "History",
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stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "The name derives from the village of Ytterby in Sweden, where the mineral ytterbite (the source of terbium) was first found. Terbium was discovered by the Swedish surgeon and chemist Carl-Gustav Mosander in 1843 in an yttrium salt, which he resolved into three elements. He called one yttrium, a rose-colored salt he called terbium, and a deep-yellow peroxide he called erbium. In 1862, the Swiss chemist Marc Delafontaine reexamined yttrium and found the yellow peroxide. Because the name erbium had now been assigned to the rose-colored oxide, he reintroduced the name terbium for the yellow peroxide. Thus the original names given to erbium and terbium samples are now switched."
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string: "The mineral gadolinite ((Ce, La, Nd, Y)2FeBe2Si2O10), discovered in a quarry near the town of Ytterby, Sweden, has been the source of a great number of rare earth elements. In 1843, Carl Gustaf Mosander, a Swedish chemist, was able to separate gadolinite into three materials, which he named yttria, erbia and terbia. As might be expected considering the similarities between their names and properties, scientists soon confused erbia and terbia and, by 1877, had reversed their names. What Mosander called erbia is now called terbia and visa versa. From these two substances, Mosander discovered two new elements, terbium and erbium. Today, terbium can be obtained from the minerals xenotime (YPO4) and euxenite ((Y, Ca, Er, La, Ce, U, Th)(Nb, Ta, Ti)2O6), but is primarily obtained through an ion exchange process from monazite sand ((Ce, La, Th, Nd, Y)PO4), a material rich in rare earth elements that typically contains as much as 0.03% terbium.",
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string: "Discovered by Mosander in 1843. Terbium is a member of the lanthanide or \"rare earth\" group of elements. It is found in cerite, gadolinite, and other minerals along with other rare earths. It is recovered commercially from monazite in which it is present to the extent of 0.03%, from xenotime, and from euxenite, a complex oxide containing 1% or more of terbia."
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tocHeading: "Description",
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},
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},
{
string: "513 ns ± 42"
},
{
string: "5.32 d ± 0.06"
},
{
string: "5.35 d ± 0.10"
},
{
string: "24.4 h ± 1.0"
},
{
string: "5.3 h ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "71 y ± 7"
},
{
string: "180 y ± 11"
},
{
string: "10.70 s ± 0.17"
},
{
string: "400 us ± 40"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "72.3 d ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "6.89 d ± 0.02"
},
{
string: "7.60 m ± 0.15"
},
{
string: "19.5 m ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "3.0 m ± 0.1"
},
{
string: "2.11 m ± 0.10"
},
{
string: "27.1 s ± 1.5"
},
{
string: "18.9 s ± 1.6"
},
{
string: "9.4 s ± 0.4"
},
{
string: "0.71 us ± 0.03"
},
{
string: "5.13 s ± 0.32"
},
{
string: "960 ms ± 68"
},
{
string: "1.23 s ± 0.10"
},
{
string: "760 ms ± 190"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Discovery Year",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "2004"
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: "1993"
},
{
string: "1999"
},
{
string: "1986"
},
{
string: "1986"
},
{
string: "1988"
},
{
string: "1991"
},
{
string: "1986"
},
{
string: "1989"
},
{
string: "1985"
},
{
string: "1986"
},
{
string: "1982"
},
{
string: "1982"
},
{
string: "1996"
},
{
string: "1996"
},
{
string: "1996"
},
{
string: "1981"
},
{
string: "1993"
},
{
string: "1974"
},
{
string: "1974"
},
{
string: "1989"
},
{
string: "1969"
},
{
string: "1987"
},
{
string: "1960"
},
{
string: "1973"
},
{
string: "1980"
},
{
string: "1950"
},
{
string: "1962"
},
{
string: "1959"
},
{
string: "1993"
},
{
string: "1953"
},
{
string: "1978"
},
{
string: "1959"
},
{
string: "1972"
},
{
string: "1971"
},
{
string: "1957"
},
{
string: "1965"
},
{
string: "1950"
},
{
string: "1972"
},
{
string: "1972"
},
{
string: "1982"
},
{
string: "1957"
},
{
string: "1950"
},
{
string: "1970"
},
{
string: "1950"
},
{
string: "1960"
},
{
string: "1957"
},
{
string: "1957"
},
{
string: "1961"
},
{
string: "1933"
},
{
string: "1943"
},
{
string: "1949"
},
{
string: "1965"
},
{
string: "1966"
},
{
string: "1968"
},
{
string: "1983"
},
{
string: "1996"
},
{
string: "1999"
},
{
string: "1999"
},
{
string: "2016"
},
{
string: "2012"
},
{
string: "2012"
},
{
string: "2012"
},
{
string: "2012"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Decay Modes, Intensities and Uncertainties [%]",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "p≈100%; β+ ?",
markup: [
{
start: 9,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+ ?; β+p ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 7,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "p ?; β+ ?",
markup: [
{
start: 6,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+ ?; β+p ?; p=0%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 7,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%; β+p ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%; β+p=0.26±1.3%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%; β+p=0.0022±1.1%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+ ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=66%; β+=34%",
markup: [
{
start: 9,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+ ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100[gs=0,m=100]"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=83.3±1.7%; α=16.7±1.7%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+≈100%; α=0.022±0.3%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+≈100%; α<0.05%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+≈100%; IT ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+≈100%; α=0.0095±1.5%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=93.4±2%; β+=6.6±2%",
markup: [
{
start: 13,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%; α<7e-7%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=78.9±0.6%; β+=21.1±0.6%",
markup: [
{
start: 15,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+≈100%; β-<0.1%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=78.2±0.7%; IT=21.8±0.7%; β-<0.1%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 29,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=98.2±0.6%; IT=1.8±0.6%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT ?"
},
{
string: "ε=100%"
},
{
string: "β+≈100%; β- ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=?; β+=?",
markup: [
{
start: 7,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "ε=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=83.4±0.7%; β-=16.6±0.7%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 15,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT≈100%; β-<0.6%; β+<0.01%",
markup: [
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 19,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IS=100."
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=0.01%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=0.01%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=1%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=1%[Estimated]",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
}
],
reference: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "PubChem",
description: "Data deposited in or computed by PubChem",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
sourceName: "Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)",
sourceID: "e65",
name: "Tb",
description: "The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.",
url: "https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/",
anid: 6590292
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
sourceName: "Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)",
sourceID: "a65",
name: "Terbium",
description: "Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report) and CIAAW. The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/",
url: "http://www.ciaaw.org/terbium.htm",
licenseURL: "http://www.ciaaw.org/bylaws.htm",
anid: 2292446
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
sourceName: "Jefferson Lab, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "jlab65",
name: "Terbium",
description: "Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/",
url: "https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele065.html",
licenseNote: "Please see citation and linking information: https://education.jlab.org/faq/index.html",
licenseURL: "https://www.jlab.org/privacy-and-security-notice",
anid: 507127
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
sourceName: "Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "lanl65",
name: "Terbium",
description: "The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.",
url: "https://periodic.lanl.gov/65.shtml",
anid: 507245
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
sourceName: "NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory",
sourceID: "e65",
name: "Terbium",
description: "The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Elements/elInfo.pl?element=65",
licenseURL: "https://www.nist.gov/pml/database-disclaimer",
anid: 2292682
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
sourceName: "PubChem Elements",
sourceID: "65",
name: "Tb",
description: "The element property data was retrieved from publications.",
anid: 7660066
},
{
referenceNumber: 7,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "65",
name: "Terbium",
description: "This section provides all form of data related to element Terbium.",
anid: 694358
}
]
}
},
{
record: {
recordType: "AtomicNumber",
recordNumber: 66,
recordTitle: "Dysprosium",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01022.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Dysprosium"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Dysprosium"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
description: "Element symbol, Also called atomic symbol, typically consists of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet derived from the element name in one of several languages.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Dy"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Dy"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "InChI=1S/Dy"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI Key",
description: "International Chemical Identifier hash (InChIKey) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI Key",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "KBQHZAAAGSGFKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "162.500(1)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "162.500"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "162.5"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "162.500(1)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[Xe]6s24f10",
markup: [
{
start: 6,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 9,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Electron Configuration",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[Xe]4f10 6s2",
markup: [
{
start: 6,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 11,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Radius",
description: "Atomic radius is the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell containing electrons.",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_radius",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
name: "Van der Waals Atomic Radius",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "229 pm (Van der Waals)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Empirical Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"J.C. Slater, J Chem Phys, 1964, 41(10), 3199-3205. DOI:10.1063/1.1725697"
],
value: {
number: [
175
],
unit: "pm (Empirical)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Covalent Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"B. Cordero, V. Gómez, A.E. Platero-Prats, M. Revés, J. Echeverría, E. Cremades, F. Barragán, S. Alvarez, Dalton Trans. 2008, 21, 2832-2838. DOI:10.1039/b801115j PMID:18478144."
],
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "192(7) pm (Covalent)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
description: "Oxidation state gives the degree of oxidation of an atom in terms of counting electrons.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/O/O04365.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "+3"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "3, 2, 1 (a basic oxide)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ground Level",
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string: "152Dy",
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string: "159Dym",
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{
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stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "137.962500 ± 0.00054 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "138.959590 ± 0.00054 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "139.954020 ± 0.00043 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "139.954020 ± 0.00043 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "140.951280 ± 0.00032 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "141.946194 ± 0.000782 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "142.943994335 ± 0.000014"
},
{
string: "142.943994335 ± 0.000014"
},
{
string: "142.943994335 ± 0.000014"
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{
string: "143.939269514 ± 0.0000077"
},
{
string: "144.937473994 ± 0.000007"
},
{
string: "144.937473994 ± 0.000007"
},
{
string: "145.932844529 ± 0.000007187"
},
{
string: "145.932844529 ± 0.000007187"
},
{
string: "146.931082715 ± 0.0000095"
},
{
string: "146.931082715 ± 0.0000095"
},
{
string: "146.931082715 ± 0.0000095"
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{
string: "147.927149772 ± 0.000009366"
},
{
string: "147.927149772 ± 0.000009366"
},
{
string: "148.927325448 ± 0.000009898"
},
{
string: "148.927325448 ± 0.000009898"
},
{
string: "149.925593080 ± 0.000004667"
},
{
string: "150.926191253 ± 0.000003535"
},
{
string: "151.924725363 ± 0.000004963"
},
{
string: "152.925771992 ± 0.000004346"
},
{
string: "153.924429028 ± 0.000007992"
},
{
string: "154.925758459 ± 0.000010375"
},
{
string: "154.925758459 ± 0.000010375"
},
{
string: "155.924284038 ± 0.000001281"
},
{
string: "156.925469667 ± 0.000005557"
},
{
string: "156.925469667 ± 0.000005557"
},
{
string: "156.925469667 ± 0.000005557"
},
{
string: "157.924414597 ± 0.000002538"
},
{
string: "158.925746023 ± 0.00000164"
},
{
string: "158.925746023 ± 0.00000164"
},
{
string: "159.925203244 ± 0.000000828"
},
{
string: "160.926939088 ± 0.000000824"
},
{
string: "160.926939088 ± 0.000000824"
},
{
string: "161.926804168 ± 0.000000822"
},
{
string: "161.926804168 ± 0.000000822"
},
{
string: "162.928736879 ± 0.000000821"
},
{
string: "163.929180472 ± 0.000000823"
},
{
string: "164.931709054 ± 0.000000825"
},
{
string: "164.931709054 ± 0.000000825"
},
{
string: "165.932812461 ± 0.00000093"
},
{
string: "166.935661823 ± 0.000064657"
},
{
string: "167.937133716 ± 0.000150305"
},
{
string: "168.940313971 ± 0.000322782"
},
{
string: "169.942390 ± 0.00021 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "169.942390 ± 0.00021 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "170.946120 ± 0.00032 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "171.948460 ± 0.00032 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "171.948460 ± 0.00032 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "172.952830 ± 0.00043 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "173.955587 ± 0.00054 [Estimated]"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Half Life and Uncertainty",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "200 ms [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "600 ms ± 200"
},
{
string: "700 ms [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "7.0 us ± 0.5"
},
{
string: "900 ms ± 140"
},
{
string: "2.3 s ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "5.6 s ± 1.0"
},
{
string: "3.0 s ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "1.2 us ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "9.1 s ± 0.4"
},
{
string: "9.5 s ± 1.0"
},
{
string: "14.1 s ± 0.7"
},
{
string: "33.2 s ± 0.7"
},
{
string: "150 ms ± 20"
},
{
string: "67 s ± 7"
},
{
string: "55.2 s ± 0.5"
},
{
string: "400 ns ± 10"
},
{
string: "3.3 m ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "471 ns ± 20"
},
{
string: "4.20 m ± 0.14"
},
{
string: "490 ms ± 15"
},
{
string: "7.17 m ± 0.05"
},
{
string: "17.9 m ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "2.38 h ± 0.02"
},
{
string: "6.4 h ± 0.1"
},
{
string: "3.0 My ± 1.5"
},
{
string: "9.9 h ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "6 us ± 1"
},
{
string: "Stable ± >1Ey"
},
{
string: "8.14 h ± 0.04"
},
{
string: "1.3 us ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "21.6 ms ± 1.6"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "144.4 d ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "122 us ± 3"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "760 ns ± 170"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "8.3 us ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "2.334 h ± 0.001"
},
{
string: "1.257 m ± 0.006"
},
{
string: "81.6 h ± 0.1"
},
{
string: "6.20 m ± 0.08"
},
{
string: "8.7 m ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "39 s ± 8"
},
{
string: "54.9 s ± 8.0"
},
{
string: "0.94 us ± 0.16"
},
{
string: "4.07 s ± 0.40"
},
{
string: "3.4 s ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "710 ms ± 50"
},
{
string: "1.43 s ± 0.20"
},
{
string: "1 s ± >300ns [Estimated]"
}
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}
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{
referenceNumber: 2,
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stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: ""
},
{
string: "1999"
},
{
string: "2002"
},
{
string: "2002"
},
{
string: "1984"
},
{
string: "1986"
},
{
string: "1983"
},
{
string: "2003"
},
{
string: "2005"
},
{
string: "1986"
},
{
string: "1982"
},
{
string: "1982"
},
{
string: "1981"
},
{
string: "1982"
},
{
string: "1975"
},
{
string: "1976"
},
{
string: "1985"
},
{
string: "1974"
},
{
string: "1978"
},
{
string: "1958"
},
{
string: "1976"
},
{
string: "1959"
},
{
string: "1959"
},
{
string: "1958"
},
{
string: "1958"
},
{
string: "1961"
},
{
string: "1958"
},
{
string: "1970"
},
{
string: "1948"
},
{
string: "1953"
},
{
string: "1974"
},
{
string: "1970"
},
{
string: "1938"
},
{
string: "1951"
},
{
string: "1965"
},
{
string: "1938"
},
{
string: "1934"
},
{
string: "2012"
},
{
string: "1934"
},
{
string: "2011"
},
{
string: "1934"
},
{
string: "1934"
},
{
string: "1935"
},
{
string: "1963"
},
{
string: "1949"
},
{
string: "1960"
},
{
string: "1982"
},
{
string: "1990"
},
{
string: "2010"
},
{
string: "2016"
},
{
string: "2012"
},
{
string: "2012"
},
{
string: "2016"
},
{
string: "2012"
},
{
string: "2012"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Decay Modes, Intensities and Uncertainties [%]",
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stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "β+ ?; β+p ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 7,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%; β+p ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
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{
string: "β+ ?; β+p ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 7,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%; β+p=?",
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "β+=100%; β+p=0.06±0.3%",
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{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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string: "β+=100%; β+p=?",
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{
start: 1,
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type: "Superscript"
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string: "β+=100%; β+p=?",
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type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%; β+p=?",
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{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "β+=100%; β+p=?",
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start: 1,
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type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "β+=100%; β+p≈50%",
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start: 1,
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type: "Superscript"
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "β+=100%",
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start: 1,
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{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%; β+p≈0.05%",
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{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β+=68.9±2.3%; IT=31.1±2.3%",
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{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "IT=99.3±0.3%; β+=0.7±0.3%",
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{
start: 15,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β+=64±0.5%; α=36±0.5%",
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{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=?; α=5.6±0.4%",
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{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "ε≈100%; α=0.100±0.7%"
},
{
string: "β+≈100%; α=0.0094±1.4%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "α=100%; 2β+ ?",
markup: [
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IS=0.056±0.3%; α ?; 2β+ ?",
markup: [
{
start: 22,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IS=0.095±0.3%; α ?; 2β+ ?",
markup: [
{
start: 22,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "ε=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IS=2.329±1.8%"
},
{
string: "IS=18.889±4.2%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IS=25.475±3.6%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IS=24.896±4.2%"
},
{
string: "IS=28.260±5.4%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
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{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "IT=97.76±1.1%; β-=2.24±1.1%",
markup: [
{
start: 16,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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sourceName: "PubChem",
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sourceName: "Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)",
sourceID: "e66",
name: "Dy",
description: "The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.",
url: "https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/",
anid: 6590293
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referenceNumber: 3,
sourceName: "Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)",
sourceID: "a66",
name: "Dysprosium",
description: "Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report) and CIAAW. The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/",
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licenseURL: "http://www.ciaaw.org/bylaws.htm",
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sourceName: "Jefferson Lab, U.S. Department of Energy",
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name: "Dysprosium",
description: "Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/",
url: "https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele066.html",
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description: "The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.",
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sourceName: "NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory",
sourceID: "e66",
name: "Dysprosium",
description: "The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database",
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licenseURL: "https://www.nist.gov/pml/database-disclaimer",
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sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "66",
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section: [
{
tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
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tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
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tocHeading: "InChI Key",
description: "International Chemical Identifier hash (InChIKey) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 1,
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value: {
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}
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]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
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{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
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},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Radius",
description: "Atomic radius is the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell containing electrons.",
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}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Empirical Atomic Radius",
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value: {
number: [
175
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unit: "pm (Empirical)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Covalent Atomic Radius",
reference: [
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tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
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tocHeading: "Ground Level",
description: "Also called ground-state level. The ground state electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom with lower energy levels.",
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{
tocHeading: "Ionization Energy",
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{
tocHeading: "Electronegativity",
description: "The concept electronegativity was introduced by L. Pauling as the power of an atom to attract electrons to itself.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01990",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Pauling Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
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],
value: {
number: [
1.23
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unit: "(Pauling Scale)"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Spectra",
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url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00502.html",
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tocHeading: "Element Classification",
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tocHeading: "Element Period Number",
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url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/periodic-table-of-the-elements/The-periodic-table#ref80835",
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tocHeading: "Element Group Number",
description: "Element group refers to a set of chemical elements in the same vertical column of the periodic table",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/group-periodic-table",
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value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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tocHeading: "Density",
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tocHeading: "Estimated Crustal Abundance",
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string: "The name derives from the Latin holmia for Stockholm. It was discovered in erbia earth by the Swiss chemist J. L. Soret in 1878, who referred to it as element X. It was later independently discovered by the Swedish chemist Per Theodor Cleve in 1879. It was first isolated in 1911 by Homberg, who proposed the name holmium either to recognize the discoverer Per Cleve, who was from Stockholm, or perhaps to establish his own name in history.",
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string: "From the Latin word Holmia meaning Stockholm. The special absorption bands of holmium were noticed in 1878 by the Swiss chemists Delafontaine and Soret, who announced the existence of an \"Element X.\" Cleve, of Sweden, later independently discovered the element while working on erbia earth. The element is named after Cleve's native city. Holmia, the yellow oxide, was prepared by Homberg in 1911. Holmium occurs in gadolinite, monazite, and in other rare-earth minerals. It is commercially obtained from monazite, occurring in that mineral to the extent of about 0.05%. It has been isolated by the reduction of its anhydrous chloride or fluoride with calcium metal."
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string: "[155Ho]"
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{
string: "[162Ho]"
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{
string: "[164Ho]"
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{
string: "[159Ho]"
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{
string: "[167Ho]"
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{
string: "[157Ho]"
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{
string: "[Ho+3]"
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{
string: "[156Ho]"
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{
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{
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{
string: "141.960010 ± 0.00043 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "142.954860 ± 0.00032 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "143.952109714 ± 0.0000091"
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string: "143.952109714 ± 0.0000091"
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string: "144.947267394 ± 0.000008"
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string: "147.937743928 ± 0.00009"
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string: "149.933498358 ± 0.00001521"
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{
string: "151.931717465 ± 0.00001345"
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{
string: "152.930206632 ± 0.000005468"
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{
string: "152.930206632 ± 0.000005468"
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{
string: "152.930206632 ± 0.000005468"
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{
string: "153.930606841 ± 0.000008833"
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{
string: "153.930606841 ± 0.000008833"
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{
string: "154.929103634 ± 0.000018759"
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{
string: "154.929103634 ± 0.000018759"
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{
string: "155.929705436 ± 0.000064425"
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{
string: "155.929705436 ± 0.000064425"
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{
string: "155.929705436 ± 0.000064425"
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{
string: "156.928251999 ± 0.000025195"
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{
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string: "157.928944692 ± 0.000029101"
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string: "157.928944692 ± 0.000029101"
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{
string: "158.927718768 ± 0.000003314"
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{
string: "158.927718768 ± 0.000003314"
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{
string: "159.928735204 ± 0.000016124"
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{
string: "159.928735204 ± 0.000016124"
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{
string: "159.928735204 ± 0.000016124"
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{
string: "160.927860759 ± 0.000002406"
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{
string: "160.927860759 ± 0.000002406"
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{
string: "161.929101485 ± 0.000003398"
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{
string: "161.929101485 ± 0.000003398"
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{
string: "162.928739921 ± 0.000000821"
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{
string: "162.928739921 ± 0.000000821"
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{
string: "162.928739921 ± 0.000000821"
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{
string: "163.930239483 ± 0.000001639"
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{
string: "163.930239483 ± 0.000001639"
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{
string: "164.930328047 ± 0.000001084"
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{
string: "164.930328047 ± 0.000001084"
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{
string: "164.930328047 ± 0.000001084"
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{
string: "165.932290139 ± 0.000001084"
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{
string: "165.932290139 ± 0.000001084"
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{
string: "165.932290139 ± 0.000001084"
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{
string: "166.933138994 ± 0.000005618"
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{
string: "166.933138994 ± 0.000005618"
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{
string: "167.935521676 ± 0.00003223"
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{
string: "167.935521676 ± 0.00003223"
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{
string: "167.935521676 ± 0.00003223"
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{
string: "167.935521676 ± 0.00003223"
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{
string: "168.936878630 ± 0.000021534"
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{
string: "168.936878630 ± 0.000021534"
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{
string: "169.939625289 ± 0.000053702"
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{
string: "169.939625289 ± 0.000053702"
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{
string: "170.941471490 ± 0.000644128"
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{
string: "171.944730 ± 0.00021 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "172.947020 ± 0.00032 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "173.950950 ± 0.00032 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "174.953620 ± 0.00043 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "175.957820 ± 0.00054 [Estimated]"
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{
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{
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{
string: "7.3 us ± 0.3"
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{
string: "400 ms ± 100"
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{
string: "300 ms ± >200ns [Estimated]"
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{
string: "700 ms ± 100"
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{
string: "519 ns ± 5"
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{
string: "2.4 s ± 0.1"
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{
string: "100 ms [Estimated]"
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{
string: "2.8 s ± 0.5"
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{
string: "5.8 s ± 0.4"
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{
string: "315 ns ± 30"
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{
string: "2.2 s ± 1.1"
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{
string: "9.49 s ± 0.12"
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{
string: "2.36 ms ± 0.06"
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{
string: "21.1 s ± 0.2"
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{
string: "56 s ± 3"
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{
string: "76.8 s ± 1.8"
},
{
string: "23.3 s ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "787 ns ± 36"
},
{
string: "35.2 s ± 0.1"
},
{
string: "47.2 s ± 1.3"
},
{
string: "161.8 s ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "49.8 s ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "8.4 us ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "2.01 m ± 0.03"
},
{
string: "9.3 m ± 0.5"
},
{
string: "229 ns ± 2"
},
{
string: "11.76 m ± 0.19"
},
{
string: "3.10 m ± 0.14"
},
{
string: "48 m ± 1"
},
{
string: "880 us ± 80"
},
{
string: "56 m ± 1"
},
{
string: "9.5 s ± 1.5"
},
{
string: "7.6 m ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "12.6 m ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "11.3 m ± 0.4"
},
{
string: "28 m ± 2"
},
{
string: "21.3 m ± 2.3"
},
{
string: "33.05 m ± 0.11"
},
{
string: "8.30 s ± 0.08"
},
{
string: "25.6 m ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "5.02 h ± 0.05"
},
{
string: "3 s"
},
{
string: "2.48 h ± 0.05"
},
{
string: "6.76 s ± 0.07"
},
{
string: "15.0 m ± 1.0"
},
{
string: "67.0 m ± 0.7"
},
{
string: "4.570 ky ± 0.025"
},
{
string: "1.09 s ± 0.03"
},
{
string: "800 ns ± 150"
},
{
string: "29 m ± 1"
},
{
string: "36.4 m ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "1.512 us ± 0.004"
},
{
string: "<100 ns"
},
{
string: "26.824 h ± 0.012"
},
{
string: "1.133 ky ± 0.05"
},
{
string: "185 us ± 15"
},
{
string: "3.1 h ± 0.1"
},
{
string: "6.0 us ± 1.0"
},
{
string: "2.99 m ± 0.07"
},
{
string: "132 s ± 4"
},
{
string: ">4 us"
},
{
string: "108 ns ± 11"
},
{
string: "4.72 m ± 0.10"
},
{
string: "118 us ± 6"
},
{
string: "2.76 m ± 0.05"
},
{
string: "43 s ± 2"
},
{
string: "53 s ± 2"
},
{
string: "25 s ± 3"
},
{
string: "6.90 s ± 0.48"
},
{
string: "3.2 s ± 1.1"
},
{
string: "1.88 s ± 0.55"
},
{
string: "2 s ± >300ns [Estimated]"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Discovery Year",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1999"
},
{
string: "1998"
},
{
string: "1998"
},
{
string: "2001"
},
{
string: "2000"
},
{
string: "1986"
},
{
string: "2001"
},
{
string: "1987"
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: "1982"
},
{
string: "1982"
},
{
string: "1982"
},
{
string: "1979"
},
{
string: "1979"
},
{
string: "1984"
},
{
string: "1979"
},
{
string: "1988"
},
{
string: "1963"
},
{
string: "1980"
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{
string: "2006"
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{
string: "1963"
},
{
string: "1963"
},
{
string: "1963"
},
{
string: "1963"
},
{
string: "1997"
},
{
string: "1963"
},
{
string: "1963"
},
{
string: "1980"
},
{
string: "1966"
},
{
string: "1968"
},
{
string: "1959"
},
{
string: "1984"
},
{
string: "1957"
},
{
string: "1995"
},
{
string: "1975"
},
{
string: "1966"
},
{
string: "1961"
},
{
string: "1960"
},
{
string: "1970"
},
{
string: "1958"
},
{
string: "1966"
},
{
string: "1950"
},
{
string: "1955"
},
{
string: "1988"
},
{
string: "1954"
},
{
string: "1965"
},
{
string: "1957"
},
{
string: "1961"
},
{
string: "1957"
},
{
string: "1957"
},
{
string: "2012"
},
{
string: "1938"
},
{
string: "1966"
},
{
string: "1934"
},
{
string: "1958"
},
{
string: "1958"
},
{
string: "1936"
},
{
string: "1952"
},
{
string: "1960"
},
{
string: "1955"
},
{
string: "1977"
},
{
string: "1960"
},
{
string: "1990"
},
{
string: "1990"
},
{
string: "1990"
},
{
string: "1963"
},
{
string: "2010"
},
{
string: "1960"
},
{
string: "1960"
},
{
string: "1989"
},
{
string: "1991"
},
{
string: "2012"
},
{
string: "2012"
},
{
string: "2012"
},
{
string: "2012"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Decay Modes, Intensities and Uncertainties [%]",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "p=?; β+=1%[Estimated]; β+p ?",
markup: [
{
start: 6,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 24,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "p=?; β+=1%[Estimated]; β+p ?",
markup: [
{
start: 6,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 24,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "p=100%"
},
{
string: "β+≈100%; β+p=?; p≈0%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+ ?; β+p ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 7,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%; β+p=?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+ ?; IT ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%; β+p=?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%; β+p=0.08±0.1%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100[gs=0,m=100]"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=?; α=22±0.3%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "α=77±1.8%; β+ ?",
markup: [
{
start: 12,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=88±0.3%; α=12±0.3%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=89.2±1.7%; α=10.8±1.7%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+≈100%; α=0.051±2.5%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+≈100%; α=0.18±0.8%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+≈100%; α=0.019±0.5%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%; α<0.001%; IT≈0%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT≈100%; β+ ?",
markup: [
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=75%; IT ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+≈100%; α ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT>81%; β+<19%",
markup: [
{
start: 9,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+>93%; IT<7%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=73±0.3%; β+=27±0.3%",
markup: [
{
start: 13,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "ε=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=62%; β+=38%",
markup: [
{
start: 9,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "ε=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "ε=60±0.5%; β-=40±0.5%",
markup: [
{
start: 12,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IS=100."
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT≈100%; β-<0.5%",
markup: [
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=0%[Estimated]",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β- ?; β-n=0.1%[Estimated]",
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
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start: 7,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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}
]
}
}
]
}
]
}
],
reference: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "PubChem",
description: "Data deposited in or computed by PubChem",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
sourceName: "Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)",
sourceID: "e67",
name: "Ho",
description: "The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.",
url: "https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/",
anid: 6590294
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
sourceName: "Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)",
sourceID: "a67",
name: "Holmium",
description: "Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report) and CIAAW. The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/",
url: "http://www.ciaaw.org/holmium.htm",
licenseURL: "http://www.ciaaw.org/bylaws.htm",
anid: 2292448
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
sourceName: "Jefferson Lab, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "jlab67",
name: "Holmium",
description: "Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/",
url: "https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele067.html",
licenseNote: "Please see citation and linking information: https://education.jlab.org/faq/index.html",
licenseURL: "https://www.jlab.org/privacy-and-security-notice",
anid: 507129
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
sourceName: "Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "lanl67",
name: "Holmium",
description: "The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.",
url: "https://periodic.lanl.gov/67.shtml",
anid: 507247
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
sourceName: "NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory",
sourceID: "e67",
name: "Holmium",
description: "The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Elements/elInfo.pl?element=67",
licenseURL: "https://www.nist.gov/pml/database-disclaimer",
anid: 2292684
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
sourceName: "PubChem Elements",
sourceID: "67",
name: "Ho",
description: "The element property data was retrieved from publications.",
anid: 7660068
},
{
referenceNumber: 7,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "67",
name: "Holmium",
description: "This section provides all form of data related to element Holmium.",
anid: 694360
}
]
}
},
{
record: {
recordType: "AtomicNumber",
recordNumber: 68,
recordTitle: "Erbium",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01022.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Erbium"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Erbium"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
description: "Element symbol, Also called atomic symbol, typically consists of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet derived from the element name in one of several languages.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Er"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Er"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "InChI=1S/Er"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI Key",
description: "International Chemical Identifier hash (InChIKey) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI Key",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "UYAHIZSMUZPPFV-UHFFFAOYSA-N"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "167.259(3)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "167.259"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "167.3"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "167.259(3)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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length: 2,
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}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
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tocHeading: "Electronegativity",
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referenceNumber: 8,
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{
string: "141.969909 ± 0.000537 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "142.966441 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "143.960700 ± 0.00021 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "144.957874 ± 0.000215 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "144.957874 ± 0.000215 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "145.952418359 ± 0.000007197"
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{
string: "146.949964458 ± 0.000041"
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{
string: "146.949964458 ± 0.000041"
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{
string: "147.944735029 ± 0.000011"
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{
string: "147.944735029 ± 0.000011"
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{
string: "148.942306000 ± 0.00003"
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{
string: "148.942306000 ± 0.00003"
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{
string: "148.942306000 ± 0.00003"
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{
string: "148.942306000 ± 0.00003"
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{
string: "149.937915528 ± 0.000018459"
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{
string: "149.937915528 ± 0.000018459"
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{
string: "150.937448567 ± 0.000017681"
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{
string: "150.937448567 ± 0.000017681"
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{
string: "150.937448567 ± 0.000017681"
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{
string: "151.935050169 ± 0.000009479"
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{
string: "152.935084279 ± 0.000010006"
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{
string: "152.935084279 ± 0.000010006"
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{
string: "152.935084279 ± 0.000010006"
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{
string: "153.932790743 ± 0.000005353"
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{
string: "154.933215684 ± 0.000006546"
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{
string: "155.931065890 ± 0.00002644"
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{
string: "156.931922655 ± 0.000028454"
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{
string: "156.931922655 ± 0.000028454"
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{
string: "157.929893474 ± 0.000027074"
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{
string: "158.930690875 ± 0.000003949"
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{
string: "158.930690875 ± 0.000003949"
},
{
string: "158.930690875 ± 0.000003949"
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{
string: "159.929077130 ± 0.000026037"
},
{
string: "160.930003191 ± 0.000009425"
},
{
string: "160.930003191 ± 0.000009425"
},
{
string: "161.928786960 ± 0.000000882"
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{
string: "161.928786960 ± 0.000000882"
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{
string: "162.930039567 ± 0.00000498"
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{
string: "162.930039567 ± 0.00000498"
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{
string: "163.929207392 ± 0.000000832"
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{
string: "163.929207392 ± 0.000000832"
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{
string: "164.930733198 ± 0.000001034"
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{
string: "164.930733198 ± 0.000001034"
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{
string: "164.930733198 ± 0.000001034"
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{
string: "165.930299023 ± 0.000001251"
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{
string: "166.932054119 ± 0.000001252"
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{
string: "166.932054119 ± 0.000001252"
},
{
string: "167.932376192 ± 0.000001254"
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{
string: "167.932376192 ± 0.000001254"
},
{
string: "168.934596353 ± 0.000001265"
},
{
string: "168.934596353 ± 0.000001265"
},
{
string: "168.934596353 ± 0.000001265"
},
{
string: "169.935470673 ± 0.000001659"
},
{
string: "170.938036148 ± 0.00000167"
},
{
string: "170.938036148 ± 0.00000167"
},
{
string: "171.939362344 ± 0.000004302"
},
{
string: "171.939362344 ± 0.000004302"
},
{
string: "172.942400 ± 0.00021 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "173.944230 ± 0.00032 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "173.944230 ± 0.00032 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "174.947770 ± 0.00043 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "175.949940 ± 0.00043 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "176.953990 ± 0.00054 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "177.956779 ± 0.00064 [Estimated]"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Half Life and Uncertainty",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "10 us [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "200 ms [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "400 ms ± >200ns [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "900 ms ± 300"
},
{
string: "1.0 s ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "1.7 s ± 0.6"
},
{
string: "3.2 s ± 1.2"
},
{
string: "1.6 s ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "4.6 s ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "13 us ± 3"
},
{
string: "4 s ± 2"
},
{
string: "8.9 s ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "610 ns ± 80"
},
{
string: "4.8 us ± 0.1"
},
{
string: "18.5 s ± 0.7"
},
{
string: "2.55 us ± 0.10"
},
{
string: "23.5 s ± 2.0"
},
{
string: "580 ms ± 20"
},
{
string: "420 ns ± 50"
},
{
string: "10.3 s ± 0.1"
},
{
string: "37.1 s ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "373 ns ± 9"
},
{
string: "248 ns ± 32"
},
{
string: "3.73 m ± 0.09"
},
{
string: "5.3 m ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "19.5 m ± 1.0"
},
{
string: "18.65 m ± 0.10"
},
{
string: "76 ms ± 6"
},
{
string: "2.29 h ± 0.06"
},
{
string: "36 m ± 1"
},
{
string: "337 ns ± 14"
},
{
string: "590 ns ± 60"
},
{
string: "28.58 h ± 0.09"
},
{
string: "3.21 h ± 0.03"
},
{
string: "7.5 us ± 0.7"
},
{
string: "Stable ± >140Ty"
},
{
string: "88 ns ± 16"
},
{
string: "75.0 m ± 0.4"
},
{
string: "580 ns ± 100"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "68 ns ± 2"
},
{
string: "10.36 h ± 0.04"
},
{
string: "250 ns ± 30"
},
{
string: "370 ns ± 40"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "2.269 s ± 0.006"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "109.0 ns ± 0.7"
},
{
string: "9.392 d ± 0.018"
},
{
string: "285 ns ± 20"
},
{
string: "200 ns ± 10"
},
{
string: "Stable ± >320Py"
},
{
string: "7.516 h ± 0.002"
},
{
string: "210 ns ± 10"
},
{
string: "49.3 h ± 0.5"
},
{
string: "579 ns ± 62"
},
{
string: "1.434 m ± 0.017"
},
{
string: "3.2 m ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "3.9 s ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "1.2 m ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "20 s ± >300ns [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "3 s ± >300ns [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "1 s ± >300ns [Estimated]"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Discovery Year",
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{
string: ""
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{
string: ""
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{
string: "2003"
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{
string: "1989"
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{
string: "2010"
},
{
string: "1993"
},
{
string: "1992"
},
{
string: "1982"
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{
string: "1982"
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{
string: "1982"
},
{
string: "1984"
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{
string: "1984"
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{
string: "1987"
},
{
string: "1987"
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{
string: "1982"
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{
string: "1984"
},
{
string: "1970"
},
{
string: "1980"
},
{
string: "1990"
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{
string: "1963"
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{
string: "1963"
},
{
string: "1979"
},
{
string: "1979"
},
{
string: "1963"
},
{
string: "1969"
},
{
string: "1967"
},
{
string: "1966"
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{
string: "1971"
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{
string: "1961"
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{
string: "1962"
},
{
string: "1971"
},
{
string: "1971"
},
{
string: "1954"
},
{
string: "1954"
},
{
string: "1969"
},
{
string: "1938"
},
{
string: "1974"
},
{
string: "1953"
},
{
string: "1974"
},
{
string: "1938"
},
{
string: "1980"
},
{
string: "1950"
},
{
string: "1970"
},
{
string: "2012"
},
{
string: "1934"
},
{
string: "1934"
},
{
string: "1986"
},
{
string: "1934"
},
{
string: "1974"
},
{
string: "1956"
},
{
string: "1969"
},
{
string: "1969"
},
{
string: "1934"
},
{
string: "1938"
},
{
string: "1969"
},
{
string: "1956"
},
{
string: "2006"
},
{
string: "1972"
},
{
string: "1989"
},
{
string: "2006"
},
{
string: "1996"
},
{
string: "2012"
},
{
string: "2012"
},
{
string: "2012"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Decay Modes, Intensities and Uncertainties [%]",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "p ?"
},
{
string: "β+ ?; β+p ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 7,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β+ ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%; β+p=?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β+ ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%; β+p=?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β+=100%; β+p=?",
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
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{
string: "β+=100%; β+p=?",
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β+=100%; β+p≈0.15%",
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%; β+p=7±0.2%",
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "β+=96.5±0.7%; IT=3.5±0.7%; β+p=0.18±0.7%",
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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length: 1,
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{
string: "IT=100%"
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{
string: "IT=100%"
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string: "β+=100%",
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start: 1,
length: 1,
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{
string: "IT=100%"
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string: "β+=100%",
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type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "IT=95.3±0.3%; β+=4.7±0.3%",
markup: [
{
start: 15,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "α=90±0.4%; β+=10±0.4%",
markup: [
{
start: 12,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "α=53±0.3%; β+=47±0.3%",
markup: [
{
start: 12,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+≈100%; α=0.47±1.3%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+≈100%; α=0.022±0.7%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%; α=17e-6±0.4%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "ε=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "ε=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IS=0.139±0.5%; α ?; 2β+ ?",
markup: [
{
start: 22,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IS=1.601±0.3%; α ?; 2β+ ?",
markup: [
{
start: 22,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "ε=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IS=33.503±3.6%"
},
{
string: "IS=22.869±0.9%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IS=26.978±1.8%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IS=14.910±3.6%; 2β- ?; α ?",
markup: [
{
start: 18,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β- ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β- ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β- ?; β-n=0%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 7,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
}
],
reference: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "PubChem",
description: "Data deposited in or computed by PubChem",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
sourceName: "Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)",
sourceID: "e68",
name: "Er",
description: "The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.",
url: "https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/",
anid: 6590295
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
sourceName: "Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)",
sourceID: "a68",
name: "Erbium",
description: "Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report) and CIAAW. The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/",
url: "http://www.ciaaw.org/erbium.htm",
licenseURL: "http://www.ciaaw.org/bylaws.htm",
anid: 2292449
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
sourceName: "Jefferson Lab, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "jlab68",
name: "Erbium",
description: "Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/",
url: "https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele068.html",
licenseNote: "Please see citation and linking information: https://education.jlab.org/faq/index.html",
licenseURL: "https://www.jlab.org/privacy-and-security-notice",
anid: 507130
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
sourceName: "Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "lanl68",
name: "Erbium",
description: "The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.",
url: "https://periodic.lanl.gov/68.shtml",
anid: 507248
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
sourceName: "NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory",
sourceID: "e68",
name: "Erbium",
description: "The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Elements/elInfo.pl?element=68",
licenseURL: "https://www.nist.gov/pml/database-disclaimer",
anid: 2292685
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
sourceName: "PubChem Elements",
sourceID: "68",
name: "Er",
description: "The element property data was retrieved from publications.",
anid: 7660069
},
{
referenceNumber: 7,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "68",
name: "Erbium",
description: "This section provides all form of data related to element Erbium.",
anid: 694361
}
]
}
},
{
record: {
recordType: "AtomicNumber",
recordNumber: 69,
recordTitle: "Thulium",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01022.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Thulium"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Thulium"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
description: "Element symbol, Also called atomic symbol, typically consists of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet derived from the element name in one of several languages.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Tm"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Tm"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "InChI=1S/Tm"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI Key",
description: "International Chemical Identifier hash (InChIKey) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI Key",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "FRNOGLGSGLTDKL-UHFFFAOYSA-N"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "168.934 218(6)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "168.93422"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "168.9"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "168.93422(2)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "[Xe]6s24f13",
markup: [
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start: 6,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 9,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
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]
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Electron Configuration",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[Xe]4f13 6s2",
markup: [
{
start: 6,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 11,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Radius",
description: "Atomic radius is the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell containing electrons.",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_radius",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
name: "Van der Waals Atomic Radius",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "227 pm (Van der Waals)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Empirical Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"J.C. Slater, J Chem Phys, 1964, 41(10), 3199-3205. DOI:10.1063/1.1725697"
],
value: {
number: [
175
],
unit: "pm (Empirical)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Covalent Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"B. Cordero, V. Gómez, A.E. Platero-Prats, M. Revés, J. Echeverría, E. Cremades, F. Barragán, S. Alvarez, Dalton Trans. 2008, 21, 2832-2838. DOI:10.1039/b801115j PMID:18478144."
],
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "190(10) pm (Covalent)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
description: "Oxidation state gives the degree of oxidation of an atom in terms of counting electrons.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/O/O04365.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "+3"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "2, 3 (a basic oxide)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ground Level",
description: "Also called ground-state level. The ground state electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom with lower energy levels.",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/ASD/Html/iehelp.html#IEGROUNDLEV",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ground Level",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "2F°7/2",
markup: [
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start: 0,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 3,
length: 3,
type: "Subscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ionization Energy",
description: "Ionization energy is the minimum energy required to eject an electron out of a neutral atom or molecule in its ground state.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/I/I03199.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "6.184 eV"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ionization Energy",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "6.18431 eV"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electronegativity",
description: "The concept electronegativity was introduced by L. Pauling as the power of an atom to attract electrons to itself.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01990",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Pauling Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"A.L. Allred, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 1961, 17(3-4), 215-221. DOI:10.1016/0022-1902(61)80142-5"
],
value: {
number: [
1.25
],
unit: "(Pauling Scale)"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Spectra",
description: "Atomic and ionic spectral lines originate from specified electronic transitions between energy levels of atoms and ions, respectively.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00502.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/lines_hold.pl?el=Tm",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Lines Holdings"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/levels_hold.pl?el=Tm",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Levels Holdings"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Physical Description",
description: "Physical description, also know as physical characteristics, refers to physical appearance of element substances.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Solid"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Classification",
description: "Elements can be classified few groups according to each element's chemical properties.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Metal"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Period Number",
description: "The element period number refers to a horizontal row of the periodic table. The periodic table has 7 periods.",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/periodic-table-of-the-elements/The-periodic-table#ref80835",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "6"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Group Number",
description: "Element group refers to a set of chemical elements in the same vertical column of the periodic table",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/group-periodic-table",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "- Lanthanide"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Density",
description: "Density is a degree of consistency measured by the quantity of mass per unit volume",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/D/D01590.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "9.32 grams per cubic centimeter"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Melting Point",
description: "The melting point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from solid to liquid at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/melting-point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1818 K (1545°C or 2813°F)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1545°C"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Boiling Point",
description: "Boiling Point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from liquid to gas at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "2223 K (1950°C or 3542°F)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1950°C"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Crustal Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in earth crust",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "5.2×10-1 milligrams per kilogram",
markup: [
{
start: 6,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Oceanic Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in ocean",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1.7×10-7 milligrams per liter",
markup: [
{
start: 6,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "History",
description: "Element discovery and related information in history",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "History",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "The name derives from Thule, the earliest name for the northernmost part of the civilized world—Scandinavia. It was discovered in 1879 by the Swedish chemist Per Theodor Cleve in a sample of erbium mineral. Thulium was first isolated by the American chemist Charles James in 1911."
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Thulium was discovered by Per Theodor Cleve, a Swedish chemist, in 1879. Cleve used the same method Carl Gustaf Mosander used to discover lanthanum, erbium and terbium, he looked for impurities in the oxides of other rare earth elements. He started with erbia, the oxide of erbium (Er2O3), and removed all of the known contaminants. After further processing, he obtained two new materials, one brown and the other green. Cleve named the brown material holmia and the green material thulia. Holmia is the oxide of the element holmium and thulia is the oxide of the element thulium. Today, thulium is primarily obtained through an ion exchange process from monazite sand ((Ce, La, Th, Nd, Y)PO4), a material rich in rare earth elements that can contain as much as 0.007% thulium.",
markup: [
{
start: 284,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
},
{
start: 286,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
},
{
start: 691,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
}
]
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Named after Thule, the earliest name for Scandinavia. Discovered in 1879 by Cleve. Thulium occurs in small quantities along with other rare earths in a number of minerals. It is obtained commercially from monazite, which contains about 0.007% of the element. Thulium is the least abundant of the rare earth elements, but with new sources recently discovered, it is now considered to be about as rare as silver,gold, or cadmium."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Description",
description: "Description about this element",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Thulium can be isolated by reduction of the oxide with lanthanum metal or by calcium reduction of a closed container. The element is silver-gray, soft, malleable, and ductile, and can be cut with a knife. Twenty five isotopes are known, with atomic masses ranging from 152 to 176. Natural thulium, which is 100% 169Tm, is stable.",
markup: [
{
start: 312,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Uses",
description: "Uses information in industry and other fields",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Thulium is the least abundant of the naturally occurring rare earth elements. Metallic thulium is relatively expensive and has only recently become available. It currently has no commercial applications, although one of its isotopes, thulium-169, could be used as a radiation source for portable X-ray machines."
},
{
string: "Thulium forms no commercially important compounds. Some of thulium's compounds include: thulium oxide (Tm2O3), thulium fluoride (TmF3) and thulium iodide (TmI3).",
markup: [
{
start: 105,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
},
{
start: 107,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
},
{
start: 132,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
},
{
start: 158,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
}
]
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
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string: "144.970389 ± 0.00021 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "145.966661 ± 0.000215 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "145.966661 ± 0.000215 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "145.966661 ± 0.000215 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "146.961379890 ± 0.000007341"
},
{
string: "146.961379890 ± 0.000007341"
},
{
string: "147.958384029 ± 0.000011"
},
{
string: "148.952890 ± 0.00021 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "149.950090 ± 0.00021 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "149.950090 ± 0.00021 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "149.950090 ± 0.00021 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "150.945493201 ± 0.000020843"
},
{
string: "150.945493201 ± 0.000020843"
},
{
string: "150.945493201 ± 0.000020843"
},
{
string: "151.944476000 ± 0.000058"
},
{
string: "151.944476000 ± 0.000058"
},
{
string: "151.944476000 ± 0.000058"
},
{
string: "152.942057244 ± 0.000012864"
},
{
string: "152.942057244 ± 0.000012864"
},
{
string: "153.941570067 ± 0.000015472"
},
{
string: "153.941570067 ± 0.000015472"
},
{
string: "154.939209578 ± 0.000010654"
},
{
string: "154.939209578 ± 0.000010654"
},
{
string: "155.938985597 ± 0.000015328"
},
{
string: "155.938985597 ± 0.000015328"
},
{
string: "155.938985597 ± 0.000015328"
},
{
string: "156.936973000 ± 0.00003"
},
{
string: "157.936979525 ± 0.000027074"
},
{
string: "157.936979525 ± 0.000027074"
},
{
string: "158.934975000 ± 0.00003"
},
{
string: "159.935263106 ± 0.000036781"
},
{
string: "159.935263106 ± 0.000036781"
},
{
string: "159.935263106 ± 0.000036781"
},
{
string: "160.933549000 ± 0.00003"
},
{
string: "160.933549000 ± 0.00003"
},
{
string: "160.933549000 ± 0.00003"
},
{
string: "161.934000872 ± 0.000027977"
},
{
string: "161.934000872 ± 0.000027977"
},
{
string: "162.932657941 ± 0.00000593"
},
{
string: "162.932657941 ± 0.00000593"
},
{
string: "163.933543281 ± 0.000026188"
},
{
string: "163.933543281 ± 0.000026188"
},
{
string: "164.932442269 ± 0.000001793"
},
{
string: "164.932442269 ± 0.000001793"
},
{
string: "164.932442269 ± 0.000001793"
},
{
string: "165.933560092 ± 0.000012459"
},
{
string: "165.933560092 ± 0.000012459"
},
{
string: "165.933560092 ± 0.000012459"
},
{
string: "166.932856635 ± 0.000001393"
},
{
string: "166.932856635 ± 0.000001393"
},
{
string: "166.932856635 ± 0.000001393"
},
{
string: "167.934177868 ± 0.000001834"
},
{
string: "168.934218350 ± 0.000000871"
},
{
string: "168.934218350 ± 0.000000871"
},
{
string: "169.935806507 ± 0.000000859"
},
{
string: "169.935806507 ± 0.000000859"
},
{
string: "170.936435126 ± 0.000001043"
},
{
string: "170.936435126 ± 0.000001043"
},
{
string: "170.936435126 ± 0.000001043"
},
{
string: "171.938406067 ± 0.000005907"
},
{
string: "171.938406067 ± 0.000005907"
},
{
string: "172.939606632 ± 0.000004723"
},
{
string: "172.939606632 ± 0.000004723"
},
{
string: "172.939606632 ± 0.000004723"
},
{
string: "172.939606632 ± 0.000004723"
},
{
string: "173.942174064 ± 0.00004801"
},
{
string: "173.942174064 ± 0.00004801"
},
{
string: "174.943842313 ± 0.000053677"
},
{
string: "174.943842313 ± 0.000053677"
},
{
string: "174.943842313 ± 0.000053677"
},
{
string: "175.946997711 ± 0.000107354"
},
{
string: "176.949040 ± 0.00032 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "177.952640 ± 0.00043 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "178.955340 ± 0.00054 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "179.959291 ± 0.00054 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "180.962243 ± 0.00064 [Estimated]"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Half Life and Uncertainty",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "2.3 us ± 0.9"
},
{
string: "3.17 us ± 0.20"
},
{
string: "155 ms ± 20"
},
{
string: "75 ms ± 7"
},
{
string: "200 ms ± 3"
},
{
string: "580 ms ± 30"
},
{
string: "360 us ± 40"
},
{
string: "700 ms ± 200"
},
{
string: "900 ms ± 200"
},
{
string: "3 s [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "2.20 s ± 0.06"
},
{
string: "5.2 ms ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "4.17 s ± 0.11"
},
{
string: "6.6 s ± 2.0"
},
{
string: "451 ns ± 34"
},
{
string: "8.0 s ± 1.0"
},
{
string: "5.2 s ± 0.6"
},
{
string: "294 ns ± 12"
},
{
string: "1.48 s ± 0.01"
},
{
string: "2.5 s ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "8.1 s ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "3.30 s ± 0.07"
},
{
string: "21.6 s ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "45 s ± 3"
},
{
string: "83.8 s ± 1.8"
},
{
string: "~400 ns"
},
{
string: "19 s ± 3"
},
{
string: "3.63 m ± 0.09"
},
{
string: "3.98 m ± 0.06"
},
{
string: "~20 ns"
},
{
string: "9.13 m ± 0.16"
},
{
string: "9.4 m ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "74.5 s ± 1.5"
},
{
string: "~200 ns"
},
{
string: "30.2 m ± 0.8"
},
{
string: "5 m [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "110 ns ± 3"
},
{
string: "21.70 m ± 0.19"
},
{
string: "24.3 s ± 1.7"
},
{
string: "1.810 h ± 0.005"
},
{
string: "380 ns ± 30"
},
{
string: "2.0 m ± 0.1"
},
{
string: "5.1 m ± 0.1"
},
{
string: "30.06 h ± 0.03"
},
{
string: "80 us ± 3"
},
{
string: "9.0 us ± 0.5"
},
{
string: "7.70 h ± 0.03"
},
{
string: "348 ms ± 21"
},
{
string: "2 us ± 1"
},
{
string: "9.25 d ± 0.02"
},
{
string: "1.16 us ± 0.06"
},
{
string: "0.9 us ± 0.1"
},
{
string: "93.1 d ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "659.9 ns ± 2.3"
},
{
string: "128.6 d ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "4.12 us ± 0.13"
},
{
string: "1.92 y ± 0.01"
},
{
string: "2.60 us ± 0.02"
},
{
string: "1.7 us ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "63.6 h ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "132 us ± 7"
},
{
string: "8.24 h ± 0.08"
},
{
string: "10.7 us ± 1.7"
},
{
string: "250 ns ± 69"
},
{
string: "121 ns ± 28"
},
{
string: "5.4 m ± 0.1"
},
{
string: "2.29 s ± 0.01"
},
{
string: "15.2 m ± 0.5"
},
{
string: "319 ns ± 35"
},
{
string: "21 us ± 14"
},
{
string: "1.85 m ± 0.03"
},
{
string: "90 s ± 6"
},
{
string: "30 s ± >300ns [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "20 s ± >300ns [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "5 s ± >300ns [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "5 s ± >300ns [Estimated]"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Discovery Year",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "2005"
},
{
string: "1998"
},
{
string: "1993"
},
{
string: "1993"
},
{
string: "1993"
},
{
string: "1982"
},
{
string: "1984"
},
{
string: "1982"
},
{
string: "1987"
},
{
string: "1982"
},
{
string: "1981"
},
{
string: "1984"
},
{
string: "1982"
},
{
string: "1987"
},
{
string: "1982"
},
{
string: "1980"
},
{
string: "1980"
},
{
string: "1986"
},
{
string: "1964"
},
{
string: "1988"
},
{
string: "1964"
},
{
string: "1964"
},
{
string: "1971"
},
{
string: "1990"
},
{
string: "1971"
},
{
string: "1985"
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: "1974"
},
{
string: "1970"
},
{
string: "1981"
},
{
string: "1971"
},
{
string: "1970"
},
{
string: "1983"
},
{
string: "1986"
},
{
string: "1959"
},
{
string: "1981"
},
{
string: "1981"
},
{
string: "1963"
},
{
string: "1974"
},
{
string: "1959"
},
{
string: "1975"
},
{
string: "1960"
},
{
string: "1971"
},
{
string: "1953"
},
{
string: "1967"
},
{
string: "1968"
},
{
string: "1948"
},
{
string: "1996"
},
{
string: "1995"
},
{
string: "1948"
},
{
string: "1964"
},
{
string: "1965"
},
{
string: "1949"
},
{
string: "1934"
},
{
string: "1950"
},
{
string: "1936"
},
{
string: "1967"
},
{
string: "1948"
},
{
string: "1948"
},
{
string: "2009"
},
{
string: "1956"
},
{
string: "2008"
},
{
string: "1961"
},
{
string: "1972"
},
{
string: "2012"
},
{
string: "2012"
},
{
string: "1960"
},
{
string: "2006"
},
{
string: "1961"
},
{
string: "2012"
},
{
string: "2012"
},
{
string: "1961"
},
{
string: "1989"
},
{
string: "2008"
},
{
string: "2012"
},
{
string: "2012"
},
{
string: "2012"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Decay Modes, Intensities and Uncertainties [%]",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "p=?; β+=0%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 6,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "p=100%"
},
{
string: "p≈100%; β+ ?; β+p ?",
markup: [
{
start: 9,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 15,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "p≈100%; β+ ?; β+p ?",
markup: [
{
start: 9,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 15,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "p=?; β+=16%[Estimated]; β+p ?",
markup: [
{
start: 6,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 25,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=85±0.5%; p=15±0.5%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "p=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%; β+p ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%; β+p=0.26±1.5%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%; β+p=1.2±0.3%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100[gs=0,m=100]"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "α=91±0.3%; β+=9±0.3%",
markup: [
{
start: 12,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "α=92±0.3%; β+=?",
markup: [
{
start: 12,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "α=54±0.5%; β+=46±0.5%",
markup: [
{
start: 12,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "α=58±0.5%; β+=42±0.5%; IT ?",
markup: [
{
start: 12,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=99.11±2.4%; α=0.89±2.4%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+>92%; α<8%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+≈100%; α=0.064±1%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT ?"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=85±0.5%; β+=15±0.5%",
markup: [
{
start: 13,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+ ?; IT ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT ?; β+=19±0.4%",
markup: [
{
start: 7,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "ε=61±0.1%; e+=39±0.1%",
markup: [
{
start: 12,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT≈80%; β+≈20%",
markup: [
{
start: 9,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "ε=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+≈100%; β-=0.010±0.7%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IS=100."
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-≈100%; ε=0.131±1%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT>98.5%; β-<1.5%",
markup: [
{
start: 11,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β- ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β- ?; β-n=0%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 7,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β- ?; β-n=0%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 7,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β- ?; β-n=0.4%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 7,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
}
],
reference: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "PubChem",
description: "Data deposited in or computed by PubChem",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
sourceName: "Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)",
sourceID: "e69",
name: "Tm",
description: "The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.",
url: "https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/",
anid: 6590296
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
sourceName: "Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)",
sourceID: "a69",
name: "Thulium",
description: "Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report) and CIAAW. The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/",
url: "http://www.ciaaw.org/thulium.htm",
licenseURL: "http://www.ciaaw.org/bylaws.htm",
anid: 2292450
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
sourceName: "Jefferson Lab, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "jlab69",
name: "Thulium",
description: "Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/",
url: "https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele069.html",
licenseNote: "Please see citation and linking information: https://education.jlab.org/faq/index.html",
licenseURL: "https://www.jlab.org/privacy-and-security-notice",
anid: 507131
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
sourceName: "Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "lanl69",
name: "Thulium",
description: "The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.",
url: "https://periodic.lanl.gov/69.shtml",
anid: 507249
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
sourceName: "NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory",
sourceID: "e69",
name: "Thulium",
description: "The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Elements/elInfo.pl?element=69",
licenseURL: "https://www.nist.gov/pml/database-disclaimer",
anid: 2292686
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
sourceName: "PubChem Elements",
sourceID: "69",
name: "Tm",
description: "The element property data was retrieved from publications.",
anid: 7660070
},
{
referenceNumber: 7,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "69",
name: "Thulium",
description: "This section provides all form of data related to element Thulium.",
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record: {
recordType: "AtomicNumber",
recordNumber: 70,
recordTitle: "Ytterbium",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01022.html",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Name",
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stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Ytterbium"
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referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Name",
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string: "Ytterbium"
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},
{
tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
description: "Element symbol, Also called atomic symbol, typically consists of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet derived from the element name in one of several languages.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Yb"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Symbol",
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stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Yb"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "InChI=1S/Yb"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI Key",
description: "International Chemical Identifier hash (InChIKey) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI Key",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "NAWDYIZEMPQZHO-UHFFFAOYSA-N"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Atomic Weight",
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name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "173.054(5)"
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]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 5,
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name: "Electron Configuration",
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length: 1,
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}
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]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Radius",
description: "Atomic radius is the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell containing electrons.",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_radius",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
name: "Van der Waals Atomic Radius",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "242 pm (Van der Waals)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Empirical Atomic Radius",
reference: [
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],
value: {
number: [
175
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unit: "pm (Empirical)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Covalent Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"B. Cordero, V. Gómez, A.E. Platero-Prats, M. Revés, J. Echeverría, E. Cremades, F. Barragán, S. Alvarez, Dalton Trans. 2008, 21, 2832-2838. DOI:10.1039/b801115j PMID:18478144."
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{
tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
description: "Oxidation state gives the degree of oxidation of an atom in terms of counting electrons.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/O/O04365.html",
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},
{
tocHeading: "Ground Level",
description: "Also called ground-state level. The ground state electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom with lower energy levels.",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/ASD/Html/iehelp.html#IEGROUNDLEV",
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},
{
tocHeading: "Ionization Energy",
description: "Ionization energy is the minimum energy required to eject an electron out of a neutral atom or molecule in its ground state.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/I/I03199.html",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
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string: "6.254 eV"
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]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ionization Energy",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "6.254160 eV"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Spectra",
description: "Atomic and ionic spectral lines originate from specified electronic transitions between energy levels of atoms and ions, respectively.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00502.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/lines_hold.pl?el=Yb",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Lines Holdings"
}
]
}
},
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referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/levels_hold.pl?el=Yb",
value: {
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string: "Levels Holdings"
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]
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}
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},
{
tocHeading: "Physical Description",
description: "Physical description, also know as physical characteristics, refers to physical appearance of element substances.",
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string: "Solid"
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}
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},
{
tocHeading: "Element Classification",
description: "Elements can be classified few groups according to each element's chemical properties.",
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value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Metal"
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}
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},
{
tocHeading: "Element Period Number",
description: "The element period number refers to a horizontal row of the periodic table. The periodic table has 7 periods.",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/periodic-table-of-the-elements/The-periodic-table#ref80835",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "6"
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]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Group Number",
description: "Element group refers to a set of chemical elements in the same vertical column of the periodic table",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/group-periodic-table",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "- Lanthanide"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Density",
description: "Density is a degree of consistency measured by the quantity of mass per unit volume",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/D/D01590.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "6.90 grams per cubic centimeter"
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]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Melting Point",
description: "The melting point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from solid to liquid at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/melting-point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1092 K (819°C or 1506°F)"
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]
}
},
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value: {
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{
tocHeading: "Boiling Point",
description: "Boiling Point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from liquid to gas at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "1469 K (1196°C or 2185°F)"
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}
},
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value: {
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string: "1196°C"
}
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},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Crustal Abundance",
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url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust",
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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},
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tocHeading: "Estimated Oceanic Abundance",
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value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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tocHeading: "History",
description: "Element discovery and related information in history",
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name: "History",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "The name derives from the Swedish village of Ytterby where the mineral ytterbite (the source of ytterbium) was originally found. It was discovered by the Swiss chemist Jean-Charles Galissard de Marignac in 1878 in erbium nitrate from gadolinite (ytterbite renamed)."
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value: {
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string: "The mineral gadolinite ((Ce, La, Nd, Y)2FeBe2Si2O10), discovered in a quarry near the town of Ytterby, Sweden, has been the source of a great number of rare earth elements. In 1843, Carl Gustaf Mosander, a Swedish chemist, was able to separate gadolinite into three materials, which he named yttria, erbia and terbia. As might be expected considering the similarities between their names and properties, scientists soon confused erbia and terbia and, by 1877, had reversed their names. What Mosander called erbia is now called terbia and visa versa. In 1878 Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac, a Swiss chemist, discovered that erbia was itself consisted of two components. One component was named ytterbia by Marignac while the other component retained the name erbia. Marignac believed that ytterbia was a compound of a new element, which he named ytterbium. Other chemists produced and experimented with ytterbium in an attempt to determine some of it's properties. Unfortunately, different scientists obtained different results from the same experiments. While some scientists believed that these inconsistent results were caused by poor procedures or faulty equipment, Georges Urbain, a French chemist, believed that ytterbium wasn't an element at all, but a mixture of two elements. In 1907, Urbain was able to separate ytterbium into two elements. Urbain named one of the elements neoytterbium (new ytterbium) and the other element lutecium. Chemists eventually changed the name neoytterbium back to ytterbium and changed the spelling of lutecium to lutetium. Due to his original belief of the composition of ytterbia, Marignac is credited with the discovery of ytterbium. Today, ytterbium is primarily obtained through an ion exchange process from monazite sand ((Ce, La, Th, Nd, Y)PO4), a material rich in rare earth elements.",
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string: "Named after Ytterby, a village in Sweden. Marignac in 1878 discovered a new component, which he called ytterbia, in the earth then known as erbia. In 1907, Urbain separated ytterbia into two components, which he called neoytterbia and lutecia. The elements in these earths are now known as ytterbium and lutetium, respectively. These elements are identical with aldebaranium and cassiopeium, discovered independently and at about the same time by von Welsbach."
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tocHeading: "Description",
description: "Description about this element",
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string: "Ytterbium has a bright silvery luster, is soft, malleable, and quite ductile. Even though the element is fairly stable, it should be kept in closed containers to protect it from air and moisture. Ytterbium is readily attacked and dissolved by dilute and concentrated mineral acids and reacts slowly with water. Ytterbium has three allotropic forms with transformation points at -13°C and 795°C: The beta form is a room-temperature, face-centered, cubic modification, while the high-temperature gamma form is a body-centered cubic form. Another body-centered cubic phase has recently been found to be stable at high pressures at room temperatures. The beta form ordinarily has metallic-type conductivity, but becomes a semiconductor when the pressure is increased about 16,000 atm. The electrical resistance increases tenfold as the pressure is increased to 39,000 atm and drops to about 10% of its standard temperature-pressure resistivity at a pressure of 40,000 atm. Natural ytterbium is a mixture of seven stable isotopes. Seven other unstable isotopes are known."
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tocHeading: "Uses",
description: "Uses information in industry and other fields",
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tocHeading: "Sources",
description: "Sources (where the element come from) information for the given element",
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}
]
}
}
]
},
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tocHeading: "Production",
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}
]
}
}
]
},
{
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description: "Related compounds information to this element",
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string: "ytterbium-169"
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{
string: "ytterbium-175"
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{
string: "ytterbium(3+)"
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{
string: "ytterbium-174"
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{
string: "ytterbium-166"
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{
string: "ytterbium-176"
},
{
string: "ytterbium-167"
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{
string: "ytterbium-177"
},
{
string: "ytterbium-162"
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{
string: "ytterbium-178"
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{
string: "ytterbium-168"
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{
string: "ytterbium-171"
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{
string: "ytterbium-172"
},
{
string: "ytterbium-169(3+)"
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{
string: "ytterbium-175(3+)"
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{
string: "ytterbium-170"
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{
string: "ytterbium-173"
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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string: "[166Yb]"
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string: "[167Yb]"
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string: "[177Yb]"
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string: "[162Yb]"
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{
string: "[178Yb]"
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string: "[168Yb]"
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{
string: "[171Yb]"
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{
string: "[172Yb]"
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string: "[169Yb+3]"
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string: "[175Yb+3]"
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{
string: "[170Yb]"
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string: "[173Yb]"
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}
},
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{
string: "175.943"
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string: "166.935"
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{
string: "176.945"
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{
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{
string: "171.936 386 66(9)"
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{
string: "172.938 216 22(8)"
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{
string: "173.938 867 55(8)"
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string: "0.217 54(10)"
},
{
string: "0.160 98(9)"
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{
string: "0.318 96(26)"
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{
string: "0.128 87(30)"
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{
tocHeading: "Atomic Mass, Half Life, and Decay",
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string: "176.945263848 ± 0.000000236"
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string: "178.950040 ± 0.00021 [Estimated]"
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string: "179.952120 ± 0.00032 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "180.955890 ± 0.00032 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "181.958325 ± 0.00043 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "182.962319 ± 0.00043 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "183.965067 ± 0.00054 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "1.6 s ± 0.5"
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{
string: "2.6 us ± 0.7"
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{
string: "20 us ± 1"
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{
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{
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{
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{
string: "15 us ± 1"
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{
string: "409 ms ± 2"
},
{
string: "1.793 s ± 0.019"
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{
string: "26.1 s ± 0.7"
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{
string: "38.6 s ± 1.0"
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{
string: "1.49 m ± 0.13"
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{
string: "1.67 m ± 0.09"
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{
string: "4.8 m ± 0.2"
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{
string: "4.2 m ± 0.2"
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{
string: "18.87 m ± 0.19"
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{
string: "11.05 m ± 0.35"
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string: "75.8 m ± 1.7"
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{
string: "9.9 m ± 0.3"
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string: "56.7 h ± 0.1"
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string: "46 s ± 2"
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string: "370 ns ± 15"
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string: "Stable"
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string: "265 ns ± 20"
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string: "Stable"
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{
string: "3.6 us ± 0.1"
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{
string: "Stable"
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{
string: "2.9 us ± 0.1"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "830 us ± 40"
},
{
string: "256 ns ± 11"
},
{
string: "4.185 d ± 0.001"
},
{
string: "68.2 ms ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "Stable ± >160Py"
},
{
string: "11.4 s ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "1.911 h ± 0.003"
},
{
string: "6.41 s ± 0.02"
},
{
string: "74 m ± 3"
},
{
string: "8.0 m ± 0.4"
},
{
string: "2.4 m ± 0.5"
},
{
string: "1 m ± >300ns [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "10 s ± >300ns [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "3 s ± >300ns [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "1 s ± >300ns [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "300 ms ± >300ns [Estimated]"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Discovery Year",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: ""
},
{
string: "2001"
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{
string: "2000"
},
{
string: "1985"
},
{
string: "1986"
},
{
string: "1993"
},
{
string: "1987"
},
{
string: "1982"
},
{
string: "1995"
},
{
string: "1977"
},
{
string: "1989"
},
{
string: "1964"
},
{
string: "1964"
},
{
string: "1970"
},
{
string: "1970"
},
{
string: "1967"
},
{
string: "1975"
},
{
string: "1967"
},
{
string: "1974"
},
{
string: "1963"
},
{
string: "1967"
},
{
string: "1960"
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{
string: "1964"
},
{
string: "1980"
},
{
string: "1954"
},
{
string: "1954"
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{
string: "1976"
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{
string: "1938"
},
{
string: "1946"
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{
string: "1949"
},
{
string: "1938"
},
{
string: "1981"
},
{
string: "1934"
},
{
string: "1968"
},
{
string: "1968"
},
{
string: "1934"
},
{
string: "1969"
},
{
string: "1934"
},
{
string: "1963"
},
{
string: "1934"
},
{
string: "1964"
},
{
string: "2005"
},
{
string: "1945"
},
{
string: "1972"
},
{
string: "1934"
},
{
string: "1967"
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{
string: "1945"
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string: "1962"
},
{
string: "1973"
},
{
string: "1982"
},
{
string: "1987"
},
{
string: "2000"
},
{
string: "2012"
},
{
string: "2012"
},
{
string: "2012"
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{
string: "2012"
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]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Decay Modes, Intensities and Uncertainties [%]",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "β+ ?; β+p ?",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 7,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
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string: "β+=100%; β+p≈100%",
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 10,
length: 1,
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{
string: "β+ ?",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "β+=100%; β+p=?",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 10,
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 10,
length: 1,
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string: "IT=100%"
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{
string: "IT=100%"
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string: "β+=100%",
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=?; α=50%[Estimated]; β+p=0.008±0.2%",
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
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start: 25,
length: 1,
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string: "IT=100%"
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{
string: "α=92.6±1.2%; β+=7.4±1.2%",
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type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "α=89±0.4%; β+=11±0.4%",
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start: 12,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β+=90±0.2%; α=10±0.2%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=99.5%; α=0.5%",
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+≈100%; α≈0.0021±1.2%",
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type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
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},
{
string: "ε=100%"
},
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string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
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string: "ε=100%"
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string: "β+=100%",
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IS=0.123±0.3%; α ?; 2β+ ?",
markup: [
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start: 22,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "ε=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IS=2.982±3.9%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IS=14.09±1.4%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IS=21.68±1.3%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IS=16.103±6.3%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IS=32.026±8%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
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},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IS=12.996±8.3%; 2β- ?; α ?",
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=?; β-<10%[Estimated]",
markup: [
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
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type: "Superscript"
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string: "IT=100%"
},
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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string: "β-=100%",
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β- ?",
markup: [
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β- ?",
markup: [
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "β- ?",
markup: [
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type: "Superscript"
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markup: [
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],
reference: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "PubChem",
description: "Data deposited in or computed by PubChem",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
sourceName: "Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)",
sourceID: "e70",
name: "Yb",
description: "The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.",
url: "https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/",
anid: 6590297
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
sourceName: "Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)",
sourceID: "a70",
name: "Ytterbium",
description: "Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report) and CIAAW. The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/",
url: "http://www.ciaaw.org/ytterbium.htm",
licenseURL: "http://www.ciaaw.org/bylaws.htm",
anid: 2292451
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
sourceName: "Jefferson Lab, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "jlab70",
name: "Ytterbium",
description: "Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/",
url: "https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele070.html",
licenseNote: "Please see citation and linking information: https://education.jlab.org/faq/index.html",
licenseURL: "https://www.jlab.org/privacy-and-security-notice",
anid: 507132
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
sourceName: "Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "lanl70",
name: "Ytterbium",
description: "The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.",
url: "https://periodic.lanl.gov/70.shtml",
anid: 507250
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
sourceName: "NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory",
sourceID: "e70",
name: "Ytterbium",
description: "The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Elements/elInfo.pl?element=70",
licenseURL: "https://www.nist.gov/pml/database-disclaimer",
anid: 2292687
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
sourceName: "PubChem Elements",
sourceID: "70",
name: "Yb",
description: "The element property data was retrieved from publications.",
anid: 7660071
},
{
referenceNumber: 7,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "70",
name: "Ytterbium",
description: "This section provides all form of data related to element Ytterbium.",
anid: 694363
}
]
}
},
{
record: {
recordType: "AtomicNumber",
recordNumber: 71,
recordTitle: "Lutetium",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01022.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Lutetium"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Lutetium"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
description: "Element symbol, Also called atomic symbol, typically consists of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet derived from the element name in one of several languages.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Lu"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Lu"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "InChI=1S/Lu"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI Key",
description: "International Chemical Identifier hash (InChIKey) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI Key",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "OHSVLFRHMCKCQY-UHFFFAOYSA-N"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "174.9668(1)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "174.9668"
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]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "175.0"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "174.9668(1)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "[Xe]6s24f145d1",
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start: 6,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 9,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 13,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Electron Configuration",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[Xe]4f14 5d6s2",
markup: [
{
start: 6,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 13,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Radius",
description: "Atomic radius is the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell containing electrons.",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_radius",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
name: "Van der Waals Atomic Radius",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "221 pm (Van der Waals)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Empirical Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"J.C. Slater, J Chem Phys, 1964, 41(10), 3199-3205. DOI:10.1063/1.1725697"
],
value: {
number: [
175
],
unit: "pm (Empirical)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Covalent Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"B. Cordero, V. Gómez, A.E. Platero-Prats, M. Revés, J. Echeverría, E. Cremades, F. Barragán, S. Alvarez, Dalton Trans. 2008, 21, 2832-2838. DOI:10.1039/b801115j PMID:18478144."
],
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "187(8) pm (Covalent)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
description: "Oxidation state gives the degree of oxidation of an atom in terms of counting electrons.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/O/O04365.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "+3"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "3, 2, 1 (a weakly basic oxide)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ground Level",
description: "Also called ground-state level. The ground state electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom with lower energy levels.",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/ASD/Html/iehelp.html#IEGROUNDLEV",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ground Level",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "2D3/2",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 2,
length: 3,
type: "Subscript"
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]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ionization Energy",
description: "Ionization energy is the minimum energy required to eject an electron out of a neutral atom or molecule in its ground state.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/I/I03199.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "5.426 eV"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ionization Energy",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "5.425871 eV"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electronegativity",
description: "The concept electronegativity was introduced by L. Pauling as the power of an atom to attract electrons to itself.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01990",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Pauling Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"A.L. Allred, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 1961, 17(3-4), 215-221. DOI:10.1016/0022-1902(61)80142-5"
],
value: {
number: [
1.27
],
unit: "(Pauling Scale)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Allen Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1989, 111, 9003. DOI:10.1021/ja00207a003; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek and L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 2780. DOI:10.1021/ja992866e; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek, E.T. Knight, J.F. Capitani and L.C Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 5132. DOI:10.1021/ja9928677"
],
value: {
number: [
1.09
],
unit: "(Allen Scale)"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Spectra",
description: "Atomic and ionic spectral lines originate from specified electronic transitions between energy levels of atoms and ions, respectively.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00502.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/lines_hold.pl?el=Lu",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Lines Holdings"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/levels_hold.pl?el=Lu",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Levels Holdings"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Physical Description",
description: "Physical description, also know as physical characteristics, refers to physical appearance of element substances.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Solid"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Classification",
description: "Elements can be classified few groups according to each element's chemical properties.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Metal"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Period Number",
description: "The element period number refers to a horizontal row of the periodic table. The periodic table has 7 periods.",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/periodic-table-of-the-elements/The-periodic-table#ref80835",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "6"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Group Number",
description: "Element group refers to a set of chemical elements in the same vertical column of the periodic table",
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tocHeading: "Density",
description: "Density is a degree of consistency measured by the quantity of mass per unit volume",
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tocHeading: "Melting Point",
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string: "The name derives from Lutetia, the ancient name for the city of Paris. The discovery of lutetium is credited to the French chemist Georges Urbain in 1907 although it had been separated earlier and independently by the Austrian chemist Carl Auer (Baron von Welsbach) from an ytterbium sample.",
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string: "The mineral gadolinite ((Ce, La, Nd, Y)2FeBe2Si2O10), discovered in a quarry near the town of Ytterby, Sweden, has been the source of a great number of rare earth elements. In 1843, Carl Gustaf Mosander, a Swedish chemist, was able to separate gadolinite into three materials, which he named yttria, erbia and terbia. As might be expected considering the similarities between their names and properties, scientists soon confused erbia and terbia and, by 1877, had reversed their names. What Mosander called erbia is now called terbia and visa versa. In 1878 Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac, a Swiss chemist, discovered that erbia was itself composed of two components. One component was named ytterbia by Marignac while the other component retained the name erbia. Marignac believed that ytterbia was a compound of a new element, which he named ytterbium. Other chemists produced and experimented with ytterbium in an attempt to determine some of it's properties. Unfortunately, different scientists obtained different results from the same experiments. While some scientists believed that these inconsistent results were caused by poor procedures or faulty equipment, Georges Urbain, a French chemist, believed that ytterbium wasn't an element at all, but a mixture of two elements. In 1907, Urbain was able to separate ytterbium into two elements. Urbain named one of the elements neoytterbium (new ytterbium) and the other element lutecium. Carl Auer von Welsbach, an Austrian chemist working independently of Urbain, reached the same conclusions at nearly the same time. Welsbach chose the names albebaranium and cassiopium for these elements. Urbain was eventually credited with the discovery of the elements and won the right to name them, although chemists later changed the name neoytterbium back to ytterbium and changed the spelling of lutecium to lutetium. Today, lutetium is primarily obtained through an ion exchange process from monazite sand ((Ce, La, Th, Nd, Y)PO4), a material rich in rare earth elements.",
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{
string: "172Lum",
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string: "174Lum",
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{
string: "175Lum",
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{
string: "176Lum",
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string: "177Lu",
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]
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{
string: "177Lum",
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string: "178Lu",
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{
string: "178Lum",
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{
string: "179Lum",
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string: "180Lu",
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{
string: "180Lum",
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{
string: "182Lu",
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{
string: "183Lu",
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{
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{
string: "184Lu",
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{
string: "185Lu",
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{
string: "186Lu",
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{
string: "187Lu",
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{
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{
string: "149.973548 ± 0.000322 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "149.973548 ± 0.000322 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "150.967677 ± 0.000322 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "150.967677 ± 0.000322 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "151.964120 ± 0.00021 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "152.958805054 ± 0.000161068"
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{
string: "152.958805054 ± 0.000161068"
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{
string: "152.958805054 ± 0.000161068"
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{
string: "152.958805054 ± 0.000161068"
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{
string: "153.957364 ± 0.000211 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "153.957364 ± 0.000211 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "153.957364 ± 0.000211 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "154.954326011 ± 0.000020661"
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{
string: "154.954326011 ± 0.000020661"
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{
string: "154.954326011 ± 0.000020661"
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{
string: "155.953086606 ± 0.000058102"
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{
string: "155.953086606 ± 0.000058102"
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{
string: "156.950144045 ± 0.000012965"
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{
string: "156.950144045 ± 0.000012965"
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{
string: "157.949315626 ± 0.000016237"
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{
string: "158.946635615 ± 0.000040433"
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{
string: "158.946635615 ± 0.000040433"
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{
string: "159.946033000 ± 0.000061"
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{
string: "159.946033000 ± 0.000061"
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{
string: "160.943572000 ± 0.00003"
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{
string: "160.943572000 ± 0.00003"
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{
string: "161.943282776 ± 0.000080554"
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{
string: "161.943282776 ± 0.000080554"
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{
string: "161.943282776 ± 0.000080554"
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{
string: "162.941179000 ± 0.00003"
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{
string: "163.941339000 ± 0.00003"
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{
string: "164.939406758 ± 0.00002849"
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{
string: "165.939859000 ± 0.000032"
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{
string: "165.939859000 ± 0.000032"
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{
string: "165.939859000 ± 0.000032"
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{
string: "166.938270000 ± 0.000034"
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{
string: "166.938270000 ± 0.000034"
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{
string: "167.938735139 ± 0.000042153"
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{
string: "167.938735139 ± 0.000042153"
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{
string: "168.937643653 ± 0.00000347"
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{
string: "168.937643653 ± 0.00000347"
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{
string: "169.938479234 ± 0.000018081"
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{
string: "169.938479234 ± 0.000018081"
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{
string: "170.937918660 ± 0.000001998"
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{
string: "170.937918660 ± 0.000001998"
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{
string: "171.939091417 ± 0.000002507"
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{
string: "171.939091417 ± 0.000002507"
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{
string: "171.939091417 ± 0.000002507"
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{
string: "171.939091417 ± 0.000002507"
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{
string: "171.939091417 ± 0.000002507"
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{
string: "172.938935822 ± 0.000001682"
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{
string: "172.938935822 ± 0.000001682"
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{
string: "173.940342938 ± 0.000001682"
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{
string: "173.940342938 ± 0.000001682"
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{
string: "173.940342938 ± 0.000001682"
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{
string: "173.940342938 ± 0.000001682"
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{
string: "173.940342938 ± 0.000001682"
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{
string: "173.940342938 ± 0.000001682"
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{
string: "174.940777308 ± 0.000001295"
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{
string: "174.940777308 ± 0.000001295"
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{
string: "174.940777308 ± 0.000001295"
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{
string: "175.942691809 ± 0.000001301"
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{
string: "175.942691809 ± 0.000001301"
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{
string: "175.942691809 ± 0.000001301"
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{
string: "175.942691809 ± 0.000001301"
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{
string: "176.943763668 ± 0.00000131"
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{
string: "176.943763668 ± 0.00000131"
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{
string: "176.943763668 ± 0.00000131"
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{
string: "176.943763668 ± 0.00000131"
},
{
string: "176.943763668 ± 0.00000131"
},
{
string: "176.943763668 ± 0.00000131"
},
{
string: "177.945960162 ± 0.000002416"
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{
string: "177.945960162 ± 0.000002416"
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{
string: "178.947333082 ± 0.000005528"
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{
string: "178.947333082 ± 0.000005528"
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{
string: "179.949890876 ± 0.000075926"
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{
string: "179.949890876 ± 0.000075926"
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{
string: "179.949890876 ± 0.000075926"
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{
string: "180.951908000 ± 0.000135"
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{
string: "181.955040 ± 0.00021 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "182.957363000 ± 0.000086"
},
{
string: "183.960910 ± 0.00032 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "184.963620 ± 0.00032 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "185.967568 ± 0.00043 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "186.970392 ± 0.00043 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "187.974460 ± 0.00054 [Estimated]"
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{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Half Life and Uncertainty",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "45 ms ± 3"
},
{
string: "40 us ± 7"
},
{
string: "78.4 ms ± 0.9"
},
{
string: "16.5 us ± 0.7"
},
{
string: "650 ms ± 70"
},
{
string: "900 ms ± 200"
},
{
string: "1 s [Estimated]"
},
{
string: ">100 ns"
},
{
string: "15 us ± 3"
},
{
string: "1 s [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "1.12 s ± 0.08"
},
{
string: "35 us ± 3"
},
{
string: "68.6 ms ± 1.6"
},
{
string: "138 ms ± 8"
},
{
string: "2.69 ms ± 0.03"
},
{
string: "494 ms ± 12"
},
{
string: "198 ms ± 2"
},
{
string: "6.8 s ± 1.8"
},
{
string: "4.79 s ± 0.12"
},
{
string: "10.6 s ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "12.1 s ± 1.0"
},
{
string: "10 s [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "36.1 s ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "40 s ± 1"
},
{
string: "77 s ± 2"
},
{
string: "7.3 ms ± 0.4"
},
{
string: "1.37 m ± 0.02"
},
{
string: "1.5 m"
},
{
string: "1.9 m"
},
{
string: "3.97 m ± 0.13"
},
{
string: "3.14 m ± 0.03"
},
{
string: "10.74 m ± 0.10"
},
{
string: "2.65 m ± 0.10"
},
{
string: "1.41 m ± 0.10"
},
{
string: "2.12 m ± 0.10"
},
{
string: "51.5 m ± 1.0"
},
{
string: ">1 m"
},
{
string: "5.5 m ± 0.1"
},
{
string: "6.7 m ± 0.4"
},
{
string: "34.06 h ± 0.05"
},
{
string: "160 s ± 10"
},
{
string: "2.012 d ± 0.020"
},
{
string: "670 ms ± 100"
},
{
string: "8.24 d ± 0.03"
},
{
string: "79 s ± 2"
},
{
string: "6.70 d ± 0.03"
},
{
string: "3.7 m ± 0.5"
},
{
string: "332 ns ± 20"
},
{
string: "440 us ± 12"
},
{
string: "150 ns"
},
{
string: "1.37 y ± 0.01"
},
{
string: "74.2 us ± 1.0"
},
{
string: "3.31 y ± 0.05"
},
{
string: "142 d ± 2"
},
{
string: "395 ns ± 15"
},
{
string: "145 ns ± 3"
},
{
string: "194 ns ± 24"
},
{
string: "242 ns ± 19"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "1.49 us ± 0.07"
},
{
string: "984 us ± 30"
},
{
string: "36.84 Gy ± 0.18"
},
{
string: "3.664 h ± 0.019"
},
{
string: "312 ns ± 69"
},
{
string: "40 us ± 3"
},
{
string: "6.645 d ± 0.0026"
},
{
string: "130 ns ± 3"
},
{
string: "155 us ± 7"
},
{
string: "160.44 d ± 0.06"
},
{
string: "625 ns ± 62"
},
{
string: "6 us ± 2"
},
{
string: "28.4 m ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "23.1 m ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "4.59 h ± 0.06"
},
{
string: "3.1 ms ± 0.9"
},
{
string: "5.7 m ± 0.1"
},
{
string: "~1 s"
},
{
string: ">1 ms"
},
{
string: "3.5 m ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "2.0 m ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "58 s ± 4"
},
{
string: "20 s ± 3"
},
{
string: "6 s ± >300ns [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "2 s ± >300ns [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "1 s ± >300ns [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "300 ms ± >300ns [Estimated]"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Discovery Year",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1993"
},
{
string: "1998"
},
{
string: "1982"
},
{
string: "1998"
},
{
string: "1987"
},
{
string: "1989"
},
{
string: "1997"
},
{
string: "1993"
},
{
string: "1993"
},
{
string: "1981"
},
{
string: "1981"
},
{
string: "1990"
},
{
string: "1965"
},
{
string: "1967"
},
{
string: "1981"
},
{
string: "1965"
},
{
string: "1979"
},
{
string: "1977"
},
{
string: "1972"
},
{
string: "1979"
},
{
string: "1980"
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: "1979"
},
{
string: "1980"
},
{
string: "1973"
},
{
string: "1973"
},
{
string: "1978"
},
{
string: "1980"
},
{
string: "1980"
},
{
string: "1979"
},
{
string: "1977"
},
{
string: "1973"
},
{
string: "1969"
},
{
string: "1974"
},
{
string: "1974"
},
{
string: "1958"
},
{
string: "1998"
},
{
string: "1960"
},
{
string: "1960"
},
{
string: "1955"
},
{
string: "1965"
},
{
string: "1951"
},
{
string: "1965"
},
{
string: "1951"
},
{
string: "1965"
},
{
string: "1951"
},
{
string: "1962"
},
{
string: "1965"
},
{
string: "1965"
},
{
string: "1974"
},
{
string: "1951"
},
{
string: "1962"
},
{
string: "1951"
},
{
string: "1960"
},
{
string: "1980"
},
{
string: "1980"
},
{
string: "2009"
},
{
string: "2009"
},
{
string: "1934"
},
{
string: "1965"
},
{
string: "1998"
},
{
string: "1935"
},
{
string: "1935"
},
{
string: "2000"
},
{
string: "2000"
},
{
string: "1945"
},
{
string: "1949"
},
{
string: "1965"
},
{
string: "1962"
},
{
string: "2004"
},
{
string: "2003"
},
{
string: "1957"
},
{
string: "1951"
},
{
string: "1961"
},
{
string: "1982"
},
{
string: "1971"
},
{
string: "1995"
},
{
string: "2001"
},
{
string: "1982"
},
{
string: "1982"
},
{
string: "1983"
},
{
string: "1989"
},
{
string: "2009"
},
{
string: "2012"
},
{
string: "2012"
},
{
string: "2012"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Decay Modes, Intensities and Uncertainties [%]",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "p=?; β+=29%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 6,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "p=100%"
},
{
string: "p=?; β+=37%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 6,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "p=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%; β+p=15±0.7%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+ ?; α=?; p=0%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+ ?; α=?; IT=?; p=0%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+ ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+≈100%; β+p=?; β+α=?; α=0.002%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 17,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "α=90±0.2%; β+ ?",
markup: [
{
start: 12,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "α=76±1.6%; β+ ?",
markup: [
{
start: 12,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "α≈100%; IT ?"
},
{
string: "α=?; β+=5%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 6,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "α=94±0.6%; β+ ?",
markup: [
{
start: 12,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+ ?; α=?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=?; α=6±0.2%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=99.09±2%; α=0.91±2%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+≈100%; α=0.1%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+ ?; IT ?; α ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%; α<1e-4%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+≈100%; α ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+≈100%; IT ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+≈100%; IT ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=58±0.5%; IT=42±0.5%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+>80%; IT<20%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT ?; β+ ?",
markup: [
{
start: 7,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+>99.6±0.4%; IT<0.8%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%; β+<0.18%",
markup: [
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "ε=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=99.38±0.2%; ε=0.62±0.2%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IS=97.401±1.3%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IS=2.599±1.3%; β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 16,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-≈100%; ε=0.095±1.6%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=78.6±0.8%; IT=21.4±0.8%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β- ?; IT ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β- ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β- ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β- ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β- ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
}
],
reference: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "PubChem",
description: "Data deposited in or computed by PubChem",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
sourceName: "Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)",
sourceID: "e71",
name: "Lu",
description: "The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.",
url: "https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/",
anid: 6590298
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
sourceName: "Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)",
sourceID: "a71",
name: "Lutetium",
description: "Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report) and CIAAW. The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/",
url: "http://www.ciaaw.org/lutetium.htm",
licenseURL: "http://www.ciaaw.org/bylaws.htm",
anid: 2292452
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
sourceName: "Jefferson Lab, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "jlab71",
name: "Lutetium",
description: "Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/",
url: "https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele071.html",
licenseNote: "Please see citation and linking information: https://education.jlab.org/faq/index.html",
licenseURL: "https://www.jlab.org/privacy-and-security-notice",
anid: 507133
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
sourceName: "Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "lanl71",
name: "Lutetium",
description: "The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.",
url: "https://periodic.lanl.gov/71.shtml",
anid: 507251
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
sourceName: "NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory",
sourceID: "e71",
name: "Lutetium",
description: "The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Elements/elInfo.pl?element=71",
licenseURL: "https://www.nist.gov/pml/database-disclaimer",
anid: 2292688
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
sourceName: "PubChem Elements",
sourceID: "71",
name: "Lu",
description: "The element property data was retrieved from publications.",
anid: 7660072
},
{
referenceNumber: 7,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "71",
name: "Lutetium",
description: "This section provides all form of data related to element Lutetium.",
anid: 694364
}
]
}
},
{
record: {
recordType: "AtomicNumber",
recordNumber: 72,
recordTitle: "Hafnium",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01022.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Hafnium"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Hafnium"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
description: "Element symbol, Also called atomic symbol, typically consists of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet derived from the element name in one of several languages.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Hf"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Hf"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "InChI=1S/Hf"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI Key",
description: "International Chemical Identifier hash (InChIKey) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI Key",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "VBJZVLUMGGDVMO-UHFFFAOYSA-N"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "178.486(6)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "178.49"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "178.5"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "178.49(2)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "[Xe]6s24f145d2",
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type: "Superscript"
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start: 9,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 13,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Electron Configuration",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[Xe]4f14 5d2 6s2",
markup: [
{
start: 6,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 11,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 15,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Radius",
description: "Atomic radius is the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell containing electrons.",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_radius",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
name: "Van der Waals Atomic Radius",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "212 pm (Van der Waals)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Empirical Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"J.C. Slater, J Chem Phys, 1964, 41(10), 3199-3205. DOI:10.1063/1.1725697"
],
value: {
number: [
155
],
unit: "pm (Empirical)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Covalent Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"B. Cordero, V. Gómez, A.E. Platero-Prats, M. Revés, J. Echeverría, E. Cremades, F. Barragán, S. Alvarez, Dalton Trans. 2008, 21, 2832-2838. DOI:10.1039/b801115j PMID:18478144."
],
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "175(10) pm (Covalent)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
description: "Oxidation state gives the degree of oxidation of an atom in terms of counting electrons.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/O/O04365.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "+4"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "4, 3, 2, 1, −2 (an amphoteric oxide)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ground Level",
description: "Also called ground-state level. The ground state electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom with lower energy levels.",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/ASD/Html/iehelp.html#IEGROUNDLEV",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ground Level",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "3F2",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 2,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
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]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ionization Energy",
description: "Ionization energy is the minimum energy required to eject an electron out of a neutral atom or molecule in its ground state.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/I/I03199.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "6.825 eV"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ionization Energy",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "6.825070 eV"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electronegativity",
description: "The concept electronegativity was introduced by L. Pauling as the power of an atom to attract electrons to itself.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01990",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Pauling Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"A.L. Allred, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 1961, 17(3-4), 215-221. DOI:10.1016/0022-1902(61)80142-5"
],
value: {
number: [
1.3
],
unit: "(Pauling Scale)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Allen Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1989, 111, 9003. DOI:10.1021/ja00207a003; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek and L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 2780. DOI:10.1021/ja992866e; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek, E.T. Knight, J.F. Capitani and L.C Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 5132. DOI:10.1021/ja9928677"
],
value: {
number: [
1.16
],
unit: "(Allen Scale)"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Affinity",
description: "Electron affinity refers to energy required to detach an electron from the singly charged negative ion.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01977",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.T Myers, J. Chem. Edu., 1990, 67(4), 307. DOI:10.1021/ed067p307"
],
value: {
number: [
0
],
unit: "eV"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.J. Zollweg, J. Chem. Phys., 1969, 50, 4251. DOI:10.1063/1.1670890"
],
value: {
number: [
0.63
],
unit: "eV"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Spectra",
description: "Atomic and ionic spectral lines originate from specified electronic transitions between energy levels of atoms and ions, respectively.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00502.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/lines_hold.pl?el=Hf",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Lines Holdings"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/levels_hold.pl?el=Hf",
value: {
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string: "188Hf",
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{
string: "189Hf",
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{
string: "190Hf",
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{
start: 0,
length: 3,
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},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Atomic Mass and Uncertainty [u]",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "152.970692 ± 0.000322 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "152.970692 ± 0.000322 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "153.964927 ± 0.000322 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "153.964927 ± 0.000322 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "154.963317 ± 0.00032 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "155.959401889 ± 0.00016077"
},
{
string: "155.959401889 ± 0.00016077"
},
{
string: "156.958236 ± 0.00021 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "157.954801222 ± 0.00001878"
},
{
string: "158.953995838 ± 0.000018049"
},
{
string: "159.950682513 ± 0.000010242"
},
{
string: "160.950279151 ± 0.000024209"
},
{
string: "160.950279151 ± 0.000024209"
},
{
string: "161.947214896 ± 0.000009627"
},
{
string: "162.947113258 ± 0.000026599"
},
{
string: "163.944370544 ± 0.000016983"
},
{
string: "164.944567000 ± 0.00003"
},
{
string: "165.942180000 ± 0.00003"
},
{
string: "166.942600000 ± 0.00003"
},
{
string: "167.940568000 ± 0.00003"
},
{
string: "168.941259000 ± 0.00003"
},
{
string: "169.939609000 ± 0.00003"
},
{
string: "170.940492000 ± 0.000031"
},
{
string: "170.940492000 ± 0.000031"
},
{
string: "171.939449716 ± 0.000026224"
},
{
string: "171.939449716 ± 0.000026224"
},
{
string: "172.940513000 ± 0.00003"
},
{
string: "172.940513000 ± 0.00003"
},
{
string: "172.940513000 ± 0.00003"
},
{
string: "173.940048480 ± 0.000002424"
},
{
string: "173.940048480 ± 0.000002424"
},
{
string: "173.940048480 ± 0.000002424"
},
{
string: "173.940048480 ± 0.000002424"
},
{
string: "174.941511527 ± 0.000002449"
},
{
string: "174.941511527 ± 0.000002449"
},
{
string: "174.941511527 ± 0.000002449"
},
{
string: "174.941511527 ± 0.000002449"
},
{
string: "174.941511527 ± 0.000002449"
},
{
string: "175.941409905 ± 0.00000159"
},
{
string: "175.941409905 ± 0.00000159"
},
{
string: "175.941409905 ± 0.00000159"
},
{
string: "175.941409905 ± 0.00000159"
},
{
string: "175.941409905 ± 0.00000159"
},
{
string: "176.943230320 ± 0.000001511"
},
{
string: "176.943230320 ± 0.000001511"
},
{
string: "176.943230320 ± 0.000001511"
},
{
string: "176.943230320 ± 0.000001511"
},
{
string: "177.943708456 ± 0.000001516"
},
{
string: "177.943708456 ± 0.000001516"
},
{
string: "177.943708456 ± 0.000001516"
},
{
string: "177.943708456 ± 0.000001516"
},
{
string: "178.945825838 ± 0.000001517"
},
{
string: "178.945825838 ± 0.000001517"
},
{
string: "178.945825838 ± 0.000001517"
},
{
string: "178.945825838 ± 0.000001517"
},
{
string: "179.946559669 ± 0.000001522"
},
{
string: "179.946559669 ± 0.000001522"
},
{
string: "179.946559669 ± 0.000001522"
},
{
string: "179.946559669 ± 0.000001522"
},
{
string: "179.946559669 ± 0.000001522"
},
{
string: "180.949110965 ± 0.000001524"
},
{
string: "180.949110965 ± 0.000001524"
},
{
string: "180.949110965 ± 0.000001524"
},
{
string: "180.949110965 ± 0.000001524"
},
{
string: "181.950563816 ± 0.000006618"
},
{
string: "181.950563816 ± 0.000006618"
},
{
string: "181.950563816 ± 0.000006618"
},
{
string: "182.953534004 ± 0.000032242"
},
{
string: "182.953534004 ± 0.000032242"
},
{
string: "183.955448587 ± 0.000042625"
},
{
string: "183.955448587 ± 0.000042625"
},
{
string: "183.955448587 ± 0.000042625"
},
{
string: "184.958862000 ± 0.000069"
},
{
string: "185.960897000 ± 0.000055"
},
{
string: "185.960897000 ± 0.000055"
},
{
string: "186.964770 ± 0.00032 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "186.964770 ± 0.00032 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "187.966850 ± 0.00032 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "188.970840 ± 0.00032 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "189.973129 ± 0.00043 [Estimated]"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Half Life and Uncertainty",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "400 ms ± >200ns [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "500 ms [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "2 s ± 1"
},
{
string: "9 us ± 4"
},
{
string: "840 ms ± 30"
},
{
string: "23 ms ± 1"
},
{
string: "480 us ± 40"
},
{
string: "115 ms ± 1"
},
{
string: "0.99 s ± 0.03"
},
{
string: "5.20 s ± 0.10"
},
{
string: "13.6 s ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "18.4 s ± 0.4"
},
{
string: "4.8 us ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "39.4 s ± 0.9"
},
{
string: "40.0 s ± 0.6"
},
{
string: "111 s ± 8"
},
{
string: "76 s ± 4"
},
{
string: "6.77 m ± 0.30"
},
{
string: "2.05 m ± 0.05"
},
{
string: "25.95 m ± 0.20"
},
{
string: "3.24 m ± 0.04"
},
{
string: "16.01 h ± 0.13"
},
{
string: "12.1 h ± 0.4"
},
{
string: "29.5 s ± 0.9"
},
{
string: "1.87 y ± 0.03"
},
{
string: "163 ns ± 3"
},
{
string: "23.6 h ± 0.1"
},
{
string: "180 ns ± 8"
},
{
string: "160 ns ± 40"
},
{
string: "2.0 Py ± 0.4"
},
{
string: "138 ns ± 4"
},
{
string: "2.39 us ± 0.04"
},
{
string: "3.7 us ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "70.65 d ± 0.19"
},
{
string: "53.7 us ± 1.5"
},
{
string: "1.10 us ± 0.08"
},
{
string: "1.21 us ± 0.15"
},
{
string: "1.9 us ± 0.1"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "9.6 us ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "9.9 us ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "401 us ± 6"
},
{
string: "43 us ± 4"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "1.09 s ± 0.05"
},
{
string: "55.9 us ± 1.2"
},
{
string: "51.4 m ± 0.5"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "4.0 s ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "31 y ± 1"
},
{
string: "68 us ± 2"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "18.67 s ± 0.04"
},
{
string: "25.05 d ± 0.25"
},
{
string: "15 us ± 5"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "5.53 h ± 0.02"
},
{
string: "570 us ± 20"
},
{
string: "940 ns ± 110"
},
{
string: "90 us ± 10"
},
{
string: "42.39 d ± 0.06"
},
{
string: "80 us ± 5"
},
{
string: "~100 us"
},
{
string: "1.5 ms ± 0.5"
},
{
string: "8.90 My ± 0.09"
},
{
string: "61.5 m ± 1.5"
},
{
string: "40 us ± 10"
},
{
string: "1.018 h ± 0.002"
},
{
string: "40 s ± 30"
},
{
string: "4.12 h ± 0.05"
},
{
string: "48 s ± 10"
},
{
string: "16 m ± 7"
},
{
string: "3.5 m ± 0.6"
},
{
string: "2.6 m ± 1.2"
},
{
string: ">20 s"
},
{
string: "30 s ± >300ns [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "270 ns ± 80"
},
{
string: "20 s ± >300ns [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "2 s ± >300ns [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "2 s ± >300ns [Estimated]"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Discovery Year",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "2000"
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: "1981"
},
{
string: "1989"
},
{
string: "1981"
},
{
string: "1979"
},
{
string: "1979"
},
{
string: "1965"
},
{
string: "1965"
},
{
string: "1973"
},
{
string: "1973"
},
{
string: "1973"
},
{
string: "2014"
},
{
string: "1982"
},
{
string: "1982"
},
{
string: "1981"
},
{
string: "1981"
},
{
string: "1965"
},
{
string: "1969"
},
{
string: "1961"
},
{
string: "1969"
},
{
string: "1961"
},
{
string: "1951"
},
{
string: "1997"
},
{
string: "1951"
},
{
string: "1976"
},
{
string: "1951"
},
{
string: "1973"
},
{
string: "1973"
},
{
string: "1939"
},
{
string: "1976"
},
{
string: "1974"
},
{
string: "1974"
},
{
string: "1949"
},
{
string: "1964"
},
{
string: "1990"
},
{
string: "1980"
},
{
string: "1990"
},
{
string: "1934"
},
{
string: "1964"
},
{
string: "1967"
},
{
string: "1975"
},
{
string: "1976"
},
{
string: "1934"
},
{
string: "1966"
},
{
string: "1976"
},
{
string: "1971"
},
{
string: "1934"
},
{
string: "1960"
},
{
string: "1968"
},
{
string: "1977"
},
{
string: "1934"
},
{
string: "1962"
},
{
string: "1970"
},
{
string: "2000"
},
{
string: "1934"
},
{
string: "1951"
},
{
string: "1990"
},
{
string: "2000"
},
{
string: "1999"
},
{
string: "1935"
},
{
string: "2001"
},
{
string: "2001"
},
{
string: "2001"
},
{
string: "1961"
},
{
string: "1971"
},
{
string: "1999"
},
{
string: "1956"
},
{
string: "2010"
},
{
string: "1973"
},
{
string: "1995"
},
{
string: "2010"
},
{
string: "1993"
},
{
string: "1998"
},
{
string: "2010"
},
{
string: "1999"
},
{
string: "2009"
},
{
string: "1999"
},
{
string: "2009"
},
{
string: "2012"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Decay Modes, Intensities and Uncertainties [%]",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "β+ ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+ ?; IT ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+≈100%; α≈0%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+≈100%; α ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "α=97±0.3%; β+ ?",
markup: [
{
start: 12,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "α=100%"
},
{
string: "α=94±0.4%; β+=14±0.9%",
markup: [
{
start: 12,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=55.7±1.9%; α=44.3±1.9%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=65±0.7%; α=35±0.7%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=99.3±0.2%; α=0.7±0.2%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+≈100%; α<0.13%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+≈100%; α=0.008±0.1%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%; α<0.0001%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "ε≈98%; e+≈2%",
markup: [
{
start: 8,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "ε=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT≈100%; β+ ?",
markup: [
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "ε=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IS=0.16±0.1%; α=100%; 2β+ ?",
markup: [
{
start: 24,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "ε=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IS=5.26±0.7%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IS=18.60±0.9%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IS=27.28±0.7%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IS=13.62±0.2%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IS=35.08±1.6%"
},
{
string: "IT≈100%; β-=0.31±0.8%",
markup: [
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=54±0.2%; IT=46±0.2%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT<100%; β- ?",
markup: [
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=?; β-=?",
markup: [
{
start: 7,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β- ?; IT ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β- ?; IT ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β- ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β- ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β- ?",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
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string: "β- ?",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
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}
]
}
}
]
}
]
}
],
reference: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "PubChem",
description: "Data deposited in or computed by PubChem",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
sourceName: "Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)",
sourceID: "e72",
name: "Hf",
description: "The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.",
url: "https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/",
anid: 6590299
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
sourceName: "Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)",
sourceID: "a72",
name: "Hafnium",
description: "Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report) and CIAAW. The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/",
url: "http://www.ciaaw.org/hafnium.htm",
licenseURL: "http://www.ciaaw.org/bylaws.htm",
anid: 2292453
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
sourceName: "Jefferson Lab, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "jlab72",
name: "Hafnium",
description: "Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/",
url: "https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele072.html",
licenseNote: "Please see citation and linking information: https://education.jlab.org/faq/index.html",
licenseURL: "https://www.jlab.org/privacy-and-security-notice",
anid: 507134
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
sourceName: "Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "lanl72",
name: "Hafnium",
description: "The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.",
url: "https://periodic.lanl.gov/72.shtml",
anid: 507252
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
sourceName: "NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory",
sourceID: "e72",
name: "Hafnium",
description: "The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Elements/elInfo.pl?element=72",
licenseURL: "https://www.nist.gov/pml/database-disclaimer",
anid: 2292689
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
sourceName: "PubChem Elements",
sourceID: "72",
name: "Hf",
description: "The element property data was retrieved from publications.",
anid: 7660073
},
{
referenceNumber: 7,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "72",
name: "Hafnium",
description: "This section provides all form of data related to element Hafnium.",
anid: 694365
}
]
}
},
{
record: {
recordType: "AtomicNumber",
recordNumber: 73,
recordTitle: "Tantalum",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01022.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Tantalum"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Tantalum"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
description: "Element symbol, Also called atomic symbol, typically consists of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet derived from the element name in one of several languages.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Ta"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Ta"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "InChI=1S/Ta"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI Key",
description: "International Chemical Identifier hash (InChIKey) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI Key",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "180.947 88(2)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "180.94788"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "180.9"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "180.94788(2)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[Xe]6s24f145d3",
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start: 6,
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type: "Superscript"
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start: 9,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 13,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Electron Configuration",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[Xe]4f14 5d3 6s2",
markup: [
{
start: 6,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 11,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 15,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Radius",
description: "Atomic radius is the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell containing electrons.",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_radius",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
name: "Van der Waals Atomic Radius",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "217 pm (Van der Waals)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Empirical Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"J.C. Slater, J Chem Phys, 1964, 41(10), 3199-3205. DOI:10.1063/1.1725697"
],
value: {
number: [
145
],
unit: "pm (Empirical)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Covalent Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"B. Cordero, V. Gómez, A.E. Platero-Prats, M. Revés, J. Echeverría, E. Cremades, F. Barragán, S. Alvarez, Dalton Trans. 2008, 21, 2832-2838. DOI:10.1039/b801115j PMID:18478144."
],
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "170(8) pm (Covalent)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
description: "Oxidation state gives the degree of oxidation of an atom in terms of counting electrons.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/O/O04365.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "+5"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "5, 4, 3, 2, 1, −1, −3 (a mildly acidic oxide)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ground Level",
description: "Also called ground-state level. The ground state electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom with lower energy levels.",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/ASD/Html/iehelp.html#IEGROUNDLEV",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ground Level",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "4F3/2",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 2,
length: 3,
type: "Subscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ionization Energy",
description: "Ionization energy is the minimum energy required to eject an electron out of a neutral atom or molecule in its ground state.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/I/I03199.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "7.89 eV"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ionization Energy",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "7.549571 eV"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electronegativity",
description: "The concept electronegativity was introduced by L. Pauling as the power of an atom to attract electrons to itself.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01990",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Pauling Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"A.L. Allred, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 1961, 17(3-4), 215-221. DOI:10.1016/0022-1902(61)80142-5"
],
value: {
number: [
1.5
],
unit: "(Pauling Scale)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Allen Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1989, 111, 9003. DOI:10.1021/ja00207a003; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek and L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 2780. DOI:10.1021/ja992866e; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek, E.T. Knight, J.F. Capitani and L.C Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 5132. DOI:10.1021/ja9928677"
],
value: {
number: [
1.34
],
unit: "(Allen Scale)"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Affinity",
description: "Electron affinity refers to energy required to detach an electron from the singly charged negative ion.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01977",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.T Myers, J. Chem. Edu., 1990, 67(4), 307. DOI:10.1021/ed067p307"
],
value: {
number: [
0.322
],
unit: "eV"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.J. Zollweg, J. Chem. Phys., 1969, 50, 4251. DOI:10.1063/1.1670890"
],
value: {
number: [
0.15
],
unit: "eV"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Spectra",
description: "Atomic and ionic spectral lines originate from specified electronic transitions between energy levels of atoms and ions, respectively.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00502.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/lines_hold.pl?el=Ta",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Lines Holdings"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/levels_hold.pl?el=Ta",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Levels Holdings"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Physical Description",
description: "Physical description, also know as physical characteristics, refers to physical appearance of element substances.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Solid"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Classification",
description: "Elements can be classified few groups according to each element's chemical properties.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Metal"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Period Number",
description: "The element period number refers to a horizontal row of the periodic table. The periodic table has 7 periods.",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/periodic-table-of-the-elements/The-periodic-table#ref80835",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "6"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Group Number",
description: "Element group refers to a set of chemical elements in the same vertical column of the periodic table",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/group-periodic-table",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "5"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Density",
description: "Density is a degree of consistency measured by the quantity of mass per unit volume",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/D/D01590.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
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string: "193Ta",
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{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Atomic Mass and Uncertainty [u]",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "154.974312 ± 0.000322 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "155.972237 ± 0.00032 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "155.972237 ± 0.00032 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "156.968230251 ± 0.000161105"
},
{
string: "156.968230251 ± 0.000161105"
},
{
string: "156.968230251 ± 0.000161105"
},
{
string: "157.966541 ± 0.00021 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "157.966541 ± 0.00021 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "157.966541 ± 0.00021 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "158.963028052 ± 0.000021137"
},
{
string: "158.963028052 ± 0.000021137"
},
{
string: "159.961541679 ± 0.00005831"
},
{
string: "159.961541679 ± 0.00005831"
},
{
string: "160.958369031 ± 0.000026175"
},
{
string: "160.958369031 ± 0.000026175"
},
{
string: "161.957294202 ± 0.000056079"
},
{
string: "162.954337195 ± 0.00004086"
},
{
string: "162.954337195 ± 0.00004086"
},
{
string: "163.953534000 ± 0.00003"
},
{
string: "164.950780303 ± 0.000014882"
},
{
string: "164.950780303 ± 0.000014882"
},
{
string: "165.950512000 ± 0.00003"
},
{
string: "166.948093000 ± 0.00003"
},
{
string: "167.948047000 ± 0.00003"
},
{
string: "168.946011000 ± 0.00003"
},
{
string: "169.946175000 ± 0.00003"
},
{
string: "170.944476000 ± 0.00003"
},
{
string: "171.944895000 ± 0.00003"
},
{
string: "172.943750000 ± 0.00003"
},
{
string: "172.943750000 ± 0.00003"
},
{
string: "172.943750000 ± 0.00003"
},
{
string: "173.944454000 ± 0.00003"
},
{
string: "174.943737000 ± 0.00003"
},
{
string: "174.943737000 ± 0.00003"
},
{
string: "174.943737000 ± 0.00003"
},
{
string: "174.943737000 ± 0.00003"
},
{
string: "175.944857000 ± 0.000033"
},
{
string: "175.944857000 ± 0.000033"
},
{
string: "175.944857000 ± 0.000033"
},
{
string: "175.944857000 ± 0.000033"
},
{
string: "176.944482073 ± 0.000003557"
},
{
string: "176.944482073 ± 0.000003557"
},
{
string: "176.944482073 ± 0.000003557"
},
{
string: "176.944482073 ± 0.000003557"
},
{
string: "176.944482073 ± 0.000003557"
},
{
string: "177.945681 ± 0.000056 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "177.945681 ± 0.000056 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "177.945681 ± 0.000056 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "177.945681 ± 0.000056 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "178.945939187 ± 0.000001571"
},
{
string: "178.945939187 ± 0.000001571"
},
{
string: "178.945939187 ± 0.000001571"
},
{
string: "178.945939187 ± 0.000001571"
},
{
string: "178.945939187 ± 0.000001571"
},
{
string: "178.945939187 ± 0.000001571"
},
{
string: "178.945939187 ± 0.000001571"
},
{
string: "179.947468392 ± 0.000002081"
},
{
string: "179.947468392 ± 0.000002081"
},
{
string: "179.947468392 ± 0.000002081"
},
{
string: "179.947468392 ± 0.000002081"
},
{
string: "179.947468392 ± 0.000002081"
},
{
string: "180.947999331 ± 0.000001506"
},
{
string: "180.947999331 ± 0.000001506"
},
{
string: "180.947999331 ± 0.000001506"
},
{
string: "180.947999331 ± 0.000001506"
},
{
string: "180.947999331 ± 0.000001506"
},
{
string: "180.947999331 ± 0.000001506"
},
{
string: "181.950155413 ± 0.000001508"
},
{
string: "181.950155413 ± 0.000001508"
},
{
string: "181.950155413 ± 0.000001508"
},
{
string: "182.951376180 ± 0.000001523"
},
{
string: "182.951376180 ± 0.000001523"
},
{
string: "182.951376180 ± 0.000001523"
},
{
string: "183.954010038 ± 0.000027923"
},
{
string: "184.955561396 ± 0.000015202"
},
{
string: "184.955561396 ± 0.000015202"
},
{
string: "184.955561396 ± 0.000015202"
},
{
string: "185.958553111 ± 0.000064425"
},
{
string: "185.958553111 ± 0.000064425"
},
{
string: "186.960391000 ± 0.00006"
},
{
string: "186.960391000 ± 0.00006"
},
{
string: "186.960391000 ± 0.00006"
},
{
string: "187.963916000 ± 0.000059"
},
{
string: "187.963916000 ± 0.000059"
},
{
string: "188.965830 ± 0.00021 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "188.965830 ± 0.00021 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "189.969390 ± 0.00021 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "189.969390 ± 0.00021 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "190.971560 ± 0.00032 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "191.975240 ± 0.00043 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "192.977595 ± 0.00043 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "193.981428 ± 0.00054 [Estimated]"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Half Life and Uncertainty",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "3.2 ms ± 1.3"
},
{
string: "106 ms ± 4"
},
{
string: "360 ms ± 40"
},
{
string: "10.1 ms ± 0.4"
},
{
string: "4.3 ms ± 0.1"
},
{
string: "1.7 ms ± 0.1"
},
{
string: "49 ms ± 8"
},
{
string: "36.0 ms ± 0.8"
},
{
string: "6.1 us ± 0.1"
},
{
string: "1.04 s ± 0.09"
},
{
string: "560 ms ± 60"
},
{
string: "1.70 s ± 0.20"
},
{
string: "1.55 s ± 0.04"
},
{
string: "3 s [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "3.08 s ± 0.11"
},
{
string: "3.57 s ± 0.12"
},
{
string: "10.6 s ± 1.8"
},
{
string: "10 s [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "14.2 s ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "31.0 s ± 1.5"
},
{
string: "30 s [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "34.4 s ± 0.5"
},
{
string: "1.33 m ± 0.07"
},
{
string: "2.0 m ± 0.1"
},
{
string: "4.9 m ± 0.4"
},
{
string: "6.76 m ± 0.06"
},
{
string: "23.3 m ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "36.8 m ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "3.14 h ± 0.13"
},
{
string: "225 ns ± 15"
},
{
string: "132 ns ± 3"
},
{
string: "1.14 h ± 0.08"
},
{
string: "10.5 h ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "222 ns ± 8"
},
{
string: "170 ns ± 20"
},
{
string: "1.95 us ± 0.15"
},
{
string: "8.09 h ± 0.05"
},
{
string: "1.08 ms ± 0.07"
},
{
string: "3.8 us ± 0.4"
},
{
string: "970 us ± 70"
},
{
string: "56.56 h ± 0.06"
},
{
string: "410 ns ± 7"
},
{
string: "3.62 us ± 0.10"
},
{
string: "5.31 us ± 0.25"
},
{
string: "133 us ± 4"
},
{
string: "2.36 h ± 0.08"
},
{
string: "9.31 m ± 0.03"
},
{
string: "59 ms ± 3"
},
{
string: "290 ms ± 12"
},
{
string: "1.82 y ± 0.03"
},
{
string: "1.42 us ± 0.08"
},
{
string: "280 ns ± 80"
},
{
string: "322 ns ± 16"
},
{
string: "9.0 ms ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "1.6 us ± 0.4"
},
{
string: "54.1 ms ± 1.7"
},
{
string: "8.154 h ± 0.006"
},
{
string: "Stable ± >7.1Py"
},
{
string: "31.2 us ± 1.4"
},
{
string: "2.0 us ± 0.5"
},
{
string: "17 us ± 5"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "6.05 us ± 0.12"
},
{
string: "18 us ± 1"
},
{
string: "140 ns ± 36"
},
{
string: "25.2 us ± 1.8"
},
{
string: "210 us ± 20"
},
{
string: "114.74 d ± 0.12"
},
{
string: "283 ms ± 3"
},
{
string: "15.84 m ± 0.10"
},
{
string: "5.1 d ± 0.1"
},
{
string: "106 ns ± 10"
},
{
string: "900 ns ± 300"
},
{
string: "8.7 h ± 0.1"
},
{
string: "49.4 m ± 1.5"
},
{
string: "900 ns ± 300"
},
{
string: "11.8 ms ± 1.4"
},
{
string: "10.5 m ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "1.54 m ± 0.05"
},
{
string: "2.3 m ± 6"
},
{
string: "22 s ± 9"
},
{
string: ">5 m"
},
{
string: "19.6 s ± 2.0"
},
{
string: "3.6 us ± 0.4"
},
{
string: "3 s ± >300ns [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "1.6 us ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "5.3 s ± 0.7"
},
{
string: "42 ns ± 7"
},
{
string: "3 s ± >300ns [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "2.2 s ± 0.7"
},
{
string: "500 ms ± >300ns [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "300 ms ± >300ns [Estimated]"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Discovery Year",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "2007"
},
{
string: "1992"
},
{
string: "1993"
},
{
string: "1979"
},
{
string: "1996"
},
{
string: "1996"
},
{
string: "1979"
},
{
string: "1979"
},
{
string: "2014"
},
{
string: "1979"
},
{
string: "1994"
},
{
string: "1979"
},
{
string: "1979"
},
{
string: "1979"
},
{
string: "1979"
},
{
string: "1985"
},
{
string: "1985"
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: "1982"
},
{
string: "1982"
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: "1977"
},
{
string: "1982"
},
{
string: "1969"
},
{
string: "1969"
},
{
string: "1969"
},
{
string: "1969"
},
{
string: "1964"
},
{
string: "1960"
},
{
string: "1977"
},
{
string: "2006"
},
{
string: "1960"
},
{
string: "1960"
},
{
string: "1972"
},
{
string: "1969"
},
{
string: "1996"
},
{
string: "1948"
},
{
string: "1971"
},
{
string: "1978"
},
{
string: "1994"
},
{
string: "1948"
},
{
string: "1973"
},
{
string: "1971"
},
{
string: "1971"
},
{
string: "1994"
},
{
string: "1950"
},
{
string: "1950"
},
{
string: "1979"
},
{
string: "1996"
},
{
string: "1950"
},
{
string: "1964"
},
{
string: "1974"
},
{
string: "1982"
},
{
string: "1982"
},
{
string: "1982"
},
{
string: "1982"
},
{
string: "1938"
},
{
string: "1940"
},
{
string: "1996"
},
{
string: "2000"
},
{
string: "2000"
},
{
string: "1932"
},
{
string: "1979"
},
{
string: "1948"
},
{
string: "1998"
},
{
string: "1998"
},
{
string: "1998"
},
{
string: "1938"
},
{
string: "1968"
},
{
string: "1947"
},
{
string: "1950"
},
{
string: "1967"
},
{
string: "2009"
},
{
string: "1955"
},
{
string: "1950"
},
{
string: "2007"
},
{
string: "1999"
},
{
string: "1955"
},
{
string: "2010"
},
{
string: "1999"
},
{
string: "2010"
},
{
string: "2010"
},
{
string: "1999"
},
{
string: "2005"
},
{
string: "1999"
},
{
string: "2009"
},
{
string: "2009"
},
{
string: "2009"
},
{
string: "2009"
},
{
string: "2009"
},
{
string: "2012"
},
{
string: "2012"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Decay Modes, Intensities and Uncertainties [%]",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "p=100%"
},
{
string: "p=71±0.3%; β+=29±0.3%",
markup: [
{
start: 12,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=95.8±0.9%; p=4.2±0.9%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "α=?; p=3.4±1.2%; β+=1%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 18,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "α=?; β+=1%[Estimated]; p=0%",
markup: [
{
start: 6,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "α=100%"
},
{
string: "α=96±0.4%; β+ ?",
markup: [
{
start: 12,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "α=95±0.5%; β+ ?; IT ?",
markup: [
{
start: 12,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=98.6±0.2%; α=1.4±0.2%"
},
{
string: "β+ ?; α=34±0.5%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "α=55±0.1%; β+ ?",
markup: [
{
start: 12,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+ ?; α=?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=66%[Estimated]; α=?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+ ?; α ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+ ?; α=7(3)",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+≈100%; α=0.074±1%; β+p ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 22,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+≈100%; α≈0.2%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+ ?; α ?; IT ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+ ?; α ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "ε=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "ε=85±0.3%; β-=15±0.3%",
markup: [
{
start: 12,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IS=0.01201±3.2%; β- ?",
markup: [
{
start: 18,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IS=99.98799±3.2%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β- ?; IT ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β- ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β- ?; IT ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β- ?; IT ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β- ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β- ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β- ?; β-n=0.7%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 7,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β- ?; β-n=0.02%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 7,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
}
],
reference: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "PubChem",
description: "Data deposited in or computed by PubChem",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
sourceName: "Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)",
sourceID: "e73",
name: "Ta",
description: "The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.",
url: "https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/",
anid: 6590300
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
sourceName: "Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)",
sourceID: "a73",
name: "Tantalum",
description: "Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report) and CIAAW. The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/",
url: "http://www.ciaaw.org/tantalum.htm",
licenseURL: "http://www.ciaaw.org/bylaws.htm",
anid: 2292454
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
sourceName: "Jefferson Lab, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "jlab73",
name: "Tantalum",
description: "Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/",
url: "https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele073.html",
licenseNote: "Please see citation and linking information: https://education.jlab.org/faq/index.html",
licenseURL: "https://www.jlab.org/privacy-and-security-notice",
anid: 507135
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
sourceName: "Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "lanl73",
name: "Tantalum",
description: "The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.",
url: "https://periodic.lanl.gov/73.shtml",
anid: 507253
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
sourceName: "NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory",
sourceID: "e73",
name: "Tantalum",
description: "The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Elements/elInfo.pl?element=73",
licenseURL: "https://www.nist.gov/pml/database-disclaimer",
anid: 2292690
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
sourceName: "PubChem Elements",
sourceID: "73",
name: "Ta",
description: "The element property data was retrieved from publications.",
anid: 7660074
},
{
referenceNumber: 7,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "73",
name: "Tantalum",
description: "This section provides all form of data related to element Tantalum.",
anid: 694366
}
]
}
},
{
record: {
recordType: "AtomicNumber",
recordNumber: 74,
recordTitle: "Tungsten",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01022.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Tungsten"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Tungsten"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
description: "Element symbol, Also called atomic symbol, typically consists of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet derived from the element name in one of several languages.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "W"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "W"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "InChI=1S/W"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI Key",
description: "International Chemical Identifier hash (InChIKey) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI Key",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "183.84(1)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "183.84"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "183.9"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "183.84(1)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[Xe]6s24f145d4",
markup: [
{
start: 6,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 9,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 13,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Electron Configuration",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[Xe]4f14 5d4 6s2",
markup: [
{
start: 6,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 11,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 15,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Radius",
description: "Atomic radius is the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell containing electrons.",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_radius",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
name: "Van der Waals Atomic Radius",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "210 pm (Van der Waals)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Empirical Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"J.C. Slater, J Chem Phys, 1964, 41(10), 3199-3205. DOI:10.1063/1.1725697"
],
value: {
number: [
135
],
unit: "pm (Empirical)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Covalent Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"B. Cordero, V. Gómez, A.E. Platero-Prats, M. Revés, J. Echeverría, E. Cremades, F. Barragán, S. Alvarez, Dalton Trans. 2008, 21, 2832-2838. DOI:10.1039/b801115j PMID:18478144."
],
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "162(7) pm (Covalent)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
description: "Oxidation state gives the degree of oxidation of an atom in terms of counting electrons.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/O/O04365.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "+6"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0, −1, −2, −4 (a mildly acidic oxide)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ground Level",
description: "Also called ground-state level. The ground state electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom with lower energy levels.",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/ASD/Html/iehelp.html#IEGROUNDLEV",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ground Level",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "5D0",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 2,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ionization Energy",
description: "Ionization energy is the minimum energy required to eject an electron out of a neutral atom or molecule in its ground state.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/I/I03199.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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{
tocHeading: "Electronegativity",
description: "The concept electronegativity was introduced by L. Pauling as the power of an atom to attract electrons to itself.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01990",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Pauling Scale Electronegativity",
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number: [
2.36
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referenceNumber: 8,
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},
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tocHeading: "Electron Affinity",
description: "Electron affinity refers to energy required to detach an electron from the singly charged negative ion.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01977",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
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number: [
0.815
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unit: "eV"
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referenceNumber: 8,
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number: [
1.23
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unit: "eV"
}
}
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},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Spectra",
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url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00502.html",
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tocHeading: "Element Period Number",
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url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/periodic-table-of-the-elements/The-periodic-table#ref80835",
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tocHeading: "Element Group Number",
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tocHeading: "Density",
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tocHeading: "Melting Point",
description: "The melting point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from solid to liquid at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/melting-point",
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tocHeading: "Boiling Point",
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start: 0,
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type: "Superscript"
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string: "172W",
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{
start: 0,
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type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "173W",
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{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "174W",
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start: 0,
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type: "Superscript"
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string: "174Wm",
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type: "Superscript"
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start: 0,
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{
start: 0,
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type: "Superscript"
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string: "175Wm",
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{
start: 0,
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type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 4,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 0,
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{
string: "177W",
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{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "178W",
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{
start: 0,
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type: "Superscript"
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]
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{
string: "178Wm",
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{
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{
start: 4,
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type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 0,
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type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "179Wm",
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{
start: 0,
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start: 4,
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type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "179Wn",
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{
start: 0,
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{
string: "179Wp",
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{
start: 0,
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{
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type: "Superscript"
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{
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{
start: 0,
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type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "180Wm",
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{
start: 0,
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{
start: 4,
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type: "Superscript"
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{
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start: 0,
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type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "181W",
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{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "181Wm",
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{
start: 0,
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type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 4,
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type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "181Wn",
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{
start: 0,
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type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "182W",
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{
start: 0,
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type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "182Wm",
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{
start: 0,
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{
start: 4,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "183W",
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{
start: 0,
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type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "183Wm",
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{
start: 0,
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{
start: 4,
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type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "184W",
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{
start: 0,
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type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "184Wm",
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{
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type: "Superscript"
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{
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "184Wn",
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{
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
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{
start: 0,
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type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "185Wm",
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{
start: 0,
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type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 4,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "186W",
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{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "186Wm",
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{
start: 0,
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{
start: 4,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "186Wn",
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{
string: "187W",
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{
start: 0,
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{
string: "187Wm",
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{
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{
start: 4,
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string: "188W",
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{
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{
string: "188Wm",
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{
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "189W",
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{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "190W",
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{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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]
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{
string: "190Wm",
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{
start: 0,
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type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 4,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "191W",
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length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "191Wm",
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{
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{
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type: "Superscript"
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string: "193W",
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type: "Superscript"
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string: "194W",
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length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "195W",
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{
start: 0,
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type: "Superscript"
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]
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{
string: "196W",
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{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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]
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{
string: "197W",
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{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Atomic Mass and Uncertainty [u]",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "156.979098 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "156.979098 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "157.974629 ± 0.000322 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "157.974629 ± 0.000322 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "158.972845 ± 0.00032 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "159.968516753 ± 0.000160846"
},
{
string: "160.967197 ± 0.00021 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "161.963500347 ± 0.000018956"
},
{
string: "162.962524511 ± 0.00005663"
},
{
string: "162.962524511 ± 0.00005663"
},
{
string: "163.958952222 ± 0.000010385"
},
{
string: "164.958280974 ± 0.000026813"
},
{
string: "165.955031346 ± 0.000010174"
},
{
string: "166.954805873 ± 0.000019603"
},
{
string: "167.951805262 ± 0.000014247"
},
{
string: "168.951778677 ± 0.000016571"
},
{
string: "169.949231200 ± 0.000014165"
},
{
string: "170.949451000 ± 0.00003"
},
{
string: "171.947292000 ± 0.00003"
},
{
string: "172.947689000 ± 0.00003"
},
{
string: "173.946079000 ± 0.00003"
},
{
string: "173.946079000 ± 0.00003"
},
{
string: "173.946079000 ± 0.00003"
},
{
string: "173.946079000 ± 0.00003"
},
{
string: "173.946079000 ± 0.00003"
},
{
string: "174.946717000 ± 0.00003"
},
{
string: "174.946717000 ± 0.00003"
},
{
string: "175.945634000 ± 0.00003"
},
{
string: "176.946643000 ± 0.00003"
},
{
string: "177.945885925 ± 0.000016316"
},
{
string: "177.945885925 ± 0.000016316"
},
{
string: "178.947079501 ± 0.000015644"
},
{
string: "178.947079501 ± 0.000015644"
},
{
string: "178.947079501 ± 0.000015644"
},
{
string: "178.947079501 ± 0.000015644"
},
{
string: "179.946713435 ± 0.000001542"
},
{
string: "179.946713435 ± 0.000001542"
},
{
string: "179.946713435 ± 0.000001542"
},
{
string: "180.948218863 ± 0.000001551"
},
{
string: "180.948218863 ± 0.000001551"
},
{
string: "180.948218863 ± 0.000001551"
},
{
string: "181.948205721 ± 0.000000791"
},
{
string: "181.948205721 ± 0.000000791"
},
{
string: "182.950224500 ± 0.00000079"
},
{
string: "182.950224500 ± 0.00000079"
},
{
string: "183.950933260 ± 0.000000785"
},
{
string: "183.950933260 ± 0.000000785"
},
{
string: "183.950933260 ± 0.000000785"
},
{
string: "184.953421286 ± 0.000000786"
},
{
string: "184.953421286 ± 0.000000786"
},
{
string: "185.954365215 ± 0.0000013"
},
{
string: "185.954365215 ± 0.0000013"
},
{
string: "185.954365215 ± 0.0000013"
},
{
string: "186.957161323 ± 0.0000013"
},
{
string: "186.957161323 ± 0.0000013"
},
{
string: "187.958488395 ± 0.000003316"
},
{
string: "187.958488395 ± 0.000003316"
},
{
string: "188.961763000 ± 0.000043"
},
{
string: "189.963089066 ± 0.000042647"
},
{
string: "189.963089066 ± 0.000042647"
},
{
string: "189.963089066 ± 0.000042647"
},
{
string: "190.966531000 ± 0.000045"
},
{
string: "190.966531000 ± 0.000045"
},
{
string: "191.968170 ± 0.00021 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "192.971780 ± 0.00021 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "193.973670 ± 0.00032 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "194.977445 ± 0.00032 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "195.979731 ± 0.00043 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "196.983747 ± 0.00043 [Estimated]"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Half Life and Uncertainty",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "275 ms ± 40"
},
{
string: "Not-specified"
},
{
string: "1.25 ms ± 0.21"
},
{
string: "143 us ± 19"
},
{
string: "8.2 ms ± 0.7"
},
{
string: "90 ms ± 5"
},
{
string: "409 ms ± 16"
},
{
string: "1.19 s ± 0.12"
},
{
string: "2.63 s ± 0.09"
},
{
string: "154 ns ± 3"
},
{
string: "6.3 s ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "5.1 s ± 0.5"
},
{
string: "19.2 s ± 0.6"
},
{
string: "19.9 s ± 0.5"
},
{
string: "50.9 s ± 1.9"
},
{
string: "74 s ± 6"
},
{
string: "2.42 m ± 0.04"
},
{
string: "2.38 m ± 0.04"
},
{
string: "6.6 m ± 0.9"
},
{
string: "7.6 m ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "33.2 m ± 2.1"
},
{
string: ">187 ns"
},
{
string: "187 ns ± 25"
},
{
string: "158 ns ± 3"
},
{
string: "128 ns ± 8"
},
{
string: "35.2 m ± 0.6"
},
{
string: "216 ns ± 6"
},
{
string: "2.5 h ± 0.1"
},
{
string: "132 m ± 2"
},
{
string: "21.6 d ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "220 ns ± 10"
},
{
string: "37.05 m ± 0.16"
},
{
string: "6.40 m ± 0.07"
},
{
string: "390 ns ± 30"
},
{
string: "750 ns ± 80"
},
{
string: "1.8 Ey ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "5.47 ms ± 0.09"
},
{
string: "2.3 us ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "121.2 d ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "14.59 us ± 0.15"
},
{
string: "140 ns ± 20"
},
{
string: "Stable ± >7.7Zy"
},
{
string: "1.3 us ± 0.1"
},
{
string: "Stable ± >670Ey"
},
{
string: "5.30 s ± 0.08"
},
{
string: "Stable ± >8.9Zy"
},
{
string: "8.33 us ± 0.18"
},
{
string: "188 ns ± 38"
},
{
string: "75.1 d ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "1.597 m ± 0.004"
},
{
string: "Stable ± >4.1Ey"
},
{
string: "18 us ± 1"
},
{
string: "2.0 s ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "24.000 h ± 0.004"
},
{
string: "1.38 us ± 0.07"
},
{
string: "69.78 d ± 0.05"
},
{
string: "109.5 ns ± 3.5"
},
{
string: "10.7 m ± 0.5"
},
{
string: "30.0 m ± 1.5"
},
{
string: "111 ns ± 17"
},
{
string: "166 us ± 6"
},
{
string: "45 s ± >300ns [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "340 ns ± 14"
},
{
string: "1 m ± >300ns [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "3 s ± >300ns [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "5 s ± >300ns [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "3 s ± >300ns [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "3 s ± >300ns [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "1 s ± >300ns [Estimated]"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Discovery Year",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "2010"
},
{
string: "2010"
},
{
string: "1981"
},
{
string: "1995"
},
{
string: "1981"
},
{
string: "1979"
},
{
string: "1973"
},
{
string: "1973"
},
{
string: "1973"
},
{
string: "2010"
},
{
string: "1973"
},
{
string: "1975"
},
{
string: "1975"
},
{
string: "1985"
},
{
string: "1971"
},
{
string: "1985"
},
{
string: "1971"
},
{
string: "1983"
},
{
string: "1964"
},
{
string: "1963"
},
{
string: "1964"
},
{
string: "1976"
},
{
string: "1976"
},
{
string: "2006"
},
{
string: "2006"
},
{
string: "1963"
},
{
string: "1978"
},
{
string: "1950"
},
{
string: "1950"
},
{
string: "1950"
},
{
string: "1998"
},
{
string: "1950"
},
{
string: "1950"
},
{
string: "1978"
},
{
string: "1978"
},
{
string: "1937"
},
{
string: "1978"
},
{
string: "1966"
},
{
string: "1947"
},
{
string: "1968"
},
{
string: "1973"
},
{
string: "1930"
},
{
string: "1969"
},
{
string: "1930"
},
{
string: "1961"
},
{
string: "1930"
},
{
string: "1969"
},
{
string: "2004"
},
{
string: "1940"
},
{
string: "1950"
},
{
string: "1930"
},
{
string: "1998"
},
{
string: "1998"
},
{
string: "1940"
},
{
string: "2008"
},
{
string: "1951"
},
{
string: "2010"
},
{
string: "1963"
},
{
string: "1976"
},
{
string: "2010"
},
{
string: "2000"
},
{
string: "1999"
},
{
string: "2009"
},
{
string: "1999"
},
{
string: "2009"
},
{
string: "2008"
},
{
string: "2012"
},
{
string: "2012"
},
{
string: "2012"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Decay Modes, Intensities and Uncertainties [%]",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "β+=100%; α=0%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT ?"
},
{
string: "α=100%"
},
{
string: "α=100%"
},
{
string: "α=82±1.6%; β+ ?",
markup: [
{
start: 12,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "α=87±0.8%; β+ ?",
markup: [
{
start: 12,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "α=73±0.3%; β+=27±0.3%",
markup: [
{
start: 12,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+ ?; α=45.2±1.6%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+ ?; α=14±0.2%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=96.2±1.2%; α=3.8±1.2%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+≈100%; α<0.2%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+≈100%; α=0.035±1.2%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=99.96±0.1%; α=0.04±0.1%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+≈100%; α=0.0032±1%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+≈100%; α<1%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "ε=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "ε=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT≈100%; β+=0.29±0.4%",
markup: [
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IS=0.12±0.1%; α≈100%; 2β+ ?",
markup: [
{
start: 24,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "ε=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IS=26.50±1.6%; α ?"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IS=14.31±0.4%; α ?"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IS=30.64±0.2%; α ?"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IS=28.43±1.9%; 2β- ?; α ?",
markup: [
{
start: 17,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β- ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β- ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β- ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β- ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β- ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β- ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β- ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
}
],
reference: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "PubChem",
description: "Data deposited in or computed by PubChem",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
sourceName: "Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)",
sourceID: "e74",
name: "W",
description: "The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.",
url: "https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/",
anid: 6590301
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
sourceName: "Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)",
sourceID: "a74",
name: "Tungsten",
description: "Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report) and CIAAW. The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/",
url: "http://www.ciaaw.org/tungsten.htm",
licenseURL: "http://www.ciaaw.org/bylaws.htm",
anid: 2292455
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
sourceName: "Jefferson Lab, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "jlab74",
name: "Tungsten",
description: "Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/",
url: "https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele074.html",
licenseNote: "Please see citation and linking information: https://education.jlab.org/faq/index.html",
licenseURL: "https://www.jlab.org/privacy-and-security-notice",
anid: 507136
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
sourceName: "Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "lanl74",
name: "Tungsten",
description: "The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.",
url: "https://periodic.lanl.gov/74.shtml",
anid: 507254
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
sourceName: "NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory",
sourceID: "e74",
name: "Tungsten",
description: "The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Elements/elInfo.pl?element=74",
licenseURL: "https://www.nist.gov/pml/database-disclaimer",
anid: 2292691
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
sourceName: "PubChem Elements",
sourceID: "74",
name: "W",
description: "The element property data was retrieved from publications.",
anid: 7660075
},
{
referenceNumber: 7,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "74",
name: "Tungsten",
description: "This section provides all form of data related to element Tungsten.",
anid: 694367
}
]
}
},
{
record: {
recordType: "AtomicNumber",
recordNumber: 75,
recordTitle: "Rhenium",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01022.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Rhenium"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Rhenium"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
description: "Element symbol, Also called atomic symbol, typically consists of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet derived from the element name in one of several languages.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Re"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Re"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "InChI=1S/Re"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI Key",
description: "International Chemical Identifier hash (InChIKey) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI Key",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "WUAPFZMCVAUBPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "186.207(1)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "186.207"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "186.2"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "186.207(1)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[Xe]6s24f145d5",
markup: [
{
start: 6,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 9,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 13,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Electron Configuration",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[Xe]4f14 5d5 6s2",
markup: [
{
start: 6,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 11,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 15,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Radius",
description: "Atomic radius is the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell containing electrons.",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_radius",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
name: "Van der Waals Atomic Radius",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "217 pm (Van der Waals)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Empirical Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"J.C. Slater, J Chem Phys, 1964, 41(10), 3199-3205. DOI:10.1063/1.1725697"
],
value: {
number: [
135
],
unit: "pm (Empirical)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Covalent Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"B. Cordero, V. Gómez, A.E. Platero-Prats, M. Revés, J. Echeverría, E. Cremades, F. Barragán, S. Alvarez, Dalton Trans. 2008, 21, 2832-2838. DOI:10.1039/b801115j PMID:18478144."
],
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "151(7) pm (Covalent)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
description: "Oxidation state gives the degree of oxidation of an atom in terms of counting electrons.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/O/O04365.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "+7, +6, +4"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0, −1, −3 (a mildly acidic oxide)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ground Level",
description: "Also called ground-state level. The ground state electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom with lower energy levels.",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/ASD/Html/iehelp.html#IEGROUNDLEV",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ground Level",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "6S5/2",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 2,
length: 3,
type: "Subscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ionization Energy",
description: "Ionization energy is the minimum energy required to eject an electron out of a neutral atom or molecule in its ground state.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/I/I03199.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "7.88 eV"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ionization Energy",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "7.83352 eV"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electronegativity",
description: "The concept electronegativity was introduced by L. Pauling as the power of an atom to attract electrons to itself.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01990",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Pauling Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"A.L. Allred, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 1961, 17(3-4), 215-221. DOI:10.1016/0022-1902(61)80142-5"
],
value: {
number: [
1.9
],
unit: "(Pauling Scale)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Allen Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1989, 111, 9003. DOI:10.1021/ja00207a003; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek and L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 2780. DOI:10.1021/ja992866e; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek, E.T. Knight, J.F. Capitani and L.C Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 5132. DOI:10.1021/ja9928677"
],
value: {
number: [
1.6
],
unit: "(Allen Scale)"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Affinity",
description: "Electron affinity refers to energy required to detach an electron from the singly charged negative ion.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01977",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.T Myers, J. Chem. Edu., 1990, 67(4), 307. DOI:10.1021/ed067p307"
],
value: {
number: [
0.15
],
unit: "eV"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.J. Zollweg, J. Chem. Phys., 1969, 50, 4251. DOI:10.1063/1.1670890"
],
value: {
number: [
0.38
],
unit: "eV"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Spectra",
description: "Atomic and ionic spectral lines originate from specified electronic transitions between energy levels of atoms and ions, respectively.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00502.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/lines_hold.pl?el=Re",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Lines Holdings"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/levels_hold.pl?el=Re",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Levels Holdings"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Physical Description",
description: "Physical description, also know as physical characteristics, refers to physical appearance of element substances.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Solid"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Classification",
description: "Elements can be classified few groups according to each element's chemical properties.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Metal"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Period Number",
description: "The element period number refers to a horizontal row of the periodic table. The periodic table has 7 periods.",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/periodic-table-of-the-elements/The-periodic-table#ref80835",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "6"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Group Number",
description: "Element group refers to a set of chemical elements in the same vertical column of the periodic table",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/group-periodic-table",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "7"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Density",
description: "Density is a degree of consistency measured by the quantity of mass per unit volume",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/D/D01590.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "20.8 grams per cubic centimeter"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Melting Point",
description: "The melting point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from solid to liquid at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/melting-point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "3459 K (3186°C or 5767°F)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "3186°C"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Boiling Point",
description: "Boiling Point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from liquid to gas at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "5869 K (5596°C or 10105°F)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "5630°C"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Crustal Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in earth crust",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "7×10-4 milligrams per kilogram",
markup: [
{
start: 4,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Oceanic Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in ocean",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "4×10-6 milligrams per liter",
markup: [
{
start: 4,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "History",
description: "Element discovery and related information in history",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "History",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "The name derives from the Latin rhenus for the Rhine river in Germany. Rhenium was discovered by x-ray spectroscopy in 1925 by German chemists Walter Noddack, Ida Tacke, and Otto Berg.",
markup: [
{
start: 32,
length: 6,
type: "Italics"
}
]
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Rhenium was discovered by the German chemists Ida Tacke-Noddack, Walter Noddack and Otto Carl Berg in 1925. They detected rhenium spectroscopically in platinum ores and in the minerals columbite ((Fe, Mn, Mg)(Nb, Ta)2O6), gadolinite ((Ce, La, Nd, Y)2FeBe2Si2O10) and molybdenite (MoS2). Rhenium is present in these materials only in trace amounts. In 1928, Noddack and Berg were able to extract 1 gram of rhenium from 660 kilograms of molybdenite. Today, rhenium is obtained as a byproduct of refining molybdenum and copper.",
markup: [
{
start: 216,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
},
{
start: 218,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
},
{
start: 249,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
},
{
start: 254,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
},
{
start: 257,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
},
{
start: 259,
length: 2,
type: "Subscript"
},
{
start: 283,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
}
]
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Discovery of rhenium is generally attributed to Noddack, Tacke, and Berg, who announced in 1925 they had detected the element in platinum ore and columbite. They also found the element in gadolinite and molybdenite. By working up 660 kg of molybdenite in 1928 they were able to extract 1 g of rhenium."
}
]
}
}
]
},
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type: "Superscript"
}
]
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{
string: "192Re",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "192Rem",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "192Ren",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
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{
string: "193Re",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "193Rem",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
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{
string: "194Re",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "194Rem",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "194Ren",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "194Rep",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
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{
string: "194Req",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
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{
string: "195Re",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "196Re",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "196Rem",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "197Re",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "198Re",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "199Re",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Atomic Mass and Uncertainty [u]",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "158.984171 ± 0.000327 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "158.984171 ± 0.000327 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "159.982030 ± 0.00032 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "159.982030 ± 0.00032 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "160.977627121 ± 0.000160948"
},
{
string: "160.977627121 ± 0.000160948"
},
{
string: "161.975844 ± 0.00021 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "161.975844 ± 0.00021 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "162.972085441 ± 0.000019897"
},
{
string: "162.972085441 ± 0.000019897"
},
{
string: "163.970507124 ± 0.000058566"
},
{
string: "163.970507124 ± 0.000058566"
},
{
string: "164.967085375 ± 0.000025329"
},
{
string: "164.967085375 ± 0.000025329"
},
{
string: "165.965760940 ± 0.000077628"
},
{
string: "165.965760940 ± 0.000077628"
},
{
string: "166.962607 ± 0.000043 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "166.962607 ± 0.000043 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "167.961572608 ± 0.000033087"
},
{
string: "168.958765991 ± 0.00001221"
},
{
string: "168.958765991 ± 0.00001221"
},
{
string: "169.958224966 ± 0.000024808"
},
{
string: "170.955716000 ± 0.00003"
},
{
string: "171.955408079 ± 0.000041862"
},
{
string: "171.955408079 ± 0.000041862"
},
{
string: "172.953243000 ± 0.00003"
},
{
string: "173.953115000 ± 0.00003"
},
{
string: "173.953115000 ± 0.00003"
},
{
string: "174.951381000 ± 0.00003"
},
{
string: "175.951623000 ± 0.00003"
},
{
string: "176.950328000 ± 0.00003"
},
{
string: "176.950328000 ± 0.00003"
},
{
string: "177.950989000 ± 0.00003"
},
{
string: "178.949989715 ± 0.00002645"
},
{
string: "178.949989715 ± 0.00002645"
},
{
string: "178.949989715 ± 0.00002645"
},
{
string: "178.949989715 ± 0.00002645"
},
{
string: "179.950791568 ± 0.000022965"
},
{
string: "179.950791568 ± 0.000022965"
},
{
string: "179.950791568 ± 0.000022965"
},
{
string: "180.950061523 ± 0.000013471"
},
{
string: "180.950061523 ± 0.000013471"
},
{
string: "180.950061523 ± 0.000013471"
},
{
string: "180.950061523 ± 0.000013471"
},
{
string: "180.950061523 ± 0.000013471"
},
{
string: "181.951211645 ± 0.000109483"
},
{
string: "181.951211645 ± 0.000109483"
},
{
string: "181.951211645 ± 0.000109483"
},
{
string: "181.951211645 ± 0.000109483"
},
{
string: "182.950821390 ± 0.000008624"
},
{
string: "182.950821390 ± 0.000008624"
},
{
string: "183.952528267 ± 0.000004589"
},
{
string: "183.952528267 ± 0.000004589"
},
{
string: "184.952958337 ± 0.000000877"
},
{
string: "184.952958337 ± 0.000000877"
},
{
string: "185.954989419 ± 0.000000886"
},
{
string: "185.954989419 ± 0.000000886"
},
{
string: "186.955752288 ± 0.00000079"
},
{
string: "186.955752288 ± 0.00000079"
},
{
string: "186.955752288 ± 0.00000079"
},
{
string: "187.958113728 ± 0.000000791"
},
{
string: "187.958113728 ± 0.000000791"
},
{
string: "188.959227817 ± 0.000008793"
},
{
string: "188.959227817 ± 0.000008793"
},
{
string: "189.961743360 ± 0.000076063"
},
{
string: "189.961743360 ± 0.000076063"
},
{
string: "190.963123437 ± 0.000011019"
},
{
string: "190.963123437 ± 0.000011019"
},
{
string: "191.966088000 ± 0.000076"
},
{
string: "191.966088000 ± 0.000076"
},
{
string: "191.966088000 ± 0.000076"
},
{
string: "192.967545000 ± 0.000042"
},
{
string: "192.967545000 ± 0.000042"
},
{
string: "193.970760 ± 0.00021 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "193.970760 ± 0.00021 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "193.970760 ± 0.00021 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "193.970760 ± 0.00021 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "193.970760 ± 0.00021 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "194.972540 ± 0.00032 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "195.975800 ± 0.00032 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "195.975800 ± 0.00032 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "196.977990 ± 0.00032 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "197.981600 ± 0.00043 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "198.984047 ± 0.00043 [Estimated]"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Half Life and Uncertainty",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "40 us [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "21.6 us ± 3.3"
},
{
string: "611 us ± 7"
},
{
string: "2.8 us ± 0.1"
},
{
string: "440 us ± 1"
},
{
string: "14.7 ms ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "107 ms ± 13"
},
{
string: "77 ms ± 9"
},
{
string: "390 ms ± 70"
},
{
string: "214 ms ± 5"
},
{
string: "719 ms ± 161"
},
{
string: "890 ms ± 130"
},
{
string: "2.62 s ± 0.14"
},
{
string: "1.74 s ± 0.06"
},
{
string: "2.25 s ± 0.21"
},
{
string: "Not-specified"
},
{
string: "3.4 s ± 0.4"
},
{
string: "5.9 s ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "4.4 s ± 0.1"
},
{
string: "8.1 s ± 0.5"
},
{
string: "15.1 s ± 1.5"
},
{
string: "9.2 s ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "15.2 s ± 0.4"
},
{
string: "15 s ± 3"
},
{
string: "55 s ± 5"
},
{
string: "2.0 m ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "2.40 m ± 0.04"
},
{
string: "1 m ± >1us [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "5.89 m ± 0.05"
},
{
string: "5.3 m ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "14 m ± 1"
},
{
string: "50 us ± 10"
},
{
string: "13.2 m ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "19.5 m ± 0.1"
},
{
string: "95 us ± 25"
},
{
string: "408 ns ± 12"
},
{
string: "466 us ± 15"
},
{
string: "2.46 m ± 0.03"
},
{
string: ">1 us"
},
{
string: "9.0 us ± 0.7"
},
{
string: "19.9 h ± 0.7"
},
{
string: "156.7 ns ± 1.9"
},
{
string: "250 ns ± 10"
},
{
string: "11.5 us ± 0.9"
},
{
string: "1.2 us ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "64.2 h ± 0.5"
},
{
string: "14.14 h ± 0.45"
},
{
string: "585 ns ± 30"
},
{
string: "780 ns ± 90"
},
{
string: "70.0 d ± 1.4"
},
{
string: "1.04 ms ± 0.04"
},
{
string: "35.4 d ± 0.7"
},
{
string: "169 d ± 8"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "121 ns ± 13"
},
{
string: "3.718 d ± 0.0011"
},
{
string: "~200 ky"
},
{
string: "43.3 Gy ± 0.07"
},
{
string: "555.3 ns ± 1.7"
},
{
string: "354 ns ± 62"
},
{
string: "17.004 h ± 0.0022"
},
{
string: "18.59 m ± 0.04"
},
{
string: "24.3 h ± 0.4"
},
{
string: "223 us ± 14"
},
{
string: "3.1 m ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "3.2 h ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "9.8 m ± 0.5"
},
{
string: "51 us ± 3"
},
{
string: "16.0 s ± 0.9"
},
{
string: "88 us ± 8"
},
{
string: "70 s ± 30"
},
{
string: "20 s ± >300ns [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "69 us ± 6"
},
{
string: "5 s ± 1"
},
{
string: "25 s ± 8"
},
{
string: "100 s ± 10"
},
{
string: "45 us ± 18"
},
{
string: "38 us ± 37"
},
{
string: "6 s ± 1"
},
{
string: "2.4 s ± 1.5"
},
{
string: "3.6 us ± 0.6"
},
{
string: "300 ms ± >300ns [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "300 ms ± >300ns [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "100 ms ± >300ns [Estimated]"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Discovery Year",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "2006"
},
{
string: "2006"
},
{
string: "1992"
},
{
string: "2011"
},
{
string: "1979"
},
{
string: "1979"
},
{
string: "1979"
},
{
string: "1979"
},
{
string: "1979"
},
{
string: "1979"
},
{
string: "1979"
},
{
string: "2009"
},
{
string: "1981"
},
{
string: "1978"
},
{
string: "1978"
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: "1992"
},
{
string: "1984"
},
{
string: "1992"
},
{
string: "1978"
},
{
string: "1984"
},
{
string: "1974"
},
{
string: "1987"
},
{
string: "1972"
},
{
string: "1977"
},
{
string: "1986"
},
{
string: "1972"
},
{
string: "2012"
},
{
string: "1967"
},
{
string: "1967"
},
{
string: "1957"
},
{
string: "1972"
},
{
string: "1957"
},
{
string: "1960"
},
{
string: "1972"
},
{
string: "1972"
},
{
string: "1989"
},
{
string: "1955"
},
{
string: "2005"
},
{
string: "2005"
},
{
string: "1957"
},
{
string: "1967"
},
{
string: "1974"
},
{
string: "2000"
},
{
string: "2000"
},
{
string: "1950"
},
{
string: "1950"
},
{
string: "1969"
},
{
string: "1984"
},
{
string: "1950"
},
{
string: "1966"
},
{
string: "1940"
},
{
string: "1964"
},
{
string: "1931"
},
{
string: "1997"
},
{
string: "1939"
},
{
string: "1972"
},
{
string: "1931"
},
{
string: "1949"
},
{
string: "2003"
},
{
string: "1939"
},
{
string: "1953"
},
{
string: "1963"
},
{
string: "2016"
},
{
string: "1955"
},
{
string: "1962"
},
{
string: "1963"
},
{
string: "2011"
},
{
string: "1965"
},
{
string: "2005"
},
{
string: "2012"
},
{
string: "1999"
},
{
string: "2005"
},
{
string: "1999"
},
{
string: "2012"
},
{
string: "2012"
},
{
string: "2011"
},
{
string: "2005"
},
{
string: "2008"
},
{
string: "2008"
},
{
string: "2009"
},
{
string: "2009"
},
{
string: "2009"
},
{
string: "2012"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Decay Modes, Intensities and Uncertainties [%]",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "p ?; α ?"
},
{
string: "p=?; α=7.5±3.5%"
},
{
string: "p=89±0.1%; α=11±0.1%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "p≈100%; α<1.4%"
},
{
string: "α=93.0±0.3%; p=7.0±0.3%"
},
{
string: "α=94±0.6%; β+ ?",
markup: [
{
start: 12,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "α=91±0.5%; β+ ?",
markup: [
{
start: 12,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+ ?; α=32±0.3%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "α=66±0.4%; β+ ?",
markup: [
{
start: 12,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "α=?; β+=42%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 6,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+ ?; α=3±0.1%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+ ?; α=14±0.8%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+ ?; α=13±0.1%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=?; α=5±0.2%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: "α≈100%; β+ ?",
markup: [
{
start: 9,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+≈99%; α≈1%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+≈100%; α≈0.005%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=?; α=0.005±0.3%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+ ?; α≈0.2%; IT ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+≈100%; α<0.01%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT ?; β+ ?",
markup: [
{
start: 7,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT≈100%; β+ ?",
markup: [
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "ε=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=74.5±0.8%; ε=25.5±0.8%"
},
{
string: "IS=37.40±0.2%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=92.53±1%; ε=7.47±1%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=?; β-<10%",
markup: [
{
start: 7,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IS=62.60±0.2%; β-=100%; α<0.0001%",
markup: [
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type: "Superscript"
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},
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string: "IT=100%"
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string: "IT=100%"
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string: "β-=100%",
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string: "IT=100%"
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type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "β-=54.4±2%; IT ?",
markup: [
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type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
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type: "Superscript"
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string: "IT=100%"
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string: "β-=?; IT=?",
markup: [
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type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "β- ?",
markup: [
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type: "Superscript"
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string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
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type: "Superscript"
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string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
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},
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string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
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markup: [
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string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β- ?",
markup: [
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},
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string: "β- ?; β-n=0%[Estimated]",
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],
reference: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "PubChem",
description: "Data deposited in or computed by PubChem",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
sourceName: "Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)",
sourceID: "e75",
name: "Re",
description: "The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.",
url: "https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/",
anid: 6590302
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
sourceName: "Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)",
sourceID: "a75",
name: "Rhenium",
description: "Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report) and CIAAW. The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/",
url: "http://www.ciaaw.org/rhenium.htm",
licenseURL: "http://www.ciaaw.org/bylaws.htm",
anid: 2292456
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{
referenceNumber: 4,
sourceName: "Jefferson Lab, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "jlab75",
name: "Rhenium",
description: "Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/",
url: "https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele075.html",
licenseNote: "Please see citation and linking information: https://education.jlab.org/faq/index.html",
licenseURL: "https://www.jlab.org/privacy-and-security-notice",
anid: 507137
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
sourceName: "Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "lanl75",
name: "Rhenium",
description: "The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.",
url: "https://periodic.lanl.gov/75.shtml",
anid: 507255
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
sourceName: "NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory",
sourceID: "e75",
name: "Rhenium",
description: "The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Elements/elInfo.pl?element=75",
licenseURL: "https://www.nist.gov/pml/database-disclaimer",
anid: 2292692
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
sourceName: "PubChem Elements",
sourceID: "75",
name: "Re",
description: "The element property data was retrieved from publications.",
anid: 7660076
},
{
referenceNumber: 7,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "75",
name: "Rhenium",
description: "This section provides all form of data related to element Rhenium.",
anid: 694368
}
]
}
},
{
record: {
recordType: "AtomicNumber",
recordNumber: 76,
recordTitle: "Osmium",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01022.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Osmium"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Osmium"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
description: "Element symbol, Also called atomic symbol, typically consists of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet derived from the element name in one of several languages.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Os"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Os"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "InChI=1S/Os"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI Key",
description: "International Chemical Identifier hash (InChIKey) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI Key",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "SYQBFIAQOQZEGI-UHFFFAOYSA-N"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "190.23(3)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "190.23"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "190.2"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "190.23(3)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "[Xe]6s24f145d6",
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type: "Superscript"
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start: 9,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 13,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Electron Configuration",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[Xe]4f14 5d6 6s2",
markup: [
{
start: 6,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 11,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 15,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Radius",
description: "Atomic radius is the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell containing electrons.",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_radius",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
name: "Van der Waals Atomic Radius",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "216 pm (Van der Waals)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Empirical Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"J.C. Slater, J Chem Phys, 1964, 41(10), 3199-3205. DOI:10.1063/1.1725697"
],
value: {
number: [
130
],
unit: "pm (Empirical)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Covalent Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"B. Cordero, V. Gómez, A.E. Platero-Prats, M. Revés, J. Echeverría, E. Cremades, F. Barragán, S. Alvarez, Dalton Trans. 2008, 21, 2832-2838. DOI:10.1039/b801115j PMID:18478144."
],
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "144(4) pm (Covalent)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
description: "Oxidation state gives the degree of oxidation of an atom in terms of counting electrons.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/O/O04365.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "+4, +3"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0, −1, −2, −4 (a mildly acidic oxide)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ground Level",
description: "Also called ground-state level. The ground state electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom with lower energy levels.",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/ASD/Html/iehelp.html#IEGROUNDLEV",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ground Level",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "5D4",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 2,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
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]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ionization Energy",
description: "Ionization energy is the minimum energy required to eject an electron out of a neutral atom or molecule in its ground state.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/I/I03199.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "8.7 eV"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ionization Energy",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "8.43823 eV"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electronegativity",
description: "The concept electronegativity was introduced by L. Pauling as the power of an atom to attract electrons to itself.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01990",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Pauling Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"A.L. Allred, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 1961, 17(3-4), 215-221. DOI:10.1016/0022-1902(61)80142-5"
],
value: {
number: [
2.2
],
unit: "(Pauling Scale)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Allen Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1989, 111, 9003. DOI:10.1021/ja00207a003; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek and L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 2780. DOI:10.1021/ja992866e; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek, E.T. Knight, J.F. Capitani and L.C Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 5132. DOI:10.1021/ja9928677"
],
value: {
number: [
1.65
],
unit: "(Allen Scale)"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Affinity",
description: "Electron affinity refers to energy required to detach an electron from the singly charged negative ion.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01977",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.T Myers, J. Chem. Edu., 1990, 67(4), 307. DOI:10.1021/ed067p307"
],
value: {
number: [
1.1
],
unit: "eV"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.J. Zollweg, J. Chem. Phys., 1969, 50, 4251. DOI:10.1063/1.1670890"
],
value: {
number: [
1.44
],
unit: "eV"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Spectra",
description: "Atomic and ionic spectral lines originate from specified electronic transitions between energy levels of atoms and ions, respectively.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00502.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/lines_hold.pl?el=Os",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Lines Holdings"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/levels_hold.pl?el=Os",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Levels Holdings"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Physical Description",
description: "Physical description, also know as physical characteristics, refers to physical appearance of element substances.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Solid"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Classification",
description: "Elements can be classified few groups according to each element's chemical properties.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Metal"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Period Number",
description: "The element period number refers to a horizontal row of the periodic table. The periodic table has 7 periods.",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/periodic-table-of-the-elements/The-periodic-table#ref80835",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "6"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Group Number",
description: "Element group refers to a set of chemical elements in the same vertical column of the periodic table",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/group-periodic-table",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "8"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Density",
description: "Density is a degree of consistency measured by the quantity of mass per unit volume",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/D/D01590.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "22.57 grams per cubic centimeter"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Melting Point",
description: "The melting point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from solid to liquid at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/melting-point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "3306 K (3033°C or 5491°F)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "3033°C"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Boiling Point",
description: "Boiling Point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from liquid to gas at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "5285 K (5012°C or 9054°F)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "5012°C"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Crustal Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in earth crust",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1.5×10-3 milligrams per kilogram",
markup: [
{
start: 6,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Oceanic Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in ocean",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Not Applicable"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "History",
description: "Element discovery and related information in history",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "History",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "The name derives from the Greek osme for \"smell\" because of the sharp odor of its volatile oxide. Both osmium and iridium were discovered simultaneously in a crude platinum ore by the English chemist Smithson Tennant in 1803.",
markup: [
{
start: 32,
length: 4,
type: "Italics"
}
]
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Osmium and iridium were discovered at the same time by the British chemist Smithson Tennant in 1803. Osmium and iridium were identified in the black residue remaining after dissolving platinum ore with aqua regia, a mixture of 25% nitric acid (HNO3) and 75% hydrochloric acid (HCl). Today, osmium is primarily recovered during the processing of platinum and nickel ores.",
markup: [
{
start: 247,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
}
]
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Discovered in 1803 by Tennant in the residue left when crude platinum is dissolved by aqua regia."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Description",
description: "Description about this element",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "The metal is lustrous, bluish white, extremely hard, and brittle even at high temperatures. It has the highest melting point and the lowest vapor pressure of the platinum group. The metal is very difficult to fabricate, but the powdered or spongy metal slowly gives off osmium tetroxide, which as a powerful oxidizing agent and has a strong smell. The tetroxide is highly toxic, and boils at 130°C."
},
{
string: "Density measurements show osmium to be a a little more dense than iridium, and osmium is often cited as the heavier element. However, calculations of the density from the space lattice, which may be more reliable than these measurements, give a density of 22.65 for iridium compared to 22.61 for osmium. According to IUPAC, because of this apparent contradiction, no decision has been made as to which is heavier."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Uses",
description: "Uses information in industry and other fields",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Metallic osmium is hard, brittle and very difficult to make. Powdered osmium is easier to make but emits osmium tetroxide (OsO4) when it is exposed to the air. Unfortunately, osmium tetroxide smells bad and is very poisonous. Because of these problems, osmium is primarily used to make very hard alloys. Osmium alloys can be found in ball point pen tips, fountain pen tips, record player needles, electrical contacts and other devices where frictional wear must be minimized.",
markup: [
{
start: 126,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
}
]
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "The tetroxide has been used to detect fingerprints and to stain fatty tissue for microscope slides. The metal is almost entirely used to produce very hard alloys with other metals of the platinum group for fountain pen tips, instrument pivots, phonograph needles, and electrical contacts."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Sources",
description: "Sources (where the element come from) information for the given element",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Osmium occurs in iridosule and in platinum-bearing river sands in the Urals, North America, and South America. It is also found in the nickel-bearing ores of Sudbury, Ontario region along with other platinum metals. While the quantity of platinum metals in these ores is very small, the large tonnages of processed nickel ores make commercial recovery possible."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Compounds",
description: "Related compounds information to this element",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 7,
name: "Compounds",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Osmium",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "See more information at the Osmium compound page."
}
]
}
}
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string: "168.967017833 ± 0.000027017"
},
{
string: "169.963578673 ± 0.000010491"
},
{
string: "170.963175348 ± 0.000019133"
},
{
string: "171.960017088 ± 0.000013721"
},
{
string: "172.959808375 ± 0.000016059"
},
{
string: "173.957063152 ± 0.000011008"
},
{
string: "174.956945105 ± 0.00001264"
},
{
string: "175.954806000 ± 0.00003"
},
{
string: "176.954957882 ± 0.000015687"
},
{
string: "177.953253300 ± 0.000014634"
},
{
string: "178.953816669 ± 0.000017718"
},
{
string: "178.953816669 ± 0.000017718"
},
{
string: "178.953816669 ± 0.000017718"
},
{
string: "179.952379930 ± 0.000017596"
},
{
string: "180.953247188 ± 0.000027201"
},
{
string: "180.953247188 ± 0.000027201"
},
{
string: "180.953247188 ± 0.000027201"
},
{
string: "181.952110153 ± 0.000023344"
},
{
string: "181.952110153 ± 0.000023344"
},
{
string: "181.952110153 ± 0.000023344"
},
{
string: "182.953124719 ± 0.00005342"
},
{
string: "182.953124719 ± 0.00005342"
},
{
string: "183.952492949 ± 0.000000887"
},
{
string: "184.954045995 ± 0.000000891"
},
{
string: "184.954045995 ± 0.000000891"
},
{
string: "184.954045995 ± 0.000000891"
},
{
string: "185.953837660 ± 0.000000816"
},
{
string: "186.955749640 ± 0.00000079"
},
{
string: "186.955749640 ± 0.00000079"
},
{
string: "186.955749640 ± 0.00000079"
},
{
string: "187.955837361 ± 0.000000787"
},
{
string: "188.958146005 ± 0.000000715"
},
{
string: "188.958146005 ± 0.000000715"
},
{
string: "189.958445496 ± 0.000000697"
},
{
string: "189.958445496 ± 0.000000697"
},
{
string: "190.960928159 ± 0.000000707"
},
{
string: "190.960928159 ± 0.000000707"
},
{
string: "191.961478881 ± 0.000002485"
},
{
string: "191.961478881 ± 0.000002485"
},
{
string: "191.961478881 ± 0.000002485"
},
{
string: "192.964149753 ± 0.000002491"
},
{
string: "192.964149753 ± 0.000002491"
},
{
string: "193.965179477 ± 0.000002579"
},
{
string: "194.968318000 ± 0.00006"
},
{
string: "194.968318000 ± 0.00006"
},
{
string: "195.969643277 ± 0.000043"
},
{
string: "196.972830 ± 0.00021 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "197.974410 ± 0.00021 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "198.978010 ± 0.00021 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "199.979840 ± 0.00032 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "200.983640 ± 0.00032 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "201.985950 ± 0.00043 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "202.991798 ± 0.00043 [Estimated]"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Half Life and Uncertainty",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "640 us ± 60"
},
{
string: "2.1 ms ± 0.1"
},
{
string: "5.5 ms ± 0.6"
},
{
string: "21 ms ± 1"
},
{
string: "71 ms ± 3"
},
{
string: "213 ms ± 5"
},
{
string: "839 ms ± 5"
},
{
string: "672 ns ± 7"
},
{
string: "2.1 s ± 0.1"
},
{
string: "3.46 s ± 0.11"
},
{
string: "7.37 s ± 0.18"
},
{
string: "8.3 s ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "19.2 s ± 0.9"
},
{
string: "22.4 s ± 0.9"
},
{
string: "44 s ± 4"
},
{
string: "1.4 m ± 0.1"
},
{
string: "3.6 m ± 0.5"
},
{
string: "3.0 m ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "5.0 m ± 0.4"
},
{
string: "6.5 m ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "500 ns"
},
{
string: "783 ns ± 14"
},
{
string: "21.5 m ± 0.4"
},
{
string: "105 m ± 3"
},
{
string: "2.7 m ± 0.1"
},
{
string: "262 ns ± 6"
},
{
string: "21.84 h ± 0.20"
},
{
string: "780 us ± 70"
},
{
string: "150 ns ± 10"
},
{
string: "13.0 h ± 0.5"
},
{
string: "9.9 h ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "Stable ± >56Ty"
},
{
string: "92.95 d ± 0.09"
},
{
string: "3.0 us ± 0.4"
},
{
string: "780 ns ± 50"
},
{
string: "2.0 Py ± 1.1"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "112 ns ± 6"
},
{
string: "231 us ± 2"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "5.81 h ± 0.06"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "9.86 m ± 0.03"
},
{
string: "14.99 d ± 0.02"
},
{
string: "13.10 h ± 0.05"
},
{
string: "Stable ± >53Ey"
},
{
string: "5.9 s ± 0.1"
},
{
string: "204 ns ± 7"
},
{
string: "29.830 h ± 0.018"
},
{
string: "132 ns ± 29"
},
{
string: "6.0 y ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "6.5 m ± 1.1"
},
{
string: "2.0 h ± 1.7"
},
{
string: "34.9 m ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "2.8 m ± 0.6"
},
{
string: "1 m ± >300ns [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "6 s ± 3"
},
{
string: "7 s ± 4"
},
{
string: "1 s ± >300ns [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "200 ms ± >300ns [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "100 ms ± >300ns [Estimated]"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Discovery Year",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "2010"
},
{
string: "1989"
},
{
string: "1981"
},
{
string: "1981"
},
{
string: "1978"
},
{
string: "1977"
},
{
string: "1977"
},
{
string: "2009"
},
{
string: "1977"
},
{
string: "1972"
},
{
string: "1972"
},
{
string: "1972"
},
{
string: "1971"
},
{
string: "1971"
},
{
string: "1971"
},
{
string: "1972"
},
{
string: "1970"
},
{
string: "1970"
},
{
string: "1967"
},
{
string: "1968"
},
{
string: "1983"
},
{
string: "1983"
},
{
string: "1967"
},
{
string: "1966"
},
{
string: "1966"
},
{
string: "1974"
},
{
string: "1950"
},
{
string: "1966"
},
{
string: "1988"
},
{
string: "1950"
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: "1937"
},
{
string: "1947"
},
{
string: "1970"
},
{
string: "1970"
},
{
string: "1931"
},
{
string: "1931"
},
{
string: "1964"
},
{
string: "1964"
},
{
string: "1931"
},
{
string: "1931"
},
{
string: "1960"
},
{
string: "1931"
},
{
string: "1950"
},
{
string: "1940"
},
{
string: "1952"
},
{
string: "1931"
},
{
string: "1965"
},
{
string: "2004"
},
{
string: "1940"
},
{
string: "2011"
},
{
string: "1951"
},
{
string: "2004"
},
{
string: "2012"
},
{
string: "1977"
},
{
string: "2003"
},
{
string: "2008"
},
{
string: "2008"
},
{
string: "2005"
},
{
string: "2009"
},
{
string: "2009"
},
{
string: "2012"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Decay Modes, Intensities and Uncertainties [%]",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "α≈100%"
},
{
string: "α=100%"
},
{
string: "α≈100%; β+ ?",
markup: [
{
start: 9,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "α=?; β+=2%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 6,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "α=90±0.2%; β+ ?",
markup: [
{
start: 12,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "α=72±1.3%; β+=28±1.3%",
markup: [
{
start: 12,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "α=51±0.4%; β+ ?",
markup: [
{
start: 12,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=57±0.4%; α=43±0.4%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=86.3±0.8%; α=13.7±0.8%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=?; α=9.5±1%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+ ?; α=1.80±2.1%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=?; α=1.1±0.2%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+≈100%; α=0.4±0.2%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+≈100%; α=0.024±0.7%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "ε=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=85±0.2%; IT=15±0.2%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IS=0.02±0.1%; α ?; 2β+ ?",
markup: [
{
start: 21,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "ε=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IS=1.59±0.3%; α=100%"
},
{
string: "IS=1.96±0.2%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IS=13.24±0.8%"
},
{
string: "IS=16.15±0.5%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IS=26.26±0.2%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IS=40.78±1.9%; 2β- ?; α ?",
markup: [
{
start: 17,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT>87%; β-<13%",
markup: [
{
start: 9,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β- ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=?; IT=?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β- ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β- ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β- ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β- ?; β-n=7%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 7,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
}
],
reference: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "PubChem",
description: "Data deposited in or computed by PubChem",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
sourceName: "Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)",
sourceID: "e76",
name: "Os",
description: "The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.",
url: "https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/",
anid: 6590303
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
sourceName: "Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)",
sourceID: "a76",
name: "Osmium",
description: "Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report) and CIAAW. The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/",
url: "http://www.ciaaw.org/osmium.htm",
licenseURL: "http://www.ciaaw.org/bylaws.htm",
anid: 2292457
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
sourceName: "Jefferson Lab, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "jlab76",
name: "Osmium",
description: "Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/",
url: "https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele076.html",
licenseNote: "Please see citation and linking information: https://education.jlab.org/faq/index.html",
licenseURL: "https://www.jlab.org/privacy-and-security-notice",
anid: 507138
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
sourceName: "Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "lanl76",
name: "Osmium",
description: "The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.",
url: "https://periodic.lanl.gov/76.shtml",
anid: 507256
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
sourceName: "NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory",
sourceID: "e76",
name: "Osmium",
description: "The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Elements/elInfo.pl?element=76",
licenseURL: "https://www.nist.gov/pml/database-disclaimer",
anid: 2292693
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
sourceName: "PubChem Elements",
sourceID: "76",
name: "Os",
description: "The element property data was retrieved from publications.",
anid: 7660077
},
{
referenceNumber: 7,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "76",
name: "Osmium",
description: "This section provides all form of data related to element Osmium.",
anid: 694369
}
]
}
},
{
record: {
recordType: "AtomicNumber",
recordNumber: 77,
recordTitle: "Iridium",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01022.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Iridium"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Iridium"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
description: "Element symbol, Also called atomic symbol, typically consists of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet derived from the element name in one of several languages.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Ir"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Ir"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "InChI=1S/Ir"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI Key",
description: "International Chemical Identifier hash (InChIKey) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI Key",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "192.217(2)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "192.217"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "192.2"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
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{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
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},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Radius",
description: "Atomic radius is the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell containing electrons.",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_radius",
information: [
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{
referenceNumber: 8,
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number: [
135
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unit: "pm (Empirical)"
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{
referenceNumber: 8,
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reference: [
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},
{
tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
description: "Oxidation state gives the degree of oxidation of an atom in terms of counting electrons.",
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},
{
tocHeading: "Ground Level",
description: "Also called ground-state level. The ground state electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom with lower energy levels.",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/ASD/Html/iehelp.html#IEGROUNDLEV",
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{
tocHeading: "Ionization Energy",
description: "Ionization energy is the minimum energy required to eject an electron out of a neutral atom or molecule in its ground state.",
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{
tocHeading: "Electronegativity",
description: "The concept electronegativity was introduced by L. Pauling as the power of an atom to attract electrons to itself.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01990",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Pauling Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
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],
value: {
number: [
2.2
],
unit: "(Pauling Scale)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Allen Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1989, 111, 9003. DOI:10.1021/ja00207a003; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek and L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 2780. DOI:10.1021/ja992866e; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek, E.T. Knight, J.F. Capitani and L.C Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 5132. DOI:10.1021/ja9928677"
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value: {
number: [
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},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Affinity",
description: "Electron affinity refers to energy required to detach an electron from the singly charged negative ion.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01977",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.T Myers, J. Chem. Edu., 1990, 67(4), 307. DOI:10.1021/ed067p307"
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value: {
number: [
1.565
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unit: "eV"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
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"R.J. Zollweg, J. Chem. Phys., 1969, 50, 4251. DOI:10.1063/1.1670890"
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value: {
number: [
1.97
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unit: "eV"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Spectra",
description: "Atomic and ionic spectral lines originate from specified electronic transitions between energy levels of atoms and ions, respectively.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00502.html",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 6,
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description: "Physical description, also know as physical characteristics, refers to physical appearance of element substances.",
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tocHeading: "Element Period Number",
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url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/periodic-table-of-the-elements/The-periodic-table#ref80835",
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tocHeading: "Element Group Number",
description: "Element group refers to a set of chemical elements in the same vertical column of the periodic table",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/group-periodic-table",
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tocHeading: "Density",
description: "Density is a degree of consistency measured by the quantity of mass per unit volume",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/D/D01590.html",
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{
tocHeading: "Melting Point",
description: "The melting point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from solid to liquid at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/melting-point",
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tocHeading: "Boiling Point",
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tocHeading: "Estimated Crustal Abundance",
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tocHeading: "History",
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tocHeading: "Description",
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string: "Iridium is not attacked by any of the acids nor by aqua regia, but is attacked by molten salts, such as NaCl and NaCN. The specific gravity of iridium is to osmium's specific gravity. Calculations of the densities of iridium and osmium from the space lattices give values of 22.65 and 22.61 g/cm^3, respectively. These values may be more reliable than actual physical measurements for determining which element is heavier."
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tocHeading: "Uses",
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},
{
string: "Iridium is the most corrosive resistant metal known. For this reason, the standard meter bar was created from an alloy of 90% platinum and 10% iridium. This bar was replaced as the definition of the meter in 1960 when the meter was redefined in terms of the orange-red spectral line of krypton-86."
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{
string: "A thin, worldwide layer of iridium exists in a layer of sediment that was put down at the end of the Cretaceous period. Since meteors and asteroids contain a higher percentage of iridium than the earth's crust, this iridium enriched layer is seen as evidence that the earth was struck by a large meteor or asteroid at that time. Dust from the impact would have spread around the globe, depositing the iridium. The dust also would have blocked the sun for a time, resulting in the extinction of many plant and animal species, including the dinosaurs."
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]
}
}
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tocHeading: "Sources",
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]
}
}
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},
{
tocHeading: "Compounds",
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type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "165Ir",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "165Irm",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "166Ir",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "166Irm",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "167Ir",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "167Irm",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "168Ir",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "168Irm",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "169Ir",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "169Irm",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "170Ir",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "170Irm",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "171Ir",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "171Irm",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "172Ir",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "172Irm",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "173Ir",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "173Irm",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "174Ir",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "174Irm",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "175Ir",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "176Ir",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "177Ir",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "178Ir",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "179Ir",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "180Ir",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "181Ir",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "181Irm",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "181Irn",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "182Ir",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "182Irm",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "182Irn",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "183Ir",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "184Ir",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "184Irm",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
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{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "184Irn",
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{
start: 0,
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},
{
string: "185Ir",
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{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "185Irm",
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{
start: 0,
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start: 5,
length: 1,
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},
{
string: "186Ir",
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{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "186Irm",
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{
start: 0,
length: 3,
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{
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length: 1,
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},
{
string: "187Ir",
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{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "187Irm",
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{
start: 0,
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{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "187Irn",
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{
start: 0,
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{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "187Irp",
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{
start: 0,
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start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "188Ir",
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{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "188Irm",
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{
start: 0,
length: 3,
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{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "189Ir",
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{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "189Irm",
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{
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{
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length: 1,
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{
string: "189Irn",
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{
start: 0,
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length: 1,
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},
{
string: "190Ir",
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{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "190Irm",
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{
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{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "190Irn",
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{
start: 0,
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length: 1,
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{
string: "190Irp",
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{
start: 0,
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},
{
string: "191Ir",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "191Irm",
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{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "191Irn",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
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{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "192Ir",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "192Irm",
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{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "192Irn",
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{
start: 0,
length: 3,
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{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "193Ir",
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{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "193Irm",
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{
start: 0,
length: 3,
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{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "193Irn",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
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{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "194Ir",
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{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "194Irm",
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{
start: 0,
length: 3,
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{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "194Irn",
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{
start: 0,
length: 3,
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{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "195Ir",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "195Irm",
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{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "195Irn",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
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{
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "196Ir",
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{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "196Irm",
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{
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length: 3,
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{
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "197Ir",
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{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "197Irm",
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{
start: 0,
length: 3,
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{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "197Irn",
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{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "198Ir",
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{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "199Ir",
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{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "199Irm",
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{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "200Ir",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "201Ir",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "202Ir",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "202Irm",
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{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "203Ir",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "203Irm",
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{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "204Ir",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "205Ir",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Atomic Mass and Uncertainty [u]",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "163.992116 ± 0.000338 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "163.992116 ± 0.000338 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "164.987555 ± 0.00017 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "164.987555 ± 0.00017 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "165.985664 ± 0.00021 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "165.985664 ± 0.00021 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "166.981671981 ± 0.000019695"
},
{
string: "166.981671981 ± 0.000019695"
},
{
string: "167.979960981 ± 0.000059277"
},
{
string: "167.979960981 ± 0.000059277"
},
{
string: "168.976281287 ± 0.000025021"
},
{
string: "168.976281287 ± 0.000025021"
},
{
string: "169.974922 ± 0.000095 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "169.974922 ± 0.000095 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "170.971645522 ± 0.000041295"
},
{
string: "170.971645522 ± 0.000041295"
},
{
string: "171.970607036 ± 0.000034785"
},
{
string: "171.970607036 ± 0.000034785"
},
{
string: "172.967505496 ± 0.000011837"
},
{
string: "172.967505496 ± 0.000011837"
},
{
string: "173.966866676 ± 0.000026111"
},
{
string: "173.966866676 ± 0.000026111"
},
{
string: "174.964149521 ± 0.000013295"
},
{
string: "175.963630119 ± 0.000017981"
},
{
string: "176.961301500 ± 0.000021213"
},
{
string: "177.961082000 ± 0.000021213"
},
{
string: "178.959117596 ± 0.000010489"
},
{
string: "179.959229446 ± 0.000023302"
},
{
string: "180.957634694 ± 0.000005631"
},
{
string: "180.957634694 ± 0.000005631"
},
{
string: "180.957634694 ± 0.000005631"
},
{
string: "181.958076296 ± 0.000022509"
},
{
string: "181.958076296 ± 0.000022509"
},
{
string: "181.958076296 ± 0.000022509"
},
{
string: "182.956839968 ± 0.000026191"
},
{
string: "183.957476000 ± 0.00003"
},
{
string: "183.957476000 ± 0.00003"
},
{
string: "183.957476000 ± 0.00003"
},
{
string: "184.956698000 ± 0.00003"
},
{
string: "184.956698000 ± 0.00003"
},
{
string: "185.957946754 ± 0.00001774"
},
{
string: "185.957946754 ± 0.00001774"
},
{
string: "186.957542000 ± 0.00003"
},
{
string: "186.957542000 ± 0.00003"
},
{
string: "186.957542000 ± 0.00003"
},
{
string: "186.957542000 ± 0.00003"
},
{
string: "187.958835046 ± 0.000010116"
},
{
string: "187.958835046 ± 0.000010116"
},
{
string: "188.958722669 ± 0.0000135"
},
{
string: "188.958722669 ± 0.0000135"
},
{
string: "188.958722669 ± 0.0000135"
},
{
string: "189.960543445 ± 0.00000147"
},
{
string: "189.960543445 ± 0.00000147"
},
{
string: "189.960543445 ± 0.00000147"
},
{
string: "189.960543445 ± 0.00000147"
},
{
string: "190.960591527 ± 0.000001406"
},
{
string: "190.960591527 ± 0.000001406"
},
{
string: "190.960591527 ± 0.000001406"
},
{
string: "191.962602485 ± 0.00000141"
},
{
string: "191.962602485 ± 0.00000141"
},
{
string: "191.962602485 ± 0.00000141"
},
{
string: "192.962923824 ± 0.000001425"
},
{
string: "192.962923824 ± 0.000001425"
},
{
string: "192.962923824 ± 0.000001425"
},
{
string: "193.965075773 ± 0.00000143"
},
{
string: "193.965075773 ± 0.00000143"
},
{
string: "193.965075773 ± 0.00000143"
},
{
string: "194.965976967 ± 0.000001431"
},
{
string: "194.965976967 ± 0.000001431"
},
{
string: "194.965976967 ± 0.000001431"
},
{
string: "195.968399696 ± 0.000041239"
},
{
string: "195.968399696 ± 0.000041239"
},
{
string: "196.969657233 ± 0.000021588"
},
{
string: "196.969657233 ± 0.000021588"
},
{
string: "196.969657233 ± 0.000021588"
},
{
string: "197.972280 ± 0.00021 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "198.973807115 ± 0.000044073"
},
{
string: "198.973807115 ± 0.000044073"
},
{
string: "199.976800 ± 0.00021 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "200.978640 ± 0.00021 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "201.981990 ± 0.00032 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "201.981990 ± 0.00032 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "202.984230 ± 0.00043 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "202.984230 ± 0.00043 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "203.989600 ± 0.00043 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "204.993602 ± 0.00054 [Estimated]"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Half Life and Uncertainty",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1 ms [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "70 us ± 10"
},
{
string: "50 ns ± <1us [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "325 us ± 33"
},
{
string: "10.5 ms ± 2.2"
},
{
string: "15.1 ms ± 0.9"
},
{
string: "29.3 ms ± 0.6"
},
{
string: "25.7 ms ± 0.8"
},
{
string: "230 ms ± 50"
},
{
string: "163 ms ± 16"
},
{
string: "353 ms ± 4"
},
{
string: "280 ms ± 1"
},
{
string: "910 ms ± 150"
},
{
string: "811 ms ± 18"
},
{
string: "3.1 s ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "1.47 s ± 0.06"
},
{
string: "4.4 s ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "2.19 s ± 0.07"
},
{
string: "9.0 s ± 0.8"
},
{
string: "2.20 s ± 0.05"
},
{
string: "7.9 s ± 0.6"
},
{
string: "4.9 s ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "9 s ± 2"
},
{
string: "8.7 s ± 0.5"
},
{
string: "30 s ± 2"
},
{
string: "12 s ± 2"
},
{
string: "79 s ± 1"
},
{
string: "1.5 m ± 0.1"
},
{
string: "4.90 m ± 0.15"
},
{
string: "298 ns"
},
{
string: "126 ns ± 6"
},
{
string: "15.0 m ± 1.0"
},
{
string: "170 ns ± 40"
},
{
string: "130 ns ± 50"
},
{
string: "58 m ± 5"
},
{
string: "3.09 h ± 0.03"
},
{
string: "470 us ± 30"
},
{
string: "350 ns ± 90"
},
{
string: "14.4 h ± 0.1"
},
{
string: "120 ns ± 20"
},
{
string: "16.64 h ± 0.03"
},
{
string: "1.92 h ± 0.05"
},
{
string: "10.5 h ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "30.3 ms ± 0.6"
},
{
string: "152 ns ± 12"
},
{
string: "1.8 us ± 0.5"
},
{
string: "41.5 h ± 0.5"
},
{
string: "4.2 ms ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "13.2 d ± 0.1"
},
{
string: "13.3 ms ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "3.7 ms ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "11.78 d ± 0.10"
},
{
string: "1.120 h ± 0.003"
},
{
string: ">2 us"
},
{
string: "3.087 h ± 0.012"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "4.899 s ± 0.023"
},
{
string: "5.7 s ± 0.4"
},
{
string: "73.830 d ± 0.015"
},
{
string: "1.45 m ± 0.05"
},
{
string: "241 y ± 9"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "10.53 d ± 0.04"
},
{
string: "124.8 us ± 2.1"
},
{
string: "19.28 h ± 0.13"
},
{
string: "31.85 ms ± 0.24"
},
{
string: "171 d ± 11"
},
{
string: "2.29 h ± 0.17"
},
{
string: "3.67 h ± 0.08"
},
{
string: "4.4 us ± 0.6"
},
{
string: "52 s ± 1"
},
{
string: "1.40 h ± 0.02"
},
{
string: "5.8 m ± 0.5"
},
{
string: "8.9 m ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "30 us ± 8"
},
{
string: "8 s ± 1"
},
{
string: "7 s ± 5"
},
{
string: "235 ns ± 90"
},
{
string: "43 s ± 6"
},
{
string: "21 s ± 5"
},
{
string: "11 s ± 3"
},
{
string: "3.4 us ± 0.6"
},
{
string: "6 s ± >300ns [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "798 ns ± 350"
},
{
string: "1 s ± >300ns [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "300 ms ± >300ns [Estimated]"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Discovery Year",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: ""
},
{
string: "2001"
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: "1996"
},
{
string: "1981"
},
{
string: "1996"
},
{
string: "1981"
},
{
string: "1995"
},
{
string: "1978"
},
{
string: "1996"
},
{
string: "1978"
},
{
string: "1984"
},
{
string: "1977"
},
{
string: "1977"
},
{
string: "1967"
},
{
string: "1967"
},
{
string: "1967"
},
{
string: "1967"
},
{
string: "1967"
},
{
string: "1967"
},
{
string: "1967"
},
{
string: "1992"
},
{
string: "1967"
},
{
string: "1967"
},
{
string: "1967"
},
{
string: "1972"
},
{
string: "1992"
},
{
string: "1972"
},
{
string: "1972"
},
{
string: "1992"
},
{
string: "1992"
},
{
string: "1961"
},
{
string: "1990"
},
{
string: "1990"
},
{
string: "1961"
},
{
string: "1960"
},
{
string: "1988"
},
{
string: "1988"
},
{
string: "1958"
},
{
string: "1979"
},
{
string: "1958"
},
{
string: "1962"
},
{
string: "1958"
},
{
string: "1963"
},
{
string: "1969"
},
{
string: "2010"
},
{
string: "1950"
},
{
string: "1971"
},
{
string: "1955"
},
{
string: "1960"
},
{
string: "1975"
},
{
string: "1947"
},
{
string: "1964"
},
{
string: "1996"
},
{
string: "1950"
},
{
string: "1935"
},
{
string: "1955"
},
{
string: "1979"
},
{
string: "1937"
},
{
string: "1937"
},
{
string: "1959"
},
{
string: "1935"
},
{
string: "1957"
},
{
string: "2012"
},
{
string: "1937"
},
{
string: "1959"
},
{
string: "1968"
},
{
string: "1952"
},
{
string: "1968"
},
{
string: "2011"
},
{
string: "1966"
},
{
string: "1959"
},
{
string: "1952"
},
{
string: "1976"
},
{
string: "2005"
},
{
string: "1973"
},
{
string: "1993"
},
{
string: "2005"
},
{
string: "2008"
},
{
string: "2008"
},
{
string: "2008"
},
{
string: "2011"
},
{
string: "2009"
},
{
string: "2011"
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: "2012"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Decay Modes, Intensities and Uncertainties [%]",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "p ?; α ?; β+ ?",
markup: [
{
start: 11,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "p=?; α=4±0.2%; β+ ?",
markup: [
{
start: 16,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "p ?; α ?"
},
{
string: "p=87±0.4%; α=12±0.2%"
},
{
string: "α=93±0.3%; p=7±0.3%"
},
{
string: "α=98.2±0.6%; p=1.8±0.6%"
},
{
string: "α=43±0.2%; p=39.3±1.3%; β+ ?",
markup: [
{
start: 25,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "α=90±0.3%; β+ ?; p=0.42±0.8%",
markup: [
{
start: 12,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "α≈100%; β+ ?; β+p ?",
markup: [
{
start: 9,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 15,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "α=77±0.9%; β+ ?; β+p ?",
markup: [
{
start: 12,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 18,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "α=53±0.7%; β+ ?",
markup: [
{
start: 12,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "α=79±0.5%; β+ ?; p ?",
markup: [
{
start: 12,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+ ?; α=5.2±1.7%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "α=36±1%; β+ ?; IT ?",
markup: [
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+ ?; α=15±0.2%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "α=54±0.5%; β+ ?; p ?",
markup: [
{
start: 12,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+ ?; α=2%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+ ?; α=9.5±1.1%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+>93%; α<7%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=88±0.1%; α=12±0.1%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=99.5±0.3%; α=0.5±0.3%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=97.5±0.3%; α=2.5±0.3%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=99.15±2.8%; α=0.85±2.8%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=96.9±0.6%; α=3.1±0.6%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+≈100%; α=0.06±0.1%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+≈100%; α=0.05%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+≈75%; IT≈25%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT≈100%; β+ ?",
markup: [
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "ε=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%; e+<0.002%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=91.4±0.2%; IT=8.6±0.2%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IS=37.3±0.2%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=95.24±0.4%; ε=4.76±0.4%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT≈100%; β-=0.0175%",
markup: [
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IS=62.7±0.2%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=95±0.5%; IT=5±0.5%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-≈100%; IT<0.3%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-≈100%; IT=0.25±1%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β- ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β- ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β- ?; β-n=0.01%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 7,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β- ?; β-n=10%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 7,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
}
],
reference: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "PubChem",
description: "Data deposited in or computed by PubChem",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
sourceName: "Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)",
sourceID: "e77",
name: "Ir",
description: "The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.",
url: "https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/",
anid: 6590304
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
sourceName: "Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)",
sourceID: "a77",
name: "Iridium",
description: "Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report) and CIAAW. The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/",
url: "http://www.ciaaw.org/iridium.htm",
licenseURL: "http://www.ciaaw.org/bylaws.htm",
anid: 2292458
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
sourceName: "Jefferson Lab, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "jlab77",
name: "Iridium",
description: "Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/",
url: "https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele077.html",
licenseNote: "Please see citation and linking information: https://education.jlab.org/faq/index.html",
licenseURL: "https://www.jlab.org/privacy-and-security-notice",
anid: 507139
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
sourceName: "Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "lanl77",
name: "Iridium",
description: "The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.",
url: "https://periodic.lanl.gov/77.shtml",
anid: 507257
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
sourceName: "NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory",
sourceID: "e77",
name: "Iridium",
description: "The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Elements/elInfo.pl?element=77",
licenseURL: "https://www.nist.gov/pml/database-disclaimer",
anid: 2292694
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
sourceName: "PubChem Elements",
sourceID: "77",
name: "Ir",
description: "The element property data was retrieved from publications.",
anid: 7660078
},
{
referenceNumber: 7,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "77",
name: "Iridium",
description: "This section provides all form of data related to element Iridium.",
anid: 694370
}
]
}
},
{
record: {
recordType: "AtomicNumber",
recordNumber: 78,
recordTitle: "Platinum",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01022.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Platinum"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Platinum"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
description: "Element symbol, Also called atomic symbol, typically consists of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet derived from the element name in one of several languages.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Pt"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Pt"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "InChI=1S/Pt"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI Key",
description: "International Chemical Identifier hash (InChIKey) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI Key",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "195.084(9)"
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{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
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},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Radius",
description: "Atomic radius is the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell containing electrons.",
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}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Empirical Atomic Radius",
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number: [
135
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{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Covalent Atomic Radius",
reference: [
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},
{
tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
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},
{
tocHeading: "Ground Level",
description: "Also called ground-state level. The ground state electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom with lower energy levels.",
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tocHeading: "Ionization Energy",
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{
tocHeading: "Electronegativity",
description: "The concept electronegativity was introduced by L. Pauling as the power of an atom to attract electrons to itself.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01990",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Pauling Scale Electronegativity",
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],
value: {
number: [
2.28
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unit: "(Pauling Scale)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
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reference: [
"L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1989, 111, 9003. DOI:10.1021/ja00207a003; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek and L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 2780. DOI:10.1021/ja992866e; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek, E.T. Knight, J.F. Capitani and L.C Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 5132. DOI:10.1021/ja9928677"
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number: [
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},
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tocHeading: "Electron Affinity",
description: "Electron affinity refers to energy required to detach an electron from the singly charged negative ion.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01977",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
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value: {
number: [
2.128
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unit: "eV"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
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value: {
number: [
2.56
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unit: "eV"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Spectra",
description: "Atomic and ionic spectral lines originate from specified electronic transitions between energy levels of atoms and ions, respectively.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00502.html",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 6,
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tocHeading: "Element Period Number",
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url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/periodic-table-of-the-elements/The-periodic-table#ref80835",
information: [
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value: {
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string: "6"
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tocHeading: "Element Group Number",
description: "Element group refers to a set of chemical elements in the same vertical column of the periodic table",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/group-periodic-table",
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tocHeading: "Density",
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{
tocHeading: "Melting Point",
description: "The melting point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from solid to liquid at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/melting-point",
information: [
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value: {
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tocHeading: "Boiling Point",
description: "Boiling Point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from liquid to gas at atmospheric pressure",
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tocHeading: "Estimated Crustal Abundance",
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string: "It is insoluble in hydrochloric and nitric acid, but dissolves when they are mixed as aqua regia, forming chloroplatinic acid."
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string: "Platinum is widely used as a catalyst. It will convert methyl alcohol vapors (CH4O) into formaldehyde (CH2O) on contact, glowing red hot in the process. This effect is used to make small hand warmers. Platinum is also used in a device called a catalytic converter, a device found in the exhaust systems of most cars. Catalytic converters combine carbon monoxide (CO) and unburned fuel from a car's exhaust with oxygen from the air, forming carbon dioxide (CO2) and water vapor (H2O). Platinum is also used as a catalyst in the production of sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and in the cracking of petroleum products. Fuel cells, devices that combine hydrogen and oxygen to produce electricity and water, also use platinum as a catalyst.",
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string: "Platinum-cobalt alloys have magnetic properties. One such alloy made of 76.7% Pt and 23.3% Co, by weight, is an extremely powerful magnet that offers a B-H (max) almost twice that of Alnico V. Platinum resistance wires are used for constructing high-temperature electric furnaces."
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string: "The metal is used for coating missile nose cones, jet engine fuel nozzles, etc., which must perform reliably at high temperatures for long periods of time. The metal, like palladium, absorbs large volumes of hydrogen, retaining it at ordinary temperatures but giving it up when heated."
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{
string: "In the finely divided state platinum is an excellent catalyst, having long been used in the contact process for producing sulfuric acid. It is also used as a catalyst in cracking petroleum products. Much interest exists in using platinum as a catalyst in fuel cells and in antipollution devices for automobiles."
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{
string: "Platinum anodes are extensively used in cathodic protection systems for large ships and ocean-going vessels, pipelines, steel piers, etc. Fine platinum wire will glow red hot when placed in the vapor of methyl alcohol. It acts here as a catalyst, converting the alcohol to formaldehyde. The phenomenon has been used commercially to produce cigarette lighters and hand warmers. Hydrogen and oxygen explode in the presence of platinum."
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tocHeading: "Sources",
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{
string: "The large production of nickel makes up for the fact that is only one part of the platinum metals in two million parts of ore."
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]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Compounds",
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referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Atomic Mass (uncertainty) [u]",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "189.959 950(5)"
},
{
string: "191.961 04(2)"
},
{
string: "193.962 683(3)"
},
{
string: "194.964 794(3)"
},
{
string: "195.964 955(3)"
},
{
string: "197.967 90(2)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Abundance (uncertainty)",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "0.000 12(2)"
},
{
string: "0.007 82(24)"
},
{
string: "0.328 64(410)"
},
{
string: "0.337 75(240)"
},
{
string: "0.252 11(340)"
},
{
string: "0.073 56(130)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Mass, Half Life, and Decay",
description: "This section provides the information from the Nubase2016. The number after the ± refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton. The '?' refers to 'not determined or qualified'. For further explainations, click read more below.",
url: "https://pubchemdocs.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nubase2016",
displayControls: {
createTable: {
fromInformationIn: "ThisSection",
numberOfColumns: 5,
columnsFromNamedLists: {
name: [
"Nuclide",
"Atomic Mass and Uncertainty [u]",
"Half Life and Uncertainty",
"Discovery Year",
"Decay Modes, Intensities and Uncertainties [%]"
],
useNamesAsColumnHeadings: true
}
}
},
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Nuclide",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "166Pt",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
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{
string: "167Pt",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "168Pt",
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start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "169Pt",
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start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "170Pt",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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string: "171Pt",
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start: 0,
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type: "Superscript"
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string: "171Ptm",
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start: 0,
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{
string: "172Pt",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
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},
{
string: "173Pt",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "174Pt",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
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{
string: "175Pt",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
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},
{
string: "176Pt",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
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string: "177Pt",
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{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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string: "177Ptm",
markup: [
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start: 0,
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type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "178Pt",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
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{
string: "179Pt",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
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string: "180Pt",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
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string: "181Pt",
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{
start: 0,
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type: "Superscript"
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string: "181Ptm",
markup: [
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start: 0,
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{
string: "182Pt",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "183Pt",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "183Ptm",
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{
start: 0,
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type: "Superscript"
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start: 5,
length: 1,
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string: "183Ptn",
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start: 0,
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string: "184Pt",
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{
start: 0,
length: 3,
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string: "184Ptm",
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{
start: 0,
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string: "185Pt",
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{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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string: "185Ptm",
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{
start: 0,
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type: "Superscript"
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string: "185Ptn",
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start: 0,
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string: "186Pt",
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{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
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{
string: "187Pt",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
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{
string: "187Ptm",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 5,
length: 1,
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{
string: "188Pt",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "189Pt",
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{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "189Ptm",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
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start: 5,
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string: "189Ptn",
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start: 0,
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{
string: "190Pt",
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{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
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{
string: "191Pt",
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{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
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string: "191Ptm",
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start: 0,
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string: "191Ptn",
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string: "192Pt",
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start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "192Ptm",
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start: 0,
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string: "193Pt",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
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type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "193Ptm",
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{
start: 0,
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start: 5,
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{
string: "194Pt",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "195Pt",
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{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "195Ptm",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
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{
string: "196Pt",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
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{
string: "197Pt",
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{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "197Ptm",
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start: 0,
length: 3,
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start: 5,
length: 1,
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string: "198Pt",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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]
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string: "199Pt",
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{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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]
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{
string: "199Ptm",
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start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 5,
length: 1,
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string: "200Pt",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "201Pt",
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start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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string: "202Pt",
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start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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string: "202Ptm",
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start: 0,
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string: "203Pt",
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start: 0,
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string: "203Ptm",
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string: "204Pt",
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start: 0,
length: 3,
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string: "204Ptm",
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string: "205Pt",
markup: [
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start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "206Pt",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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]
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{
string: "207Pt",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "208Pt",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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}
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}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Atomic Mass and Uncertainty [u]",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "165.994923 ± 0.000322 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "166.992901 ± 0.000325 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "167.988183004 ± 0.000160978"
},
{
string: "168.986567 ± 0.00021 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "169.982502095 ± 0.000019588"
},
{
string: "170.981245502 ± 0.000078097"
},
{
string: "170.981245502 ± 0.000078097"
},
{
string: "171.977340788 ± 0.000011139"
},
{
string: "172.976443315 ± 0.000060093"
},
{
string: "173.972819832 ± 0.000011112"
},
{
string: "174.972395457 ± 0.000019522"
},
{
string: "175.968938214 ± 0.00001366"
},
{
string: "176.968469529 ± 0.00001609"
},
{
string: "176.968469529 ± 0.00001609"
},
{
string: "177.965649248 ± 0.000010878"
},
{
string: "178.965358719 ± 0.000008563"
},
{
string: "179.963031563 ± 0.000011781"
},
{
string: "180.963089927 ± 0.000014695"
},
{
string: "180.963089927 ± 0.000014695"
},
{
string: "181.961171571 ± 0.000014057"
},
{
string: "182.961596653 ± 0.000016675"
},
{
string: "182.961596653 ± 0.000016675"
},
{
string: "182.961596653 ± 0.000016675"
},
{
string: "183.959920039 ± 0.00001673"
},
{
string: "183.959920039 ± 0.00001673"
},
{
string: "184.960613659 ± 0.000027731"
},
{
string: "184.960613659 ± 0.000027731"
},
{
string: "184.960613659 ± 0.000027731"
},
{
string: "185.959350846 ± 0.000023344"
},
{
string: "186.960616976 ± 0.000025816"
},
{
string: "186.960616976 ± 0.000025816"
},
{
string: "187.959397560 ± 0.000005694"
},
{
string: "188.960848542 ± 0.000010832"
},
{
string: "188.960848542 ± 0.000010832"
},
{
string: "188.960848542 ± 0.000010832"
},
{
string: "189.959949876 ± 0.000000704"
},
{
string: "190.961676363 ± 0.00000443"
},
{
string: "190.961676363 ± 0.00000443"
},
{
string: "190.961676363 ± 0.00000443"
},
{
string: "191.961042736 ± 0.000002758"
},
{
string: "191.961042736 ± 0.000002758"
},
{
string: "192.962984616 ± 0.000001458"
},
{
string: "192.962984616 ± 0.000001458"
},
{
string: "193.962683527 ± 0.000000532"
},
{
string: "194.964794353 ± 0.000000539"
},
{
string: "194.964794353 ± 0.000000539"
},
{
string: "195.964954675 ± 0.000000547"
},
{
string: "196.967343053 ± 0.000000575"
},
{
string: "196.967343053 ± 0.000000575"
},
{
string: "197.967896734 ± 0.000002254"
},
{
string: "198.970597038 ± 0.000002317"
},
{
string: "198.970597038 ± 0.000002317"
},
{
string: "199.971444625 ± 0.000021588"
},
{
string: "200.974513293 ± 0.000053788"
},
{
string: "201.975639000 ± 0.000027"
},
{
string: "201.975639000 ± 0.000027"
},
{
string: "202.978930 ± 0.00021 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "202.978930 ± 0.00021 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "203.980760 ± 0.00021 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "203.980760 ± 0.00021 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "203.980760 ± 0.00021 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "203.980760 ± 0.00021 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "204.986080 ± 0.00032 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "205.989660 ± 0.00032 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "206.995126 ± 0.00043 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "207.998937 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Half Life and Uncertainty",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "300 us ± 100"
},
{
string: "800 us ± 160"
},
{
string: "2.02 ms ± 0.10"
},
{
string: "6.99 ms ± 0.09"
},
{
string: "13.93 ms ± 0.16"
},
{
string: "45.5 ms ± 2.5"
},
{
string: "901 ns ± 9"
},
{
string: "97.6 ms ± 1.3"
},
{
string: "382 ms ± 2"
},
{
string: "889 ms ± 17"
},
{
string: "2.43 s ± 0.04"
},
{
string: "6.33 s ± 0.15"
},
{
string: "10.6 s ± 0.4"
},
{
string: "2.2 us ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "20.7 s ± 0.7"
},
{
string: "21.2 s ± 0.4"
},
{
string: "56 s ± 3"
},
{
string: "52.0 s ± 2.2"
},
{
string: ">300 ns"
},
{
string: "2.67 m ± 0.12"
},
{
string: "6.5 m ± 1.0"
},
{
string: "43 s ± 5"
},
{
string: ">150 ns"
},
{
string: "17.3 m ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "1.01 ms ± 0.05"
},
{
string: "70.9 m ± 2.4"
},
{
string: "33.0 m ± 0.8"
},
{
string: "728 ns ± 20"
},
{
string: "2.08 h ± 0.05"
},
{
string: "2.35 h ± 0.03"
},
{
string: "311 us ± 15"
},
{
string: "10.2 d ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "10.87 h ± 0.12"
},
{
string: "464 ns ± 25"
},
{
string: "143 us ± 5"
},
{
string: "650 Gy ± 30"
},
{
string: "2.83 d ± 0.02"
},
{
string: ">1 us"
},
{
string: "95 us ± 5"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "272 ns ± 23"
},
{
string: "50 y ± 6"
},
{
string: "4.33 d ± 0.03"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "4.010 d ± 0.005"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "19.891 h ± 0.0019"
},
{
string: "95.41 m ± 0.18"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "30.80 m ± 0.21"
},
{
string: "13.6 s ± 0.4"
},
{
string: "12.6 h ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "2.5 m ± 0.1"
},
{
string: "44 h ± 15"
},
{
string: "141 us ± 7"
},
{
string: "22 s ± 4"
},
{
string: "641 ns ± 55"
},
{
string: "10.3 s ± 1.4"
},
{
string: "5.5 us ± 0.7"
},
{
string: "55 us ± 3"
},
{
string: "146 ns ± 14"
},
{
string: "5 s ± >300ns [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "5 s ± >300ns [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "1 s ± >300ns [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "1 s ± >300ns [Estimated]"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Discovery Year",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1996"
},
{
string: "1996"
},
{
string: "1981"
},
{
string: "1981"
},
{
string: "1981"
},
{
string: "1981"
},
{
string: "2010"
},
{
string: "1981"
},
{
string: "1966"
},
{
string: "1966"
},
{
string: "1966"
},
{
string: "1966"
},
{
string: "1966"
},
{
string: "1979"
},
{
string: "1966"
},
{
string: "1966"
},
{
string: "1966"
},
{
string: "1966"
},
{
string: "1992"
},
{
string: "1963"
},
{
string: "1963"
},
{
string: "1979"
},
{
string: "1990"
},
{
string: "1963"
},
{
string: "1966"
},
{
string: "1960"
},
{
string: "1970"
},
{
string: "1996"
},
{
string: "1961"
},
{
string: "1961"
},
{
string: "1976"
},
{
string: "1954"
},
{
string: "1955"
},
{
string: "1970"
},
{
string: "1976"
},
{
string: "1949"
},
{
string: "1948"
},
{
string: "1976"
},
{
string: "1967"
},
{
string: "1935"
},
{
string: "1976"
},
{
string: "1948"
},
{
string: "1949"
},
{
string: "1935"
},
{
string: "1935"
},
{
string: "1960"
},
{
string: "1935"
},
{
string: "1936"
},
{
string: "1941"
},
{
string: "1935"
},
{
string: "1937"
},
{
string: "1959"
},
{
string: "1957"
},
{
string: "1962"
},
{
string: "1992"
},
{
string: "2005"
},
{
string: "2008"
},
{
string: "2011"
},
{
string: "2008"
},
{
string: "2009"
},
{
string: "2009"
},
{
string: "2009"
},
{
string: "2009"
},
{
string: "2012"
},
{
string: "2012"
},
{
string: "2012"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Decay Modes, Intensities and Uncertainties [%]",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "α=100%"
},
{
string: "α=100%"
},
{
string: "α≈100%; β+=0.2%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 9,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "α=?; β+=1%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 6,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "α=?; β+=2%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 6,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "α=90±0.7%; β+ ?",
markup: [
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start: 12,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "α=97±0.3%; β+ ?",
markup: [
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start: 12,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "α=86±0.4%; β+ ?",
markup: [
{
start: 12,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "α=76±0.8%; β+ ?",
markup: [
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start: 12,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "α=64±0.5%; β+ ?",
markup: [
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+ ?; α=40±0.2%",
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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},
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string: "β+=94.3±0.5%; α=5.7±0.5%",
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
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string: "β+=92.3±0.3%; α=7.7±0.3%",
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+≈100%; α=0.24±0.3%",
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+≈100%; α≈0.3%",
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+≈100%; α=0.074±1%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+≈100%; α=0.038±0.2%",
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type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β+≈100%; α=0.0096±0.5%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "β+≈100%; IT=3.1±0.8%; α<3e-4%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+≈100%; α=0.0017±0.7%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+≈100%; α=0.0050±2%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=?; IT<2%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%; α≈1.4e-4%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "ε=100%; α=2.6e-5±0.3%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IS=0.012±0.2%; α=100%; 2β+ ?",
markup: [
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start: 25,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "ε=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IS=0.782±2.4%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "ε=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IS=32.86±4%"
},
{
string: "IS=33.78±2.4%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IS=25.21±3.4%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=96.7±0.4%; β-=3.3±0.4%",
markup: [
{
start: 15,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IS=7.36±1.3%; 2β- ?; α ?",
markup: [
{
start: 16,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
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string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
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string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
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},
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string: "IT≈100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
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string: "IT=100%"
},
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markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT ?"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β- ?",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β- ?; β-n=0%[Estimated]",
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 7,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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type: "Superscript"
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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},
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]
}
],
reference: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "PubChem",
description: "Data deposited in or computed by PubChem",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
sourceName: "Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)",
sourceID: "e78",
name: "Pt",
description: "The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.",
url: "https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/",
anid: 6590305
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
sourceName: "Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)",
sourceID: "a78",
name: "Platinum",
description: "Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report) and CIAAW. The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/",
url: "http://www.ciaaw.org/platinum.htm",
licenseURL: "http://www.ciaaw.org/bylaws.htm",
anid: 2292459
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
sourceName: "Jefferson Lab, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "jlab78",
name: "Platinum",
description: "Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/",
url: "https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele078.html",
licenseNote: "Please see citation and linking information: https://education.jlab.org/faq/index.html",
licenseURL: "https://www.jlab.org/privacy-and-security-notice",
anid: 507140
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
sourceName: "Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "lanl78",
name: "Platinum",
description: "The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.",
url: "https://periodic.lanl.gov/78.shtml",
anid: 507258
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
sourceName: "NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory",
sourceID: "e78",
name: "Platinum",
description: "The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Elements/elInfo.pl?element=78",
licenseURL: "https://www.nist.gov/pml/database-disclaimer",
anid: 2292695
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
sourceName: "PubChem Elements",
sourceID: "78",
name: "Pt",
description: "The element property data was retrieved from publications.",
anid: 7660079
},
{
referenceNumber: 7,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "78",
name: "Platinum",
description: "This section provides all form of data related to element Platinum.",
anid: 694371
}
]
}
},
{
record: {
recordType: "AtomicNumber",
recordNumber: 79,
recordTitle: "Gold",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01022.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Gold"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Gold"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
description: "Element symbol, Also called atomic symbol, typically consists of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet derived from the element name in one of several languages.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Au"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Au"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "InChI=1S/Au"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI Key",
description: "International Chemical Identifier hash (InChIKey) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI Key",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "196.966 570(4)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "196.966569"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "197.0"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "196.966569(5)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[Xe]6s14f145d10",
markup: [
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start: 6,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 9,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 13,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Electron Configuration",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[Xe]4f14 5d10 6s",
markup: [
{
start: 6,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 11,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Radius",
description: "Atomic radius is the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell containing electrons.",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_radius",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
name: "Van der Waals Atomic Radius",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "166 pm (Van der Waals)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Empirical Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"J.C. Slater, J Chem Phys, 1964, 41(10), 3199-3205. DOI:10.1063/1.1725697"
],
value: {
number: [
135
],
unit: "pm (Empirical)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Covalent Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"B. Cordero, V. Gómez, A.E. Platero-Prats, M. Revés, J. Echeverría, E. Cremades, F. Barragán, S. Alvarez, Dalton Trans. 2008, 21, 2832-2838. DOI:10.1039/b801115j PMID:18478144."
],
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "136(6) pm (Covalent)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
description: "Oxidation state gives the degree of oxidation of an atom in terms of counting electrons.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/O/O04365.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "+3, +1"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "5, 3, 2, 1, −1, −2, −3 (an amphoteric oxide)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ground Level",
description: "Also called ground-state level. The ground state electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom with lower energy levels.",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/ASD/Html/iehelp.html#IEGROUNDLEV",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ground Level",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "2S1/2",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 2,
length: 3,
type: "Subscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ionization Energy",
description: "Ionization energy is the minimum energy required to eject an electron out of a neutral atom or molecule in its ground state.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/I/I03199.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "9.226 eV"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ionization Energy",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "9.225554 eV"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electronegativity",
description: "The concept electronegativity was introduced by L. Pauling as the power of an atom to attract electrons to itself.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01990",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Pauling Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"A.L. Allred, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 1961, 17(3-4), 215-221. DOI:10.1016/0022-1902(61)80142-5"
],
value: {
number: [
2.54
],
unit: "(Pauling Scale)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Allen Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1989, 111, 9003. DOI:10.1021/ja00207a003; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek and L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 2780. DOI:10.1021/ja992866e; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek, E.T. Knight, J.F. Capitani and L.C Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 5132. DOI:10.1021/ja9928677"
],
value: {
number: [
1.92
],
unit: "(Allen Scale)"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Affinity",
description: "Electron affinity refers to energy required to detach an electron from the singly charged negative ion.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01977",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.T Myers, J. Chem. Edu., 1990, 67(4), 307. DOI:10.1021/ed067p307"
],
value: {
number: [
2.309
],
unit: "eV"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.J. Zollweg, J. Chem. Phys., 1969, 50, 4251. DOI:10.1063/1.1670890"
],
value: {
number: [
2.8
],
unit: "eV"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Spectra",
description: "Atomic and ionic spectral lines originate from specified electronic transitions between energy levels of atoms and ions, respectively.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00502.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/lines_hold.pl?el=Au",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Lines Holdings"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/levels_hold.pl?el=Au",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Levels Holdings"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Physical Description",
description: "Physical description, also know as physical characteristics, refers to physical appearance of element substances.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Solid"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Classification",
description: "Elements can be classified few groups according to each element's chemical properties.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Metal"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Period Number",
description: "The element period number refers to a horizontal row of the periodic table. The periodic table has 7 periods.",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/periodic-table-of-the-elements/The-periodic-table#ref80835",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "6"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Group Number",
description: "Element group refers to a set of chemical elements in the same vertical column of the periodic table",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/group-periodic-table",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "11"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Density",
description: "Density is a degree of consistency measured by the quantity of mass per unit volume",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/D/D01590.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "19.282 grams per cubic centimeter"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Melting Point",
description: "The melting point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from solid to liquid at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/melting-point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "192Au",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "192Aum",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "192Aun",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "193Au",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "193Aum",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "193Aun",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "194Au",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "194Aum",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "194Aun",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "195Au",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "195Aum",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "195Aun",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "196Au",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "196Aum",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "196Aun",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "197Au",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "197Aum",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "197Aun",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "198Au",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "198Aum",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "198Aun",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "199Au",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "199Aum",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "200Au",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "200Aum",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "201Au",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "201Aum",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "201Aun",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "202Au",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "203Au",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "203Aum",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "204Au",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "204Aum",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "205Au",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "205Aum",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "205Aun",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
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{
string: "206Au",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "207Au",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "208Au",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "209Au",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "210Au",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Atomic Mass and Uncertainty [u]",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "168.998080 ± 0.00032 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "169.995972 ± 0.000211 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "169.995972 ± 0.000211 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "170.991881542 ± 0.000022236"
},
{
string: "170.991881542 ± 0.000022236"
},
{
string: "171.989996708 ± 0.000060287"
},
{
string: "171.989996708 ± 0.000060287"
},
{
string: "172.986223808 ± 0.000024459"
},
{
string: "172.986223808 ± 0.000024459"
},
{
string: "173.984718 ± 0.000095 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "173.984718 ± 0.000095 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "174.981316085 ± 0.000041481"
},
{
string: "174.981316085 ± 0.000041481"
},
{
string: "175.980116927 ± 0.000035625"
},
{
string: "175.980116927 ± 0.000035625"
},
{
string: "176.976870379 ± 0.000011268"
},
{
string: "176.976870379 ± 0.000011268"
},
{
string: "177.976055945 ± 0.000010827"
},
{
string: "177.976055945 ± 0.000010827"
},
{
string: "178.973173668 ± 0.000012555"
},
{
string: "178.973173668 ± 0.000012555"
},
{
string: "179.972489883 ± 0.000005137"
},
{
string: "180.970079103 ± 0.000021445"
},
{
string: "181.969617874 ± 0.000021749"
},
{
string: "181.969617874 ± 0.000021749"
},
{
string: "182.967588108 ± 0.000010116"
},
{
string: "182.967588108 ± 0.000010116"
},
{
string: "182.967588108 ± 0.000010116"
},
{
string: "183.967451524 ± 0.000023912"
},
{
string: "183.967451524 ± 0.000023912"
},
{
string: "184.965798874 ± 0.0000028"
},
{
string: "184.965798874 ± 0.0000028"
},
{
string: "185.965952703 ± 0.000022509"
},
{
string: "185.965952703 ± 0.000022509"
},
{
string: "186.964543155 ± 0.000023948"
},
{
string: "186.964543155 ± 0.000023948"
},
{
string: "187.965247969 ± 0.0000029"
},
{
string: "188.963948286 ± 0.000021558"
},
{
string: "188.963948286 ± 0.000021558"
},
{
string: "188.963948286 ± 0.000021558"
},
{
string: "188.963948286 ± 0.000021558"
},
{
string: "189.964751750 ± 0.0000037"
},
{
string: "189.964751750 ± 0.0000037"
},
{
string: "190.963716455 ± 0.000005288"
},
{
string: "190.963716455 ± 0.000005288"
},
{
string: "190.963716455 ± 0.000005288"
},
{
string: "191.964817684 ± 0.000016991"
},
{
string: "191.964817684 ± 0.000016991"
},
{
string: "191.964817684 ± 0.000016991"
},
{
string: "192.964138447 ± 0.000009311"
},
{
string: "192.964138447 ± 0.000009311"
},
{
string: "192.964138447 ± 0.000009311"
},
{
string: "193.965419062 ± 0.000002273"
},
{
string: "193.965419062 ± 0.000002273"
},
{
string: "193.965419062 ± 0.000002273"
},
{
string: "194.965037851 ± 0.000001201"
},
{
string: "194.965037851 ± 0.000001201"
},
{
string: "194.965037851 ± 0.000001201"
},
{
string: "195.966571221 ± 0.000003179"
},
{
string: "195.966571221 ± 0.000003179"
},
{
string: "195.966571221 ± 0.000003179"
},
{
string: "196.966570114 ± 0.000000581"
},
{
string: "196.966570114 ± 0.000000581"
},
{
string: "196.966570114 ± 0.000000581"
},
{
string: "197.968243724 ± 0.000000579"
},
{
string: "197.968243724 ± 0.000000579"
},
{
string: "197.968243724 ± 0.000000579"
},
{
string: "198.968766582 ± 0.000000581"
},
{
string: "198.968766582 ± 0.000000581"
},
{
string: "199.970756556 ± 0.000028681"
},
{
string: "199.970756556 ± 0.000028681"
},
{
string: "200.971657665 ± 0.000003454"
},
{
string: "200.971657665 ± 0.000003454"
},
{
string: "200.971657665 ± 0.000003454"
},
{
string: "201.973856000 ± 0.000025"
},
{
string: "202.975154498 ± 0.000003309"
},
{
string: "202.975154498 ± 0.000003309"
},
{
string: "203.977831 ± 0.000215 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "203.977831 ± 0.000215 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "204.979850 ± 0.00021 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "204.979850 ± 0.00021 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "204.979850 ± 0.00021 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "205.984740 ± 0.00032 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "206.988395 ± 0.000322 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "207.993450 ± 0.00032 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "208.997273 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "210.002500 ± 0.00043 [Estimated]"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Half Life and Uncertainty",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "150 us [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "290 us ± 50"
},
{
string: "620 us ± 50"
},
{
string: "22.3 us ± 2.4"
},
{
string: "1.036 ms ± 0.016"
},
{
string: "28 ms ± 4"
},
{
string: "11.0 ms ± 1.0"
},
{
string: "25.5 ms ± 0.8"
},
{
string: "12.2 ms ± 0.1"
},
{
string: "139 ms ± 3"
},
{
string: "171 ms ± 29"
},
{
string: "202 ms ± 6"
},
{
string: "134 ms ± 4"
},
{
string: "1.05 s ± 0.01"
},
{
string: "860 ms ± 160"
},
{
string: "1.46 s ± 0.03"
},
{
string: "1.180 s ± 0.012"
},
{
string: "2.6 s ± 0.5"
},
{
string: ">1 s"
},
{
string: "7.1 s ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "328 ns ± 2"
},
{
string: "8.4 s ± 0.6"
},
{
string: "13.7 s ± 1.4"
},
{
string: "15.5 s ± 0.4"
},
{
string: "Not-specified"
},
{
string: "42.8 s ± 1.0"
},
{
string: ">1 us"
},
{
string: "<1 us"
},
{
string: "20.6 s ± 0.9"
},
{
string: "47.6 s ± 1.4"
},
{
string: "4.25 m ± 0.06"
},
{
string: "6.8 m ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "10.7 m ± 0.5"
},
{
string: "110 ns ± 10"
},
{
string: "8.3 m ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "2.3 s ± 0.1"
},
{
string: "8.84 m ± 0.06"
},
{
string: "28.7 m ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "4.59 m ± 0.11"
},
{
string: "190 ns ± 15"
},
{
string: "242 ns ± 10"
},
{
string: "42.8 m ± 1.0"
},
{
string: "125 ms ± 20"
},
{
string: "3.18 h ± 0.08"
},
{
string: "920 ms ± 110"
},
{
string: "402 ns ± 20"
},
{
string: "4.94 h ± 0.09"
},
{
string: "29 ms"
},
{
string: "160 ms ± 20"
},
{
string: "17.65 h ± 0.15"
},
{
string: "3.9 s ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "150 ns ± 50"
},
{
string: "38.02 h ± 0.10"
},
{
string: "600 ms ± 8"
},
{
string: "420 ms ± 10"
},
{
string: "186.01 d ± 0.06"
},
{
string: "30.5 s ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "12.89 us ± 0.21"
},
{
string: "6.166 d ± 0.0006"
},
{
string: "8.1 s ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "9.6 h ± 0.1"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "7.73 s ± 0.06"
},
{
string: "150 ns ± 5"
},
{
string: "2.694 d ± 0.0002"
},
{
string: "124 ns ± 4"
},
{
string: "2.272 d ± 0.016"
},
{
string: "3.139 d ± 0.007"
},
{
string: "440 us ± 30"
},
{
string: "48.4 m ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "18.7 h ± 0.5"
},
{
string: "26.0 m ± 0.8"
},
{
string: "730 us ± 630"
},
{
string: "5.6 us ± 2.4"
},
{
string: "28.4 s ± 1.2"
},
{
string: "60 s ± 6"
},
{
string: "140 us ± 44"
},
{
string: "38.3 s ± 1.3"
},
{
string: "2.1 us ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "32.5 s ± 1.4"
},
{
string: "6 s ± 2"
},
{
string: "163 ns ± 5"
},
{
string: "47 s ± 11"
},
{
string: "10 s ± >300ns [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "10 s ± >300ns [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "1 s ± >300ns [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "1 s ± >300ns [Estimated]"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Discovery Year",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: ""
},
{
string: "2002"
},
{
string: "2002"
},
{
string: "1997"
},
{
string: "1996"
},
{
string: "1993"
},
{
string: "1993"
},
{
string: "1983"
},
{
string: "1984"
},
{
string: "1983"
},
{
string: "1995"
},
{
string: "1975"
},
{
string: "1975"
},
{
string: "1975"
},
{
string: "2002"
},
{
string: "1968"
},
{
string: "1975"
},
{
string: "1968"
},
{
string: "2015"
},
{
string: "1968"
},
{
string: "2011"
},
{
string: "1977"
},
{
string: "1968"
},
{
string: "1970"
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: "1968"
},
{
string: "1984"
},
{
string: "1984"
},
{
string: "1969"
},
{
string: "1969"
},
{
string: "1960"
},
{
string: "1960"
},
{
string: "1960"
},
{
string: "1983"
},
{
string: "1955"
},
{
string: "1983"
},
{
string: "1955"
},
{
string: "1955"
},
{
string: "1966"
},
{
string: "1975"
},
{
string: "1975"
},
{
string: "1959"
},
{
string: "1982"
},
{
string: "1954"
},
{
string: "1971"
},
{
string: "1985"
},
{
string: "1948"
},
{
string: "1976"
},
{
string: "1976"
},
{
string: "1948"
},
{
string: "1955"
},
{
string: "1985"
},
{
string: "1948"
},
{
string: "1975"
},
{
string: "1953"
},
{
string: "1948"
},
{
string: "1952"
},
{
string: "2013"
},
{
string: "1937"
},
{
string: "1971"
},
{
string: "1960"
},
{
string: "1935"
},
{
string: "1945"
},
{
string: "2006"
},
{
string: "1937"
},
{
string: "1968"
},
{
string: "1972"
},
{
string: "1937"
},
{
string: "1968"
},
{
string: "1951"
},
{
string: "1968"
},
{
string: "1952"
},
{
string: "1981"
},
{
string: "2011"
},
{
string: "1967"
},
{
string: "1952"
},
{
string: "2005"
},
{
string: "1972"
},
{
string: "2008"
},
{
string: "1994"
},
{
string: "2009"
},
{
string: "2011"
},
{
string: "2009"
},
{
string: "2010"
},
{
string: "2010"
},
{
string: "2010"
},
{
string: "2010"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Decay Modes, Intensities and Uncertainties [%]",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "p ?; α ?; β+ ?",
markup: [
{
start: 11,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "p=89±1%; α=11±1%"
},
{
string: "p=58±0.5%; α=42±0.5%"
},
{
string: "p≈100%; α ?"
},
{
string: "α=60.0±2.8%; p=40.0±2.8%"
},
{
string: "α=?; p<2%; β+ ?",
markup: [
{
start: 12,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "α=?; p<2%"
},
{
string: "α=86±1.3%; β+=6%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 12,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "α=89±1.1%; β+=4%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 12,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "α=90±0.6%; β+ ?",
markup: [
{
start: 12,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "α=?; β+ ?",
markup: [
{
start: 6,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "α=88±0.3%; β+ ?",
markup: [
{
start: 12,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "α=75±0.4%; β+ ?",
markup: [
{
start: 12,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "α=75±0.8%; β+ ?",
markup: [
{
start: 12,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "α=?; β+ ?",
markup: [
{
start: 6,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "α=40±0.6%; β+ ?",
markup: [
{
start: 12,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "α=66±1%; β+ ?",
markup: [
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+<60%; α>40%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+ ?; α ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=78.0±0.9%; α=22.0±0.9%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+<98.2%; α>1.8%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=?; α=2.7±0.5%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+≈100%; α=0.13±0.5%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: "β+≈100%; α=0.55±2.5%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+≈100%; α<0.016%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=?; IT=30±1%; α<0.016%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+≈100%; α=0.26±0.6%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+<100%; IT ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%; α=0.0008±0.2%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+≈100%; α=0.003%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%; α<3e-5%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+≈100%; IT=?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%; α<1e-6%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT≈100%; β+ ?",
markup: [
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%; α<1e-5%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT≈100%; β+≈0.03%",
markup: [
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "ε=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=92.8±0.8%; β-=7.2±0.8%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 15,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IS=100."
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=82±0.2%; IT=18±0.2%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=?; β-=?",
markup: [
{
start: 7,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β- ?; β-n=0.4%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 7,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β- ?; β-n=5%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 7,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β- ?; β-n=90%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 7,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β- ?; β-n=10%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 7,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
}
],
reference: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "PubChem",
description: "Data deposited in or computed by PubChem",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
sourceName: "Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)",
sourceID: "e79",
name: "Au",
description: "The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.",
url: "https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/",
anid: 6590306
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
sourceName: "Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)",
sourceID: "a79",
name: "Gold",
description: "Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report) and CIAAW. The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/",
url: "http://www.ciaaw.org/gold.htm",
licenseURL: "http://www.ciaaw.org/bylaws.htm",
anid: 2292460
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
sourceName: "Jefferson Lab, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "jlab79",
name: "Gold",
description: "Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/",
url: "https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele079.html",
licenseNote: "Please see citation and linking information: https://education.jlab.org/faq/index.html",
licenseURL: "https://www.jlab.org/privacy-and-security-notice",
anid: 507141
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
sourceName: "Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "lanl79",
name: "Gold",
description: "The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.",
url: "https://periodic.lanl.gov/79.shtml",
anid: 507259
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
sourceName: "NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory",
sourceID: "e79",
name: "Gold",
description: "The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Elements/elInfo.pl?element=79",
licenseURL: "https://www.nist.gov/pml/database-disclaimer",
anid: 2292696
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
sourceName: "PubChem Elements",
sourceID: "79",
name: "Au",
description: "The element property data was retrieved from publications.",
anid: 7660080
},
{
referenceNumber: 7,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "79",
name: "Gold",
description: "This section provides all form of data related to element Gold.",
anid: 694372
}
]
}
},
{
record: {
recordType: "AtomicNumber",
recordNumber: 80,
recordTitle: "Mercury",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01022.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Mercury"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Mercury"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
description: "Element symbol, Also called atomic symbol, typically consists of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet derived from the element name in one of several languages.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Hg"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Hg"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "InChI=1S/Hg"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI Key",
description: "International Chemical Identifier hash (InChIKey) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI Key",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "200.592(3)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "200.592"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "200.5"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "200.592(3)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[Xe]6s24f145d10",
markup: [
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start: 6,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 9,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 13,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Electron Configuration",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[Xe]4f14 5d10 6s2",
markup: [
{
start: 6,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 11,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 16,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Radius",
description: "Atomic radius is the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell containing electrons.",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_radius",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
name: "Van der Waals Atomic Radius",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "209 pm (Van der Waals)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Empirical Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"J.C. Slater, J Chem Phys, 1964, 41(10), 3199-3205. DOI:10.1063/1.1725697"
],
value: {
number: [
150
],
unit: "pm (Empirical)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Covalent Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"B. Cordero, V. Gómez, A.E. Platero-Prats, M. Revés, J. Echeverría, E. Cremades, F. Barragán, S. Alvarez, Dalton Trans. 2008, 21, 2832-2838. DOI:10.1039/b801115j PMID:18478144."
],
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "132(5) pm (Covalent)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
description: "Oxidation state gives the degree of oxidation of an atom in terms of counting electrons.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/O/O04365.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "+2, +1"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "2 (mercuric), 1 (mercurous), −2 "
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ground Level",
description: "Also called ground-state level. The ground state electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom with lower energy levels.",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/ASD/Html/iehelp.html#IEGROUNDLEV",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ground Level",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1S0",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 2,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ionization Energy",
description: "Ionization energy is the minimum energy required to eject an electron out of a neutral atom or molecule in its ground state.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/I/I03199.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "10.438 eV"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ionization Energy",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "10.437504 eV"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electronegativity",
description: "The concept electronegativity was introduced by L. Pauling as the power of an atom to attract electrons to itself.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01990",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Pauling Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"A.L. Allred, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 1961, 17(3-4), 215-221. DOI:10.1016/0022-1902(61)80142-5"
],
value: {
number: [
2
],
unit: "(Pauling Scale)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Allen Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1989, 111, 9003. DOI:10.1021/ja00207a003; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek and L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 2780. DOI:10.1021/ja992866e; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek, E.T. Knight, J.F. Capitani and L.C Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 5132. DOI:10.1021/ja9928677"
],
value: {
number: [
1.76
],
unit: "(Allen Scale)"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Affinity",
description: "Electron affinity refers to energy required to detach an electron from the singly charged negative ion.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01977",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.T Myers, J. Chem. Edu., 1990, 67(4), 307. DOI:10.1021/ed067p307"
],
value: {
number: [
0
],
unit: "eV"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.J. Zollweg, J. Chem. Phys., 1969, 50, 4251. DOI:10.1063/1.1670890"
],
value: {
number: [
-0.19
],
unit: "eV"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Spectra",
description: "Atomic and ionic spectral lines originate from specified electronic transitions between energy levels of atoms and ions, respectively.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00502.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/lines_hold.pl?el=Hg",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Lines Holdings"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/levels_hold.pl?el=Hg",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Levels Holdings"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Physical Description",
description: "Physical description, also know as physical characteristics, refers to physical appearance of element substances.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Liquid"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Classification",
description: "Elements can be classified few groups according to each element's chemical properties.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Metal"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Period Number",
description: "The element period number refers to a horizontal row of the periodic table. The periodic table has 7 periods.",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/periodic-table-of-the-elements/The-periodic-table#ref80835",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "6"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Group Number",
description: "Element group refers to a set of chemical elements in the same vertical column of the periodic table",
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "198Hg",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "199Hg",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "199Hgm",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "200Hg",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "201Hg",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "201Hgm",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "202Hg",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "203Hg",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "203Hgm",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "203Hgn",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "204Hg",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "204Hgm",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "204Hgn",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "205Hg",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "205Hgm",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "205Hgn",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "206Hg",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "206Hgm",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "206Hgn",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "207Hg",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "208Hg",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "208Hgm",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "209Hg",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "210Hg",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "210Hgm",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "210Hgn",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "211Hg",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "212Hg",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "213Hg",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "214Hg",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "215Hg",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "216Hg",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Atomic Mass and Uncertainty [u]",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "171.003736 ± 0.000325 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "171.998863391 ± 0.000161116"
},
{
string: "172.997091 ± 0.00021 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "173.992870583 ± 0.000020624"
},
{
string: "174.991441086 ± 0.000078257"
},
{
string: "174.991441086 ± 0.000078257"
},
{
string: "175.987348335 ± 0.000011937"
},
{
string: "176.986277376 ± 0.000080575"
},
{
string: "176.986277376 ± 0.000080575"
},
{
string: "177.982484158 ± 0.000011562"
},
{
string: "178.981826899 ± 0.000029272"
},
{
string: "178.981826899 ± 0.000029272"
},
{
string: "179.978260249 ± 0.000013579"
},
{
string: "180.977819357 ± 0.000016513"
},
{
string: "180.977819357 ± 0.000016513"
},
{
string: "181.974689132 ± 0.00001051"
},
{
string: "182.974444629 ± 0.000007604"
},
{
string: "182.974444629 ± 0.000007604"
},
{
string: "183.971713221 ± 0.000010802"
},
{
string: "184.971890676 ± 0.000014641"
},
{
string: "184.971890676 ± 0.000014641"
},
{
string: "185.969362017 ± 0.000012507"
},
{
string: "185.969362017 ± 0.000012507"
},
{
string: "186.969814158 ± 0.000014928"
},
{
string: "186.969814158 ± 0.000014928"
},
{
string: "187.967576910 ± 0.000013178"
},
{
string: "187.967576910 ± 0.000013178"
},
{
string: "188.968194748 ± 0.000033873"
},
{
string: "188.968194748 ± 0.000033873"
},
{
string: "189.966322169 ± 0.000017076"
},
{
string: "190.967158247 ± 0.000023918"
},
{
string: "190.967158247 ± 0.000023918"
},
{
string: "191.965634182 ± 0.000016679"
},
{
string: "192.966653377 ± 0.000016645"
},
{
string: "192.966653377 ± 0.000016645"
},
{
string: "193.965449111 ± 0.0000031"
},
{
string: "194.966705751 ± 0.000024843"
},
{
string: "194.966705751 ± 0.000024843"
},
{
string: "195.965833444 ± 0.000003163"
},
{
string: "196.967213713 ± 0.000003442"
},
{
string: "196.967213713 ± 0.000003442"
},
{
string: "197.966769179 ± 0.000000491"
},
{
string: "198.968280989 ± 0.000000564"
},
{
string: "198.968280989 ± 0.000000564"
},
{
string: "199.968326934 ± 0.000000568"
},
{
string: "200.970303038 ± 0.000000763"
},
{
string: "200.970303038 ± 0.000000763"
},
{
string: "201.970643585 ± 0.000000756"
},
{
string: "202.972872326 ± 0.000001746"
},
{
string: "202.972872326 ± 0.000001746"
},
{
string: "202.972872326 ± 0.000001746"
},
{
string: "203.973494037 ± 0.000000534"
},
{
string: "203.973494037 ± 0.000000534"
},
{
string: "203.973494037 ± 0.000000534"
},
{
string: "204.976073125 ± 0.000003923"
},
{
string: "204.976073125 ± 0.000003923"
},
{
string: "204.976073125 ± 0.000003923"
},
{
string: "205.977513756 ± 0.000021943"
},
{
string: "205.977513756 ± 0.000021943"
},
{
string: "205.977513756 ± 0.000021943"
},
{
string: "206.982300000 ± 0.000032"
},
{
string: "207.985759000 ± 0.000033"
},
{
string: "207.985759000 ± 0.000033"
},
{
string: "208.990720 ± 0.00016 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "209.994240 ± 0.00021 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "209.994240 ± 0.00021 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "209.994240 ± 0.00021 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "210.999330 ± 0.00021 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "212.002960 ± 0.00032 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "213.008230 ± 0.00032 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "214.012000 ± 0.00043 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "215.017400 ± 0.00043 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "216.021320 ± 0.00043 [Estimated]"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Half Life and Uncertainty",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "70 us ± 30"
},
{
string: "231 us ± 9"
},
{
string: "800 us ± 80"
},
{
string: "2.0 ms ± 0.4"
},
{
string: "10.6 ms ± 0.4"
},
{
string: "340 ns ± 30"
},
{
string: "20.3 ms ± 1.4"
},
{
string: "127.3 ms ± 1.8"
},
{
string: "1.50 us ± 0.15"
},
{
string: "266.5 ms ± 2.4"
},
{
string: "1.05 s ± 0.03"
},
{
string: "6.4 us ± 0.9"
},
{
string: "2.59 s ± 0.01"
},
{
string: "3.6 s ± 0.1"
},
{
string: "480 us ± 20"
},
{
string: "10.83 s ± 0.06"
},
{
string: "9.4 s ± 0.7"
},
{
string: ">8 us [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "30.87 s ± 0.26"
},
{
string: "49.1 s ± 1.0"
},
{
string: "21.6 s ± 1.5"
},
{
string: "1.38 m ± 0.06"
},
{
string: "82 us ± 5"
},
{
string: "1.9 m ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "2.4 m ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "3.25 m ± 0.15"
},
{
string: "134 ns ± 15"
},
{
string: "7.6 m ± 0.1"
},
{
string: "8.6 m ± 0.1"
},
{
string: "20.0 m ± 0.5"
},
{
string: "49 m ± 10"
},
{
string: "50.8 m ± 1.5"
},
{
string: "4.85 h ± 0.20"
},
{
string: "3.80 h ± 0.15"
},
{
string: "11.8 h ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "447 y ± 28"
},
{
string: "10.69 h ± 0.16"
},
{
string: "41.60 h ± 0.19"
},
{
string: "Stable ± >2.5Ey"
},
{
string: "64.94 h ± 0.07"
},
{
string: "23.8 h ± 0.1"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "42.67 m ± 0.09"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "94.0 us ± 2.0"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "46.613 d ± 0.018"
},
{
string: "21.9 us ± 1.0"
},
{
string: "146 ns ± 30"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "29 ns ± 2"
},
{
string: ">480 ns"
},
{
string: "5.14 m ± 0.09"
},
{
string: "1.09 ms ± 0.04"
},
{
string: "5.89 us ± 0.18"
},
{
string: "8.32 m ± 0.07"
},
{
string: "2.09 us ± 0.02"
},
{
string: "106 ns ± 6"
},
{
string: "2.9 m ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "42 m ± 5"
},
{
string: "99 ns ± 14"
},
{
string: "38 s ± 6"
},
{
string: "64 s ± 10"
},
{
string: "2.1 us ± 0.7"
},
{
string: "2 us ± 1"
},
{
string: "26 s ± 8"
},
{
string: "1 m ± >300ns [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "1 s ± >300ns [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "1 s ± >300ns [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "1 s ± >300ns [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "100 ms ± >300ns [Estimated]"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Discovery Year",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "2004"
},
{
string: "1999"
},
{
string: "1999"
},
{
string: "1997"
},
{
string: "1983"
},
{
string: "2009"
},
{
string: "1983"
},
{
string: "1975"
},
{
string: "2003"
},
{
string: "1971"
},
{
string: "1970"
},
{
string: "2002"
},
{
string: "1970"
},
{
string: "1969"
},
{
string: "2009"
},
{
string: "1968"
},
{
string: "1969"
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: "1969"
},
{
string: "1960"
},
{
string: "1970"
},
{
string: "1960"
},
{
string: "1984"
},
{
string: "1960"
},
{
string: "1970"
},
{
string: "1960"
},
{
string: "1983"
},
{
string: "1955"
},
{
string: "1966"
},
{
string: "1959"
},
{
string: "1954"
},
{
string: "1954"
},
{
string: "1952"
},
{
string: "1952"
},
{
string: "1973"
},
{
string: "1962"
},
{
string: "1952"
},
{
string: "1951"
},
{
string: "1930"
},
{
string: "1941"
},
{
string: "1943"
},
{
string: "1925"
},
{
string: "1925"
},
{
string: "1948"
},
{
string: "1925"
},
{
string: "1925"
},
{
string: "1961"
},
{
string: "1920"
},
{
string: "1943"
},
{
string: "1964"
},
{
string: "2011"
},
{
string: "1920"
},
{
string: "2015"
},
{
string: "2015"
},
{
string: "1940"
},
{
string: "1985"
},
{
string: "2011"
},
{
string: "1961"
},
{
string: "1982"
},
{
string: "2001"
},
{
string: "1982"
},
{
string: "1994"
},
{
string: "2009"
},
{
string: "1998"
},
{
string: "1998"
},
{
string: "2013"
},
{
string: "2013"
},
{
string: "2010"
},
{
string: "2010"
},
{
string: "2010"
},
{
string: "2010"
},
{
string: "2010"
},
{
string: "2010"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Decay Modes, Intensities and Uncertainties [%]",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "α≈100%; β+=0.01%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 9,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "α≈100%; β+=0.1%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 9,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "α=100%"
},
{
string: "α≈100%; β+=0.4%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 9,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "α=?; β+=1%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 6,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "α=90±0.9%; β+ ?",
markup: [
{
start: 12,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "α=85%; β+=15%",
markup: [
{
start: 8,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "α=89±0.4%; β+ ?",
markup: [
{
start: 12,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "α=75±0.4%; β+ ?; β+p≈0.15%",
markup: [
{
start: 12,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 18,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=52±0.2%; α=48±0.2%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=73±0.2%; α=27±0.2%; β+p=0.013±0.3%; β+α=9e-6±0.6%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 24,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 40,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT ?"
},
{
string: "β+=86.2±0.9%; α=13.8±0.9%; β+p<1e-5%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 28,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=88.3±2%; α=11.7±2%; β+p=2.6e-4±0.8%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 24,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+ ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=98.89±0.6%; α=1.11±0.6%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=94±0.1%; α=6±0.1%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=54±1%; β+=46±1%; α≈0.03%",
markup: [
{
start: 11,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+≈100%; α=0.016±0.5%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%; α>1.2e-4%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%; α>2.5e-4%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%; α=3.7e-5±0.8%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%; α<3e-5%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%; α<3e-5%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "ε≈100%; e+<1%; α<3.4e-7%",
markup: [
{
start: 9,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%; α<5e-6%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%; α<5e-6%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "ε=100%; α<4e-6%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=92.8±0.5%; IT=7.2±0.5%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "ε=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=54.2±2%; β+=45.8±2%",
markup: [
{
start: 13,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IS=0.15±0.1%; 2β+ ?",
markup: [
{
start: 16,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "ε=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=91.4±0.7%; ε=8.6±0.7%"
},
{
string: "IS=9.97±2%"
},
{
string: "IS=16.87±2.2%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IS=23.10±1.9%"
},
{
string: "IS=13.18±0.9%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IS=29.86±2.6%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IS=6.87±1.5%; 2β- ?",
markup: [
{
start: 16,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
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},
{
string: "IT=100%"
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{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=0%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=2.2±2.2%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=6.3±6.3%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "β- ?; β-n=8%[Estimated]",
markup: [
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 7,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β- ?; β-n=30%[Estimated]",
markup: [
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type: "Superscript"
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "β- ?; β-n=10%[Estimated]",
markup: [
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start: 1,
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type: "Superscript"
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "β- ?; β-n=4%[Estimated]",
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string: "β- ?; β-n=6%[Estimated]",
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type: "Superscript"
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}
}
]
}
]
}
],
reference: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "PubChem",
description: "Data deposited in or computed by PubChem",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
sourceName: "Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)",
sourceID: "e80",
name: "Hg",
description: "The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.",
url: "https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/",
anid: 6590307
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
sourceName: "Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)",
sourceID: "a80",
name: "Mercury",
description: "Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report) and CIAAW. The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/",
url: "http://www.ciaaw.org/mercury.htm",
licenseURL: "http://www.ciaaw.org/bylaws.htm",
anid: 2292461
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
sourceName: "Jefferson Lab, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "jlab80",
name: "Mercury",
description: "Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/",
url: "https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele080.html",
licenseNote: "Please see citation and linking information: https://education.jlab.org/faq/index.html",
licenseURL: "https://www.jlab.org/privacy-and-security-notice",
anid: 507142
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
sourceName: "Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "lanl80",
name: "Mercury",
description: "The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.",
url: "https://periodic.lanl.gov/80.shtml",
anid: 507260
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
sourceName: "NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory",
sourceID: "e80",
name: "Mercury",
description: "The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Elements/elInfo.pl?element=80",
licenseURL: "https://www.nist.gov/pml/database-disclaimer",
anid: 2292697
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
sourceName: "PubChem Elements",
sourceID: "80",
name: "Hg",
description: "The element property data was retrieved from publications.",
anid: 7660081
},
{
referenceNumber: 7,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "80",
name: "Mercury",
description: "This section provides all form of data related to element Mercury.",
anid: 694373
}
]
}
},
{
record: {
recordType: "AtomicNumber",
recordNumber: 81,
recordTitle: "Thallium",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01022.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Thallium"
}
]
}
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{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Thallium"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
description: "Element symbol, Also called atomic symbol, typically consists of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet derived from the element name in one of several languages.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Tl"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Tl"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "InChI=1S/Tl"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI Key",
description: "International Chemical Identifier hash (InChIKey) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI Key",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "BKVIYDNLLOSFOA-UHFFFAOYSA-N"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[204.382, 204.385]"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "204.3833"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
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string: "204.38"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "[204.382,204.385]"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
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string: "[Xe]6s24f145d106p1",
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start: 9,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 13,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 17,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Electron Configuration",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[Hg]6p"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Radius",
description: "Atomic radius is the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell containing electrons.",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_radius",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
name: "Van der Waals Atomic Radius",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "196 pm (Van der Waals)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Empirical Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"J.C. Slater, J Chem Phys, 1964, 41(10), 3199-3205. DOI:10.1063/1.1725697"
],
value: {
number: [
190
],
unit: "pm (Empirical)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Covalent Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"B. Cordero, V. Gómez, A.E. Platero-Prats, M. Revés, J. Echeverría, E. Cremades, F. Barragán, S. Alvarez, Dalton Trans. 2008, 21, 2832-2838. DOI:10.1039/b801115j PMID:18478144."
],
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "145(7) pm (Covalent)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
description: "Oxidation state gives the degree of oxidation of an atom in terms of counting electrons.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/O/O04365.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "+3, +1"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "3, 2, 1, −1, −2, −5 "
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ground Level",
description: "Also called ground-state level. The ground state electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom with lower energy levels.",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/ASD/Html/iehelp.html#IEGROUNDLEV",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ground Level",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "2P°1/2",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 3,
length: 3,
type: "Subscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ionization Energy",
description: "Ionization energy is the minimum energy required to eject an electron out of a neutral atom or molecule in its ground state.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/I/I03199.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "6.108 eV"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ionization Energy",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "6.1082873 eV"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electronegativity",
description: "The concept electronegativity was introduced by L. Pauling as the power of an atom to attract electrons to itself.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01990",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Pauling Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"A.L. Allred, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 1961, 17(3-4), 215-221. DOI:10.1016/0022-1902(61)80142-5"
],
value: {
number: [
1.62
],
unit: "(Pauling Scale)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Allen Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1989, 111, 9003. DOI:10.1021/ja00207a003; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek and L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 2780. DOI:10.1021/ja992866e; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek, E.T. Knight, J.F. Capitani and L.C Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 5132. DOI:10.1021/ja9928677"
],
value: {
number: [
1.789
],
unit: "(Allen Scale)"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Affinity",
description: "Electron affinity refers to energy required to detach an electron from the singly charged negative ion.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01977",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.T Myers, J. Chem. Edu., 1990, 67(4), 307. DOI:10.1021/ed067p307"
],
value: {
number: [
0.2
],
unit: "eV"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.J. Zollweg, J. Chem. Phys., 1969, 50, 4251. DOI:10.1063/1.1670890"
],
value: {
number: [
0.32
],
unit: "eV"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Spectra",
description: "Atomic and ionic spectral lines originate from specified electronic transitions between energy levels of atoms and ions, respectively.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00502.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/lines_hold.pl?el=Tl",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Lines Holdings"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/levels_hold.pl?el=Tl",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Levels Holdings"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Physical Description",
description: "Physical description, also know as physical characteristics, refers to physical appearance of element substances.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Solid"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Classification",
description: "Elements can be classified few groups according to each element's chemical properties.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Metal"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Period Number",
description: "The element period number refers to a horizontal row of the periodic table. The periodic table has 7 periods.",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/periodic-table-of-the-elements/The-periodic-table#ref80835",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "6"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Group Number",
description: "Element group refers to a set of chemical elements in the same vertical column of the periodic table",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/group-periodic-table",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "13"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Density",
description: "Density is a degree of consistency measured by the quantity of mass per unit volume",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/D/D01590.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "11.8 grams per cubic centimeter"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Melting Point",
description: "The melting point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from solid to liquid at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/melting-point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "577 K (304°C or 579°F)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "304°C"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Boiling Point",
description: "Boiling Point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from liquid to gas at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1746 K (1473°C or 2683°F)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1473°C"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Crustal Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in earth crust",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "8.5×10-1 milligrams per kilogram",
markup: [
{
start: 6,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Oceanic Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in ocean",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1.9×10-5 milligrams per liter",
markup: [
{
start: 6,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "History",
description: "Element discovery and related information in history",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "History",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "The name derives from the Greek thallos for \"green shoot\" or \"twig\" because of the bright green line in its spectrum. Thallium was discovered by the English physicist and chemist William Crookes in 1861. Metallic thallium was first isolated by the French chemist Claude-Auguste Lamy in 1862.",
markup: [
{
start: 32,
length: 7,
type: "Italics"
}
]
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Thallium was discovered spectroscopically by Sir William Crookes, an English chemist, in 1861. Crooks had obtained the sludge left over from the production of sulfuric acid (H2SO4) from a friend. After removing all of the selenium from the sludge, he inspected it with a device known as a spectroscope to look for signs of tellurium. Rather than seeing the yellow spectral lines produced by tellurium, he observed a bright green line that no one had ever seen before. He named the new element that was producing the green line thallium, after the greek word for 'green twig', thallos. He isolated samples of thallium the next year. Thallium is found in the minerals crooksite (CuThSe), lorandite (TlAsS2) and hutchinsonite ((Pb, Tl)2As5S9), but is usually obtained as a byproduct of the production of sulfuric acid or as a byproduct of refining zinc or lead.",
markup: [
{
start: 175,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
},
{
start: 178,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
},
{
start: 702,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
},
{
start: 732,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
},
{
start: 735,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
},
{
start: 737,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
}
]
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "From Greek thallos, meanin a green shoot or twig. Thallium was discovered spectroscopically in 1861 by Crookes. The element was named after the beautiful green spectral line, which identified the element. The metal was isolated both by Crookes and by Lamy in 1862 at about the same time."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Description",
description: "Description about this element",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
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{
string: "176.000624367 ± 0.000080607"
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{
string: "176.996413797 ± 0.000023219"
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{
string: "176.996413797 ± 0.000023219"
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{
string: "177.994857 ± 0.000096 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "178.991123405 ± 0.000041646"
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{
string: "178.991123405 ± 0.000041646"
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{
string: "179.989923019 ± 0.000064423"
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{
string: "180.986259992 ± 0.000009778"
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{
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{
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{
string: "181.985691880 ± 0.000012709"
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{
string: "181.985691880 ± 0.000012709"
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{
string: "182.982192846 ± 0.000010017"
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{
string: "182.982192846 ± 0.000010017"
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{
string: "182.982192846 ± 0.000010017"
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{
string: "183.981875093 ± 0.000010757"
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{
string: "183.981875093 ± 0.000010757"
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{
string: "183.981875093 ± 0.000010757"
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{
string: "184.978789191 ± 0.000022194"
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{
string: "184.978789191 ± 0.000022194"
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{
string: "185.978650841 ± 0.000024"
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{
string: "185.978650841 ± 0.000024"
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{
string: "185.978650841 ± 0.000024"
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{
string: "186.975904743 ± 0.00000864"
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{
string: "186.975904743 ± 0.00000864"
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{
string: "186.975904743 ± 0.00000864"
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{
string: "186.975904743 ± 0.00000864"
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{
string: "187.976020886 ± 0.000032103"
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{
string: "187.976020886 ± 0.000032103"
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{
string: "187.976020886 ± 0.000032103"
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{
string: "188.973573527 ± 0.000008983"
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{
string: "188.973573527 ± 0.000008983"
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{
string: "189.973835551 ± 0.000008532"
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{
string: "189.973835551 ± 0.000008532"
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{
string: "189.973835551 ± 0.000008532"
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{
string: "189.973835551 ± 0.000008532"
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{
string: "190.971784096 ± 0.000007889"
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{
string: "190.971784096 ± 0.000007889"
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{
string: "191.972225000 ± 0.000034"
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{
string: "191.972225000 ± 0.000034"
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{
string: "191.972225000 ± 0.000034"
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{
string: "191.972225000 ± 0.000034"
},
{
string: "192.970501997 ± 0.0000072"
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{
string: "192.970501997 ± 0.0000072"
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{
string: "193.971081411 ± 0.000015"
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{
string: "193.971081411 ± 0.000015"
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{
string: "194.969774096 ± 0.000011909"
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{
string: "194.969774096 ± 0.000011909"
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{
string: "195.970481192 ± 0.000013"
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{
string: "195.970481192 ± 0.000013"
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{
string: "196.969573986 ± 0.000017526"
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{
string: "196.969573986 ± 0.000017526"
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{
string: "197.970446673 ± 0.0000081"
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{
string: "197.970446673 ± 0.0000081"
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{
string: "197.970446673 ± 0.0000081"
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{
string: "197.970446673 ± 0.0000081"
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{
string: "198.969877000 ± 0.00003"
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{
string: "198.969877000 ± 0.00003"
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{
string: "199.970963602 ± 0.000006182"
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{
string: "199.970963602 ± 0.000006182"
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{
string: "199.970963602 ± 0.000006182"
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{
string: "200.970820168 ± 0.000015228"
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{
string: "200.970820168 ± 0.000015228"
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{
string: "201.972109089 ± 0.000001723"
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{
string: "201.972109089 ± 0.000001723"
},
{
string: "202.972344022 ± 0.000001252"
},
{
string: "202.972344022 ± 0.000001252"
},
{
string: "203.973863337 ± 0.000001236"
},
{
string: "203.973863337 ± 0.000001236"
},
{
string: "203.973863337 ± 0.000001236"
},
{
string: "203.973863337 ± 0.000001236"
},
{
string: "203.973863337 ± 0.000001236"
},
{
string: "204.974427237 ± 0.000001328"
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{
string: "204.974427237 ± 0.000001328"
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{
string: "204.974427237 ± 0.000001328"
},
{
string: "205.976110026 ± 0.000001378"
},
{
string: "205.976110026 ± 0.000001378"
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{
string: "206.977418586 ± 0.000005839"
},
{
string: "206.977418586 ± 0.000005839"
},
{
string: "207.982017992 ± 0.00000199"
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{
string: "208.985351750 ± 0.000006559"
},
{
string: "209.990072970 ± 0.000012456"
},
{
string: "210.993475000 ± 0.000045"
},
{
string: "211.998335 ± 0.000215 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "213.001915000 ± 0.000029"
},
{
string: "214.006940 ± 0.00021 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "215.010640 ± 0.00032 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "216.015800 ± 0.00032 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "217.019660 ± 0.00043 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "218.024885 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]"
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{
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name: "Half Life and Uncertainty",
value: {
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{
string: "6.2 ms ± 2.3"
},
{
string: "18 ms ± 5"
},
{
string: "180 us ± 60"
},
{
string: "255 ms ± 9"
},
{
string: "265 ms ± 10"
},
{
string: "1.41 ms ± 0.03"
},
{
string: "1.09 s ± 0.01"
},
{
string: "3.2 s ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "1.40 ms ± 0.03"
},
{
string: "1.9 s ± 0.1"
},
{
string: "3 s [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "Not-specified"
},
{
string: "6.9 s ± 0.7"
},
{
string: "53.3 ms ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "1.48 us ± 0.10"
},
{
string: "9.5 s ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "10 s [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "47.1 ms ± 0.7"
},
{
string: "19.5 s ± 0.5"
},
{
string: "1.93 s ± 0.08"
},
{
string: "40 s [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "27.5 s ± 1.0"
},
{
string: "2.9 s ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "~51 s"
},
{
string: "15.60 s ± 0.12"
},
{
string: "1.11 us"
},
{
string: "690 ns ± 40"
},
{
string: "71 s ± 2"
},
{
string: "71 s ± 1"
},
{
string: "41 ms ± 4"
},
{
string: "2.3 m ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "1.4 m ± 0.1"
},
{
string: "2.6 m ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "3.7 m ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "750 us ± 40"
},
{
string: ">1 us"
},
{
string: "20 m [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "5.22 m ± 0.16"
},
{
string: "9.6 m ± 0.4"
},
{
string: "10.8 m ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "296 ns ± 5"
},
{
string: "Not-specified"
},
{
string: "21.6 m ± 0.8"
},
{
string: "2.11 m ± 0.15"
},
{
string: "33.0 m ± 0.5"
},
{
string: "32.8 m ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "1.16 h ± 0.05"
},
{
string: "3.6 s ± 0.4"
},
{
string: "1.84 h ± 0.03"
},
{
string: "1.41 h ± 0.02"
},
{
string: "2.84 h ± 0.04"
},
{
string: "540 ms ± 10"
},
{
string: "5.3 h ± 0.5"
},
{
string: "1.87 h ± 0.03"
},
{
string: "150 ns ± 40"
},
{
string: "32.1 ms ± 1.0"
},
{
string: "7.42 h ± 0.08"
},
{
string: "28.4 ms ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "26.1 h ± 0.1"
},
{
string: "34.0 ms ± 0.9"
},
{
string: "330 ns ± 50"
},
{
string: "3.044 d ± 0.0019"
},
{
string: "2.01 ms ± 0.07"
},
{
string: "12.31 d ± 0.08"
},
{
string: "591 us ± 3"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "7.7 us ± 0.5"
},
{
string: "3.783 y ± 0.012"
},
{
string: "61.7 us ± 1.0"
},
{
string: "2.6 us ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "420 ns ± 30"
},
{
string: "90 ns ± 3"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "2.6 us ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "235 ns ± 10"
},
{
string: "4.202 m ± 0.011"
},
{
string: "3.74 m ± 0.03"
},
{
string: "4.77 m ± 0.02"
},
{
string: "1.33 s ± 0.11"
},
{
string: "3.053 m ± 0.004"
},
{
string: "2.162 m ± 0.007"
},
{
string: "1.30 m ± 0.03"
},
{
string: "80 s ± 16"
},
{
string: "31 s ± 8"
},
{
string: "24 s ± 4"
},
{
string: "11 s ± 2"
},
{
string: "10 s ± 4"
},
{
string: "6 s ± 3"
},
{
string: "1 s ± >300ns [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "200 ms [Estimated]"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Discovery Year",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "2004"
},
{
string: "1999"
},
{
string: "1997"
},
{
string: "1997"
},
{
string: "1983"
},
{
string: "1983"
},
{
string: "1987"
},
{
string: "1996"
},
{
string: "1984"
},
{
string: "1991"
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: "1980"
},
{
string: "1980"
},
{
string: "2001"
},
{
string: "1976"
},
{
string: "2016"
},
{
string: "1984"
},
{
string: "1976"
},
{
string: "1976"
},
{
string: "1975"
},
{
string: "1975"
},
{
string: "1977"
},
{
string: "1976"
},
{
string: "1976"
},
{
string: "2000"
},
{
string: "2000"
},
{
string: "1970"
},
{
string: "1970"
},
{
string: "1981"
},
{
string: "1972"
},
{
string: "1972"
},
{
string: "1970"
},
{
string: "1970"
},
{
string: "1981"
},
{
string: "1991"
},
{
string: "1974"
},
{
string: "1970"
},
{
string: "1961"
},
{
string: "1961"
},
{
string: "1980"
},
{
string: "1991"
},
{
string: "1960"
},
{
string: "1963"
},
{
string: "1960"
},
{
string: "1960"
},
{
string: "1955"
},
{
string: "1957"
},
{
string: "1955"
},
{
string: "1960"
},
{
string: "1955"
},
{
string: "1953"
},
{
string: "1949"
},
{
string: "1949"
},
{
string: "1977"
},
{
string: "1975"
},
{
string: "1949"
},
{
string: "1963"
},
{
string: "1949"
},
{
string: "1963"
},
{
string: "1972"
},
{
string: "1950"
},
{
string: "1962"
},
{
string: "1940"
},
{
string: "1958"
},
{
string: "1931"
},
{
string: "1998"
},
{
string: "1953"
},
{
string: "1972"
},
{
string: "1998"
},
{
string: "1998"
},
{
string: "2011"
},
{
string: "1931"
},
{
string: "1976"
},
{
string: "2004"
},
{
string: "1935"
},
{
string: "1976"
},
{
string: "1908"
},
{
string: "1965"
},
{
string: "1909"
},
{
string: "1950"
},
{
string: "1909"
},
{
string: "1998"
},
{
string: "1998"
},
{
string: "2010"
},
{
string: "2010"
},
{
string: "2010"
},
{
string: "2010"
},
{
string: "2010"
},
{
string: ""
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Decay Modes, Intensities and Uncertainties [%]",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "p≈100%; α ?; β+ ?",
markup: [
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start: 14,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "α=73±1.3%; p=27±1.3%"
},
{
string: "p=51±0.8%; α=49±0.8%"
},
{
string: "α=62±0.2%; β+=38±0.2%; β+SF=0.15±0.6%",
markup: [
{
start: 12,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 24,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "α=60±0.2%; β+ ?",
markup: [
{
start: 12,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "α≈100%; IT ?; β+ ?",
markup: [
{
start: 15,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=94±0.4%; α=6±0.4%; β+SF=0.0032±0.2%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 23,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+ ?; α<10%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=99.60±0.4%; α=0.40±0.6%; β+ ?",
markup: [
{
start: 29,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+≈100%; α<0.49%; β+SF<3.4e-6%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 19,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: "β+=?; α=2%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=?; α=1.5±0.3%; β+ ?",
markup: [
{
start: 19,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=98.78±3%; α=1.22±3%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+ ?; IT ?; α=0.047±0.6%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT≈100%; α=0.089±1.9%"
},
{
string: "β+=?; α ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT≈100%; α=?; β+ ?",
markup: [
{
start: 15,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+ ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+≈100%; α≈0.006%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+<100%; α=0.03%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=?; β+ ?; α=0.15±0.5%",
markup: [
{
start: 7,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT≈100%; β+ ?",
markup: [
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+≈100%; IT<4%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT ?"
},
{
string: "β+ ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "α=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=75%; β+=25%",
markup: [
{
start: 9,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%; α<1e-7%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=96.2±0.4%; IT=3.8±0.4%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=55.9±2.3%; IT=44.1±2.3%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "ε=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "ε=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IS=29.52±0.1%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=97.08±0.7%; ε+β+=2.92±0.7%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 18,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IS=70.48±0.1%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT≈100%; β-<0.1%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=0%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=0.009±0.6%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=2.2±2.2%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=1.8±1.8%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=7.6±3.4%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=34±1.2%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=4.6±4.6%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n<11.5%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β- ?; β-n=100%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 7,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β- ?; β-n=70%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 7,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
}
],
reference: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "PubChem",
description: "Data deposited in or computed by PubChem",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
sourceName: "Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)",
sourceID: "e81",
name: "Tl",
description: "The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.",
url: "https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/",
anid: 6590308
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
sourceName: "Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)",
sourceID: "a81",
name: "Thallium",
description: "Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report) and CIAAW. The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/",
url: "http://www.ciaaw.org/thallium.htm",
licenseURL: "http://www.ciaaw.org/bylaws.htm",
anid: 2292462
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
sourceName: "Jefferson Lab, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "jlab81",
name: "Thallium",
description: "Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/",
url: "https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele081.html",
licenseNote: "Please see citation and linking information: https://education.jlab.org/faq/index.html",
licenseURL: "https://www.jlab.org/privacy-and-security-notice",
anid: 507143
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
sourceName: "Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "lanl81",
name: "Thallium",
description: "The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.",
url: "https://periodic.lanl.gov/81.shtml",
anid: 507261
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
sourceName: "NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory",
sourceID: "e81",
name: "Thallium",
description: "The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Elements/elInfo.pl?element=81",
licenseURL: "https://www.nist.gov/pml/database-disclaimer",
anid: 2292698
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
sourceName: "PubChem Elements",
sourceID: "81",
name: "Tl",
description: "The element property data was retrieved from publications.",
anid: 7660082
},
{
referenceNumber: 7,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "81",
name: "Thallium",
description: "This section provides all form of data related to element Thallium.",
anid: 694374
}
]
}
},
{
record: {
recordType: "AtomicNumber",
recordNumber: 82,
recordTitle: "Lead",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01022.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Lead"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Lead"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
description: "Element symbol, Also called atomic symbol, typically consists of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet derived from the element name in one of several languages.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Pb"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Pb"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "InChI=1S/Pb"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI Key",
description: "International Chemical Identifier hash (InChIKey) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI Key",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "WABPQHHGFIMREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "207.2(1)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "207.2"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "207.2"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "207.2(1)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[Xe]6s24f145d106p2",
markup: [
{
start: 6,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 9,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 13,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 17,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Electron Configuration",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[Hg]6p2",
markup: [
{
start: 6,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Radius",
description: "Atomic radius is the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell containing electrons.",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_radius",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
name: "Van der Waals Atomic Radius",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "202 pm (Van der Waals)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Empirical Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"J.C. Slater, J Chem Phys, 1964, 41(10), 3199-3205. DOI:10.1063/1.1725697"
],
value: {
number: [
180
],
unit: "pm (Empirical)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Covalent Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"B. Cordero, V. Gómez, A.E. Platero-Prats, M. Revés, J. Echeverría, E. Cremades, F. Barragán, S. Alvarez, Dalton Trans. 2008, 21, 2832-2838. DOI:10.1039/b801115j PMID:18478144."
],
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "146(5) pm (Covalent)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
description: "Oxidation state gives the degree of oxidation of an atom in terms of counting electrons.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/O/O04365.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "+4, +2"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "4, 3, 2, 1, −1, −2, −4"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ground Level",
description: "Also called ground-state level. The ground state electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom with lower energy levels.",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/ASD/Html/iehelp.html#IEGROUNDLEV",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ground Level",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "(1/2,1/2)0"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ionization Energy",
description: "Ionization energy is the minimum energy required to eject an electron out of a neutral atom or molecule in its ground state.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/I/I03199.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "7.417 eV"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ionization Energy",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "7.4166799 eV"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electronegativity",
description: "The concept electronegativity was introduced by L. Pauling as the power of an atom to attract electrons to itself.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01990",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Pauling Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"A.L. Allred, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 1961, 17(3-4), 215-221. DOI:10.1016/0022-1902(61)80142-5"
],
value: {
number: [
2.33
],
unit: "(Pauling Scale)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Allen Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1989, 111, 9003. DOI:10.1021/ja00207a003; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek and L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 2780. DOI:10.1021/ja992866e; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek, E.T. Knight, J.F. Capitani and L.C Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 5132. DOI:10.1021/ja9928677"
],
value: {
number: [
1.854
],
unit: "(Allen Scale)"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Affinity",
description: "Electron affinity refers to energy required to detach an electron from the singly charged negative ion.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01977",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.T Myers, J. Chem. Edu., 1990, 67(4), 307. DOI:10.1021/ed067p307"
],
value: {
number: [
0.36
],
unit: "eV"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.J. Zollweg, J. Chem. Phys., 1969, 50, 4251. DOI:10.1063/1.1670890"
],
value: {
number: [
1.03
],
unit: "eV"
}
}
]
},
{
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tocHeading: "Melting Point",
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tocHeading: "Boiling Point",
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tocHeading: "Estimated Crustal Abundance",
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string: "Lead forms many useful compounds. Lead monoxide (PbO), also known as litharge, is a yellow solid that is used to make some types of glass, such as lead crystal and flint glass, in the vulcanizing of rubber and as a paint pigment. Lead dioxide (PbO2) is a brown material that is used in lead-acid storage batteries. Trilead tetraoxide (Pb3O4), also known as red lead, is used to make a reddish-brown paint that prevents rust on outdoor steel structures. Lead arsenate (Pb3(AsO4)2) has been used as an insecticide although other, less harmful, substances have now largely replaced it. Lead carbonate (PbCO3), also known as cerussite, is a white, poisonous substance that was once widely used as a pigment for white paint. Use of lead carbonate in paints has largely been stopped in favor of titanium oxide (TiO2). Lead sulfate (PbSO4), also known as anglesite, is used in a paint pigment known as sublimed white lead. Lead chromate (PbCrO4), also known as crocoite, is used to produce chrome yellow paint. Lead nitrate (Pb(NO3)2) is used to make fireworks and other pyrotechnics. Lead silicate (PbSiO3) is used to make some types of glass and in the production of rubber and paints.",
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string: "Lead oxide is used in producing fine \"crystal glass\" and \"flint glass\" of a high index of refraction for achromatic lenses. The nitrate and the acetate are soluble salts. Lead salts such as lead arsenate have been used as insecticides, but their use in recent years has been practically eliminated in favor of less harmful organic compounds."
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string: "196.973434717 ± 0.000005157"
},
{
string: "197.972015397 ± 0.000009393"
},
{
string: "197.972015397 ± 0.000009393"
},
{
string: "197.972015397 ± 0.000009393"
},
{
string: "197.972015397 ± 0.000009393"
},
{
string: "198.972912542 ± 0.00001073"
},
{
string: "198.972912542 ± 0.00001073"
},
{
string: "198.972912542 ± 0.00001073"
},
{
string: "199.971818332 ± 0.00001173"
},
{
string: "199.971818332 ± 0.00001173"
},
{
string: "199.971818332 ± 0.00001173"
},
{
string: "200.972870425 ± 0.000014758"
},
{
string: "200.972870425 ± 0.000014758"
},
{
string: "200.972870425 ± 0.000014758"
},
{
string: "201.972151604 ± 0.000004075"
},
{
string: "201.972151604 ± 0.000004075"
},
{
string: "201.972151604 ± 0.000004075"
},
{
string: "201.972151604 ± 0.000004075"
},
{
string: "202.973390535 ± 0.000007036"
},
{
string: "202.973390535 ± 0.000007036"
},
{
string: "202.973390535 ± 0.000007036"
},
{
string: "202.973390535 ± 0.000007036"
},
{
string: "203.973043420 ± 0.00000123"
},
{
string: "203.973043420 ± 0.00000123"
},
{
string: "203.973043420 ± 0.00000123"
},
{
string: "203.973043420 ± 0.00000123"
},
{
string: "204.974481597 ± 0.000001228"
},
{
string: "204.974481597 ± 0.000001228"
},
{
string: "204.974481597 ± 0.000001228"
},
{
string: "204.974481597 ± 0.000001228"
},
{
string: "205.974465124 ± 0.000001227"
},
{
string: "205.974465124 ± 0.000001227"
},
{
string: "205.974465124 ± 0.000001227"
},
{
string: "206.975896735 ± 0.00000123"
},
{
string: "206.975896735 ± 0.00000123"
},
{
string: "207.976651918 ± 0.000001231"
},
{
string: "207.976651918 ± 0.000001231"
},
{
string: "208.981089898 ± 0.000001875"
},
{
string: "209.984188301 ± 0.000001553"
},
{
string: "209.984188301 ± 0.000001553"
},
{
string: "210.988735356 ± 0.000002426"
},
{
string: "210.988735356 ± 0.000002426"
},
{
string: "211.991895975 ± 0.000001977"
},
{
string: "211.991895975 ± 0.000001977"
},
{
string: "212.996560867 ± 0.000007465"
},
{
string: "213.999803788 ± 0.00000212"
},
{
string: "213.999803788 ± 0.00000212"
},
{
string: "215.004661590 ± 0.000056304"
},
{
string: "216.008030 ± 0.00021 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "216.008030 ± 0.00021 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "217.013140 ± 0.00032 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "218.016590 ± 0.00032 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "219.021770 ± 0.00043 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "220.025410 ± 0.00043 [Estimated]"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Half Life and Uncertainty",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "230 us ± 150"
},
{
string: "3.9 ms ± 1.1"
},
{
string: "4.1 ms ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "39.0 ms ± 0.8"
},
{
string: "Not-specified"
},
{
string: "55 ms ± 5"
},
{
string: "535 ms ± 30"
},
{
string: "415 ms ± 20"
},
{
string: "490 ms ± 25"
},
{
string: "6.3 s ± 0.4"
},
{
string: "4.07 s ± 0.15"
},
{
string: "4.82 s ± 0.03"
},
{
string: "15.2 s ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "18.3 s ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "25.1 s ± 0.1"
},
{
string: "1.15 us ± 0.03"
},
{
string: "94 ns ± 12"
},
{
string: "437 ns ± 55"
},
{
string: "39 s ± 8"
},
{
string: "50.5 s ± 2.1"
},
{
string: "26 us ± 5"
},
{
string: "71 s ± 1"
},
{
string: "150 ns ± 14"
},
{
string: "24.3 us ± 2.1"
},
{
string: "7.7 us ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "1.33 m ± 0.08"
},
{
string: "2.18 m ± 0.08"
},
{
string: "180 ns ± 80"
},
{
string: "3.5 m ± 0.1"
},
{
string: "166 ns ± 6"
},
{
string: "1.09 us ± 0.04"
},
{
string: "756 ns ± 14"
},
{
string: "5 m [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "5.8 m ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "180 ns ± 15"
},
{
string: "10.7 m ± 0.6"
},
{
string: "370 ns ± 13"
},
{
string: "133 ns ± 7"
},
{
string: "~15 m"
},
{
string: "15.0 m ± 1.2"
},
{
string: "10.0 us ± 0.7"
},
{
string: "37 m ± 3"
},
{
string: "<1 us"
},
{
string: "140 ns ± 14"
},
{
string: "270 ns ± 4"
},
{
string: "8.1 m ± 1.7"
},
{
string: "42.9 m ± 0.9"
},
{
string: "1.15 us ± 0.20"
},
{
string: "2.4 h ± 0.1"
},
{
string: "4.19 us ± 0.10"
},
{
string: "137 ns ± 10"
},
{
string: "212 ns ± 4"
},
{
string: "90 m ± 10"
},
{
string: "12.2 m ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "10.1 us ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "21.5 h ± 0.4"
},
{
string: "448 ns ± 12"
},
{
string: "199 ns ± 3"
},
{
string: "9.33 h ± 0.03"
},
{
string: "60.8 s ± 1.8"
},
{
string: "508 ns ± 3"
},
{
string: "52.5 ky ± 2.8"
},
{
string: "3.54 h ± 0.02"
},
{
string: "110 ns ± 5"
},
{
string: "107 ns ± 3"
},
{
string: "51.916 h ± 0.015"
},
{
string: "6.21 s ± 0.11"
},
{
string: "480 ms ± 7"
},
{
string: "122 ns ± 4"
},
{
string: "Stable ± >140Py"
},
{
string: "265 ns ± 6"
},
{
string: "66.93 m ± 0.10"
},
{
string: "490 ns ± 70"
},
{
string: "17.3 My ± 0.7"
},
{
string: "24.2 us ± 0.4"
},
{
string: "5.55 ms ± 0.02"
},
{
string: "217 ns ± 5"
},
{
string: "Stable ± >2.5Zy"
},
{
string: "125 us ± 2"
},
{
string: "202 ns ± 3"
},
{
string: "Stable ± >1.9Zy"
},
{
string: "806 ms ± 5"
},
{
string: "Stable ± >2.6Zy"
},
{
string: "500 ns ± 10"
},
{
string: "3.234 h ± 0.007"
},
{
string: "22.20 y ± 0.22"
},
{
string: "201 ns ± 17"
},
{
string: "36.164 m ± 0.012"
},
{
string: "159 ns ± 28"
},
{
string: "10.64 h ± 0.01"
},
{
string: "6.0 us ± 0.8"
},
{
string: "10.2 m ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "27.06 m ± 0.07"
},
{
string: "6.2 us ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "2.34 m ± 0.19"
},
{
string: "1.65 m ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "400 ns ± 40"
},
{
string: "20 s ± 5"
},
{
string: "15 s ± 7"
},
{
string: "10 s ± >300ns [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "30 s ± >300ns [Estimated]"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Discovery Year",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "2001"
},
{
string: "2010"
},
{
string: "1996"
},
{
string: "1989"
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: "1986"
},
{
string: "1980"
},
{
string: "1980"
},
{
string: "1980"
},
{
string: "1975"
},
{
string: "1975"
},
{
string: "1972"
},
{
string: "1972"
},
{
string: "1972"
},
{
string: "1972"
},
{
string: "1999"
},
{
string: "2004"
},
{
string: "2000"
},
{
string: "1972"
},
{
string: "2009"
},
{
string: "2005"
},
{
string: "1972"
},
{
string: "1998"
},
{
string: "1998"
},
{
string: "1985"
},
{
string: "1974"
},
{
string: "1975"
},
{
string: "1999"
},
{
string: "1974"
},
{
string: "1985"
},
{
string: "1979"
},
{
string: "1991"
},
{
string: "1974"
},
{
string: "1974"
},
{
string: "1991"
},
{
string: "1960"
},
{
string: "1972"
},
{
string: "1986"
},
{
string: "1957"
},
{
string: "1957"
},
{
string: "1976"
},
{
string: "1957"
},
{
string: "1973"
},
{
string: "1973"
},
{
string: "1973"
},
{
string: "1955"
},
{
string: "1957"
},
{
string: "1978"
},
{
string: "1955"
},
{
string: "1972"
},
{
string: "1989"
},
{
string: "1973"
},
{
string: "1950"
},
{
string: "1955"
},
{
string: "1981"
},
{
string: "1950"
},
{
string: "1972"
},
{
string: "1975"
},
{
string: "1950"
},
{
string: "1952"
},
{
string: "1981"
},
{
string: "1954"
},
{
string: "1954"
},
{
string: "1986"
},
{
string: "1987"
},
{
string: "1942"
},
{
string: "1955"
},
{
string: "1977"
},
{
string: "1988"
},
{
string: "1932"
},
{
string: "1963"
},
{
string: "1956"
},
{
string: "1978"
},
{
string: "1954"
},
{
string: "1994"
},
{
string: "1960"
},
{
string: "1973"
},
{
string: "1927"
},
{
string: "1953"
},
{
string: "1971"
},
{
string: "1927"
},
{
string: "1951"
},
{
string: "1927"
},
{
string: "1998"
},
{
string: "1940"
},
{
string: "1900"
},
{
string: "1980"
},
{
string: "1904"
},
{
string: "2005"
},
{
string: "1905"
},
{
string: "1998"
},
{
string: "1964"
},
{
string: "1904"
},
{
string: "2012"
},
{
string: "1998"
},
{
string: "2010"
},
{
string: "2012"
},
{
string: "2010"
},
{
string: "2009"
},
{
string: "2009"
},
{
string: "2010"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Decay Modes, Intensities and Uncertainties [%]",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "α≈100%; β+ ?",
markup: [
{
start: 9,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "α=100%"
},
{
string: "α=100%"
},
{
string: "α=?; β+=2%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 6,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: "α=?; β+=2%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 6,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "α=?; β+=10%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 6,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "α≈100%; β+ ?; IT ?",
markup: [
{
start: 9,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "α=80±1.1%; β+ ?",
markup: [
{
start: 12,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "α=34±2.5%; β+ ?",
markup: [
{
start: 12,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "α=50±2.5%; β+ ?",
markup: [
{
start: 12,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+ ?; α=40±0.8%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+ ?; α=9.5±2%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+ ?; α=12±0.2%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=?; α=9.3±0.8%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+≈100%; α≈0.4%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+≈100%; α<1%; IT ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+ ?; α=0.40±0.4%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT ?"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+≈100%; α=0.51±0.5%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+≈100%; α≈0.02%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+≈100%; α=0.0059±0.7%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+ ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%; α=7.3e-6±2.9%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%; α<3e-5%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=81±0.2%; IT=19±0.2%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=93%; β+=7%",
markup: [
{
start: 9,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "ε=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT≈100%; β+ ?",
markup: [
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "ε=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=90.5±0.5%; β+=9.5±0.5%",
markup: [
{
start: 15,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "ε=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IS=1.4±0.1%; α ?"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "ε=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IS=24.1±0.1%; α ?"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IS=22.1±0.1%; α ?"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IS=52.4±0.1%; α ?"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; α=1.9e-6±0.4%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β- ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β- ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
}
],
reference: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "PubChem",
description: "Data deposited in or computed by PubChem",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
sourceName: "Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)",
sourceID: "e82",
name: "Pb",
description: "The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.",
url: "https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/",
anid: 6590309
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
sourceName: "Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)",
sourceID: "a82",
name: "Lead",
description: "Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report) and CIAAW. The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/",
url: "http://www.ciaaw.org/lead.htm",
licenseURL: "http://www.ciaaw.org/bylaws.htm",
anid: 2292463
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
sourceName: "Jefferson Lab, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "jlab82",
name: "Lead",
description: "Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/",
url: "https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele082.html",
licenseNote: "Please see citation and linking information: https://education.jlab.org/faq/index.html",
licenseURL: "https://www.jlab.org/privacy-and-security-notice",
anid: 507144
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
sourceName: "Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "lanl82",
name: "Lead",
description: "The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.",
url: "https://periodic.lanl.gov/82.shtml",
anid: 507262
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
sourceName: "NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory",
sourceID: "e82",
name: "Lead",
description: "The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Elements/elInfo.pl?element=82",
licenseURL: "https://www.nist.gov/pml/database-disclaimer",
anid: 2292699
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
sourceName: "PubChem Elements",
sourceID: "82",
name: "Pb",
description: "The element property data was retrieved from publications.",
anid: 7660083
},
{
referenceNumber: 7,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "82",
name: "Lead",
description: "This section provides all form of data related to element Lead.",
anid: 694375
}
]
}
},
{
record: {
recordType: "AtomicNumber",
recordNumber: 83,
recordTitle: "Bismuth",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01022.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Bismuth"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Bismuth"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
description: "Element symbol, Also called atomic symbol, typically consists of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet derived from the element name in one of several languages.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Bi"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Bi"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "InChI=1S/Bi"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI Key",
description: "International Chemical Identifier hash (InChIKey) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI Key",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "JCXGWMGPZLAOME-UHFFFAOYSA-N"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "208.980 40(1)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "208.98040"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "209.0"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "208.98040(1)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
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length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 17,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Electron Configuration",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[Hg]6p3",
markup: [
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start: 6,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Radius",
description: "Atomic radius is the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell containing electrons.",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_radius",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
name: "Van der Waals Atomic Radius",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "207 pm (Van der Waals)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Empirical Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"J.C. Slater, J Chem Phys, 1964, 41(10), 3199-3205. DOI:10.1063/1.1725697"
],
value: {
number: [
160
],
unit: "pm (Empirical)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Covalent Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"B. Cordero, V. Gómez, A.E. Platero-Prats, M. Revés, J. Echeverría, E. Cremades, F. Barragán, S. Alvarez, Dalton Trans. 2008, 21, 2832-2838. DOI:10.1039/b801115j PMID:18478144."
],
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "148(4) pm (Covalent)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
description: "Oxidation state gives the degree of oxidation of an atom in terms of counting electrons.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/O/O04365.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "+5, +3"
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}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "5, 4, 3, 2, 1, -1, -2, -3"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ground Level",
description: "Also called ground-state level. The ground state electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom with lower energy levels.",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/ASD/Html/iehelp.html#IEGROUNDLEV",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ground Level",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "4S°3/2",
markup: [
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]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ionization Energy",
description: "Ionization energy is the minimum energy required to eject an electron out of a neutral atom or molecule in its ground state.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/I/I03199.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "7.289 eV"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ionization Energy",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "7.285516 eV"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electronegativity",
description: "The concept electronegativity was introduced by L. Pauling as the power of an atom to attract electrons to itself.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01990",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Pauling Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"A.L. Allred, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 1961, 17(3-4), 215-221. DOI:10.1016/0022-1902(61)80142-5"
],
value: {
number: [
2.02
],
unit: "(Pauling Scale)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Allen Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1989, 111, 9003. DOI:10.1021/ja00207a003; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek and L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 2780. DOI:10.1021/ja992866e; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek, E.T. Knight, J.F. Capitani and L.C Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 5132. DOI:10.1021/ja9928677"
],
value: {
number: [
2.01
],
unit: "(Allen Scale)"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Affinity",
description: "Electron affinity refers to energy required to detach an electron from the singly charged negative ion.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01977",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.T Myers, J. Chem. Edu., 1990, 67(4), 307. DOI:10.1021/ed067p307"
],
value: {
number: [
0.946
],
unit: "eV"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.J. Zollweg, J. Chem. Phys., 1969, 50, 4251. DOI:10.1063/1.1670890"
],
value: {
number: [
0.95
],
unit: "eV"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Spectra",
description: "Atomic and ionic spectral lines originate from specified electronic transitions between energy levels of atoms and ions, respectively.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00502.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/lines_hold.pl?el=Bi",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Lines Holdings"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/levels_hold.pl?el=Bi",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Levels Holdings"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Physical Description",
description: "Physical description, also know as physical characteristics, refers to physical appearance of element substances.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Solid"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Classification",
description: "Elements can be classified few groups according to each element's chemical properties.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Metal"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Period Number",
description: "The element period number refers to a horizontal row of the periodic table. The periodic table has 7 periods.",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/periodic-table-of-the-elements/The-periodic-table#ref80835",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "6"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Group Number",
description: "Element group refers to a set of chemical elements in the same vertical column of the periodic table",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/group-periodic-table",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "15 - Pnictogen"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Density",
description: "Density is a degree of consistency measured by the quantity of mass per unit volume",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/D/D01590.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "9.807 grams per cubic centimeter"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Melting Point",
description: "The melting point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from solid to liquid at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/melting-point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "544.55 K (271.40°C or 520.52°F)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "271.5°C"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Boiling Point",
description: "Boiling Point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from liquid to gas at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1837 K (1564°C or 2847°F)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1564°C"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Crustal Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in earth crust",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "8.5×10-3 milligrams per kilogram",
markup: [
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type: "Superscript"
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]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Oceanic Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in ocean",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "2×10-5 milligrams per liter",
markup: [
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start: 4,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
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]
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "History",
description: "Element discovery and related information in history",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "History",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "The name derives from the German weisse masse for \"white mass\" from the colour of its oxides. The ancients did not distinguish bismuth from lead. The French chemist Claude-Francois Geoffroy showed that bismuth was distinct from lead in 1753.",
markup: [
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}
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}
},
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Bismuth, which has been known since ancient times, was often confused with lead and tin. Bismuth was first shown to be a distinct element in 1753 by Claude Geoffroy the Younger. Bismuth does occur free in nature and in such minerals as bismuthinite (Bi2S3) and bismite (Bi2O3). The largest deposits of bismuth are found in Bolivia, although bismuth is usually obtained as a by-product of mining and refining lead, copper, tin, silver and gold.",
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value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "From the German Weisse Masse, meaning white mass; later Wisuth and Bisemutum. In early times bismuth was confused with tin and lead. Claude Geoffroy the Younger showed it to be distinct from lead in 1753."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Description",
description: "Description about this element",
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value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "It is a white, crystalline, brittle metal with a pinkish tinge. It occurs in a native state. Bismuth is the most diamagnetic of all metals, and the thermal conductivity is lower than any metal, except mercury. It has a high electrical resistance, and has the highest Hall effect of any metal (i.e., greatest increase in electrical resistance when placed in a magnetic field)."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Uses",
description: "Uses information in industry and other fields",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Pure bismuth is a white, brittle metal with a slight pink color. Bismuth is usually mixed with other metals, such as lead, tin, iron or cadmium to form low-melting alloys. These alloys are used in such things as automatic fire sprinkler systems, fire detection systems and electrical fuses."
},
{
string: "Bismuth oxide (Bi2O3), a bismuth compound, is used as a yellow pigment in paints and cosmetics. Bismuth oxychloride (BiOCl) is used to make a pigment known as bismuth white. Bismuth carbonate (Bi2(CO3)3) is used to treat diarrhea and gastric ulcers.",
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{
string: "Once thought to be the heaviest stable isotope to exist in nature, experiments conducted in 2002 showed that bismuth-209 is unstable and decays into thallium-205 through alpha decay. Bismuth-209 has a half-life of roughly 19,000,000,000,000,000,000 years."
}
]
}
},
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value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "\"Bismanol\" is a permanent magnet of high coercive force, made of MnBi, by the U.S. Naval Surface Weapons Center. Bismuth expands 3.32% on solidification. This property makes bismuth alloys particularly suited to the making of sharp castings of objects subject to damage by high temperatures. With other metals such as tin, cadmium, etc., bismuth forms low-melting alloys which are extensively used for safety devices in fire detection and extinguishing systems. Bismuth is used in producing malleable irons and is finding use as a catalyst for making acrylic fibers. When bismuth is heated in air it burns with a blue flame, forming yellow fumes of the oxide. The metal is also used as a thermocoupling material, and has found application as a carrier for 235U or 233U fuel in nuclear reactors. Its soluble salts are characterized by forming unsoluble basic salts on the addition of water, a property sometimes used in detection work. Bismuth oxychloride is used extensively in cosmetics. Bismuth subnitrate and subcarbonate are used in medicine.",
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},
{
tocHeading: "Sources",
description: "Sources (where the element come from) information for the given element",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "The most important ores are bismuthinite or bismuth glance and bismite. Peru, Japan, Mexico, Bolivia, and Canada are major bismuth producers. Much of the bismuth produced in the U.S. is obtained as a by-product in refining lead, copper, tin, silver, and gold ores."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Compounds",
description: "Related compounds information to this element",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 7,
name: "Compounds",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Bismuth",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "See more information at the Bismuth compound page."
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}
}
],
section: [
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type: "Superscript"
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string: "206Bi",
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start: 0,
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{
string: "206Bim",
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{
string: "207Bim",
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{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 5,
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{
string: "208Bi",
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{
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type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "208Bim",
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{
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string: "209Bi",
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{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "210Bi",
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start: 0,
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type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "210Bim",
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{
string: "211Bim",
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{
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{
string: "212Bim",
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length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "214Bim",
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{
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{
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{
string: "215Bim",
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{
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{
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string: "216Bi",
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{
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length: 3,
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{
string: "216Bim",
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{
start: 0,
length: 3,
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{
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "217Bi",
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{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "217Bim",
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{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "218Bi",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "219Bi",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "220Bi",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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]
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{
string: "221Bi",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "222Bi",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "223Bi",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "224Bi",
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{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Atomic Mass and Uncertainty [u]",
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stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "184.001141250 ± 0.000083854"
},
{
string: "184.001141250 ± 0.000083854"
},
{
string: "184.997600 ± 0.000087 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "184.997600 ± 0.000087 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "184.997600 ± 0.000087 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "185.996622402 ± 0.000018096"
},
{
string: "185.996622402 ± 0.000018096"
},
{
string: "186.993147276 ± 0.00001074"
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{
string: "186.993147276 ± 0.00001074"
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{
string: "186.993147276 ± 0.00001074"
},
{
string: "187.992276184 ± 0.000012009"
},
{
string: "187.992276184 ± 0.000012009"
},
{
string: "187.992276184 ± 0.000012009"
},
{
string: "188.989195141 ± 0.000022384"
},
{
string: "188.989195141 ± 0.000022384"
},
{
string: "188.989195141 ± 0.000022384"
},
{
string: "189.988620883 ± 0.000024221"
},
{
string: "189.988620883 ± 0.000024221"
},
{
string: "189.988620883 ± 0.000024221"
},
{
string: "189.988620883 ± 0.000024221"
},
{
string: "190.985786975 ± 0.000008037"
},
{
string: "190.985786975 ± 0.000008037"
},
{
string: "190.985786975 ± 0.000008037"
},
{
string: "190.985786975 ± 0.000008037"
},
{
string: "191.985470078 ± 0.000032326"
},
{
string: "191.985470078 ± 0.000032326"
},
{
string: "192.982947223 ± 0.000008132"
},
{
string: "192.982947223 ± 0.000008132"
},
{
string: "192.982947223 ± 0.000008132"
},
{
string: "192.982947223 ± 0.000008132"
},
{
string: "192.982947223 ± 0.000008132"
},
{
string: "193.982792362 ± 0.000006632"
},
{
string: "193.982792362 ± 0.000006632"
},
{
string: "193.982792362 ± 0.000006632"
},
{
string: "194.980648762 ± 0.000005675"
},
{
string: "194.980648762 ± 0.000005675"
},
{
string: "194.980648762 ± 0.000005675"
},
{
string: "194.980648762 ± 0.000005675"
},
{
string: "195.980666509 ± 0.000026224"
},
{
string: "195.980666509 ± 0.000026224"
},
{
string: "195.980666509 ± 0.000026224"
},
{
string: "196.978864929 ± 0.000008946"
},
{
string: "196.978864929 ± 0.000008946"
},
{
string: "196.978864929 ± 0.000008946"
},
{
string: "196.978864929 ± 0.000008946"
},
{
string: "197.979206000 ± 0.00003"
},
{
string: "197.979206000 ± 0.00003"
},
{
string: "197.979206000 ± 0.00003"
},
{
string: "198.977672893 ± 0.000011345"
},
{
string: "198.977672893 ± 0.000011345"
},
{
string: "198.977672893 ± 0.000011345"
},
{
string: "198.977672893 ± 0.000011345"
},
{
string: "199.978131093 ± 0.000023962"
},
{
string: "199.978131093 ± 0.000023962"
},
{
string: "199.978131093 ± 0.000023962"
},
{
string: "200.977008512 ± 0.000016299"
},
{
string: "200.977008512 ± 0.000016299"
},
{
string: "200.977008512 ± 0.000016299"
},
{
string: "200.977008512 ± 0.000016299"
},
{
string: "200.977008512 ± 0.000016299"
},
{
string: "201.977733100 ± 0.000016528"
},
{
string: "201.977733100 ± 0.000016528"
},
{
string: "201.977733100 ± 0.000016528"
},
{
string: "202.976892145 ± 0.000013717"
},
{
string: "202.976892145 ± 0.000013717"
},
{
string: "202.976892145 ± 0.000013717"
},
{
string: "203.977835717 ± 0.000009854"
},
{
string: "203.977835717 ± 0.000009854"
},
{
string: "203.977835717 ± 0.000009854"
},
{
string: "204.977386323 ± 0.000005487"
},
{
string: "204.977386323 ± 0.000005487"
},
{
string: "204.977386323 ± 0.000005487"
},
{
string: "205.978498757 ± 0.000008193"
},
{
string: "205.978498757 ± 0.000008193"
},
{
string: "205.978498757 ± 0.000008193"
},
{
string: "206.978470471 ± 0.000002573"
},
{
string: "206.978470471 ± 0.000002573"
},
{
string: "207.979741981 ± 0.000002473"
},
{
string: "207.979741981 ± 0.000002473"
},
{
string: "208.980398519 ± 0.000001464"
},
{
string: "209.984120156 ± 0.000001462"
},
{
string: "209.984120156 ± 0.000001462"
},
{
string: "210.987268698 ± 0.000005842"
},
{
string: "210.987268698 ± 0.000005842"
},
{
string: "211.991285016 ± 0.000001989"
},
{
string: "211.991285016 ± 0.000001989"
},
{
string: "211.991285016 ± 0.000001989"
},
{
string: "212.994383608 ± 0.000005456"
},
{
string: "212.994383608 ± 0.000005456"
},
{
string: "213.998710938 ± 0.000012033"
},
{
string: "213.998710938 ± 0.000012033"
},
{
string: "215.001749149 ± 0.000006037"
},
{
string: "215.001749149 ± 0.000006037"
},
{
string: "216.006305989 ± 0.000012"
},
{
string: "216.006305989 ± 0.000012"
},
{
string: "217.009372000 ± 0.000019"
},
{
string: "217.009372000 ± 0.000019"
},
{
string: "218.014188000 ± 0.000029"
},
{
string: "219.017480 ± 0.00021 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "220.022350 ± 0.00032 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "221.025870 ± 0.00032 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "222.030842 ± 0.000322 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "223.034500 ± 0.00043 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "224.039539 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Half Life and Uncertainty",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "6.6 ms ± 1.5"
},
{
string: "13 ms ± 2"
},
{
string: "2 ms [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "58 us ± 4"
},
{
string: "50 us ± 10"
},
{
string: "14.8 ms ± 0.7"
},
{
string: "9.8 ms ± 0.4"
},
{
string: "37 ms ± 2"
},
{
string: "370 us ± 20"
},
{
string: "7 us ± 5"
},
{
string: "60 ms ± 3"
},
{
string: ">5 us"
},
{
string: "265 ms ± 10"
},
{
string: "658 ms ± 47"
},
{
string: "4.9 ms ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "880 ns ± 50"
},
{
string: "6.3 s ± 0.1"
},
{
string: "6.2 s ± 0.1"
},
{
string: "175 ns ± 8"
},
{
string: "1.3 us ± 0.8"
},
{
string: "11.7 s ± 0.4"
},
{
string: "114 ms ± 6"
},
{
string: "562 ns ± 10"
},
{
string: "400 ns ± 40"
},
{
string: "34.6 s ± 0.9"
},
{
string: "39.6 s ± 0.4"
},
{
string: "63.6 s ± 3.0"
},
{
string: "3.07 s ± 0.13"
},
{
string: "153 ns ± 10"
},
{
string: "85 us ± 3"
},
{
string: "3.02 us ± 0.08"
},
{
string: "95 s ± 3"
},
{
string: "125 s ± 2"
},
{
string: "115 s ± 4"
},
{
string: "183 s ± 4"
},
{
string: "87 s ± 1"
},
{
string: "750 ns ± 50"
},
{
string: "1.6 us ± 0.1"
},
{
string: "5.1 m ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "0.6 s ± 0.5"
},
{
string: "4.00 m ± 0.05"
},
{
string: "9.33 m ± 0.50"
},
{
string: "5.04 m ± 0.16"
},
{
string: "263 ns ± 13"
},
{
string: "209 ns ± 30"
},
{
string: "10.3 m ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "11.6 m ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "7.7 s ± 0.5"
},
{
string: "27 m ± 1"
},
{
string: "24.70 m ± 0.15"
},
{
string: "100 ns ± 30"
},
{
string: "168 ns ± 13"
},
{
string: "36.4 m ± 0.5"
},
{
string: "31 m ± 2"
},
{
string: "400 ms ± 50"
},
{
string: "103 m ± 3"
},
{
string: "57.5 m ± 2.1"
},
{
string: "118 ns ± 28"
},
{
string: "105 ns ± 75"
},
{
string: "124 ns ± 4"
},
{
string: "1.72 h ± 0.05"
},
{
string: "3.04 us ± 0.06"
},
{
string: "310 ns ± 50"
},
{
string: "11.76 h ± 0.05"
},
{
string: "305 ms ± 5"
},
{
string: "194 ns ± 30"
},
{
string: "11.22 h ± 0.10"
},
{
string: "13.0 ms ± 0.1"
},
{
string: "1.07 ms ± 0.03"
},
{
string: "15.31 d ± 0.04"
},
{
string: "7.9 us ± 0.7"
},
{
string: "220 ns ± 25"
},
{
string: "6.243 d ± 0.003"
},
{
string: "7.7 us ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "890 us ± 10"
},
{
string: "31.20 y ± 0.03"
},
{
string: "182 us ± 6"
},
{
string: "368 ky ± 4"
},
{
string: "2.58 ms ± 0.04"
},
{
string: "20.1 Ey ± 0.8"
},
{
string: "5.012 d ± 0.005"
},
{
string: "3.04 My ± 0.06"
},
{
string: "2.14 m ± 0.02"
},
{
string: "1.4 us ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "60.55 m ± 0.06"
},
{
string: "25.0 m ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "7.0 m ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "45.61 m ± 0.04"
},
{
string: ">168 s"
},
{
string: "19.9 m ± 0.4"
},
{
string: ">93 s"
},
{
string: "7.6 m ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "36.9 s ± 0.6"
},
{
string: "2.25 m ± 0.05"
},
{
string: "6.6 m ± 2.1"
},
{
string: "98.5 s ± 1.3"
},
{
string: "2.70 us ± 0.06"
},
{
string: "33 s ± 1"
},
{
string: "8.7 s ± 2.9"
},
{
string: "9.5 s ± 5.7"
},
{
string: "5 s ± >300ns [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "2 s ± >300ns [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "1 s ± >300ns [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "300 ms ± >300ns [Estimated]"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Discovery Year",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "2003"
},
{
string: "2002"
},
{
string: "1996"
},
{
string: "1996"
},
{
string: "2004"
},
{
string: "1997"
},
{
string: "1984"
},
{
string: "1999"
},
{
string: "1984"
},
{
string: "2002"
},
{
string: "1980"
},
{
string: "1984"
},
{
string: "1984"
},
{
string: "1973"
},
{
string: "1984"
},
{
string: "2001"
},
{
string: "1972"
},
{
string: "1988"
},
{
string: "2009"
},
{
string: "2001"
},
{
string: "1972"
},
{
string: "1981"
},
{
string: "2001"
},
{
string: "2016"
},
{
string: "1971"
},
{
string: "1966"
},
{
string: "1971"
},
{
string: "1970"
},
{
string: "2004"
},
{
string: "2004"
},
{
string: "2004"
},
{
string: "1971"
},
{
string: "1976"
},
{
string: "1988"
},
{
string: "1971"
},
{
string: "1974"
},
{
string: "2003"
},
{
string: "2015"
},
{
string: "1976"
},
{
string: "1987"
},
{
string: "1987"
},
{
string: "1971"
},
{
string: "1966"
},
{
string: "1986"
},
{
string: "1986"
},
{
string: "1950"
},
{
string: "1992"
},
{
string: "1972"
},
{
string: "1950"
},
{
string: "1950"
},
{
string: "1974"
},
{
string: "1985"
},
{
string: "1950"
},
{
string: "1978"
},
{
string: "1972"
},
{
string: "1950"
},
{
string: "1950"
},
{
string: "1982"
},
{
string: "1985"
},
{
string: "1982"
},
{
string: "1951"
},
{
string: "1981"
},
{
string: "1981"
},
{
string: "1950"
},
{
string: "1984"
},
{
string: "1978"
},
{
string: "1947"
},
{
string: "1974"
},
{
string: "1974"
},
{
string: "1951"
},
{
string: "1972"
},
{
string: "1978"
},
{
string: "1947"
},
{
string: "1957"
},
{
string: "1974"
},
{
string: "1950"
},
{
string: "1967"
},
{
string: "1953"
},
{
string: "1961"
},
{
string: "1924"
},
{
string: "1905"
},
{
string: "1953"
},
{
string: "1905"
},
{
string: "1998"
},
{
string: "1905"
},
{
string: "1978"
},
{
string: "1978"
},
{
string: "1947"
},
{
string: "2008"
},
{
string: "1904"
},
{
string: "2008"
},
{
string: "1953"
},
{
string: "2001"
},
{
string: "1989"
},
{
string: "1989"
},
{
string: "1998"
},
{
string: "2012"
},
{
string: "1998"
},
{
string: "2009"
},
{
string: "2010"
},
{
string: "2009"
},
{
string: "2009"
},
{
string: "2009"
},
{
string: "2010"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Decay Modes, Intensities and Uncertainties [%]",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "α= ?"
},
{
string: "α= ?"
},
{
string: "p ?; α ?"
},
{
string: "p=90±0.2%; α=10±0.2%"
},
{
string: "p=?; α=?"
},
{
string: "α≈100%; β+=0.6%[Estimated]; β+SF=0.011%",
markup: [
{
start: 9,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 29,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "α≈100%; β+=0.6%[Estimated]; β+SF=0.011%",
markup: [
{
start: 9,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 29,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "α=100%"
},
{
string: "α=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "α=?; β+=1.1%[Estimated]; β+SF=0.0016%",
markup: [
{
start: 6,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 26,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT ?"
},
{
string: "α=?; β+=4.9%[Estimated]; β+SF=0.0016%",
markup: [
{
start: 6,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 26,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "α≈100%"
},
{
string: "α>50%; β+<50%",
markup: [
{
start: 8,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT≈100%"
},
{
string: "α=77±2.1%; β+=?",
markup: [
{
start: 12,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "α=70±0.9%; β+ ?; β+p ?",
markup: [
{
start: 12,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 18,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "α=51±1%; β+ ?",
markup: [
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "α=68±0.5%; IT=32±0.5%; β ?"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=88±0.5%; α=12±0.5%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=90±0.3%; α=10±0.3%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+ ?; α=3.5±1.5%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "α=84±1.6%; β+ ?",
markup: [
{
start: 12,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+≈100%; α=0.46±2.5%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+≈100%; α ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+≈100%; α=0.20±0.7%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+≈100%; α=0.03±0.2%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=67±1.7%; α=33±1.7%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+≈100%; α=0.00115±3.4%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=?; β+ ?",
markup: [
{
start: 7,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=74.2±2.5%; IT=25.8±2.5%; α=0.00038±1%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%; α=1e-4%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "α=55±4%; β+=45±4%; IT<0.3%",
markup: [
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=?; IT<2%; α≈0.01%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+<100%; IT ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+>91.1%[Estimated]; IT<8.6%; α=?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%; α<1e-5%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IS=100.; α=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%; α=13.2e-5±1%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "α=100%"
},
{
string: "α≈100%; β-=0.276±0.4%",
markup: [
{
start: 9,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=64.06±0.6%; α=35.94±0.6%; β-α=0.014%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 30,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "α=67±0.1%; β-=33±0.1%; β-α=30±0.1%",
markup: [
{
start: 12,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 24,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=?; IT>75%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=97.91±0.3%; α=2.09±0.3%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: "β-≈100%; α=0.021±0.1%; β-α=0.003%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 24,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=76.9±0.5%; β-=23.1±0.5%",
markup: [
{
start: 15,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-≈100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-≈100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=0.04%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β- ?; β-n=2%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 7,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β- ?; β-n=1%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 7,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β- ?; β-n=5%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 7,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β- ?; β-n=10%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 7,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
}
],
reference: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "PubChem",
description: "Data deposited in or computed by PubChem",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
sourceName: "Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)",
sourceID: "e83",
name: "Bi",
description: "The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.",
url: "https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/",
anid: 6590310
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
sourceName: "Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)",
sourceID: "a83",
name: "Bismuth",
description: "Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report) and CIAAW. The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/",
url: "http://www.ciaaw.org/bismuth.htm",
licenseURL: "http://www.ciaaw.org/bylaws.htm",
anid: 2292464
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
sourceName: "Jefferson Lab, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "jlab83",
name: "Bismuth",
description: "Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/",
url: "https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele083.html",
licenseNote: "Please see citation and linking information: https://education.jlab.org/faq/index.html",
licenseURL: "https://www.jlab.org/privacy-and-security-notice",
anid: 507145
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
sourceName: "Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "lanl83",
name: "Bismuth",
description: "The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.",
url: "https://periodic.lanl.gov/83.shtml",
anid: 507263
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
sourceName: "NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory",
sourceID: "e83",
name: "Bismuth",
description: "The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Elements/elInfo.pl?element=83",
licenseURL: "https://www.nist.gov/pml/database-disclaimer",
anid: 2292700
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
sourceName: "PubChem Elements",
sourceID: "83",
name: "Bi",
description: "The element property data was retrieved from publications.",
anid: 7660084
},
{
referenceNumber: 7,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "83",
name: "Bismuth",
description: "This section provides all form of data related to element Bismuth.",
anid: 694376
}
]
}
},
{
record: {
recordType: "AtomicNumber",
recordNumber: 84,
recordTitle: "Polonium",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01022.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Polonium"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Polonium"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
description: "Element symbol, Also called atomic symbol, typically consists of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet derived from the element name in one of several languages.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Po"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Po"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "InChI=1S/Po"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI Key",
description: "International Chemical Identifier hash (InChIKey) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI Key",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "HZEBHPIOVYHPMT-UHFFFAOYSA-N"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "209"
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}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "209"
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]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[209]"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "[Xe]6s24f145d106p4",
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type: "Superscript"
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length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 13,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 17,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Electron Configuration",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[Hg]6p4",
markup: [
{
start: 6,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Radius",
description: "Atomic radius is the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell containing electrons.",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_radius",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
name: "Van der Waals Atomic Radius",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "197 pm (Van der Waals)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Empirical Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"J.C. Slater, J Chem Phys, 1964, 41(10), 3199-3205. DOI:10.1063/1.1725697"
],
value: {
number: [
190
],
unit: "pm (Empirical)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Covalent Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"B. Cordero, V. Gómez, A.E. Platero-Prats, M. Revés, J. Echeverría, E. Cremades, F. Barragán, S. Alvarez, Dalton Trans. 2008, 21, 2832-2838. DOI:10.1039/b801115j PMID:18478144."
],
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "140(4) pm (Covalent)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
description: "Oxidation state gives the degree of oxidation of an atom in terms of counting electrons.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/O/O04365.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "+4, +2"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "6, 5, 4, 2, -1"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ground Level",
description: "Also called ground-state level. The ground state electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom with lower energy levels.",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/ASD/Html/iehelp.html#IEGROUNDLEV",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ground Level",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "3P2",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 2,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
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]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ionization Energy",
description: "Ionization energy is the minimum energy required to eject an electron out of a neutral atom or molecule in its ground state.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/I/I03199.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "8.417 eV"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ionization Energy",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "8.418070 eV"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electronegativity",
description: "The concept electronegativity was introduced by L. Pauling as the power of an atom to attract electrons to itself.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01990",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Pauling Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"A.L. Allred, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 1961, 17(3-4), 215-221. DOI:10.1016/0022-1902(61)80142-5"
],
value: {
number: [
2
],
unit: "(Pauling Scale)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Allen Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1989, 111, 9003. DOI:10.1021/ja00207a003; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek and L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 2780. DOI:10.1021/ja992866e; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek, E.T. Knight, J.F. Capitani and L.C Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 5132. DOI:10.1021/ja9928677"
],
value: {
number: [
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unit: "(Allen Scale)"
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}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Affinity",
description: "Electron affinity refers to energy required to detach an electron from the singly charged negative ion.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01977",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.T Myers, J. Chem. Edu., 1990, 67(4), 307. DOI:10.1021/ed067p307"
],
value: {
number: [
1.9
],
unit: "eV"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.J. Zollweg, J. Chem. Phys., 1969, 50, 4251. DOI:10.1063/1.1670890"
],
value: {
number: [
1.32
],
unit: "eV"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Spectra",
description: "Atomic and ionic spectral lines originate from specified electronic transitions between energy levels of atoms and ions, respectively.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00502.html",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/lines_hold.pl?el=Po",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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}
},
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referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/levels_hold.pl?el=Po",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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},
{
tocHeading: "Physical Description",
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string: "Solid"
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}
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},
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description: "Elements can be classified few groups according to each element's chemical properties.",
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},
{
tocHeading: "Element Period Number",
description: "The element period number refers to a horizontal row of the periodic table. The periodic table has 7 periods.",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/periodic-table-of-the-elements/The-periodic-table#ref80835",
information: [
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value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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tocHeading: "Element Group Number",
description: "Element group refers to a set of chemical elements in the same vertical column of the periodic table",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/group-periodic-table",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "16 - Chalcogen"
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{
tocHeading: "Density",
description: "Density is a degree of consistency measured by the quantity of mass per unit volume",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/D/D01590.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "9.32 grams per cubic centimeter"
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]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Melting Point",
description: "The melting point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from solid to liquid at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/melting-point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "527 K (254°C or 489°F)"
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}
},
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value: {
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{
tocHeading: "Boiling Point",
description: "Boiling Point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from liquid to gas at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_point",
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value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "1235 K (962°C or 1764°F)"
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value: {
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string: "962°C"
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},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Crustal Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in earth crust",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "2×10-10 milligrams per kilogram",
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}
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},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Oceanic Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in ocean",
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "1.5×10-14 milligrams per liter",
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}
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tocHeading: "History",
description: "Element discovery and related information in history",
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value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Polonium was discovered by Marie Sklodowska Curie, a Polish chemist, in 1898. She obtained polonium from pitchblende, a material that contains uranium, after noticing that unrefined pitchblende was more radioactive than the uranium that was separated from it. She reasoned that pitchblende must contain at least one other radioactive element. Curie needed to refine several tons of pitchblende in order to obtain tiny amounts of polonium and radium, another radioactive element discovered by Curie. One ton of uranium ore contains only about 100 micrograms (0.0001 grams) of polonium. Due to its scarcity, polonium is usually produced by bombarding bismuth-209 with neutrons in a nuclear reactor. This forms bismuth-210, which has a half-life of 5 days. Bismuth-210 decays into polonium-210 through beta decay. Milligram amounts of polonium-210 have been produced by this method."
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string: "Polonium-210 is a very strong emitter of alpha particles. A single gram of polonium-210 creates 140 Watts of heat energy and is being considered as a lightweight heat source for thermoelectric power for spacecraft. Polonium-210 has a half-life of 138.39 days."
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{
string: "Polonium's most stable isotope, polonium-209, has a half-life of 102 years. It decays into lead-205 through alpha decay. Polonium-209 is available from Oak Ridge National Laboratory at the cost of about $3200 per microcurie."
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string: "Named after Poland, native country of Madam Curie. Polonium, also called Radium F, was the first element discovered by Curie in 1898 while seeking the cause of radioactivity of pitchblend from Joachimsthal, Bohemia. The electroscope showed it separating with bismuth."
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]
}
}
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tocHeading: "Description",
description: "Description about this element",
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string: "The energy released by its decay is so large (140W/g) that a capsule containing about half a gram reaches a temperature above 500C. The capsule also presents a contact gamma-ray dose rate of 0.012 Gy/h. A few curies (1 curie = 3.7 x 1010Bq) of polonium exhibit a blue glow, caused by excitation of the surrounding gas.",
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}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Uses",
description: "Uses information in industry and other fields",
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Polonium can be used to eliminate static electricity in machinery that is caused by processes such as the rolling of paper, wire or sheet metal, although other materials which emit beta particles are more commonly used for this purpose. Polonium is also used in brushes for removing dust from photographic films, although the polonium must be carefully sealed to protect the user from contamination. Polonium is also combined with beryllium to form neutron sources."
}
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string: "Because almost all alpha radiation is stopped within the solid source and its container, giving up its energy, polonium has attracted attention for uses as a lightweight heat source for thermoelectric power in space satellites."
},
{
string: "Polonium can be mixed or alloyed with beryllium to provide a source of neutrons. The element has been used in devices for eliminating static charges in textile mills, etc.; however, beta sources are both more commonly used and less dangerous. It is also used on brushes for removing dust from photographic films. The polonium for these is carefully sealed and controlled, minimizing hazards to the user."
}
]
}
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tocHeading: "Sources",
description: "Sources (where the element come from) information for the given element",
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stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Polonium is a very rare natural element. Uranium ores contain only about 100 micrograms of the element per ton. Its abundance is only about 0.2% of that of radium."
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{
string: "In 1934, scientists discovered that when they bombarded natural bismuth (209Bi) with neutrons, 210Bi, the parent of polonium, was obtained. Milligram amounts of polonium may now be prepared this way, by using the high neutron fluxes of nuclear reactors.",
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tocHeading: "Compounds",
description: "Related compounds information to this element",
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name: "Compounds",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Polonium",
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stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "See more information at the Polonium compound page."
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{
string: "Metallic polonium has been prepared from polonium hydroxide and some other polonium compounds in the presence of concentrated aqueous or anhydrous liquid ammonia. Two allotropic modifications are known to exist."
}
]
}
}
],
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Mass, Half Life, and Decay",
description: "This section provides the information from the Nubase2016. The number after the ± refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton. The '?' refers to 'not determined or qualified'. For further explainations, click read more below.",
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{
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{
string: "223.029070 ± 0.00021 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "224.032110 ± 0.00021 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "225.037070 ± 0.00032 [Estimated]"
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string: "226.040310 ± 0.00043 [Estimated]"
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{
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{
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{
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{
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string: "36.7 m ± 0.5"
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string: ">200 ns"
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string: "3.519 h ± 0.012"
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{
string: "158.6 ns ± 1.8"
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{
string: "1.74 h ± 0.08"
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string: "310 ns ± 60"
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{
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{
string: "115 ns ± 10"
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{
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{
string: "205 ns ± 10"
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{
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{
string: "2.79 s ± 0.08"
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{
string: "350 ns ± 20"
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{
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{
string: "119 ns ± 4"
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{
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{
string: "263 ns ± 5"
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{
string: "516 ms ± 3"
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{
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{
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{
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{
string: "294.7 ns ± 1.0"
},
{
string: "45.1 s ± 0.6"
},
{
string: "3.708 us ± 0.008"
},
{
string: "163.72 us ± 0.27"
},
{
string: "1.781 ms ± 0.005"
},
{
string: "145 ms ± 2"
},
{
string: "1.514 s ± 0.026"
},
{
string: "3.098 m ± 0.012"
},
{
string: "10.3 m ± 1.0"
},
{
string: "40 s ± >300ns [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "2.2 m ± 0.7"
},
{
string: "9.1 m ± 7.2"
},
{
string: "1 m ± >300ns [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "1 m ± >300ns [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "20 s ± >300ns [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "20 s ± >300ns [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "5 s ± >300ns [Estimated]"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Discovery Year",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "2005"
},
{
string: "2005"
},
{
string: "2006"
},
{
string: "1999"
},
{
string: "1999"
},
{
string: "1996"
},
{
string: "1993"
},
{
string: "1999"
},
{
string: "1977"
},
{
string: "1999"
},
{
string: "1967"
},
{
string: "1981"
},
{
string: "1967"
},
{
string: "1999"
},
{
string: "1967"
},
{
string: "1967"
},
{
string: "1967"
},
{
string: "1995"
},
{
string: "1965"
},
{
string: "1967"
},
{
string: "1965"
},
{
string: "1990"
},
{
string: "1990"
},
{
string: "1965"
},
{
string: "1964"
},
{
string: "1951"
},
{
string: "1985"
},
{
string: "1985"
},
{
string: "1951"
},
{
string: "1962"
},
{
string: "1951"
},
{
string: "1971"
},
{
string: "1951"
},
{
string: "1969"
},
{
string: "1986"
},
{
string: "1951"
},
{
string: "1970"
},
{
string: "1951"
},
{
string: "1960"
},
{
string: "1962"
},
{
string: "1973"
},
{
string: "1985"
},
{
string: "1947"
},
{
string: "1970"
},
{
string: "1970"
},
{
string: "1947"
},
{
string: "1963"
},
{
string: "1962"
},
{
string: "1961"
},
{
string: "1947"
},
{
string: "1968"
},
{
string: "1949"
},
{
string: "1974"
},
{
string: "1898"
},
{
string: "1968"
},
{
string: "1985"
},
{
string: "1913"
},
{
string: "1954"
},
{
string: "1998"
},
{
string: "1998"
},
{
string: "1906"
},
{
string: "1962"
},
{
string: "1947"
},
{
string: "1912"
},
{
string: "1911"
},
{
string: "1910"
},
{
string: "1956"
},
{
string: "1904"
},
{
string: "1998"
},
{
string: "1998"
},
{
string: "2010"
},
{
string: "2010"
},
{
string: "2010"
},
{
string: "2010"
},
{
string: "2010"
},
{
string: "2010"
},
{
string: "2010"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Decay Modes, Intensities and Uncertainties [%]",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "α≈100%; p ?"
},
{
string: "α≈100%; β+ ?",
markup: [
{
start: 9,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "α=?; β+ ?",
markup: [
{
start: 6,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "α=?; β+ ?",
markup: [
{
start: 6,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "α≈100%; β+ ?",
markup: [
{
start: 9,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "α≈100%; β+=0.1%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 9,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "α=?; β+=1%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 6,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "α=?; β+=4%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 6,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "α=?; β+=0.5%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 6,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "α=?; β+=5%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 6,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "α=?; β+=3%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 6,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "α≈100%; β+ ?",
markup: [
{
start: 9,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "α=94±0.4%; β+ ?",
markup: [
{
start: 12,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "α≈90%; β+≈10%; IT<0.01%",
markup: [
{
start: 8,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "α≈98%; β+≈2%",
markup: [
{
start: 8,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+ ?; α=44±0.7%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "α=84±0.9%; β+ ?; IT=0.01%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 12,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "α=57±0.2%; β+=43±0.2%",
markup: [
{
start: 12,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT ?"
},
{
string: "β+=92.5±0.3%; α=7.5±0.3%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=73.5±1%; α=24±0.1%; IT=2.5±1%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=88.9±0.3%; α=11.1±0.3%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=98.87±0.3%; α=1.13±0.3%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=56.2±1.2%; β+=41.4±0.7%; α=2.4±0.5%",
markup: [
{
start: 15,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=?; α=1.92±0.7%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+≈100%; α=0.11±0.2%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT≈100%; α=0.04%[Estimated]"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=99.33±0.3%; α=0.67±0.3%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+≈100%; α=0.04±0.1%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=94.55±0.5%; α=5.45±0.5%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+≈100%; α=0.021±0.2%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "α≈100%; β+=0.0040±0.4%",
markup: [
{
start: 9,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "α≈100%; β+=0.454±0.7%",
markup: [
{
start: 9,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "α=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "α=100%"
},
{
string: "α≈100%; IT=0.016±0.4%"
},
{
string: "IT≈100%; α ?"
},
{
string: "IT≈100%; α ?"
},
{
string: "α=100%"
},
{
string: "α≈100%; IT=0.07±0.2%"
},
{
string: "α=100%"
},
{
string: "α=100%"
},
{
string: "α=100%; β-=2.3e-4±0.2%",
markup: [
{
start: 9,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "α=100%; 2β- ?",
markup: [
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "α>95%; β-<5%",
markup: [
{
start: 8,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "α≈100%; β-=0.02%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 9,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β- ?; α=28.2±2%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β- ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β- ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β- ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β- ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β- ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β- ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β- ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β- ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
}
],
reference: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "PubChem",
description: "Data deposited in or computed by PubChem",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
sourceName: "Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)",
sourceID: "e84",
name: "Po",
description: "The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.",
url: "https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/",
anid: 6590311
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
sourceName: "Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)",
sourceID: "a84",
name: "Polonium",
description: "Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report) and CIAAW. The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/",
url: "http://www.ciaaw.org/",
licenseURL: "http://www.ciaaw.org/bylaws.htm",
anid: 2292465
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
sourceName: "Jefferson Lab, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "jlab84",
name: "Polonium",
description: "Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/",
url: "https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele084.html",
licenseNote: "Please see citation and linking information: https://education.jlab.org/faq/index.html",
licenseURL: "https://www.jlab.org/privacy-and-security-notice",
anid: 507146
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
sourceName: "Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "lanl84",
name: "Polonium",
description: "The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.",
url: "https://periodic.lanl.gov/84.shtml",
anid: 507264
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
sourceName: "NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory",
sourceID: "e84",
name: "Polonium",
description: "The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Elements/elInfo.pl?element=84",
licenseURL: "https://www.nist.gov/pml/database-disclaimer",
anid: 2292701
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
sourceName: "PubChem Elements",
sourceID: "84",
name: "Po",
description: "The element property data was retrieved from publications.",
anid: 7660085
},
{
referenceNumber: 7,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "84",
name: "Polonium",
description: "This section provides all form of data related to element Polonium.",
anid: 694377
}
]
}
},
{
record: {
recordType: "AtomicNumber",
recordNumber: 85,
recordTitle: "Astatine",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01022.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Astatine"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Astatine"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
description: "Element symbol, Also called atomic symbol, typically consists of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet derived from the element name in one of several languages.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "At"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "At"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "InChI=1S/At"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI Key",
description: "International Chemical Identifier hash (InChIKey) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI Key",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "RYXHOMYVWAEKHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "210"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "210"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[210]"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[Xe]6s24f145d106p5",
markup: [
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start: 6,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 9,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 13,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 17,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Electron Configuration",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[Hg]6p5",
markup: [
{
start: 6,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Radius",
description: "Atomic radius is the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell containing electrons.",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_radius",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
name: "Van der Waals Atomic Radius",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "202 pm (Van der Waals)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Covalent Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"B. Cordero, V. Gómez, A.E. Platero-Prats, M. Revés, J. Echeverría, E. Cremades, F. Barragán, S. Alvarez, Dalton Trans. 2008, 21, 2832-2838. DOI:10.1039/b801115j PMID:18478144."
],
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "150 pm (Covalent)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
description: "Oxidation state gives the degree of oxidation of an atom in terms of counting electrons.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/O/O04365.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "7, 5, 3, 1, -1"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ground Level",
description: "Also called ground-state level. The ground state electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom with lower energy levels.",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/ASD/Html/iehelp.html#IEGROUNDLEV",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ground Level",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "2P°3/2",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 3,
length: 3,
type: "Subscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ionization Energy",
description: "Ionization energy is the minimum energy required to eject an electron out of a neutral atom or molecule in its ground state.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/I/I03199.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "9.5 eV"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ionization Energy",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "9.31751 eV"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electronegativity",
description: "The concept electronegativity was introduced by L. Pauling as the power of an atom to attract electrons to itself.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01990",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Pauling Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"A.L. Allred, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 1961, 17(3-4), 215-221. DOI:10.1016/0022-1902(61)80142-5"
],
value: {
number: [
2.2
],
unit: "(Pauling Scale)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Allen Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1989, 111, 9003. DOI:10.1021/ja00207a003; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek and L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 2780. DOI:10.1021/ja992866e; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek, E.T. Knight, J.F. Capitani and L.C Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 5132. DOI:10.1021/ja9928677"
],
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number: [
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]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Affinity",
description: "Electron affinity refers to energy required to detach an electron from the singly charged negative ion.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01977",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
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],
value: {
number: [
2.8
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unit: "eV"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
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],
value: {
number: [
2.8
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unit: "eV"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Spectra",
description: "Atomic and ionic spectral lines originate from specified electronic transitions between energy levels of atoms and ions, respectively.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00502.html",
information: [
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stringWithMarkup: [
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}
},
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},
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value: {
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},
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}
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},
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tocHeading: "Element Period Number",
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url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/periodic-table-of-the-elements/The-periodic-table#ref80835",
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string: "17 - Halogen"
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tocHeading: "Density",
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url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/D/D01590.html",
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tocHeading: "Melting Point",
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url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/melting-point",
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{
string: "191.004148086 ± 0.000017287"
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{
string: "191.004148086 ± 0.000017287"
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{
string: "192.003141034 ± 0.000029926"
},
{
string: "192.003141034 ± 0.000029926"
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{
string: "192.999927728 ± 0.000023222"
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{
string: "192.999927728 ± 0.000023222"
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{
string: "192.999927728 ± 0.000023222"
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{
string: "193.999226872 ± 0.000026764"
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{
string: "193.999226872 ± 0.000026764"
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{
string: "194.996274485 ± 0.000010276"
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{
string: "194.996274485 ± 0.000010276"
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{
string: "194.996274485 ± 0.000010276"
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{
string: "195.995797421 ± 0.000032511"
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{
string: "195.995797421 ± 0.000032511"
},
{
string: "195.995797421 ± 0.000032511"
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{
string: "196.993177357 ± 0.00000857"
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{
string: "196.993177357 ± 0.00000857"
},
{
string: "196.993177357 ± 0.00000857"
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{
string: "197.992791673 ± 0.0000063"
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{
string: "197.992791673 ± 0.0000063"
},
{
string: "198.990527719 ± 0.00000578"
},
{
string: "198.990527719 ± 0.00000578"
},
{
string: "198.990527719 ± 0.00000578"
},
{
string: "198.990527719 ± 0.00000578"
},
{
string: "199.990351100 ± 0.000026264"
},
{
string: "199.990351100 ± 0.000026264"
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{
string: "199.990351100 ± 0.000026264"
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{
string: "200.988417061 ± 0.000008786"
},
{
string: "200.988417061 ± 0.000008786"
},
{
string: "200.988417061 ± 0.000008786"
},
{
string: "201.988630380 ± 0.000030034"
},
{
string: "201.988630380 ± 0.000030034"
},
{
string: "201.988630380 ± 0.000030034"
},
{
string: "202.986942957 ± 0.000011353"
},
{
string: "203.987251197 ± 0.000023926"
},
{
string: "203.987251197 ± 0.000023926"
},
{
string: "204.986074041 ± 0.000016194"
},
{
string: "204.986074041 ± 0.000016194"
},
{
string: "205.986656148 ± 0.000016162"
},
{
string: "205.986656148 ± 0.000016162"
},
{
string: "206.985799783 ± 0.000013318"
},
{
string: "206.985799783 ± 0.000013318"
},
{
string: "207.986613042 ± 0.000009577"
},
{
string: "207.986613042 ± 0.000009577"
},
{
string: "208.986169944 ± 0.000005477"
},
{
string: "208.986169944 ± 0.000005477"
},
{
string: "209.987147338 ± 0.000008261"
},
{
string: "209.987147338 ± 0.000008261"
},
{
string: "209.987147338 ± 0.000008261"
},
{
string: "210.987496147 ± 0.000002929"
},
{
string: "210.987496147 ± 0.000002929"
},
{
string: "211.990737223 ± 0.000002559"
},
{
string: "211.990737223 ± 0.000002559"
},
{
string: "211.990737223 ± 0.000002559"
},
{
string: "212.992936514 ± 0.000005257"
},
{
string: "212.992936514 ± 0.000005257"
},
{
string: "212.992936514 ± 0.000005257"
},
{
string: "213.996371601 ± 0.000004614"
},
{
string: "213.996371601 ± 0.000004614"
},
{
string: "213.996371601 ± 0.000004614"
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{
string: "214.998651890 ± 0.000007299"
},
{
string: "216.002422631 ± 0.000003837"
},
{
string: "216.002422631 ± 0.000003837"
},
{
string: "217.004717835 ± 0.000005369"
},
{
string: "218.008693735 ± 0.000012456"
},
{
string: "219.011160647 ± 0.000003474"
},
{
string: "220.015433000 ± 0.000015"
},
{
string: "221.018017000 ± 0.000015"
},
{
string: "222.022494000 ± 0.000017"
},
{
string: "223.025151000 ± 0.000015"
},
{
string: "224.029749000 ± 0.000024"
},
{
string: "225.032630 ± 0.00032 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "226.037160 ± 0.00032 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "227.040240 ± 0.00032 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "228.044750 ± 0.00043 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "229.048120 ± 0.00043 [Estimated]"
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{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Half Life and Uncertainty",
value: {
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{
string: "2.1 ms ± 0.8"
},
{
string: "2.2 ms ± 0.4"
},
{
string: "11.5 ms ± 0.6"
},
{
string: "88 ms ± 6"
},
{
string: "29 ms ± 5"
},
{
string: "21 ms ± 5"
},
{
string: "28 ms ± 4"
},
{
string: "286 ms ± 7"
},
{
string: "323 ms ± 7"
},
{
string: "290 ms ± 20"
},
{
string: "143 ms ± 3"
},
{
string: "Not-specified"
},
{
string: "388 ms ± 7"
},
{
string: "20 ms [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "11 us ± 2"
},
{
string: "388.2 ms ± 5.6"
},
{
string: "2.0 s ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "1.3 us ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "3.0 s ± 0.1"
},
{
string: "1.21 s ± 0.06"
},
{
string: "7.02 s ± 0.12"
},
{
string: "273 ms ± 9"
},
{
string: "70 ns ± 20"
},
{
string: "800 ns ± 50"
},
{
string: "43.2 s ± 0.9"
},
{
string: "47 s ± 1"
},
{
string: "8.0 s ± 2.1"
},
{
string: "85.2 s ± 1.6"
},
{
string: "45 ms ± 3"
},
{
string: "3.39 us ± 0.09"
},
{
string: "184 s ± 1"
},
{
string: "182 s ± 2"
},
{
string: "460 ms ± 50"
},
{
string: "7.4 m ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "9.12 m ± 0.11"
},
{
string: "108 ms ± 10"
},
{
string: "33.8 m ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "7.76 us ± 0.14"
},
{
string: "30.6 m ± 0.8"
},
{
string: "813 ns ± 21"
},
{
string: "1.81 h ± 0.03"
},
{
string: "108 ns ± 2"
},
{
string: "1.63 h ± 0.03"
},
{
string: "1.5 us ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "5.42 h ± 0.05"
},
{
string: "916 ns ± 10"
},
{
string: "8.1 h ± 0.4"
},
{
string: "482 ns ± 6"
},
{
string: "5.66 us ± 0.07"
},
{
string: "7.214 h ± 0.007"
},
{
string: "4.23 us ± 0.07"
},
{
string: "314 ms ± 2"
},
{
string: "119 ms ± 3"
},
{
string: "152 us ± 5"
},
{
string: "125 ns ± 6"
},
{
string: "110 ns ± 17"
},
{
string: "45 us ± 4"
},
{
string: "558 ns ± 10"
},
{
string: "265 ns ± 30"
},
{
string: "760 ns ± 15"
},
{
string: "100 us ± 20"
},
{
string: "300 us ± 30"
},
{
string: "100 us [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "32.62 ms ± 0.24"
},
{
string: "1.5 s ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "56 s ± 3"
},
{
string: "3.71 m ± 0.04"
},
{
string: "2.3 m ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "54 s ± 10"
},
{
string: "50 s ± 7"
},
{
string: "2.5 m ± 1.5"
},
{
string: "2 m ± >300ns [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "20 s ± >300ns [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "20 s ± >300ns [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "5 s ± >300ns [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "5 s ± >300ns [Estimated]"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Discovery Year",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "2003"
},
{
string: "2003"
},
{
string: "2006"
},
{
string: "2006"
},
{
string: "2003"
},
{
string: "1995"
},
{
string: "2003"
},
{
string: "2009"
},
{
string: "1984"
},
{
string: "1999"
},
{
string: "1995"
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: "1967"
},
{
string: "1996"
},
{
string: "2000"
},
{
string: "1967"
},
{
string: "1985"
},
{
string: "1999"
},
{
string: "1967"
},
{
string: "1967"
},
{
string: "1967"
},
{
string: "2013"
},
{
string: "2000"
},
{
string: "2010"
},
{
string: "1963"
},
{
string: "1967"
},
{
string: "1967"
},
{
string: "1963"
},
{
string: "2015"
},
{
string: "2015"
},
{
string: "1961"
},
{
string: "1992"
},
{
string: "1992"
},
{
string: "1951"
},
{
string: "1961"
},
{
string: "1969"
},
{
string: "1951"
},
{
string: "1982"
},
{
string: "1961"
},
{
string: "1999"
},
{
string: "1951"
},
{
string: "1981"
},
{
string: "1950"
},
{
string: "1991"
},
{
string: "1951"
},
{
string: "1975"
},
{
string: "1949"
},
{
string: "1970"
},
{
string: "1975"
},
{
string: "1940"
},
{
string: "1971"
},
{
string: "1954"
},
{
string: "1970"
},
{
string: "1998"
},
{
string: "1968"
},
{
string: "1980"
},
{
string: "2003"
},
{
string: "1949"
},
{
string: "1982"
},
{
string: "1982"
},
{
string: "1944"
},
{
string: "1948"
},
{
string: "1971"
},
{
string: "1947"
},
{
string: "1943"
},
{
string: "1953"
},
{
string: "1989"
},
{
string: "1989"
},
{
string: "1989"
},
{
string: "1989"
},
{
string: "2010"
},
{
string: "2010"
},
{
string: "2010"
},
{
string: "2010"
},
{
string: "2010"
},
{
string: "2010"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Decay Modes, Intensities and Uncertainties [%]",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "α≈100%; β+ ?",
markup: [
{
start: 9,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "α≈100%; β+ ?",
markup: [
{
start: 9,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "α=100%; β+=0.6%[Estimated]; β+SF=0.21%",
markup: [
{
start: 9,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 29,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
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{
string: "α=100%; β+=4.6%[Estimated]; β+SF=0.21%",
markup: [
{
start: 9,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 29,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
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{
string: "α≈100%"
},
{
string: "α≈100%"
},
{
string: "α=24±1%; IT=76±1%"
},
{
string: "α≈100%; β+=8.3%[Estimated]; β+SF=0.032%",
markup: [
{
start: 9,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 29,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "α≈100%; β+=8.3%[Estimated]; β+SF=0.032%",
markup: [
{
start: 9,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 29,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "α≈100%; β+ ?",
markup: [
{
start: 9,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "α=?; IT=12±0.4%; β+ ?",
markup: [
{
start: 18,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT ?"
},
{
string: "α=?; β+=5%[Estimated]; β+SF=0.088%",
markup: [
{
start: 6,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 24,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "α≈100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "α=96.1±1.2%; β+=3.9±1.2%",
markup: [
{
start: 14,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "α≈100%; β+ ?; IT<0.004%; β+ ?",
markup: [
{
start: 9,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 26,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "α>94%; β+ ?",
markup: [
{
start: 8,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "α=84±1.6%; β+ ?",
markup: [
{
start: 12,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "α=89±0.6%; β+ ?",
markup: [
{
start: 12,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT≈100%; α=1%[Estimated]"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "α=52±0.3%; β+=48±0.3%",
markup: [
{
start: 12,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "α=43±0.7%; β+=?; IT ?",
markup: [
{
start: 12,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT<89.5±0.3%; α≈10.5±0.3%; β+ ?",
markup: [
{
start: 28,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "α=71±0.7%; β+=29±0.7%",
markup: [
{
start: 12,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=?; α=12±0.7%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT ?; β+ ?; α=8.7±1.5%",
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{
start: 7,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT≈100%; α=0.096±1.1%; β+=0.033%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 24,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=69±0.3%; α=31±0.3%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=96.2±0.2%; α=3.8±0.2%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+ ?; α=10±0.2%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=99.10±0.8%; α=0.90±0.8%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+ ?; α≈10%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=99.45±0.6%; α=0.55±0.6%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=95.9±0.5%; α=4.1±0.5%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+≈100%; α=0.175±2%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "ε=58.20±0.8%; α=41.80±0.8%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "α≈100%; β+<0.03%; β-<2e-6%",
markup: [
{
start: 9,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 19,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "α>99%; IT<1%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "α=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "α=100%"
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{
string: "α<100%"
},
{
string: "α<100%"
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{
string: "α=100%"
},
{
string: "α≈100%; β-<0.006%; ε<3e-7%",
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},
{
string: "α=100%"
},
{
string: "α≈100%; β-=0.008±0.2%",
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
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},
{
string: "α≈100%; β-=0.1%[Estimated]",
markup: [
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start: 9,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "α=93.6±1%; β-=?",
markup: [
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type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "β-=92±0.2%; α=8±0.2%",
markup: [
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type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
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{
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markup: [
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{
string: "β-≈100%; α=0.008%[Estimated]",
markup: [
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},
{
string: "β- ?",
markup: [
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},
{
string: "β- ?",
markup: [
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type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β- ?; β-n=0%[Estimated]",
markup: [
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type: "Superscript"
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referenceNumber: 1,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "PubChem",
description: "Data deposited in or computed by PubChem",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
sourceName: "Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)",
sourceID: "e85",
name: "At",
description: "The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.",
url: "https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/",
anid: 6590312
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
sourceName: "Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)",
sourceID: "a85",
name: "Astatine",
description: "Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report) and CIAAW. The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/",
url: "http://www.ciaaw.org/",
licenseURL: "http://www.ciaaw.org/bylaws.htm",
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referenceNumber: 4,
sourceName: "Jefferson Lab, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "jlab85",
name: "Astatine",
description: "Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/",
url: "https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele085.html",
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referenceNumber: 5,
sourceName: "Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "lanl85",
name: "Astatine",
description: "The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.",
url: "https://periodic.lanl.gov/85.shtml",
anid: 507265
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
sourceName: "NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory",
sourceID: "e85",
name: "Astatine",
description: "The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Elements/elInfo.pl?element=85",
licenseURL: "https://www.nist.gov/pml/database-disclaimer",
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sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "85",
name: "Astatine",
description: "This section provides all form of data related to element Astatine.",
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recordTitle: "Radon",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01022.html",
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name: "Element Name",
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string: "Radon"
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name: "Element Name",
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tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
description: "Element symbol, Also called atomic symbol, typically consists of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet derived from the element name in one of several languages.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Rn"
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]
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referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
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string: "Rn"
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]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
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name: "InChI",
value: {
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string: "InChI=1S/Rn"
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}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI Key",
description: "International Chemical Identifier hash (InChIKey) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI Key",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "SYUHGPGVQRZVTB-UHFFFAOYSA-N"
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}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
information: [
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{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
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},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Radius",
description: "Atomic radius is the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell containing electrons.",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_radius",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 5,
name: "Van der Waals Atomic Radius",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "220 pm (Van der Waals)"
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}
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referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Covalent Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"B. Cordero, V. Gómez, A.E. Platero-Prats, M. Revés, J. Echeverría, E. Cremades, F. Barragán, S. Alvarez, Dalton Trans. 2008, 21, 2832-2838. DOI:10.1039/b801115j PMID:18478144."
],
value: {
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string: "150 pm (Covalent)"
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},
{
tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
description: "Oxidation state gives the degree of oxidation of an atom in terms of counting electrons.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/O/O04365.html",
information: [
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},
{
tocHeading: "Ground Level",
description: "Also called ground-state level. The ground state electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom with lower energy levels.",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/ASD/Html/iehelp.html#IEGROUNDLEV",
information: [
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]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ionization Energy",
description: "Ionization energy is the minimum energy required to eject an electron out of a neutral atom or molecule in its ground state.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/I/I03199.html",
information: [
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value: {
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string: "10.745 eV"
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},
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name: "Ionization Energy",
value: {
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string: "10.74850 eV"
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]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electronegativity",
description: "The concept electronegativity was introduced by L. Pauling as the power of an atom to attract electrons to itself.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01990",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Allen Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1989, 111, 9003. DOI:10.1021/ja00207a003; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek and L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 2780. DOI:10.1021/ja992866e; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek, E.T. Knight, J.F. Capitani and L.C Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 5132. DOI:10.1021/ja9928677"
],
value: {
number: [
2.6
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unit: "(Allen Scale)"
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},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Affinity",
description: "Electron affinity refers to energy required to detach an electron from the singly charged negative ion.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01977",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.T Myers, J. Chem. Edu., 1990, 67(4), 307. DOI:10.1021/ed067p307"
],
value: {
number: [
0
],
unit: "eV"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Spectra",
description: "Atomic and ionic spectral lines originate from specified electronic transitions between energy levels of atoms and ions, respectively.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00502.html",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/lines_hold.pl?el=Rn",
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stringWithMarkup: [
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referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
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value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Levels Holdings"
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]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Physical Description",
description: "Physical description, also know as physical characteristics, refers to physical appearance of element substances.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Gas"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Classification",
description: "Elements can be classified few groups according to each element's chemical properties.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Non-metal"
}
]
}
}
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},
{
tocHeading: "Element Period Number",
description: "The element period number refers to a horizontal row of the periodic table. The periodic table has 7 periods.",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/periodic-table-of-the-elements/The-periodic-table#ref80835",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
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},
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tocHeading: "Element Group Number",
description: "Element group refers to a set of chemical elements in the same vertical column of the periodic table",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/group-periodic-table",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
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string: "18 - Noble Gas"
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},
{
tocHeading: "Density",
description: "Density is a degree of consistency measured by the quantity of mass per unit volume",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/D/D01590.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "0.00973 grams per cubic centimeter"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Melting Point",
description: "The melting point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from solid to liquid at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/melting-point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "202 K (-71°C or -96°F)"
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}
},
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value: {
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string: "-71°C"
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]
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},
{
tocHeading: "Boiling Point",
description: "Boiling Point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from liquid to gas at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "211.45 K (-61.7°C or -79.1°F)"
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}
},
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referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
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string: "-61.7°C"
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},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Crustal Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in earth crust",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust",
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value: {
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},
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tocHeading: "Estimated Oceanic Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in ocean",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "6×10-16 milligrams per liter",
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tocHeading: "History",
description: "Element discovery and related information in history",
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Radon was discovered by Friedrich Ernst Dorn, a German chemist, in 1900 while studying radium's decay chain. Originally named niton after the Latin word for shining, nitens, radon has been known as radon since 1923. Today, radon is still primarily obtained through the decay of radium. At normal room temperatures, radon is a colorless, odorless, radioactive gas. The most common forms of radon decay through alpha decay. Alpha decay usually isn't considered to be a great radiological hazard since the alpha particles produced by the decay are easily stopped. However, since radon is a gas, it is easily inhaled and living tissue is directly exposed to the radiation. Although it has a relatively short half-life, radon decays into longer lived, solid, radioactive elements which can collect on dust particles and be inhaled as well. For these reasons, there is some concern as to the amount of radon present within homes. Radon seeps into houses as a result of the decay of radium, thorium or uranium ores underground and varies greatly from location to location. On average, the earth's atmosphere is 0.0000000000000000001% radon."
},
{
string: "When cooled to its solid state, radon glows yellow. The glow becomes orange-red as the temperature is lowered."
},
{
string: "Radon's most stable isotope, radon-222, has a half-life of about 3.8 days. It decays into polonium-218 through alpha decay."
}
]
}
},
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referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "The name was derived from radium; called niton at first, from the Latin word nitens meaning shining.The element was discovered in 1900 by Dorn, who called it radium emanation. In 1908 Ramsay and Gray, who named it niton, isolated the element and determined its density, finding it to be the heaviest known gas. It is essentially inert and occupies the last place in the zero group of gases in the Periodic Table. Since 1923, it has been called radon.",
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tocHeading: "Description",
description: "Description about this element",
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referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Radon is present in the atomosphere at very low concentrations. See Wikipedia for discussion of concentration. At ordinary temperatures radon is a colorless gas; when cooled below the freezing point, radon exhibits a brilliant phosphorescence which becomes yellow as the temperature is lowered and orange-red at the temperature of liquid air. It has been reported that fluorine reacts with radon, forming a fluoride. Radon clathrates have also been reported."
}
]
}
}
]
},
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tocHeading: "Uses",
description: "Uses information in industry and other fields",
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value: {
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string: "Small amounts of radon are sometimes used by hospitals to treat some forms of cancer. Radon fluoride (RnF) is the only confirmed compound of radon."
}
]
}
},
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value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Radon is still produced for therapeutic use by a few hospitals by pumping it from a radium source and sealing it in minute tubes, called seeds or needles, for application to patient. This practice has been largely discontinued as hospitals can get the seeds directly from suppliers, who make up the seeds with the desired activity for the day of use."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Compounds",
description: "Related compounds information to this element",
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referenceNumber: 7,
name: "Compounds",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Radon",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "See more information at the Radon compound page."
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}
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string: "9815712",
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referenceNumber: 7,
name: "Name",
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string: "radon"
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{
string: "radon-219"
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{
string: "radon-222"
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{
string: "radon-226"
},
{
string: "radon-218"
},
{
string: "radon-228"
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{
string: "radon-224"
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{
string: "radon-211"
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string: "Rn"
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{
string: "Rn"
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{
string: "Rn"
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{
string: "Rn"
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{
string: "Rn"
},
{
string: "Rn"
},
{
string: "Rn"
},
{
string: "Rn"
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{
string: "Rn"
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string: "[Rn]"
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string: "[222Rn]"
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{
string: "[220Rn]"
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{
string: "[226Rn]"
},
{
string: "[218Rn]"
},
{
string: "[228Rn]"
},
{
string: "[224Rn]"
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string: "[211Rn]"
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stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "222.018"
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{
string: "219.009"
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{
string: "222.018"
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{
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{
string: "226.031"
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{
string: "218.006"
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{
string: "228.038"
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{
string: "224.024"
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{
string: "210.991"
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}
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}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Handling and Storage",
description: "Handling and Storage information",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Care must be taken in handling radon, as with other radioactive materials. The main hazard is from inhalation of the element and its solid daughters which are collected on dust in the air. Good ventilation should be provided where radium, thorium, or actinium is stored to prevent build-up of the element. Radon build-up is a health consideration in uranium mines. Recently radon build-up in homes has been a concern. Many deaths from lung cancer are caused by radon exposure. In the U.S. it is recommended that remedial action be taken if the air in homes exceeds 4 pCi/l."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Isotopes",
description: "Isotopes are variants of a chemical element which contain different neutron number",
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value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "0"
}
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}
},
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referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Thirty-nine isotopes are known. Radon-222 is the most common. It has a half-life of 3.823 days and is an alpha emitter. It is estimated that every square mile of soil to a depth of 6 inches contains about 1 g of radium, which releases radon in tiny amounts into the atmosphere. Radon gas can collect in buildings, creating a health risk. The Environmental Protection Agency estimates that responsible for an estimated 20,000 lung cancer deaths each year. More on radon and health. Radon is present in some spring waters, such as those at Hot Springs, Arkansas."
}
]
}
}
],
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Mass, Half Life, and Decay",
description: "This section provides the information from the Nubase2016. The number after the ± refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton. The '?' refers to 'not determined or qualified'. For further explainations, click read more below.",
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string: "193Rn",
markup: [
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start: 0,
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type: "Superscript"
}
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},
{
string: "194Rn",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
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{
string: "195Rn",
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{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "195Rnm",
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type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "196Rn",
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start: 0,
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type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "197Rn",
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{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "197Rnm",
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{
start: 0,
length: 3,
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{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
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{
string: "198Rn",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "199Rn",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
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},
{
string: "199Rnm",
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start: 0,
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type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "200Rn",
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start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "200Rnm",
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{
start: 0,
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{
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type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "201Rn",
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{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "201Rnm",
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{
start: 0,
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{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "202Rn",
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{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "202Rnm",
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{
start: 0,
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{
start: 5,
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type: "Superscript"
}
]
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{
string: "203Rn",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "203Rnm",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "204Rn",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "205Rn",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "205Rnm",
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start: 0,
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type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
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{
string: "206Rn",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "207Rn",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "207Rnm",
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{
start: 0,
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type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
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{
string: "208Rn",
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{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "208Rnm",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
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type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "209Rn",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "209Rnm",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
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{
string: "209Rnn",
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start: 0,
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{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "210Rn",
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{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "210Rnm",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
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{
start: 5,
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type: "Superscript"
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string: "210Rnn",
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start: 0,
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start: 5,
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string: "210Rnp",
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start: 0,
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{
string: "211Rn",
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start: 0,
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type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "211Rnm",
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type: "Superscript"
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string: "212Rn",
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string: "212Rnm",
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string: "213Rn",
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start: 0,
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{
string: "213Rnm",
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string: "216Rn",
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string: "218Rn",
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string: "219Rn",
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string: "220Rn",
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string: "223Rn",
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string: "227Rn",
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string: "228Rn",
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{
string: "229Rn",
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{
string: "230Rn",
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{
string: "231Rn",
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string: "193.009707964 ± 0.000026958"
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string: "194.006144424 ± 0.000018141"
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{
string: "195.005421699 ± 0.000054216"
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{
string: "195.005421699 ± 0.000054216"
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{
string: "196.002115945 ± 0.000015476"
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{
string: "197.001621430 ± 0.000017383"
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{
string: "197.001621430 ± 0.000017383"
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{
string: "197.998679156 ± 0.000014406"
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{
string: "198.998390273 ± 0.000040352"
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{
string: "198.998390273 ± 0.000040352"
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{
string: "199.995700707 ± 0.000014686"
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{
string: "199.995700707 ± 0.000014686"
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{
string: "200.995628179 ± 0.000053389"
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{
string: "200.995628179 ± 0.000053389"
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{
string: "201.993263902 ± 0.000018808"
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{
string: "201.993263902 ± 0.000018808"
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{
string: "202.993393732 ± 0.000019516"
},
{
string: "202.993393732 ± 0.000019516"
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{
string: "203.991443644 ± 0.000007991"
},
{
string: "204.991723204 ± 0.000005453"
},
{
string: "204.991723204 ± 0.000005453"
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{
string: "205.990195358 ± 0.000009223"
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{
string: "206.990730200 ± 0.000009121"
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{
string: "206.990730200 ± 0.000009121"
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{
string: "207.989634295 ± 0.000011957"
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{
string: "207.989634295 ± 0.000011957"
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{
string: "208.990401388 ± 0.000010692"
},
{
string: "208.990401388 ± 0.000010692"
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{
string: "208.990401388 ± 0.000010692"
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{
string: "209.989688854 ± 0.000004892"
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{
string: "209.989688854 ± 0.000004892"
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{
string: "209.989688854 ± 0.000004892"
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{
string: "209.989688854 ± 0.000004892"
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{
string: "210.990600686 ± 0.000007314"
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{
string: "210.990600686 ± 0.000007314"
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{
string: "210.990600686 ± 0.000007314"
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{
string: "211.990703528 ± 0.000003376"
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{
string: "211.990703528 ± 0.000003376"
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{
string: "211.990703528 ± 0.000003376"
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{
string: "211.990703528 ± 0.000003376"
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{
string: "211.990703528 ± 0.000003376"
},
{
string: "212.993885064 ± 0.000003617"
},
{
string: "212.993885064 ± 0.000003617"
},
{
string: "212.993885064 ± 0.000003617"
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{
string: "212.993885064 ± 0.000003617"
},
{
string: "213.995362566 ± 0.000009862"
},
{
string: "213.995362566 ± 0.000009862"
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{
string: "214.998745498 ± 0.000008236"
},
{
string: "216.000271464 ± 0.000006435"
},
{
string: "217.003927562 ± 0.000004506"
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{
string: "218.005601052 ± 0.000002486"
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{
string: "219.009478753 ± 0.000002254"
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{
string: "220.011392534 ± 0.000001948"
},
{
string: "221.015535709 ± 0.000006134"
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{
string: "222.017576286 ± 0.000002093"
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{
string: "223.021889285 ± 0.000008397"
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{
string: "224.024095804 ± 0.000010536"
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{
string: "225.028485574 ± 0.000011958"
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{
string: "226.030861382 ± 0.000011247"
},
{
string: "227.035304396 ± 0.000015127"
},
{
string: "228.037835418 ± 0.000018977"
},
{
string: "229.042257276 ± 0.000014"
},
{
string: "230.045140 ± 0.00021 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "231.049870 ± 0.00032 [Estimated]"
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{
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string: "1.15 ms ± 0.27"
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{
string: "780 us ± 160"
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{
string: "7 ms ± 3"
},
{
string: "6 ms ± 3"
},
{
string: "4.7 ms ± 1.1"
},
{
string: "54 ms ± 6"
},
{
string: "25.6 ms ± 2.5"
},
{
string: "65 ms ± 3"
},
{
string: "590 ms ± 30"
},
{
string: "310 ms ± 20"
},
{
string: "1.09 s ± 0.16"
},
{
string: "28 us ± 9"
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{
string: "7.0 s ± 0.4"
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{
string: "3.8 s ± 0.1"
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{
string: "9.7 s ± 0.1"
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{
string: "2.22 us ± 0.07"
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{
string: "44 s ± 2"
},
{
string: "26.9 s ± 0.5"
},
{
string: "1.242 m ± 0.023"
},
{
string: "2.83 m ± 0.07"
},
{
string: ">10 s"
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{
string: "5.67 m ± 0.17"
},
{
string: "9.25 m ± 0.17"
},
{
string: "184.5 us ± 0.9"
},
{
string: "24.35 m ± 0.14"
},
{
string: "487 ns ± 12"
},
{
string: "28.8 m ± 1.0"
},
{
string: "13.4 us ± 1.3"
},
{
string: "3.0 us ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "2.4 h ± 0.1"
},
{
string: "644 ns ± 40"
},
{
string: "1.06 us ± 0.05"
},
{
string: "1.04 us ± 0.07"
},
{
string: "14.6 h ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "596 ns ± 28"
},
{
string: "201 ns ± 4"
},
{
string: "23.9 m ± 1.2"
},
{
string: "118 ns ± 14"
},
{
string: "910 ns ± 30"
},
{
string: "104.0 ns ± 2.8"
},
{
string: "154 ns ± 14"
},
{
string: "19.5 ms ± 0.1"
},
{
string: "1.00 us ± 0.21"
},
{
string: "1.36 us ± 0.07"
},
{
string: "164 ns ± 11"
},
{
string: "270 ns ± 20"
},
{
string: "245 ns ± 30"
},
{
string: "2.30 us ± 0.10"
},
{
string: "45 us ± 5"
},
{
string: "540 us ± 50"
},
{
string: "33.75 ms ± 0.15"
},
{
string: "3.96 s ± 0.01"
},
{
string: "55.6 s ± 0.1"
},
{
string: "25.7 m ± 0.5"
},
{
string: "3.821 d ± 0.0002"
},
{
string: "24.3 m ± 0.4"
},
{
string: "107 m ± 3"
},
{
string: "4.66 m ± 0.04"
},
{
string: "7.4 m ± 0.1"
},
{
string: "20.2 s ± 0.4"
},
{
string: "65 s ± 2"
},
{
string: "11.9 s ± 1.3"
},
{
string: "10 s ± >300ns [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "300 ms ± >300ns [Estimated]"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Discovery Year",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "2006"
},
{
string: "2006"
},
{
string: "2001"
},
{
string: "2001"
},
{
string: "1995"
},
{
string: "1995"
},
{
string: "1996"
},
{
string: "1984"
},
{
string: "1980"
},
{
string: "1981"
},
{
string: "1971"
},
{
string: "2002"
},
{
string: "1967"
},
{
string: "1967"
},
{
string: "1967"
},
{
string: "2002"
},
{
string: "1967"
},
{
string: "1967"
},
{
string: "1967"
},
{
string: "1967"
},
{
string: "2010"
},
{
string: "1954"
},
{
string: "1954"
},
{
string: "1974"
},
{
string: "1955"
},
{
string: "1979"
},
{
string: "1952"
},
{
string: "1985"
},
{
string: "1985"
},
{
string: "1952"
},
{
string: "1979"
},
{
string: "1979"
},
{
string: "1986"
},
{
string: "1952"
},
{
string: "1981"
},
{
string: "1981"
},
{
string: "1950"
},
{
string: "1971"
},
{
string: "1971"
},
{
string: "1977"
},
{
string: "1977"
},
{
string: "1967"
},
{
string: "1988"
},
{
string: "1988"
},
{
string: "1988"
},
{
string: "1970"
},
{
string: "1983"
},
{
string: "1952"
},
{
string: "1949"
},
{
string: "1949"
},
{
string: "1948"
},
{
string: "1903"
},
{
string: "1900"
},
{
string: "1956"
},
{
string: "1899"
},
{
string: "1964"
},
{
string: "1964"
},
{
string: "1969"
},
{
string: "1969"
},
{
string: "1986"
},
{
string: "1989"
},
{
string: "2009"
},
{
string: "2010"
},
{
string: "2010"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Decay Modes, Intensities and Uncertainties [%]",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "α≈100%"
},
{
string: "α≈100%; β+ ?",
markup: [
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start: 9,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "α≈100%"
},
{
string: "α≈100%"
},
{
string: "α≈100%; β+=0.06%[Estimated]",
markup: [
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start: 9,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "α≈100%; β+ ?",
markup: [
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start: 9,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "α≈100%; β+ ?",
markup: [
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start: 9,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "α=?; β+=1%[Estimated]",
markup: [
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start: 6,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "α=?; β+=6%[Estimated]",
markup: [
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start: 6,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "α=?; β+=3%[Estimated]",
markup: [
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start: 6,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "α=92±0.8%; β+ ?",
markup: [
{
start: 12,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "α=?; β+=49%[Estimated]",
markup: [
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start: 6,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=66%[Estimated]; α=?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "α=78±0.8%; β+ ?",
markup: [
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start: 12,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "α=66±0.9%; β+ ?",
markup: [
{
start: 12,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "α=75±1%; β+ ?",
markup: [
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "α=72.4±0.9%; β+ ?",
markup: [
{
start: 14,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+ ?; α=24.6±0.9%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT≈100%; α ?; β+ ?",
markup: [
{
start: 15,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "α=62±0.3%; β+=38±0.3%",
markup: [
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start: 12,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=79±0.3%; α=21±0.3%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "α=62±0.7%; β+=38±0.7%",
markup: [
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start: 12,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=83±0.2%; α=17±0.2%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "α=96±0.1%; β+ ?",
markup: [
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start: 12,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT ?"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=72.6±1.7%; α=27.4±1.7%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "α=100%; 2β+ ?",
markup: [
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "α=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "α=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "α=100%"
},
{
string: "α=100%"
},
{
string: "α=100%"
},
{
string: "α=100%"
},
{
string: "α=100%"
},
{
string: "α=100%; 2β- ?",
markup: [
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=78±0.1%; α=22±0.1%",
markup: [
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "α=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%; α=0.0004%[Estimated]",
markup: [
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β- ?",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β- ?",
markup: [
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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},
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markup: [
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],
reference: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "PubChem",
description: "Data deposited in or computed by PubChem",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
sourceName: "Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)",
sourceID: "e86",
name: "Rn",
description: "The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.",
url: "https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/",
anid: 6590313
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
sourceName: "Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)",
sourceID: "a86",
name: "Radon",
description: "Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report) and CIAAW. The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/",
url: "http://www.ciaaw.org/",
licenseURL: "http://www.ciaaw.org/bylaws.htm",
anid: 2292467
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
sourceName: "Jefferson Lab, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "jlab86",
name: "Radon",
description: "Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/",
url: "https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele086.html",
licenseNote: "Please see citation and linking information: https://education.jlab.org/faq/index.html",
licenseURL: "https://www.jlab.org/privacy-and-security-notice",
anid: 507148
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
sourceName: "Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "lanl86",
name: "Radon",
description: "The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.",
url: "https://periodic.lanl.gov/86.shtml",
anid: 507266
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
sourceName: "NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory",
sourceID: "e86",
name: "Radon",
description: "The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Elements/elInfo.pl?element=86",
licenseURL: "https://www.nist.gov/pml/database-disclaimer",
anid: 2292703
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
sourceName: "PubChem Elements",
sourceID: "86",
name: "Rn",
description: "The element property data was retrieved from publications.",
anid: 7660087
},
{
referenceNumber: 7,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "86",
name: "Radon",
description: "This section provides all form of data related to element Radon.",
anid: 694379
}
]
}
},
{
record: {
recordType: "AtomicNumber",
recordNumber: 87,
recordTitle: "Francium",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01022.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Francium"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Francium"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
description: "Element symbol, Also called atomic symbol, typically consists of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet derived from the element name in one of several languages.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Fr"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Fr"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "InChI=1S/Fr"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI Key",
description: "International Chemical Identifier hash (InChIKey) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI Key",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "KLMCZVJOEAUDNE-UHFFFAOYSA-N"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "223"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "223"
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]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[223]"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[Rn]7s1",
markup: [
{
start: 6,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Electron Configuration",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[Rn]7s"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Radius",
description: "Atomic radius is the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell containing electrons.",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_radius",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
name: "Van der Waals Atomic Radius",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "348 pm (Van der Waals)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Covalent Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"B. Cordero, V. Gómez, A.E. Platero-Prats, M. Revés, J. Echeverría, E. Cremades, F. Barragán, S. Alvarez, Dalton Trans. 2008, 21, 2832-2838. DOI:10.1039/b801115j PMID:18478144."
],
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "260 pm (Covalent)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
description: "Oxidation state gives the degree of oxidation of an atom in terms of counting electrons.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/O/O04365.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "+1"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ground Level",
description: "Also called ground-state level. The ground state electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom with lower energy levels.",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/ASD/Html/iehelp.html#IEGROUNDLEV",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ground Level",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "2S1/2",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 2,
length: 3,
type: "Subscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ionization Energy",
description: "Ionization energy is the minimum energy required to eject an electron out of a neutral atom or molecule in its ground state.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/I/I03199.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "3.9 eV"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ionization Energy",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "4.0727411 eV"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electronegativity",
description: "The concept electronegativity was introduced by L. Pauling as the power of an atom to attract electrons to itself.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01990",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Allen Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1989, 111, 9003. DOI:10.1021/ja00207a003; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek and L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 2780. DOI:10.1021/ja992866e; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek, E.T. Knight, J.F. Capitani and L.C Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 5132. DOI:10.1021/ja9928677"
],
value: {
number: [
0.67
],
unit: "(Allen Scale)"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Affinity",
description: "Electron affinity refers to energy required to detach an electron from the singly charged negative ion.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01977",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.T Myers, J. Chem. Edu., 1990, 67(4), 307. DOI:10.1021/ed067p307"
],
value: {
number: [
0.47
],
unit: "eV"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Spectra",
description: "Atomic and ionic spectral lines originate from specified electronic transitions between energy levels of atoms and ions, respectively.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00502.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/lines_hold.pl?el=Fr",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Lines Holdings"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/levels_hold.pl?el=Fr",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Levels Holdings"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Physical Description",
description: "Physical description, also know as physical characteristics, refers to physical appearance of element substances.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Solid"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Classification",
description: "Elements can be classified few groups according to each element's chemical properties.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Metal"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Period Number",
description: "The element period number refers to a horizontal row of the periodic table. The periodic table has 7 periods.",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/periodic-table-of-the-elements/The-periodic-table#ref80835",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "7"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Group Number",
description: "Element group refers to a set of chemical elements in the same vertical column of the periodic table",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/group-periodic-table",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1 - Alkali Metal"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Melting Point",
description: "The melting point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from solid to liquid at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/melting-point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "300 K (27°C or 81°F)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "30°C"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
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{
string: "213.998970785 ± 0.000009268"
},
{
string: "213.998970785 ± 0.000009268"
},
{
string: "213.998970785 ± 0.000009268"
},
{
string: "213.998970785 ± 0.000009268"
},
{
string: "215.000341456 ± 0.000007585"
},
{
string: "216.003189445 ± 0.00000448"
},
{
string: "216.003189445 ± 0.00000448"
},
{
string: "217.004631902 ± 0.00000701"
},
{
string: "218.007578274 ± 0.000005106"
},
{
string: "218.007578274 ± 0.000005106"
},
{
string: "218.007578274 ± 0.000005106"
},
{
string: "219.009251553 ± 0.000007556"
},
{
string: "220.012326778 ± 0.000004324"
},
{
string: "221.014253757 ± 0.000005245"
},
{
string: "222.017582620 ± 0.000008"
},
{
string: "223.019734313 ± 0.000002073"
},
{
string: "224.023348100 ± 0.000012"
},
{
string: "225.025572478 ± 0.000012847"
},
{
string: "226.029544515 ± 0.000006688"
},
{
string: "227.031865417 ± 0.000006332"
},
{
string: "228.035839437 ± 0.000007226"
},
{
string: "229.038291455 ± 0.000005368"
},
{
string: "230.042390791 ± 0.000007022"
},
{
string: "231.045175357 ± 0.0000083"
},
{
string: "232.049461224 ± 0.000015"
},
{
string: "233.052517838 ± 0.000021"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Half Life and Uncertainty",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "2.33 ms ± 1.88"
},
{
string: "15 ms ± 3"
},
{
string: "1.1 ms ± 0.7"
},
{
string: "6.6 ms ± 2.2"
},
{
string: "6.5 ms ± 0.9"
},
{
string: "2.2 ms ± 1.2"
},
{
string: "47.5 ms ± 2.8"
},
{
string: "190 ms ± 120"
},
{
string: "790 ns ± 360"
},
{
string: "62.8 ms ± 1.9"
},
{
string: "17 ms ± 7"
},
{
string: "890 ns ± 360"
},
{
string: "372 ms ± 12"
},
{
string: "286 ms ± 13"
},
{
string: "550 ms ± 10"
},
{
string: "43 ms ± 4"
},
{
string: "370 ns ± 50"
},
{
string: "1.75 s ± 0.26"
},
{
string: "2.41 s ± 0.19"
},
{
string: "1.65 s ± 0.15"
},
{
string: "3.82 s ± 0.06"
},
{
string: "80 ns ± 20"
},
{
string: "1.15 ms ± 0.04"
},
{
string: "~16 s"
},
{
string: "~16 s"
},
{
string: "700 ms ± 100"
},
{
string: "R= ?"
},
{
string: "14.8 s ± 0.1"
},
{
string: "59.1 s ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "432 ns ± 11"
},
{
string: "50.5 s ± 0.7"
},
{
string: "420 ns ± 18"
},
{
string: "3.18 m ± 0.06"
},
{
string: "3.10 m ± 0.02"
},
{
string: "146 ns ± 14"
},
{
string: "123 ns ± 14"
},
{
string: "20.0 m ± 0.6"
},
{
string: "31.9 us ± 0.7"
},
{
string: "604 ns ± 28"
},
{
string: "312 ns ± 21"
},
{
string: "23.6 us ± 2.1"
},
{
string: "34.14 s ± 0.06"
},
{
string: "505 ns ± 14"
},
{
string: "238 ns ± 6"
},
{
string: "3.1 us ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "5.18 ms ± 0.16"
},
{
string: "3.35 ms ± 0.05"
},
{
string: "103 ns ± 4"
},
{
string: "108 ns ± 7"
},
{
string: "86 ns ± 5"
},
{
string: "700 ns ± 20"
},
{
string: "850 ns ± 30"
},
{
string: "16.8 us ± 1.9"
},
{
string: "1.0 ms ± 0.6"
},
{
string: "22.0 ms ± 0.5"
},
{
string: "Not-specified"
},
{
string: "20 ms ± 2"
},
{
string: "27.4 s ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "4.801 m ± 0.005"
},
{
string: "14.2 m ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "22.00 m ± 0.07"
},
{
string: "3.33 m ± 0.10"
},
{
string: "3.95 m ± 0.14"
},
{
string: "49 s ± 1"
},
{
string: "2.47 m ± 0.03"
},
{
string: "38 s ± 1"
},
{
string: "50.2 s ± 0.4"
},
{
string: "19.1 s ± 0.5"
},
{
string: "17.6 s ± 0.6"
},
{
string: "5.5 s ± 0.6"
},
{
string: "900 ms ± 100"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Discovery Year",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "2013"
},
{
string: "2013"
},
{
string: "2013"
},
{
string: "1999"
},
{
string: "2013"
},
{
string: "2013"
},
{
string: "1995"
},
{
string: "1996"
},
{
string: "2014"
},
{
string: "1980"
},
{
string: "2005"
},
{
string: "2014"
},
{
string: "1980"
},
{
string: "1980"
},
{
string: "1967"
},
{
string: "2013"
},
{
string: "2013"
},
{
string: "1964"
},
{
string: "1967"
},
{
string: "1992"
},
{
string: "1964"
},
{
string: "2012"
},
{
string: "2012"
},
{
string: "1964"
},
{
string: "1964"
},
{
string: "1983"
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: "1964"
},
{
string: "1964"
},
{
string: "2009"
},
{
string: "1964"
},
{
string: "2006"
},
{
string: "1964"
},
{
string: "1964"
},
{
string: "1986"
},
{
string: "1986"
},
{
string: "1950"
},
{
string: "1977"
},
{
string: "1977"
},
{
string: "1986"
},
{
string: "1990"
},
{
string: "1964"
},
{
string: "1971"
},
{
string: "1971"
},
{
string: "1989"
},
{
string: "1967"
},
{
string: "1962"
},
{
string: "1993"
},
{
string: "1994"
},
{
string: "1970"
},
{
string: "1970"
},
{
string: "2007"
},
{
string: "1968"
},
{
string: "1949"
},
{
string: "1982"
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: "1948"
},
{
string: "1948"
},
{
string: "1947"
},
{
string: "1975"
},
{
string: "1939"
},
{
string: "1969"
},
{
string: "1969"
},
{
string: "1969"
},
{
string: "1972"
},
{
string: "1972"
},
{
string: "1975"
},
{
string: "1987"
},
{
string: "1985"
},
{
string: "1990"
},
{
string: "2010"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Decay Modes, Intensities and Uncertainties [%]",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "α≈100%"
},
{
string: "α≈100%"
},
{
string: "α≈100%"
},
{
string: "α≈100%; β+ ?",
markup: [
{
start: 9,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "α≈100%; β+ ?",
markup: [
{
start: 9,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "α=?; β+ ?",
markup: [
{
start: 6,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "α=100%; β-=2.5%[Estimated]; β-SF>1.4%",
markup: [
{
start: 9,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 29,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "α≈100%; IT ?"
},
{
string: "IT ?"
},
{
string: "α=100%"
},
{
string: "α=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "α=?; β+=14%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 6,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "α=?; β+=14%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 6,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "α≈100%; β+=5%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 9,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=?; α=20±0.4%"
},
{
string: "IT≈100%"
},
{
string: "α=96±0.2%; β+ ?",
markup: [
{
start: 12,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "α=90±0.2%; β+ ?",
markup: [
{
start: 12,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "α=53±1%; IT=47±1%"
},
{
string: "α≈100%; β+<1%",
markup: [
{
start: 9,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=?; α=88.4±3.3%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "α=84.7±1.5%; β+ ?; IT ?",
markup: [
{
start: 14,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=?; α=13±0.2%"
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: "α=95±0.2%; β+ ?",
markup: [
{
start: 12,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "α=89±0.3%; β+=11±0.3%",
markup: [
{
start: 12,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "α=89±0.3%; β+=11±0.3%",
markup: [
{
start: 12,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "α=71±0.4%; β+ ?",
markup: [
{
start: 12,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "α=87±0.3%; β+ ?",
markup: [
{
start: 12,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=57±0.2%; α=43±0.2%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "α=99.44±0.5%; β+=0.56±0.5%",
markup: [
{
start: 15,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "α=100%"
},
{
string: "α=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT ?"
},
{
string: "α=100%"
},
{
string: "α=100%; β+<2e-7%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 9,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "α=?; β+ ?",
markup: [
{
start: 6,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "α=100%"
},
{
string: "α=100%"
},
{
string: "α≈100%; IT ?"
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: "α=100%"
},
{
string: "α≈100%; β-=0.35±0.5%",
markup: [
{
start: 9,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "α≈100%; β-=0.0048±1.5%; 14C=8.8e-11±1.1%",
markup: [
{
start: 9,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-≈100%; α=0.006%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-SF<2e-4%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
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string: "β-=100%; β-n=0%[Estimated]",
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
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],
reference: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "PubChem",
description: "Data deposited in or computed by PubChem",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
sourceName: "Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)",
sourceID: "e87",
name: "Fr",
description: "The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.",
url: "https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/",
anid: 6590314
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
sourceName: "Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)",
sourceID: "a87",
name: "Francium",
description: "Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report) and CIAAW. The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/",
url: "http://www.ciaaw.org/",
licenseURL: "http://www.ciaaw.org/bylaws.htm",
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referenceNumber: 4,
sourceName: "Jefferson Lab, U.S. Department of Energy",
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name: "Francium",
description: "Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/",
url: "https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele087.html",
licenseNote: "Please see citation and linking information: https://education.jlab.org/faq/index.html",
licenseURL: "https://www.jlab.org/privacy-and-security-notice",
anid: 507149
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referenceNumber: 5,
sourceName: "Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "lanl87",
name: "Francium",
description: "The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.",
url: "https://periodic.lanl.gov/87.shtml",
anid: 507267
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
sourceName: "NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory",
sourceID: "e87",
name: "Francium",
description: "The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Elements/elInfo.pl?element=87",
licenseURL: "https://www.nist.gov/pml/database-disclaimer",
anid: 2292704
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
sourceName: "PubChem Elements",
sourceID: "87",
name: "Fr",
description: "The element property data was retrieved from publications.",
anid: 7660088
},
{
referenceNumber: 7,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "87",
name: "Francium",
description: "This section provides all form of data related to element Francium.",
anid: 694380
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}
},
{
record: {
recordType: "AtomicNumber",
recordNumber: 88,
recordTitle: "Radium",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01022.html",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Radium"
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}
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referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Radium"
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},
{
tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
description: "Element symbol, Also called atomic symbol, typically consists of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet derived from the element name in one of several languages.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
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string: "Ra"
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}
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value: {
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string: "Ra"
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]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "InChI=1S/Ra"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI Key",
description: "International Chemical Identifier hash (InChIKey) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI Key",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "HCWPIIXVSYCSAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "226"
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},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "[226]"
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]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Electron Configuration",
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start: 6,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Radius",
description: "Atomic radius is the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell containing electrons.",
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information: [
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{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Empirical Atomic Radius",
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number: [
215
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referenceNumber: 8,
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reference: [
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tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
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{
tocHeading: "Ground Level",
description: "Also called ground-state level. The ground state electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom with lower energy levels.",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/ASD/Html/iehelp.html#IEGROUNDLEV",
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{
tocHeading: "Ionization Energy",
description: "Ionization energy is the minimum energy required to eject an electron out of a neutral atom or molecule in its ground state.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/I/I03199.html",
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},
{
tocHeading: "Electronegativity",
description: "The concept electronegativity was introduced by L. Pauling as the power of an atom to attract electrons to itself.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01990",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Pauling Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
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],
value: {
number: [
0.9
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unit: "(Pauling Scale)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Allen Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1989, 111, 9003. DOI:10.1021/ja00207a003; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek and L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 2780. DOI:10.1021/ja992866e; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek, E.T. Knight, J.F. Capitani and L.C Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 5132. DOI:10.1021/ja9928677"
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unit: "(Allen Scale)"
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},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Affinity",
description: "Electron affinity refers to energy required to detach an electron from the singly charged negative ion.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01977",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.T Myers, J. Chem. Edu., 1990, 67(4), 307. DOI:10.1021/ed067p307"
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value: {
number: [
0
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unit: "eV"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Spectra",
description: "Atomic and ionic spectral lines originate from specified electronic transitions between energy levels of atoms and ions, respectively.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00502.html",
information: [
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tocHeading: "Physical Description",
description: "Physical description, also know as physical characteristics, refers to physical appearance of element substances.",
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tocHeading: "Element Period Number",
description: "The element period number refers to a horizontal row of the periodic table. The periodic table has 7 periods.",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/periodic-table-of-the-elements/The-periodic-table#ref80835",
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tocHeading: "Element Group Number",
description: "Element group refers to a set of chemical elements in the same vertical column of the periodic table",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/group-periodic-table",
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tocHeading: "Density",
description: "Density is a degree of consistency measured by the quantity of mass per unit volume",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/D/D01590.html",
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tocHeading: "Melting Point",
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tocHeading: "Boiling Point",
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tocHeading: "Estimated Crustal Abundance",
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string: "Radium was discovered by Marie Sklodowska Curie, a Polish chemist, and Pierre Curie, a French chemist, in 1898. Marie Curie obtained radium from pitchblende, a material that contains uranium, after noticing that unrefined pitchblende was more radioactive than the uranium that was separated from it. She reasoned that pitchblende must contain at least one other radioactive element. Curie needed to refine several tons of pitchblende in order to obtain tiny amounts of radium and polonium, another radioactive element discovered by Curie. One ton of uranium ore contains only about 0.14 grams of radium. Today, radium can be obtained as a byproduct of refining uranium and is usually sold as radium chloride (RaCl2) or radium bromide (RaBr2) and not as a pure material. Radium's most stable isotope, radium-226, has a half-life of about 1600 years. It decays into radon-222 through alpha decay or into lead-212 by ejecting a carbon-14 nucleus.",
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string: "Radium had been used to make self-luminous paints for watches, aircraft instrument dials and other instrumentation, but has largely been replaced by cobalt-60, a less dangerous radioactive source. A mixture of radium and beryllium will emit neutrons and is used as a neutron source. Radium is used to produce radon, a radioactive gas used to treat some types of cancer. A single gram of radium-226 will produce 0.000l milliliters of radon a day."
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string: "One gram of radium produces about 0.0001 ml (stp) of emanation, or radon gas, per day. This is purged from the radium and sealed in minute tubes, which are used in the treatment of cancer and other diseases. Radium was used in the producing of self-luminous paints, neutron sources, and in medicine for the treatment of disease. Other radioisotopes, such as 60Co, are now being used in place of radium. Some of these sources are much more powerful, and others are safer to use. Radium loses about 1% of its activity in 25 years, being transformed into elements of lower atomic weight. Lead is a final product of disintegration. Stored radium and radium-containing products or minerals should be ventilated to prevent build-up of radon.",
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tocHeading: "Sources",
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string: "Originally, radium was obtained from the rich pitchblende ore found in Joachimsthal, Bohemia. The carnotite sands of Colorado furnish some radium, but richer ores are found in the Republic of Zaire and the Great Lake region of Canada. Radium is present in all uranium minerals, and could be extracted, if desired, from the extensive wastes of uranium processing. Large uranium deposits are located in Ontario, New Mexico, Utah, Australia, and elsewhere."
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}
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{
tocHeading: "Compounds",
description: "Related compounds information to this element",
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string: "218Ra",
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string: "223Ra",
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{
string: "226Ra",
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{
string: "227Ra",
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string: "207.003805161 ± 0.000057115"
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string: "208.001854929 ± 0.000009686"
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string: "208.001854929 ± 0.000009686"
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string: "214.000099554 ± 0.000005636"
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string: "214.000099554 ± 0.000005636"
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string: "214.000099554 ± 0.000005636"
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string: "214.000099554 ± 0.000005636"
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string: "214.000099554 ± 0.000005636"
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string: "214.000099554 ± 0.000005636"
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string: "215.002720080 ± 0.000008172"
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string: "215.002720080 ± 0.000008172"
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string: "215.002720080 ± 0.000008172"
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string: "215.002720080 ± 0.000008172"
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string: "216.003533117 ± 0.000009379"
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string: "217.006322806 ± 0.000007731"
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string: "218.007140325 ± 0.000011997"
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string: "219.010085176 ± 0.000008865"
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string: "220.011025562 ± 0.000008843"
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string: "221.013917224 ± 0.00000497"
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{
string: "222.015373355 ± 0.000004781"
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{
string: "223.018500719 ± 0.000002244"
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{
string: "224.020210453 ± 0.000001945"
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string: "225.023610574 ± 0.000002787"
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string: "226.025408455 ± 0.000002075"
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string: "227.029176474 ± 0.000002095"
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string: "228.031068657 ± 0.000002142"
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string: "229.034956707 ± 0.000016576"
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string: "230.037054780 ± 0.000011053"
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string: "231.041027086 ± 0.000012206"
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string: "231.041027086 ± 0.000012206"
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string: "232.043475270 ± 0.000009823"
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string: "233.047594573 ± 0.000009235"
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string: "234.050382104 ± 0.000009"
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{
string: "235.054890 ± 0.000322 [Estimated]"
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name: "Half Life and Uncertainty",
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stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "20 ms ± 30"
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{
string: "6 ms ± 5"
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{
string: "4.1 ms ± 1.1"
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{
string: "36 ms ± 13"
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string: "25 ms ± 5"
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string: "60 ms ± 9"
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{
string: "180 ms ± 50"
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{
string: "240 ms ± 20"
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string: "1.38 s ± 0.18"
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{
string: "57 ms ± 8"
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{
string: "1.110 s ± 0.045"
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{
string: "263 ns ± 17"
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string: "4.71 s ± 0.08"
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string: "117 us ± 5"
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string: "4.0 s ± 0.1"
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string: "2.29 us ± 0.03"
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string: "13.2 s ± 1.4"
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string: "9.5 us ± 0.3"
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string: "13.0 s ± 0.2"
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string: "8.1 us ± 0.7"
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string: "512 ns ± 104"
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string: "2.73 m ± 0.05"
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string: "2.20 ms ± 0.05"
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string: "2.437 s ± 0.016"
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{
string: "118 ns ± 7"
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string: "67.3 us ± 1.5"
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{
string: "295 ns ± 7"
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{
string: "279 ns ± 4"
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string: "225 ns ± 4"
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{
string: "128 ns ± 4"
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{
string: "1.67 ms ± 0.01"
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{
string: "7.31 us ± 0.13"
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{
string: "1.39 us ± 0.07"
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string: "555 ns ± 10"
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{
string: "182 ns ± 10"
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{
string: "1.63 us ± 0.17"
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{
string: "25.2 us ± 0.3"
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{
string: "10 ms ± 3"
},
{
string: "17.9 ms ± 1.4"
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{
string: "28 s ± 2"
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{
string: "33.6 s ± 0.4"
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string: "11.437 d ± 0.0022"
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string: "3.631 d ± 0.0023"
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string: "14.9 d ± 0.2"
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{
string: "1.600 ky ± 0.007"
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string: "42.2 m ± 0.5"
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string: "5.75 y ± 0.03"
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{
string: "4.0 m ± 0.2"
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{
string: "93 m ± 2"
},
{
string: "104 s ± 1"
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{
string: "~53 us"
},
{
string: "4.0 m ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "30 s ± 5"
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{
string: "30 s ± 10"
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string: "3 s [Estimated]"
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{
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{
string: "2005"
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string: "1987"
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string: "1967"
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string: "2008"
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string: "1967"
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string: "1998"
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string: "1967"
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string: "1967"
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string: ""
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},
{
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string: "α=100%"
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string: "α=100%"
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markup: [
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start: 9,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "α≈100%; β+ ?",
markup: [
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
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{
string: "α≈100%; β+=0.3%[Estimated]",
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start: 9,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "α=?; β+ ?",
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
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{
string: "α=?; IT ?; β+ ?",
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string: "IT=100%"
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{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "α=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
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string: "α=100%; ε<1e-8%"
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{
string: "α=100%"
},
{
string: "α=100%; 2β+ ?",
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{
string: "α=100%"
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string: "α=100%; 14C=2.6e-9±0.6%; 2β- ?",
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{
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type: "Superscript"
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string: "β-=100%",
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type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-SF<1e-4%",
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "β- ?",
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start: 1,
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]
}
}
]
}
]
}
],
reference: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "PubChem",
description: "Data deposited in or computed by PubChem",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
sourceName: "Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)",
sourceID: "e88",
name: "Ra",
description: "The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.",
url: "https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/",
anid: 6590315
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
sourceName: "Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)",
sourceID: "a88",
name: "Radium",
description: "Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report) and CIAAW. The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/",
url: "http://www.ciaaw.org/",
licenseURL: "http://www.ciaaw.org/bylaws.htm",
anid: 2292469
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
sourceName: "Jefferson Lab, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "jlab88",
name: "Radium",
description: "Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/",
url: "https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele088.html",
licenseNote: "Please see citation and linking information: https://education.jlab.org/faq/index.html",
licenseURL: "https://www.jlab.org/privacy-and-security-notice",
anid: 507150
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
sourceName: "Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "lanl88",
name: "Radium",
description: "The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.",
url: "https://periodic.lanl.gov/88.shtml",
anid: 507268
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
sourceName: "NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory",
sourceID: "e88",
name: "Radium",
description: "The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Elements/elInfo.pl?element=88",
licenseURL: "https://www.nist.gov/pml/database-disclaimer",
anid: 2292705
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
sourceName: "PubChem Elements",
sourceID: "88",
name: "Ra",
description: "The element property data was retrieved from publications.",
anid: 7660089
},
{
referenceNumber: 7,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "88",
name: "Radium",
description: "This section provides all form of data related to element Radium.",
anid: 694381
}
]
}
},
{
record: {
recordType: "AtomicNumber",
recordNumber: 89,
recordTitle: "Actinium",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01022.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Actinium"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Actinium"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
description: "Element symbol, Also called atomic symbol, typically consists of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet derived from the element name in one of several languages.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Ac"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Ac"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "InChI=1S/Ac"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI Key",
description: "International Chemical Identifier hash (InChIKey) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI Key",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "QQINRWTZWGJFDB-UHFFFAOYSA-N"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "227"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "227"
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]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "[227]"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "[Rn]7s26d1",
markup: [
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Electron Configuration",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "[Rn]6d7s2",
markup: [
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start: 8,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Radius",
description: "Atomic radius is the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell containing electrons.",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_radius",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
name: "Van der Waals Atomic Radius",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "260 pm (Van der Waals)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Empirical Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"J.C. Slater, J Chem Phys, 1964, 41(10), 3199-3205. DOI:10.1063/1.1725697"
],
value: {
number: [
195
],
unit: "pm (Empirical)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Covalent Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"B. Cordero, V. Gómez, A.E. Platero-Prats, M. Revés, J. Echeverría, E. Cremades, F. Barragán, S. Alvarez, Dalton Trans. 2008, 21, 2832-2838. DOI:10.1039/b801115j PMID:18478144."
],
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "215 pm (Covalent)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
description: "Oxidation state gives the degree of oxidation of an atom in terms of counting electrons.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/O/O04365.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "+3"
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]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "3, 2"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ground Level",
description: "Also called ground-state level. The ground state electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom with lower energy levels.",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/ASD/Html/iehelp.html#IEGROUNDLEV",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ground Level",
value: {
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type: "Superscript"
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start: 2,
length: 3,
type: "Subscript"
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]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ionization Energy",
description: "Ionization energy is the minimum energy required to eject an electron out of a neutral atom or molecule in its ground state.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/I/I03199.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "5.17 eV"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ionization Energy",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "5.380226 eV"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electronegativity",
description: "The concept electronegativity was introduced by L. Pauling as the power of an atom to attract electrons to itself.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01990",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Pauling Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"A.L. Allred, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 1961, 17(3-4), 215-221. DOI:10.1016/0022-1902(61)80142-5"
],
value: {
number: [
1.1
],
unit: "(Pauling Scale)"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Spectra",
description: "Atomic and ionic spectral lines originate from specified electronic transitions between energy levels of atoms and ions, respectively.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00502.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/lines_hold.pl?el=Ac",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Lines Holdings"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/levels_hold.pl?el=Ac",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Levels Holdings"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Physical Description",
description: "Physical description, also know as physical characteristics, refers to physical appearance of element substances.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Solid"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Classification",
description: "Elements can be classified few groups according to each element's chemical properties.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Metal"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Period Number",
description: "The element period number refers to a horizontal row of the periodic table. The periodic table has 7 periods.",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/periodic-table-of-the-elements/The-periodic-table#ref80835",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "7"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Group Number",
description: "Element group refers to a set of chemical elements in the same vertical column of the periodic table",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/group-periodic-table",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "- Actinide"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Density",
description: "Density is a degree of consistency measured by the quantity of mass per unit volume",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/D/D01590.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "10.07 grams per cubic centimeter"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Melting Point",
description: "The melting point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from solid to liquid at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/melting-point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1324 K (1051°C or 1924°F)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1227°C"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Boiling Point",
description: "Boiling Point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from liquid to gas at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "3471 K (3198°C or 5788°F)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "3198°C"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Crustal Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in earth crust",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "5.5×10-10 milligrams per kilogram",
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}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Oceanic Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in ocean",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Not Applicable"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "History",
description: "Element discovery and related information in history",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Actinium was discovered in 1899 by André-Louis Debierne, a French chemist, while experimenting with new methods of separating rare earth oxides. Friedrich Otto Giesel independently discovered actinium in 1902. Actinium is a rare element that is present in uranium ores in tiny amounts, but it is usually cheaper and easier to create actinium when it is needed by bombarding radium with neutrons in a nuclear reactor."
},
{
string: "Actinium's most stable isotope, actinium-227, has a half-life of 21.77 years. It decays into francium-223 through alpha decay or into thorium-227 through beta decay."
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "From the Greek aktis, aktinos, meaning beam or ray. Discovered by Andre Debierne in 1899 and independently by F. Giesel in 1902. Occurs naturally in association with uranium minerals."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Description",
description: "Description about this element",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Actinium-227, a decay product of uranium-235, is a beta emitter with a 21.6-year half-life. Its principal decay products are thorium-227 (18.5-day half-life), radium-223 (11.4-day half-life), and a number of short-lived products including radon, bismuth, polonium, and lead isotopes. In equilibrium with its decay products, it is a powerful source of alpha particles. Actinium metal has been prepared by the reduction of actinium fluoride with lithium vapor at about 1100 to 1300-degrees C. The chemical behavior of actinium is similar to that of the rare earths, particularly lanthanum. Purified actinium comes into equilibrium with its decay products at the end of 185 days, and then decays according to its 21.6-year half-life. It is about 150 times as active as radium, making it of value in the production of neutrons."
},
{
string: "In April of 2012, Los Alamos National Laboratory announced a new medical isotope project that shows promise for rapidly producing major quantities of a new cancer-treatment agent, actinium 225 (Ac-225). Both a press release and a video are available."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Uses",
description: "Uses information in industry and other fields",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Actinium has no significant commercial applications, although it is used in the production of neutrons."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Compounds",
description: "Related compounds information to this element",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 7,
name: "Compounds",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Actinium",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "See more information at the Actinium compound page."
}
]
}
}
],
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string: "226.026"
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string: "217Ac",
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type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "217Acm",
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string: "218Ac",
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{
string: "218Acm",
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string: "219Ac",
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{
string: "220Ac",
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{
string: "221Ac",
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{
string: "222Ac",
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{
string: "223Ac",
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{
string: "224Ac",
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type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "225Ac",
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string: "226Ac",
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string: "227Ac",
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{
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name: "Atomic Mass and Uncertainty [u]",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "205.015144158 ± 0.000054555"
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string: "206.014470787 ± 0.000054206"
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{
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{
string: "207.011965973 ± 0.000054092"
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{
string: "208.011544073 ± 0.000059813"
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{
string: "208.011544073 ± 0.000059813"
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{
string: "209.009494220 ± 0.00005433"
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{
string: "210.009436130 ± 0.000061623"
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{
string: "211.007731894 ± 0.000056871"
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{
string: "212.007812501 ± 0.00005516"
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{
string: "213.006607333 ± 0.000016395"
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{
string: "214.006917762 ± 0.000016489"
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{
string: "215.006474132 ± 0.000013318"
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{
string: "215.006474132 ± 0.000013318"
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{
string: "215.006474132 ± 0.000013318"
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{
string: "216.008743367 ± 0.000011637"
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{
string: "216.008743367 ± 0.000011637"
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{
string: "216.008743367 ± 0.000011637"
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{
string: "217.009343777 ± 0.000012226"
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{
string: "217.009343777 ± 0.000012226"
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{
string: "218.011641093 ± 0.000054471"
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{
string: "218.011641093 ± 0.000054471"
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{
string: "218.011641093 ± 0.000054471"
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{
string: "219.012420348 ± 0.00005421"
},
{
string: "220.014754450 ± 0.000006579"
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{
string: "221.015591199 ± 0.000054133"
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{
string: "222.017843887 ± 0.000005554"
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{
string: "222.017843887 ± 0.000005554"
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{
string: "223.019136872 ± 0.000007632"
},
{
string: "224.021722239 ± 0.000004389"
},
{
string: "225.023228647 ± 0.000005107"
},
{
string: "226.026097069 ± 0.000003328"
},
{
string: "227.027750666 ± 0.000002068"
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{
string: "228.031019767 ± 0.000002247"
},
{
string: "229.032947000 ± 0.000013"
},
{
string: "230.036327000 ± 0.000017"
},
{
string: "231.038393000 ± 0.000014"
},
{
string: "232.042034000 ± 0.000014"
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{
string: "233.044346000 ± 0.000014"
},
{
string: "234.048139000 ± 0.000015"
},
{
string: "235.050840000 ± 0.000015"
},
{
string: "236.054988000 ± 0.000041"
},
{
string: "237.057993 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Half Life and Uncertainty",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "80 ms ± 60"
},
{
string: "25 ms ± 7"
},
{
string: "41 ms ± 16"
},
{
string: "31 ms ± 8"
},
{
string: "97 ms ± 15"
},
{
string: "28 ms ± 7"
},
{
string: "94 ms ± 10"
},
{
string: "350 ms ± 40"
},
{
string: "213 ms ± 25"
},
{
string: "895 ms ± 28"
},
{
string: "738 ms ± 16"
},
{
string: "8.2 s ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "170 ms ± 10"
},
{
string: "185 ns ± 30"
},
{
string: "335 ns ± 10"
},
{
string: "440 us ± 16"
},
{
string: "441 us ± 7"
},
{
string: "~300 ns"
},
{
string: "69 ns ± 4"
},
{
string: "740 ns ± 40"
},
{
string: "1.00 us ± 0.04"
},
{
string: "32 ns ± 9"
},
{
string: "103 ns ± 11"
},
{
string: "11.8 us ± 1.5"
},
{
string: "26.36 ms ± 0.19"
},
{
string: "52 ms ± 2"
},
{
string: "5.0 s ± 0.5"
},
{
string: "1.05 m ± 0.05"
},
{
string: "2.10 m ± 0.05"
},
{
string: "2.78 h ± 0.16"
},
{
string: "9.920 d ± 0.003"
},
{
string: "29.37 h ± 0.12"
},
{
string: "21.772 y ± 0.003"
},
{
string: "6.15 h ± 0.02"
},
{
string: "62.7 m ± 0.5"
},
{
string: "122 s ± 3"
},
{
string: "7.5 m ± 0.1"
},
{
string: "1.98 m ± 0.08"
},
{
string: "145 s ± 10"
},
{
string: "45 s ± 2"
},
{
string: "62 s ± 4"
},
{
string: "4.5 m ± 3.6"
},
{
string: "4 m [Estimated]"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Discovery Year",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "2014"
},
{
string: "1998"
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{
string: "1996"
},
{
string: "1994"
},
{
string: "1994"
},
{
string: "1994"
},
{
string: "1968"
},
{
string: "1968"
},
{
string: "1968"
},
{
string: "1968"
},
{
string: "1968"
},
{
string: "1968"
},
{
string: "1968"
},
{
string: "1983"
},
{
string: "1983"
},
{
string: "1967"
},
{
string: "1966"
},
{
string: "2006"
},
{
string: "1972"
},
{
string: "1973"
},
{
string: "1970"
},
{
string: "1994"
},
{
string: "1994"
},
{
string: "1970"
},
{
string: "1970"
},
{
string: "1968"
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{
string: "1949"
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{
string: "1972"
},
{
string: "1948"
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{
string: "1948"
},
{
string: "1947"
},
{
string: "1950"
},
{
string: "1902"
},
{
string: "1908"
},
{
string: "1952"
},
{
string: "1973"
},
{
string: "1973"
},
{
string: "1986"
},
{
string: "1983"
},
{
string: "1986"
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{
string: "2006"
},
{
string: "2010"
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{
string: ""
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{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Decay Modes, Intensities and Uncertainties [%]",
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start: 9,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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string: "α≈100%; β+=0.2%[Estimated]",
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length: 1,
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{
string: "α≈100%; β+ ?",
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{
string: "α≈100%"
},
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string: "α=?; β+=1%[Estimated]",
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start: 25,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "α=?; β+=1%[Estimated]",
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type: "Superscript"
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]
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string: "α≈100%; β+<0.2%",
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type: "Superscript"
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]
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{
string: "α=?; β+=3%[Estimated]",
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
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{
string: "α=?; β+ ?",
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string: "α>89±0.3%; β+<11±0.3%",
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type: "Superscript"
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},
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string: "α≈100%; β+=0.09±0.2%",
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type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "α=100%; β+=7e-5%[Estimated]",
markup: [
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start: 9,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "α=100%; β+=7e-5%[Estimated]",
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{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "α=100%; β+=6.9e-9%",
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{
string: "IT=95.7±1%; α=4.3±1%"
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{
string: "α=100%"
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{
string: ""
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "α=100%; β+=1e-6%[Estimated]",
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type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "α=100%; β+=5e-4%[Estimated]",
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{
string: "α=100%"
},
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string: "α=99±0.1%; β+=1±0.1%",
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string: "α=?; IT<10%; β+=1.4±0.4%",
markup: [
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start: 14,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "α=99%; ε=1%"
},
{
string: "β+=90.6±1.7%; α=9.4±1.7%; β-<1.6%[Estimated]",
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{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 27,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "α=100%; 14C=4.5e-12±1.4%"
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string: "β-=83±0.3%; ε=17±0.3%; α=0.006±0.2%",
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{
string: "β-=98.62±3.6%; α=1.38±3.6%",
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{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
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type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
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{
string: "β-=100%; β-SF=1.2e-6±0.4%",
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{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
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string: "β-=100%",
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start: 1,
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type: "Superscript"
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]
},
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string: "β-=100%",
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "β-=100%",
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]
},
{
string: "β- ?",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β- ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β- ?",
markup: [
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],
reference: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "PubChem",
description: "Data deposited in or computed by PubChem",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
sourceName: "Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)",
sourceID: "e89",
name: "Ac",
description: "The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.",
url: "https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/",
anid: 6590316
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
sourceName: "Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)",
sourceID: "a89",
name: "Actinium",
description: "Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report) and CIAAW. The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/",
url: "http://www.ciaaw.org/",
licenseURL: "http://www.ciaaw.org/bylaws.htm",
anid: 2292470
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
sourceName: "Jefferson Lab, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "jlab89",
name: "Actinium",
description: "Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/",
url: "https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele089.html",
licenseNote: "Please see citation and linking information: https://education.jlab.org/faq/index.html",
licenseURL: "https://www.jlab.org/privacy-and-security-notice",
anid: 507151
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
sourceName: "Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "lanl89",
name: "Actinium",
description: "The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.",
url: "https://periodic.lanl.gov/89.shtml",
anid: 507269
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
sourceName: "NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory",
sourceID: "e89",
name: "Actinium",
description: "The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Elements/elInfo.pl?element=89",
licenseURL: "https://www.nist.gov/pml/database-disclaimer",
anid: 2292706
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
sourceName: "PubChem Elements",
sourceID: "89",
name: "Ac",
description: "The element property data was retrieved from publications.",
anid: 7660090
},
{
referenceNumber: 7,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "89",
name: "Actinium",
description: "This section provides all form of data related to element Actinium.",
anid: 694382
}
]
}
},
{
record: {
recordType: "AtomicNumber",
recordNumber: 90,
recordTitle: "Thorium",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01022.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Thorium"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Thorium"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
description: "Element symbol, Also called atomic symbol, typically consists of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet derived from the element name in one of several languages.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Th"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Th"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "InChI=1S/Th"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI Key",
description: "International Chemical Identifier hash (InChIKey) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI Key",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "ZSLUVFAKFWKJRC-UHFFFAOYSA-N"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
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{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
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tocHeading: "Atomic Radius",
description: "Atomic radius is the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell containing electrons.",
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stringWithMarkup: [
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}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Empirical Atomic Radius",
reference: [
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value: {
number: [
180
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unit: "pm (Empirical)"
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{
referenceNumber: 8,
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reference: [
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},
{
tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
description: "Oxidation state gives the degree of oxidation of an atom in terms of counting electrons.",
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tocHeading: "Ground Level",
description: "Also called ground-state level. The ground state electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom with lower energy levels.",
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tocHeading: "Ionization Energy",
description: "Ionization energy is the minimum energy required to eject an electron out of a neutral atom or molecule in its ground state.",
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stringWithMarkup: [
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},
{
tocHeading: "Electronegativity",
description: "The concept electronegativity was introduced by L. Pauling as the power of an atom to attract electrons to itself.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01990",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Pauling Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
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value: {
number: [
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}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Spectra",
description: "Atomic and ionic spectral lines originate from specified electronic transitions between energy levels of atoms and ions, respectively.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00502.html",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 6,
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tocHeading: "Physical Description",
description: "Physical description, also know as physical characteristics, refers to physical appearance of element substances.",
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tocHeading: "Element Classification",
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tocHeading: "Element Period Number",
description: "The element period number refers to a horizontal row of the periodic table. The periodic table has 7 periods.",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/periodic-table-of-the-elements/The-periodic-table#ref80835",
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tocHeading: "Element Group Number",
description: "Element group refers to a set of chemical elements in the same vertical column of the periodic table",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/group-periodic-table",
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stringWithMarkup: [
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tocHeading: "Density",
description: "Density is a degree of consistency measured by the quantity of mass per unit volume",
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{
tocHeading: "Melting Point",
description: "The melting point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from solid to liquid at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/melting-point",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "2023 K (1750°C or 3182°F)"
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{
tocHeading: "Boiling Point",
description: "Boiling Point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from liquid to gas at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_point",
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{
tocHeading: "Estimated Crustal Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in earth crust",
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tocHeading: "History",
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string: "The name derives from Thor, the Scandinavian god of thunder. It was discovered in the mineral thorite (ThSiO4) by the Swedish chemist Jöns Jacob Berzelius in 1828. Thorium was first isolated by the chemists D. Lely, Jr. and L. Hamburger in 1914.",
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string: "Morten Esmark found a black mineral on Løvøya island, Norway and gave a sample to his father Jens Esmark, a noted mineralogist. The elder Esmark was not able to identify it and sent a sample to Swedish chemist Jöns Jakob Berzelius for examination in 1828. In 1829 Berzelius determined that it contained a new element, which he named thorium after Thor, the Norse god of thunder. The metal had no practical uses until 1885 when Carl Auer von Welsbach invented the gas mantle. Thorium was first observed to be radioactive in 1898, independently, by Polish-French physicist Marie Curie and German chemist Gerhard Carl Schmidt. Between 1900 and 1903, Ernest Rutherford and Frederick Soddy showed how thorium decayed at a fixed rate over time into a series of other elements. This observation led to the identification of half-life as one of the outcomes of the alpha particle experiments that led to their disintegration theory of radioactivity. The crystal bar process (or \"iodide process\") was discovered by Anton Eduard van Arkel and Jan Hendrik de Boer in 1925 to produce high-purity metallic thorium. Because of health concerns, the thorium in classic lantern mantles has been replaced by rare-earth elements that also produce intense light without the radioactivity."
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tocHeading: "Description",
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string: "When pure, thorium is a silvery-white metal that is air-stable and retains its luster for several months. When contaminated with the oxide, thorium slowly tarnishes in air, becoming gray and finally black. The physical properties of thorium are greatly influenced by the degree of contamination with the oxide. The purest specimens often contain several tenths of a percent of the oxide. High-purity thorium has been made. Pure thorium is soft, very ductile, and can be cold-rolled, swaged, and drawn. Thorium is dimorphic, changing at 1400°C from a cubic to a body-centered cubic structure. Thorium oxide has a melting point of 3300°C, which is the highest of all oxides. Only a few elements, such as tungsten, and a few compounds, such as tantalum carbide, have higher melting points. Thorium is slowly attacked by water, but does not dissolve readily in most common acids, except hydrochloric. Powdered thorium metal is often pyrophoric and should be handled carefully. When heated in air, thorium turnings ignite and burn brilliantly with a white light."
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tocHeading: "Uses",
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string: "Thorium oxide (ThO2), one of thorium's compounds, has many uses. It is primarily used in a type of lantern mantel known as a Welsbach mantle. This mantle, which also contains about 1% cerium oxide, glows with a bright white light when it is heated in a gas flame. Thorium oxide has a very high melting point, about 3300°C, and is used to make high temperature crucibles. Thorium oxide is also used to make glass with a high index of refraction that is used to make high quality camera lenses. Thorium oxide is used as a catalyst in the production of sulfuric acid (H2SO4), in the cracking of petroleum products and in the conversion of ammonia (NH3) to nitric acid (HNO3).",
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string: "Thorium's most stable isotope, thorium-232, has a half-life of about 14,050,000,000 years. It decays into radium-228 through alpha decay or decays through spontaneous fission."
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string: "The principal historic use of thorium has been in the preparation of the Welsbach mantle, used for portable gaslights. These mantles, consisting of thorium oxide with about 1% cerium oxide and other ingredients, glow with a dazzling light when heated in a gas flame. Thorium is an important alloying element in magnesium, imparting high strength and creep resistance at elevated temperatures. Because thorium has a low work-function and high electron emission, it is used to coat tungsten wire used in electronic equipment. The oxide is also used to control the grain size of tungsten used for electric lamps; it is also used for high-temperature laboratory crucibles. Glasses containing thorium oxide have a high refractive index and low dispersion. Consequently, they find application in high quality lenses for cameras and scientific instruments. Thorium oxide has also found use as a catalyst in the conversion of ammonia to nitric acid, in petroleum cracking, and in producing sulfuric acid. Thorium metal is a source of nuclear power. There is probably more energy available for use from thorium in the minerals of the earth's crust than from both uranium and fossil fuels. Any sizable demand from thorium as a nuclear fuel is still several years in the future. Work has been done in developing thorium cycle converter-reactor systems. Several prototypes, including the HTGR (high-temperature gas-cooled reactor) and MSRE (molten salt converter reactor experiment), have operated. While the HTGR reactors are efficient, they are not expected to become important commercially for many years because of certain operating difficulties."
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tocHeading: "Sources",
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string: "Thorium-232 is a primordial nuclide, having existed in its current form for over 4.5 billion years, a half-life is comparable to the age of the Universe and thus predating the formation of the Earth. Thorium was forged in the cores of dying stars through the r-process and scattered across the galaxy by supernovas. Thorium is found in small amounts in most rocks and soils. Soil commonly contains an average of around 6 parts per million (ppm) of thorium. Thorium occurs in several minerals including thorite (ThSiO4), thorianite (ThO2 + UO2) and monazite. Thorianite is a rare mineral and may contain up to about 12% thorium oxide. Monazite contains 2.5% thorium, allanite has 0.1 to 2% thorium and zircon can have up to 0.4% thorium.[66] Thorium-containing minerals occur on all continents. Thorium is now thought to be about three times as abundant as uranium and about as abundant as lead or molybdenum. Thorium is recovered commercially from the mineral monazite, which contains from 3 to 9% ThO2 along with rare-earth minerals.",
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tocHeading: "Compounds",
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string: "221.018186236 ± 0.000008766"
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{
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{
string: "223.020811546 ± 0.000009889"
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{
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{
string: "225.023950907 ± 0.000005467"
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string: "226.024903686 ± 0.00000481"
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string: "227.027702618 ± 0.000002241"
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string: "228.028739835 ± 0.00000194"
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string: "233.041580208 ± 0.000001529"
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string: "234.043599860 ± 0.000002779"
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string: "236.049657000 ± 0.000015"
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string: "237.053629000 ± 0.000017"
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string: "16.0 ms ± 3.6"
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{
string: "48 ms ± 20"
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{
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{
string: "144 ms ± 21"
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{
string: "1.24 us ± 0.12"
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{
string: "740 ns ± 70"
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{
string: "247 us ± 4"
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{
string: "141 ns ± 50"
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{
string: "71 us ± 14"
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{
string: "117 ns ± 9"
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{
string: "1.021 us ± 0.024"
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{
string: "9.7 us ± 0.6"
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{
string: "1.78 ms ± 0.03"
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{
string: "2.24 ms ± 0.03"
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{
string: "600 ms ± 20"
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{
string: "1.04 s ± 0.02"
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{
string: "8.75 m ± 0.04"
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{
string: "30.70 m ± 0.03"
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{
string: "18.697 d ± 0.007"
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{
string: "1.912 y ± 0.0008"
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{
string: "7.920 ky ± 0.017"
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{
string: "<1 s"
},
{
string: "75.4 ky ± 0.3"
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{
string: "25.52 h ± 0.01"
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{
string: "14.0 Gy ± 0.1"
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{
string: "21.83 m ± 0.04"
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{
string: "24.10 d ± 0.03"
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{
string: "7.2 m ± 0.1"
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{
string: "37.3 m ± 1.5"
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{
string: "4.8 m ± 0.5"
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{
string: "9.4 m ± 2.0"
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{
string: "1995"
},
{
string: "1980"
},
{
string: "1968"
},
{
string: "2007"
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{
string: "1968"
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{
string: "2007"
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{
string: "1968"
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{
string: "2005"
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{
string: "1968"
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{
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{
string: "1983"
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{
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{
string: "1968"
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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string: "IT=100%"
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{
string: "α=100%"
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{
string: "IT=100%"
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],
reference: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "PubChem",
description: "Data deposited in or computed by PubChem",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
sourceName: "Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)",
sourceID: "e90",
name: "Th",
description: "The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.",
url: "https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/",
anid: 6590317
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
sourceName: "Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)",
sourceID: "a90",
name: "Thorium",
description: "Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report) and CIAAW. The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/",
url: "http://www.ciaaw.org/thorium.htm",
licenseURL: "http://www.ciaaw.org/bylaws.htm",
anid: 2292471
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
sourceName: "Jefferson Lab, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "jlab90",
name: "Thorium",
description: "Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/",
url: "https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele090.html",
licenseNote: "Please see citation and linking information: https://education.jlab.org/faq/index.html",
licenseURL: "https://www.jlab.org/privacy-and-security-notice",
anid: 507152
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
sourceName: "Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "lanl90",
name: "Thorium",
description: "The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.",
url: "https://periodic.lanl.gov/90.shtml",
anid: 507270
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
sourceName: "NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory",
sourceID: "e90",
name: "Thorium",
description: "The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Elements/elInfo.pl?element=90",
licenseURL: "https://www.nist.gov/pml/database-disclaimer",
anid: 2292707
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referenceNumber: 8,
sourceName: "PubChem Elements",
sourceID: "90",
name: "Th",
description: "The element property data was retrieved from publications.",
anid: 7660091
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referenceNumber: 7,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "90",
name: "Thorium",
description: "This section provides all form of data related to element Thorium.",
anid: 694383
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recordType: "AtomicNumber",
recordNumber: 91,
recordTitle: "Protactinium",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01022.html",
information: [
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name: "Element Name",
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string: "Protactinium"
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referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Name",
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string: "Protactinium"
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}
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},
{
tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
description: "Element symbol, Also called atomic symbol, typically consists of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet derived from the element name in one of several languages.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
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name: "Element Symbol",
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string: "Pa"
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]
}
}
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{
tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "InChI=1S/Pa"
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}
}
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},
{
tocHeading: "InChI Key",
description: "International Chemical Identifier hash (InChIKey) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI Key",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "XLROVYAPLOFLNU-UHFFFAOYSA-N"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
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string: "231.035 88(1)"
}
]
}
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value: {
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name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "231.03588(2)"
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]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
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start: 12,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Radius",
description: "Atomic radius is the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell containing electrons.",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_radius",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
name: "Van der Waals Atomic Radius",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "243 pm (Van der Waals)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Empirical Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"J.C. Slater, J Chem Phys, 1964, 41(10), 3199-3205. DOI:10.1063/1.1725697"
],
value: {
number: [
180
],
unit: "pm (Empirical)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Covalent Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"B. Cordero, V. Gómez, A.E. Platero-Prats, M. Revés, J. Echeverría, E. Cremades, F. Barragán, S. Alvarez, Dalton Trans. 2008, 21, 2832-2838. DOI:10.1039/b801115j PMID:18478144."
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value: {
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},
{
tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
description: "Oxidation state gives the degree of oxidation of an atom in terms of counting electrons.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/O/O04365.html",
information: [
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value: {
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},
{
tocHeading: "Ground Level",
description: "Also called ground-state level. The ground state electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom with lower energy levels.",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/ASD/Html/iehelp.html#IEGROUNDLEV",
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},
{
tocHeading: "Ionization Energy",
description: "Ionization energy is the minimum energy required to eject an electron out of a neutral atom or molecule in its ground state.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/I/I03199.html",
information: [
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value: {
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}
},
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name: "Ionization Energy",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "5.89 eV (The level was determined by interpolation or extrapolation of known experimental values or by semiempirical calculation; its absolutre accuracy is reflected in the number of significant figures assigned to it.)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electronegativity",
description: "The concept electronegativity was introduced by L. Pauling as the power of an atom to attract electrons to itself.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01990",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Pauling Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"A.L. Allred, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 1961, 17(3-4), 215-221. DOI:10.1016/0022-1902(61)80142-5"
],
value: {
number: [
1.5
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unit: "(Pauling Scale)"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Spectra",
description: "Atomic and ionic spectral lines originate from specified electronic transitions between energy levels of atoms and ions, respectively.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00502.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/lines_hold.pl?el=Pa",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Lines Holdings"
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}
},
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referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
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value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Levels Holdings"
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}
}
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},
{
tocHeading: "Physical Description",
description: "Physical description, also know as physical characteristics, refers to physical appearance of element substances.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Solid"
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]
}
}
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},
{
tocHeading: "Element Classification",
description: "Elements can be classified few groups according to each element's chemical properties.",
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Metal"
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]
}
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},
{
tocHeading: "Element Period Number",
description: "The element period number refers to a horizontal row of the periodic table. The periodic table has 7 periods.",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/periodic-table-of-the-elements/The-periodic-table#ref80835",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "7"
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}
}
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},
{
tocHeading: "Element Group Number",
description: "Element group refers to a set of chemical elements in the same vertical column of the periodic table",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/group-periodic-table",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "- Actinide"
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]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Density",
description: "Density is a degree of consistency measured by the quantity of mass per unit volume",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/D/D01590.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "15.37 grams per cubic centimeter"
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]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Melting Point",
description: "The melting point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from solid to liquid at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/melting-point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1845 K (1572°C or 2862°F)"
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}
},
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value: {
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string: "1568°C"
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},
{
tocHeading: "Boiling Point",
description: "Boiling Point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from liquid to gas at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "4027°C"
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}
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},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Crustal Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in earth crust",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust",
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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}
}
]
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tocHeading: "Estimated Oceanic Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in ocean",
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "5×10-11 milligrams per liter",
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}
}
]
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},
{
tocHeading: "History",
description: "Element discovery and related information in history",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 3,
name: "History",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "The name derives from the Greek protos (first) for preceding the element actinium, because its most common isotope (231Pa) decays to 227Ac by loss of an alpha particle.",
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type: "Superscript"
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},
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string: "In 1913 the German chemists K. Fajans and O. H. Gohring identified the first isotope of protactinium, 234Pa, and proposed the name brevium because of that isotope's short half-life of 6.7 h. 231Pa, with a longer half-life of 3.25(1)×104 a, was identified in 1918 by the German chemist O. Hahn and the Austrian physicist L. Meitner; and, independently in Britain, by F. Soddy and J. A. Cranston.",
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string: "Protactinium was first identified by Kasimir Fajans and O.H. Göhring in 1913 while studying uranium's decay chain. The particular isotope they found, protactinium-234m, has a half-life of about 1.17 minutes. They named the element brevium, meaning brief, and then continued with their studies. Protactinium's existence was confirmed in 1918 when another isotope, protactinium-231, was independently discovered and studied by two groups of scientists, Otto Hahn and Lise Meitner of Germany and Frederick Soddy and John Cranston of Great Britain. Protactinium was first isolated by Aristid V. Grosse in 1934. Protactinium is a rare, poisonous and expensive element that is present in uranium ores in very small amounts. In 1961, the Great Britain Atomic Energy Authority was able to produce 125 grams of 99.9% pure protactinium, although they had to process about 55,000 kilograms of ore and spend about $500,000 to get it.",
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},
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string: "Protactinium's most stable isotope, protactinium-231, has a half-life of about 32,760 years. It decays into actinium-227 through alpha decay."
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string: "The name \"protactinium\" comes from adding the Greek protos meaning first, before the word \"actinium.\" In 1871, Dmitri Mendeleevpredicted the existence of an element between thorium and uranium. In 1900, William Crookes isolated protactinium from uraniu. It was an intensely radioactive material, however, he could not characterize it as a new chemical element and thus named it uranium-X. In 1913 the first isotope of element 91, 234Pa, was discovered by K. Fajans and O.H. Gohring. It was a very short-lived member of the naturally occurring 238U decay series and as such they named it \"brevium.\" In 1917/18, two groups of scientists, Otto Hahn and Lise Meitner of Germany and Frederick Soddy and John Cranston of Great Britain, independently discovered another isotope of protactinium, 231Pa having much longer half-life of about 32,000 years. The name was changed to proto-actinium as being more consistent with the longer-lived characteristics of the most abundant isotope. In 1927, Grosse prepared 2 mg of a white powder, which was shown to be Pa2O5. In 1934 he isolated the element from 0.1 g of pure Pa2O5 by two methods, one of which was by converting the oxide to an iodide and \"cracking\" it in a high vacuum by an electrically heated filament by the reaction: 2PaI5 > 2Pa + 5I2. In 1949, the name protoactinium was shortened by the IUPAC who officially named it protactinium and confirmed Hahn and Meitner as co-discoverers. The new name meant \"parent of actinium\" and reflected the fact that actinium is a decay product of the radioactive decay of protactinium.",
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tocHeading: "Description",
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string: "Protactinium metal is a dense, silvery-gray material with a bright metallic luster which it retains for some time in air but it does readily react with oxygen, water vapor and inorganic acids to form various compounds. In solid compounds protactinium is most stable in the oxidation state +5, but it also exists in the +4, +3 and +2 oxidation states. In solution the +5 state rapidly hydrolyzes by combining with hydroxide ions to form soluble or insoluble hydroxy-oxide solids which have a tendency to stick to the surfaces of vessels in which it is contained. A number of protactinium compounds are known, some of which are colored. The element is superconductive below 1.4K."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Uses",
description: "Uses information in industry and other fields",
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Due to its scarcity, high radioactivity and toxicity, there are currently no uses for protactinium outside of basic scientific research."
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}
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value: {
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string: "Because of its scarcity, high radioactivity and high toxicity, there are currently no practical uses for protactinium other than that of basic scientific research, and for this purpose, protactinium is generally extracted from spent nuclear fuel."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Sources",
description: "Sources (where the element come from) information for the given element",
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value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Protactinium is one of the rarest and most expensive naturally occurring elements. The average concentrations of protactinium in the Earth's crust is typically on the order of a few parts per trillion, but may reach up to a few parts per million in some uraninite ore deposits. The element occurs in pitchblende to the extent of about 1 part 231Pa to 10 million parts of ore. Ores from Zaire have about 3 ppm. In 1959 and 1961, it was announced that the Great Britain Atomic Energy Authority extracted by a 12-stage process 125 g of 99.9% protactinium, the world's only stock of the metal for many years following. The extraction was made from 60 tons of waste material at a cost of about $500,000.",
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]
}
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]
},
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tocHeading: "Compounds",
description: "Related compounds information to this element",
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referenceNumber: 7,
name: "Compounds",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Protactinium",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "See more information at the Protactinium compound page."
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}
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section: [
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},
{
tocHeading: "Isotopes",
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stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "0"
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value: {
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string: "Twenty-nine radioisotopes of protactinium have been discovered. Nearly all naturally occurring protactinium is 231Pa with a half-life of 32,700 years. It is an alpha emitter and is formed by the decay of uranium-235, whereas the beta radiating protactinium-234 with a half-life of 6.74 hours is produced as a result of uranium-238 decay. Nearly all uranium-238 (99.8%) decays first to the 234mPa isomer and then to 234Pa. Smaller trace amounts of the short-lived nuclear isomer protactinium-234m occur in the decay chain of uranium-238. Protactinium-233 results from the decay of thorium-233 as part of the chain of events used to produce uranium-233 by neutron irradiation of thorium-232.",
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length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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section: [
{
tocHeading: "Isotope Mass and Abundance",
description: "Atomic mass and abundance (composition) information for a given isotope/nulide. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
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string: "1"
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{
tocHeading: "Atomic Mass, Half Life, and Decay",
description: "This section provides the information from the Nubase2016. The number after the ± refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton. The '?' refers to 'not determined or qualified'. For further explainations, click read more below.",
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{
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{
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{
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{
string: "219Pa",
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{
string: "220Pa",
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},
{
string: "221Pa",
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},
{
string: "222Pa",
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{
string: "223Pa",
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},
{
string: "224Pa",
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},
{
string: "225Pa",
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},
{
string: "226Pa",
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},
{
string: "227Pa",
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type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "228Pa",
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start: 0,
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type: "Superscript"
}
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},
{
string: "229Pa",
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start: 0,
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},
{
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{
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{
string: "239Pa",
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{
string: "240Pa",
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},
{
string: "241Pa",
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start: 0,
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}
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}
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string: "211.023704 ± 0.00011 [Estimated]"
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string: "212.023181425 ± 0.000080367"
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string: "213.021108697 ± 0.000076374"
},
{
string: "214.020918561 ± 0.000081723"
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{
string: "215.019177728 ± 0.000078202"
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string: "216.019108242 ± 0.000057462"
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string: "217.018323692 ± 0.000017089"
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string: "217.018323692 ± 0.000017089"
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{
string: "218.020057853 ± 0.000019676"
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{
string: "219.019903650 ± 0.000055304"
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{
string: "220.021705 ± 0.000055 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "221.021874846 ± 0.000055052"
},
{
string: "222.023784 ± 0.000078 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "223.023962232 ± 0.000076289"
},
{
string: "224.025617210 ± 0.000008145"
},
{
string: "225.026130844 ± 0.000076234"
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{
string: "226.027947872 ± 0.000012259"
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{
string: "227.028804477 ± 0.000007965"
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{
string: "228.031050748 ± 0.000004659"
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{
string: "229.032095652 ± 0.000003521"
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{
string: "229.032095652 ± 0.000003521"
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{
string: "230.034539789 ± 0.000003261"
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{
string: "231.035882575 ± 0.000001902"
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{
string: "232.038590300 ± 0.000008207"
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string: "233.040246605 ± 0.000001434"
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string: "234.043305615 ± 0.000004395"
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string: "234.043305615 ± 0.000004395"
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{
string: "235.045399000 ± 0.000015"
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string: "236.048668000 ± 0.000015"
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{
string: "237.051023000 ± 0.000014"
},
{
string: "238.054637000 ± 0.000017"
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{
string: "239.057260 ± 0.00021 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "240.061095 ± 0.000215 [Estimated]"
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string: "241.064026 ± 0.000322 [Estimated]"
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string: "17 ms ± 3"
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{
string: "14 ms ± 2"
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{
string: "105 ms ± 12"
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{
string: "3.48 ms ± 0.09"
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{
string: "1.08 ms ± 0.03"
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{
string: "113 us ± 10"
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{
string: "53 ns ± 10"
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{
string: "780 ns ± 160"
},
{
string: "5.9 us ± 1.7"
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{
string: "3.2 ms ± 0.3"
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{
string: "5.1 ms ± 0.3"
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{
string: "846 ms ± 20"
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{
string: "1.7 s ± 0.2"
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{
string: "1.8 m ± 0.2"
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{
string: "38.3 m ± 0.3"
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{
string: "22 h ± 1"
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{
string: "1.50 d ± 0.05"
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{
string: "420 ns ± 30"
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{
string: "17.4 d ± 0.5"
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{
string: "32.76 ky ± 0.11"
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{
string: "1.32 d ± 0.02"
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{
string: "26.975 d ± 0.013"
},
{
string: "6.70 h ± 0.05"
},
{
string: "1.159 m ± 0.011"
},
{
string: "24.4 m ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "9.1 m ± 0.1"
},
{
string: "8.7 m ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "2.28 m ± 0.09"
},
{
string: "1.8 h ± 0.5"
},
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string: "2 m [Estimated]"
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{
string: "2 m [Estimated]"
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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string: "α=100%"
},
{
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string: "α=100%"
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string: "α=?; β+=2%[Estimated]",
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{
string: "α=100%; β=0.0024%[Estimated]"
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string: "α=73±0.4%; IT ?"
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string: "α=100%"
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string: "α=100%; β+=5e-9%[Estimated]",
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string: "α≈100%; β+=0.1%[Estimated]",
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reference: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "PubChem",
description: "Data deposited in or computed by PubChem",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
sourceName: "Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)",
sourceID: "e91",
name: "Pa",
description: "The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.",
url: "https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/",
anid: 6590318
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
sourceName: "Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)",
sourceID: "a91",
name: "Protactinium",
description: "Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report) and CIAAW. The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/",
url: "http://www.ciaaw.org/protactinium.htm",
licenseURL: "http://www.ciaaw.org/bylaws.htm",
anid: 2292472
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{
referenceNumber: 4,
sourceName: "Jefferson Lab, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "jlab91",
name: "Protactinium",
description: "Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/",
url: "https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele091.html",
licenseNote: "Please see citation and linking information: https://education.jlab.org/faq/index.html",
licenseURL: "https://www.jlab.org/privacy-and-security-notice",
anid: 507153
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
sourceName: "Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "lanl91",
name: "Protactinium",
description: "The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.",
url: "https://periodic.lanl.gov/91.shtml",
anid: 507271
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
sourceName: "NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory",
sourceID: "e91",
name: "Protactinium",
description: "The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Elements/elInfo.pl?element=91",
licenseURL: "https://www.nist.gov/pml/database-disclaimer",
anid: 2292708
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
sourceName: "PubChem Elements",
sourceID: "91",
name: "Pa",
description: "The element property data was retrieved from publications.",
anid: 7660092
},
{
referenceNumber: 7,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "91",
name: "Protactinium",
description: "This section provides all form of data related to element Protactinium.",
anid: 694384
}
]
}
},
{
record: {
recordType: "AtomicNumber",
recordNumber: 92,
recordTitle: "Uranium",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01022.html",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Uranium"
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},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Uranium"
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}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
description: "Element symbol, Also called atomic symbol, typically consists of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet derived from the element name in one of several languages.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "U"
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}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "U"
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},
{
tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI",
value: {
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tocHeading: "InChI Key",
description: "International Chemical Identifier hash (InChIKey) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
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tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
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tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
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},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Radius",
description: "Atomic radius is the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell containing electrons.",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_radius",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
name: "Van der Waals Atomic Radius",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "240 pm (Van der Waals)"
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}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Empirical Atomic Radius",
reference: [
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],
value: {
number: [
175
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unit: "pm (Empirical)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Covalent Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"B. Cordero, V. Gómez, A.E. Platero-Prats, M. Revés, J. Echeverría, E. Cremades, F. Barragán, S. Alvarez, Dalton Trans. 2008, 21, 2832-2838. DOI:10.1039/b801115j PMID:18478144."
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},
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tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
description: "Oxidation state gives the degree of oxidation of an atom in terms of counting electrons.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/O/O04365.html",
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},
{
tocHeading: "Ground Level",
description: "Also called ground-state level. The ground state electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom with lower energy levels.",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/ASD/Html/iehelp.html#IEGROUNDLEV",
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tocHeading: "Ionization Energy",
description: "Ionization energy is the minimum energy required to eject an electron out of a neutral atom or molecule in its ground state.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/I/I03199.html",
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referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ionization Energy",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "6.19405 eV"
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]
}
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]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electronegativity",
description: "The concept electronegativity was introduced by L. Pauling as the power of an atom to attract electrons to itself.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01990",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Pauling Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"A.L. Allred, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 1961, 17(3-4), 215-221. DOI:10.1016/0022-1902(61)80142-5"
],
value: {
number: [
1.38
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unit: "(Pauling Scale)"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Spectra",
description: "Atomic and ionic spectral lines originate from specified electronic transitions between energy levels of atoms and ions, respectively.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00502.html",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/lines_hold.pl?el=U",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Lines Holdings"
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]
}
},
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referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/levels_hold.pl?el=U",
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stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Levels Holdings"
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}
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tocHeading: "Physical Description",
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tocHeading: "Element Classification",
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tocHeading: "Element Period Number",
description: "The element period number refers to a horizontal row of the periodic table. The periodic table has 7 periods.",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/periodic-table-of-the-elements/The-periodic-table#ref80835",
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tocHeading: "Element Group Number",
description: "Element group refers to a set of chemical elements in the same vertical column of the periodic table",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/group-periodic-table",
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stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "- Actinide"
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}
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{
tocHeading: "Density",
description: "Density is a degree of consistency measured by the quantity of mass per unit volume",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/D/D01590.html",
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value: {
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},
{
tocHeading: "Melting Point",
description: "The melting point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from solid to liquid at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/melting-point",
information: [
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value: {
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string: "1408 K (1135°C or 2075°F)"
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}
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string: "1133°C"
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tocHeading: "Boiling Point",
description: "Boiling Point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from liquid to gas at atmospheric pressure",
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string: "4131°C"
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tocHeading: "Estimated Crustal Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in earth crust",
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tocHeading: "Estimated Oceanic Abundance",
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tocHeading: "History",
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string: "The name derives from the planet Uranus, which in Roman mythology was \"Father Heaven\". The German chemist Martin-Heinrich Klaproth discovered the element in 1789, following William Hershel's discovery of the planet in 1781. The metallic uranium was first isolated by the French chemist Eugène-Melchior Peligot in 1841."
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string: "Uranium was discovered by Martin Heinrich Klaproth, a German chemist, in the mineral pitchblende (primarily a mix of uranium oxides) in 1789. Although Klaproth, as well as the rest of the scientific community, believed that the substance he extracted from pitchblende was pure uranium, it was actually uranium dioxide (UO2). After noticing that 'pure' uranium reacted oddly with uranium tetrachloride (UCl4), Eugène-Melchoir Péligot, a French chemist isolated pure uranium by heating uranium dioxide with potassium in a platinum crucible. Radioactivity was first discovered in 1896 when Antoine Henri Becquerel, a French physicist, detected it from a sample of uranium. Today, uranium is obtained from uranium ores such as pitchblende, uraninite (UO2), carnotite (K2(UO2)2VO4·1-3H2O) and autunite (Ca(UO2)2(PO4)2·10H2O) as well as from phosphate rock (Ca3(PO4)2), lignite (brown coal) and monazite sand ((Ce, La, Th, Nd, Y)PO4). Since there is little demand for uranium metal, uranium is usually sold in the form of sodium diuranate (Na2U2O7·6H2O), also known as yellow cake, or triuranium octoxide (U3O8).",
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string: "The use of uranium in its natural oxide form dates back to 79 A.D. when it was used as a yellow coloring agent in ceramic glazes. Yellow glass with 1% uranium oxide was found in an ancient Roman villa near Naples, Italy. In the late Middle Ages, pitchblende was extracted from the silver mines and was used as a coloring agent in the glassmaking industry. The identification of uranium as an element is generally credited to Martin H. Klaproth. While experimenting with pitchblende in 1789, he concluded that it contained a new element, which he named after the newly discovered planet Uranus (named after the Greek god of the sky or heaven). What Klaproth actually identified was not the pure element but uranium oxide. The pure metal was first isolated in 1841 by Eugène-Melchior Péligot, who reduced anhydrous uranium tetrachloride with potassium metal."
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string: "In 1896 Antoine H. Becquerel discovered that uranium exhibited invisible light or rays; it was radioactivity. In 1934 research by Enrico Fermi and others eventually led to the use of uranium fission in the first nuclear weapon used in war and later in the peaceful use of uranium as fuel in nuclear power production. An ensuing arms race during the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union produced tens of thousands of nuclear weapons that used uranium metal and uranium-derived plutonium-239. The security of those weapons and their fissile material following the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991 is an ongoing concern."
},
{
string: "In 1972 French physicist Francis Perrin discovered ancient and no longer active prehistoric natural nuclear fission reactors in uranium ore deposits at the Oklo mine in Gabon, West Africa, collectively known as the Oklo Fossil Reactors. The ore deposit is 1.7 billion years old; at that time, uranium-235 constituted about 3% of the total uranium on Earth (0.72% today). This is high enough to permit a sustained nuclear fission chain reaction to occur, provided other supporting geologic conditions exist."
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tocHeading: "Description",
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string: "Pure uranium is a silvery white, weakly radioactive metal, which is harder than most elements. It is malleable, ductile, slightly paramagnetic, strongly electropositive and is a poor electrical conductor. Uranium metal has very high density, being approximately 70% denser than lead, but slightly less dense than gold. Uranium metal exhibits in three crystallographic modifications: alpha > (688°C) > beta > (776°C) > gamma. Uranium is pyrophoric when finely divided. It is a little softer than steel and is attacked by cold water in a finely divided state.In air, uranium metal becomes coated with a layer of oxide. Acids dissolve the metal, forming the +3 oxidation state which oxidizes rapidly by water and air to form higher oxidation states. Uranium metal is unaffected by alkalis. Uranium metal can be prepared by reducing uranium halides with alkali or alkaline earth metals or by reducing uranium oxides by calcium, aluminum, or carbon at high temperatures. The metal can also be produced by electrolysis of KUF5 or UF4, dissolved in a molten salt mixture of CaCl2 and NaCl. High-purity uranium can be prepared by the thermal decomposition of uranium halides on a hot filament.",
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string: "Uranium metal reacts with almost all nonmetallic elements and their compounds, with reactivity increasing with temperature. Hydrochloric and nitric acids dissolve uranium, but non-oxidizing acids other than hydrochloric acid attack the element very slowly. When finely divided, it can react with cold water. In air, uranium metal oxidizes and becomes coated with a dark layer of uranium oxide. Uranium forms a variety of alloys and compounds with the most important oxidation states being uranium(IV) and uranium(VI), and their two corresponding oxides are, respectively, uranium dioxide, UO2 and uranium trioxide, UO3. Besides the oxides, other Important uranium compounds include fluorides, chlorides, bromides, iodides, carbonates, hydrides, carbides, nitrides, phosphates, etc. At room temperatures, uranium hexafluoride, UF6, has a high vapor pressure, making it useful in the gaseous diffusion process used to separate the rare U-235 from the common U-238 isotope. Uranium hydrides, nitrides and carbides are relatively inertsemimetallic compounds that are minimally soluble in acids and have been used as stable fuel pellets in nuclear power reactor technology.",
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string: "Uranium exists in aqueous solutions in the +3, +4, +5, and +6 oxidation states. Oxidation state +6 as the UO22+ ion (yellow in color) is the most stable state in solution. Uranium in the +5 state as the UO2+ ion is colorless, quite unstable and disproportionates (reacts with itself) to form the +6 and +4 states. The +4 state (green) is reasonably stable in solution, but the +3 state (dark green or dark red depending on the illumination source - daylight vs fluorescent light) is unstable and easily oxidizes to +4. The +4 state in near-neutral pH solutions readily hydrolyzes to form black oxy-hydroxide precipitates.",
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string: "Since it is naturally radioactive, uranium, usually in the form of uranium dioxide (UO2), is most commonly used in the nuclear power industry to generate electricity. Naturally occurring uranium consists of three isotopes: uranium-234, uranium-235 and uranium-238. Although all three isotopes are radioactive, only uranium-235 is a fissionable material that can be used for nuclear power.",
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string: "Only 0.7204% of naturally occurring uranium is uranium-235. This is too low a concentration to sustain a nuclear chain reaction without the help of a material known as a moderator. A moderator is a material that can slow down a neutron without absorbing it. Slow neutrons are more likely to react with uranium-235 and reactors using natural uranium can be made using graphite or heavy water as a moderator. Methods also exist for concentrating uranium-235. Once the levels of uranium-235 have been increased to about 3%, normal water can be used as a moderator."
},
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string: "Uranium-238, uranium's most common isotope, can be converted into plutonium-239, a fissionable material that can also be used as a fuel in nuclear reactors. To produce plutonium-239, atoms of uranium-238 are exposed to neutrons. Uranium-239 forms when uranium-238 absorbs a neutron. Uranium-239 has a half-life of about 23 minutes and decays into neptunium-239 through beta decay. Neptunium-239 has a half-life of about 2.4 days and decays into plutonium-239, also through beta decay."
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string: "Although it does not occur naturally, uranium-233 is also a fissionable material that can be used as a fuel in nuclear reactors. To produce uranium-233, atoms of thorium-232 are exposed to neutrons. Thorium-233 forms when thorium-232 absorbs a neutron. Thorium-233 has a half-life of about 22 minutes and decays into protactinium-233 through beta decay. Protactinium-233 has a half-life of about 27 days and decays into uranium-233, also through beta decay. If completely fissioned, one pound (0.45 kilograms) of uranium-233 will provide the same amount of energy as burning 1,500 tons (1,350,000 kilograms) of coal."
},
{
string: "Uranium is a dense metal that has uses outside of the nuclear power industry. It is used as a target for X-ray production, as ammunition for some types of military weaponry, as a shield against radiation, as a counterweight for aircraft control surfaces and in the gyroscopes of inertial guidance systems."
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string: "Uranium compounds have been used for centuries to color glass. A 2,000 year old sample of yellow glass found near Naples, Italy contains uranium oxide. Uranium trioxide (UO3) is an orange powder and has been used in the manufacture of Fiestaware plates. Other uranium compounds have also been used to make vaseline glass and glazes. The uranium within these items is radioactive and should be treated with care.",
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string: "Uranium's most stable isotope, uranium-238, has a half-life of about 4,468,000,000 years. It decays into thorium-234 through alpha decay or decays through spontaneous fission."
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string: "Uranium was used in as coloring agents in ceramic glazes and glass in ancient Rome and in the Middle Ages producing orange-red to lemon yellow hues. More recently it was used as an orange glaze in contemporary Fiestaware© dishware but was later discontinued for health reasons. Many contemporary uses of uranium exploit its unique nuclear properties. Uranium-235 has the distinction of being the only naturally occurring fissileisotope. This means it can be split into two or three fragments (fission products) by thermal neutrons. Uranium-238 is fissionable by fast neutrons, and is fertile, meaning it can be transmuted to fissile plutonium-239 in a nuclear reactor. Another fissile isotope, uranium-233, can be produced from natural thorium and is also important in nuclear technology. While uranium-238 has a small probability for spontaneous fission or even induced fission with fast neutrons, uranium-235 and to a lesser degree uranium-233 have a much higher fission cross-section for slow neutrons. In sufficient concentration, these isotopes maintain a sustained nuclear chain reaction. This generates the heat in nuclear power reactors, and produces the fissile material for nuclear weapons. This nuclear conversion can be brought about in breeder reactors where it is possible to produce more new fissionable material than the fissionable material used in maintaining the chain reaction. Depleted uranium (238U) (depleted of uranium-235) is used in balistic armor penetration and as armor plating.",
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string: "Uranium-238 is not fissile, but is a fertile isotope, because after neutron activation it can produce plutonium-239, another fissile isotope. Indeed, the238U nucleus can absorb one neutron to produce the radioactive isotope uranium-239. 239U decays by beta emission to neptunium-239, also a beta-emitter, that decays in its turn, within a few days into plutonium-239. 239Pu was used as fissile material in the first atomic bomb detonated in the \"Trinity test\" on 15 July 1945 in New Mexico.",
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string: "Uranium-235 is of even greater importance because it is the key to utilizing uranium. 235U, while occurring in natural uranium to the extent of only 0.71%, is so fissionable with slow neutrons that a self-sustaining fission chain reaction can be made in a reactor constructed from natural uranium and a suitable moderator, such as heavy water or graphite, alone.",
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string: "Uranium-235 can be concentrated by gaseous diffusion and other physical processes, if desired, and used directly as a nuclear fuel, instead of natural uranium, or used as an explosive."
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string: "Natural uranium, slightly enriched with 235U by a small percentage, is used to fuel nuclear power reactors to generate electricity. Natural thorium can be irradiated with neutrons to produce the important isotope 233U as follows: 232Th(n, gamma) >233Th(beta) >233Pa(beta) >233U. While thorium itself is not fissionable, 233U is, and in this way may be used as a nuclear fuel. One pound of completely fissioned uranium has the fuel value of over 1500 tons of coal.",
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},
{
string: "55 us ± 25"
},
{
string: "60 ns [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "660 ns ± 140"
},
{
string: "4.7 us ± 0.7"
},
{
string: "21 us ± 8"
},
{
string: "396 us ± 17"
},
{
string: "61 ms ± 4"
},
{
string: "269 ms ± 6"
},
{
string: "1.1 m ± 0.1"
},
{
string: "9.1 m ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "57.8 m ± 0.5"
},
{
string: "20.23 d ± 0.02"
},
{
string: "4.2 d ± 0.1"
},
{
string: "68.9 y ± 0.4"
},
{
string: "159.2 ky ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "245.5 ky ± 0.6"
},
{
string: "33.5 us ± 2.0"
},
{
string: "704 My ± 1"
},
{
string: "25.7 m ± 0.1"
},
{
string: "3.6 ms ± 1.8"
},
{
string: "23.42 My ± 0.03"
},
{
string: "120 ns ± 2"
},
{
string: "6.752 d ± 0.002"
},
{
string: "155 ns ± 6"
},
{
string: "4.468 Gy ± 0.006"
},
{
string: "280 ns ± 6"
},
{
string: "23.45 m ± 0.02"
},
{
string: ">250 ns"
},
{
string: "780 ns ± 40"
},
{
string: "14.1 h ± 0.1"
},
{
string: "5 m [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "16.8 m ± 0.5"
},
{
string: "10 m [Estimated]"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Discovery Year",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "2015"
},
{
string: "2015"
},
{
string: "2015"
},
{
string: "2000"
},
{
string: "1992"
},
{
string: "2005"
},
{
string: "1993"
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: "2015"
},
{
string: "1983"
},
{
string: "1991"
},
{
string: "1991"
},
{
string: "1989"
},
{
string: "1973"
},
{
string: "1952"
},
{
string: "1949"
},
{
string: "1949"
},
{
string: "1948"
},
{
string: "1949"
},
{
string: "1949"
},
{
string: "1947"
},
{
string: "1912"
},
{
string: "1963"
},
{
string: "1935"
},
{
string: "1966"
},
{
string: "2007"
},
{
string: "1951"
},
{
string: "1969"
},
{
string: "1940"
},
{
string: "1968"
},
{
string: "1896"
},
{
string: "1979"
},
{
string: "1937"
},
{
string: "1994"
},
{
string: "1975"
},
{
string: "1953"
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: "1979"
},
{
string: ""
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Decay Modes, Intensities and Uncertainties [%]",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "α>0%; β+ ?",
markup: [
{
start: 7,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "α=100%"
},
{
string: "α=100%"
},
{
string: "α≈100%; β-=0.05%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 9,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "α=100%"
},
{
string: "α=100%"
},
{
string: "α=100%; β+=1.4e-5%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 9,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "α ?; β+ ?",
markup: [
{
start: 6,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "α≈100%; β+ ?",
markup: [
{
start: 9,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "α=100%; β+<1e-6%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 9,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "α≈100%; β+=0.2%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 9,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "α=100%; β+<1.2e-4%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 9,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "α=100%"
},
{
string: "α=100%"
},
{
string: "α=100%; β+<0.001%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 9,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "α>95%; ε<5%"
},
{
string: "β+≈80%; α≈20%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "α=100%; 22Ne=4.8e-12±2%; SF<1.4e-10%[Estimated]; 2β+ ?",
markup: [
{
start: 51,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "ε≈100%; α=0.004±0.1%"
},
{
string: "α=100%; 24Ne=8.9e-10±0.7%; SF=2.7e-12±0.6%; 28Mg<5e-12%"
},
{
string: "α=100%; SF<6e-11%; 24Ne=7.2e-11±0.9%; 28Mg<1.3e-13%"
},
{
string: "IS=0.0054±0.5%; α=100%; SF=1.64e-9±2.2%; 28Mg=1.4e-11±0.3%; 24Ne+26Ne=9e-12±0.7%",
markup: [
{
start: 64,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IS=0.7204±0.6%; α=100%; SF=7e-9±0.2%; 20Ne=8e-10±0.4%; 25Ne≈8e-10%; 28Mg=8e-10%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "SF ?"
},
{
string: "α=100%; SF=9.4e-8±0.4%"
},
{
string: "IT=87±0.6%; SF=13±0.6%; α<10%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IS=99.2742±1%; α=100%; SF=5.45e-5±0.7%; 2β-=2.2e-10±0.7%",
markup: [
{
start: 42,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=?; SF=2.6±0.4%; α<0.5%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%; α<1e-10%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β- ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β- ?",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
}
],
reference: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "PubChem",
description: "Data deposited in or computed by PubChem",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
sourceName: "Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)",
sourceID: "e92",
name: "U",
description: "The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.",
url: "https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/",
anid: 6590319
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
sourceName: "Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)",
sourceID: "a92",
name: "Uranium",
description: "Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report) and CIAAW. The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/",
url: "http://www.ciaaw.org/uranium.htm",
licenseURL: "http://www.ciaaw.org/bylaws.htm",
anid: 2292473
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
sourceName: "Jefferson Lab, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "jlab92",
name: "Uranium",
description: "Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/",
url: "https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele092.html",
licenseNote: "Please see citation and linking information: https://education.jlab.org/faq/index.html",
licenseURL: "https://www.jlab.org/privacy-and-security-notice",
anid: 507154
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
sourceName: "Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "lanl92",
name: "Uranium",
description: "The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.",
url: "https://periodic.lanl.gov/92.shtml",
anid: 507272
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
sourceName: "NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory",
sourceID: "e92",
name: "Uranium",
description: "The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Elements/elInfo.pl?element=92",
licenseURL: "https://www.nist.gov/pml/database-disclaimer",
anid: 2292709
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
sourceName: "PubChem Elements",
sourceID: "92",
name: "U",
description: "The element property data was retrieved from publications.",
anid: 7660093
},
{
referenceNumber: 7,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "92",
name: "Uranium",
description: "This section provides all form of data related to element Uranium.",
anid: 694385
}
]
}
},
{
record: {
recordType: "AtomicNumber",
recordNumber: 93,
recordTitle: "Neptunium",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01022.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Neptunium"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Neptunium"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
description: "Element symbol, Also called atomic symbol, typically consists of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet derived from the element name in one of several languages.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Np"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Np"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "InChI=1S/Np"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI Key",
description: "International Chemical Identifier hash (InChIKey) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI Key",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "LFNLGNPSGWYGGD-UHFFFAOYSA-N"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "237"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "237"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[237]"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[Rn]7s25f46d1",
markup: [
{
start: 6,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 9,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 12,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Electron Configuration",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[Rn]5f4 6d7s2",
markup: [
{
start: 6,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 12,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Radius",
description: "Atomic radius is the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell containing electrons.",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_radius",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
name: "Van der Waals Atomic Radius",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "221 pm (Van der Waals)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Empirical Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"J.C. Slater, J Chem Phys, 1964, 41(10), 3199-3205. DOI:10.1063/1.1725697"
],
value: {
number: [
175
],
unit: "pm (Empirical)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Covalent Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"B. Cordero, V. Gómez, A.E. Platero-Prats, M. Revés, J. Echeverría, E. Cremades, F. Barragán, S. Alvarez, Dalton Trans. 2008, 21, 2832-2838. DOI:10.1039/b801115j PMID:18478144."
],
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "190(1) pm (Covalent)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
description: "Oxidation state gives the degree of oxidation of an atom in terms of counting electrons.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/O/O04365.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "+6, +5, +4, +3"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ground Level",
description: "Also called ground-state level. The ground state electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom with lower energy levels.",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/ASD/Html/iehelp.html#IEGROUNDLEV",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ground Level",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "6L11/2",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 2,
length: 4,
type: "Subscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ionization Energy",
description: "Ionization energy is the minimum energy required to eject an electron out of a neutral atom or molecule in its ground state.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/I/I03199.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "6.266 eV"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ionization Energy",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "6.26554 eV"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electronegativity",
description: "The concept electronegativity was introduced by L. Pauling as the power of an atom to attract electrons to itself.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01990",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Pauling Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"A.L. Allred, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 1961, 17(3-4), 215-221. DOI:10.1016/0022-1902(61)80142-5"
],
value: {
number: [
1.36
],
unit: "(Pauling Scale)"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Spectra",
description: "Atomic and ionic spectral lines originate from specified electronic transitions between energy levels of atoms and ions, respectively.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00502.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/lines_hold.pl?el=Np",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Lines Holdings"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/levels_hold.pl?el=Np",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Levels Holdings"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Physical Description",
description: "Physical description, also know as physical characteristics, refers to physical appearance of element substances.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Solid"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Classification",
description: "Elements can be classified few groups according to each element's chemical properties.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Metal"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Period Number",
description: "The element period number refers to a horizontal row of the periodic table. The periodic table has 7 periods.",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/periodic-table-of-the-elements/The-periodic-table#ref80835",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "7"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Group Number",
description: "Element group refers to a set of chemical elements in the same vertical column of the periodic table",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/group-periodic-table",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "- Actinide"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Density",
description: "Density is a degree of consistency measured by the quantity of mass per unit volume",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/D/D01590.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "20.25 grams per cubic centimeter"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Melting Point",
description: "The melting point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from solid to liquid at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/melting-point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "917 K (644°C or 1191°F)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "644°C"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Boiling Point",
description: "Boiling Point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from liquid to gas at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "4175 K (3902°C or 7056°F)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "4174°C"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Crustal Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in earth crust",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Not Applicable"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Oceanic Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in ocean",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Not Applicable"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "History",
description: "Element discovery and related information in history",