var listaElementos = [
{
record: {
recordType: "AtomicNumber",
recordNumber: 1,
recordTitle: "Hydrogen",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01022.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Hydrogen"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Hydrogen"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
description: "Element symbol, Also called atomic symbol, typically consists of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet derived from the element name in one of several languages.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "H"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "H"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "InChI=1S/H"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI Key",
description: "International Chemical Identifier hash (InChIKey) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI Key",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "YZCKVEUIGOORGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[1.007 84, 1.008 11]"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1.00794"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1.008"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[1.00784,1.00811]"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1s1",
markup: [
{
start: 2,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Electron Configuration",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1s"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Radius",
description: "Atomic radius is the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell containing electrons.",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_radius",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
name: "Van der Waals Atomic Radius",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "120 pm (Van der Waals)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Empirical Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"J.C. Slater, J Chem Phys, 1964, 41(10), 3199-3205. DOI:10.1063/1.1725697"
],
value: {
number: [
25
],
unit: "pm (Empirical)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Covalent Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"B. Cordero, V. Gómez, A.E. Platero-Prats, M. Revés, J. Echeverría, E. Cremades, F. Barragán, S. Alvarez, Dalton Trans. 2008, 21, 2832-2838. DOI:10.1039/b801115j PMID:18478144."
],
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "31(5) pm (Covalent)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
description: "Oxidation state gives the degree of oxidation of an atom in terms of counting electrons.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/O/O04365.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "+1, -1"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "−1, +1 (an amphoteric oxide)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ground Level",
description: "Also called ground-state level. The ground state electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom with lower energy levels.",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/ASD/Html/iehelp.html#IEGROUNDLEV",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ground Level",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "2S1/2",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 2,
length: 3,
type: "Subscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ionization Energy",
description: "Ionization energy is the minimum energy required to eject an electron out of a neutral atom or molecule in its ground state.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/I/I03199.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "13.598 eV"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ionization Energy",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "13.598434599702 eV (Theoretical value.)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electronegativity",
description: "The concept electronegativity was introduced by L. Pauling as the power of an atom to attract electrons to itself.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01990",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Pauling Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"A.L. Allred, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 1961, 17(3-4), 215-221. DOI:10.1016/0022-1902(61)80142-5"
],
value: {
number: [
2.2
],
unit: "(Pauling Scale)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Allen Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1989, 111, 9003. DOI:10.1021/ja00207a003; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek and L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 2780. DOI:10.1021/ja992866e; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek, E.T. Knight, J.F. Capitani and L.C Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 5132. DOI:10.1021/ja9928677"
],
value: {
number: [
2.3
],
unit: "(Allen Scale)"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Affinity",
description: "Electron affinity refers to energy required to detach an electron from the singly charged negative ion.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01977",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.T Myers, J. Chem. Edu., 1990, 67(4), 307. DOI:10.1021/ed067p307"
],
value: {
number: [
0.754
],
unit: "eV"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.J. Zollweg, J. Chem. Phys., 1969, 50, 4251. DOI:10.1063/1.1670890"
],
value: {
number: [
0.77
],
unit: "eV"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Spectra",
description: "Atomic and ionic spectral lines originate from specified electronic transitions between energy levels of atoms and ions, respectively.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00502.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/lines_hold.pl?el=H",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Lines Holdings"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/levels_hold.pl?el=H",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Levels Holdings"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Physical Description",
description: "Physical description, also know as physical characteristics, refers to physical appearance of element substances.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Gas"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Classification",
description: "Elements can be classified few groups according to each element's chemical properties.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Non-metal"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Period Number",
description: "The element period number refers to a horizontal row of the periodic table. The periodic table has 7 periods.",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/periodic-table-of-the-elements/The-periodic-table#ref80835",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Group Number",
description: "Element group refers to a set of chemical elements in the same vertical column of the periodic table",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/group-periodic-table",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Density",
description: "Density is a degree of consistency measured by the quantity of mass per unit volume",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/D/D01590.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "0.00008988 grams per cubic centimeter"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Melting Point",
description: "The melting point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from solid to liquid at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/melting-point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "13.81 K (-259.34°C or -434.81°F)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "-259.16°C"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Boiling Point",
description: "Boiling Point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from liquid to gas at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "20.28 K (-252.87°C or -423.17°F)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Crustal Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in earth crust",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1.40×103 milligrams per kilogram",
markup: [
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start: 7,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Oceanic Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in ocean",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1.08×105 milligrams per liter",
markup: [
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start: 7,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "History",
description: "Element discovery and related information in history",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "History",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "The name derives from the Greek hydro for \"water\" and genes for \"forming\" because it burned in air to form water. Hydrogen was discovered by the English physicist Henry Cavendish in 1766.",
markup: [
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length: 5,
type: "Italics"
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start: 54,
length: 5,
type: "Italics"
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}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Scientists had been producing hydrogen for years before it was recognized as an element. Written records indicate that Robert Boyle produced hydrogen gas as early as 1671 while experimenting with iron and acids. Hydrogen was first recognized as a distinct element by Henry Cavendish in 1766. Composed of a single proton and a single electron, hydrogen is the simplest and most abundant element in the universe. It is estimated that 90% of the visible universe is composed of hydrogen."
},
{
string: "Hydrogen is the raw fuel that most stars 'burn' to produce energy. The same process, known as fusion, is being studied as a possible power source for use on earth. The sun's supply of hydrogen is expected to last another 5 billion years."
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "From the Greek word hydro (water), and genes (forming). Hydrogen was recognized as a distinct substance by Henry Cavendish in 1776. Diagram of a simple hydrogen atom.",
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{
string: "Hydrogen is the most abundant of all elements in the universe. The heavier elements were originally made from hydrogen atoms or from other elements that were originally made from hydrogen atoms."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Uses",
description: "Uses information in industry and other fields",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Hydrogen is a commercially important element. Large amounts of hydrogen are combined with nitrogen from the air to produce ammonia (NH3) through a process called the Haber process. Hydrogen is also added to fats and oils, such as peanut oil, through a process called hydrogenation. Liquid hydrogen is used in the study of superconductors and, when combined with liquid oxygen, makes an excellent rocket fuel.",
markup: [
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length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
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},
{
string: "Hydrogen combines with other elements to form numerous compounds. Some of the common ones are: water (H2O), ammonia (NH3), methane (CH4), table sugar (C12H22O11), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and hydrochloric acid (HCl).",
markup: [
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start: 103,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
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{
start: 119,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
},
{
start: 134,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
},
{
start: 152,
length: 2,
type: "Subscript"
},
{
start: 155,
length: 2,
type: "Subscript"
},
{
start: 158,
length: 2,
type: "Subscript"
},
{
start: 183,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
},
{
start: 185,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "Hydrogen has three common isotopes. The simplest isotope, called protium, is just ordinary hydrogen. The second, a stable isotope called deuterium, was discovered in 1932. The third isotope, tritium, was discovered in 1934."
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Great quantities of hydrogen are required commercially for nitrogen fixation using the Haber ammonia process, and for the hydrogenation of fats and oils. It is also used in large quantities in methanol production, in hydrodealkylation, hydrocracking, and hydrodesulfurization. Other uses include rocket fuel, welding, producing hydrochloric acid, reducing metallic ores, and filling balloons."
},
{
string: "The lifting power of 1 cubic foot of hydrogen gas is about 0.07 lb at °C, 760 mm pressure."
},
{
string: "The hydrogen fuel cell is a developing technology that will allow great amounts of electrical power to be obtained using a source of hydrogen gas."
},
{
string: "Consideration is being given to an entire economy based on solar- and nuclear-generated hydrogen. Public acceptance, high capital investment, and the high cost of hydrogen with respect to today's fuels are but a few of the problems facing such an economy. Located in remote regions, power plants would electrolyze seawater; the hydrogen produced would travel to distant cities by pipelines. Pollution-free hydrogen could replace natural gas, gasoline, etc., and could serve as a reducing agent in metallurgy, chemical processing, refining, etc. It could also be used to convert trash into methane and ethylene."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Sources",
description: "Sources (where the element come from) information for the given element",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Hydrogen is estimated to make up more than 90% of all the atoms three quarters of the mass of the universe! This element is found in the stars, and plays an important part in powering the universe through both the proton-proton reaction and carbon-nitrogen cycle. Stellar hydrogen fusion processes release massive amounts of energy by combining hydrogens to form helium."
},
{
string: "Production of hydrogen in the U.S. alone amounts to about 3 billion cubic feet per year. Hydrogen is prepared by"
},
{
string: "▸ steam on heated carbon,"
},
{
string: "▸ decomposition of certain hydrocarbons with heat,"
},
{
string: "▸ reaction of sodium or potassium hydroxide on aluminum"
},
{
string: "▸ electrolysis of water, or"
},
{
string: "▸ displacement from acids by certain metals."
},
{
string: "Liquid hydrogen is important in cryogenics and in the study of superconductivity, as its melting point is only 20 degrees above absolute zero."
},
{
string: "Tritium is readily produced in nuclear reactors and is used in the production of the hydrogen bomb."
},
{
string: "Hydrogen is the primary component of Jupiter and the other gas giant planets. At some depth in the planet's interior the pressure is so great that solid molecular hydrogen is converted to solid metallic hydrogen."
},
{
string: "In 1973, a group of Russian experimenters may have produced metallic hydrogen at a pressure of 2.8 Mbar. At the transition the density changed from 1.08 to 1.3 g/cm3. Earlier, in 1972, at Livermore, California, a group also reported on a similar experiment in which they observed a pressure-volume point centered at 2 Mbar. Predictions say that metallic hydrogen may be metastable; others have predicted it would be a superconductor at room temperature.",
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}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Compounds",
description: "Related compounds information to this element",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Although pure hydrogen is a gas, we find very little of it in our atmosphere. Hydrogen gas is so light that, uncombined, hydrogen will gain enough velocity from collisions with other gases that they will quickly be ejected from the atmosphere. On earth, hydrogen occurs chiefly in combination with oxygen in water, but it is also present in organic matter such as living plants, petroleum, coal, etc. It is present as the free element in the atmosphere, but only less than 1 ppm by volume. The lightest of all gases, hydrogen combines with other elements sometimes explosively to form compounds."
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
name: "Molecular Forms",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Quite apart from isotopes, it has been shown that under ordinary conditions hydrogen gas is a mixture of two kinds of molecules, known as ortho- and para-hydrogen, which differ from one another by the spins of their electrons and nuclei."
},
{
string: "Normal hydrogen at room temperature contains 25% of the para form and 75% of the ortho form. The ortho form cannot be prepared in the pure state. Since the two forms differ in energy, the physical properties also differ. The melting and boiling points of parahydrogen are about 0.1°C lower than those of normal hydrogen."
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 7,
name: "Compounds",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Hydrogen",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "See more information at the Hydrogen compound page."
}
]
}
}
],
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Forms",
description: "Other element forms, ions, isotopes, etc.",
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{
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},
{
string: "deuteride"
},
{
string: "hydrogen"
},
{
string: "triton"
},
{
string: "tritium"
},
{
string: "deuterium"
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{
string: "protium"
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string: "tritide"
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{
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},
{
string: "Deuterium is used as a moderator to slow down neutrons. Tritium atoms are also present but in much smaller proportions. Tritium is readily produced in nuclear reactors and is used in the production of the hydrogen (fusion) bomb. It is also used as a radioactive agent in making luminous paints, and as a tracer."
}
]
}
}
],
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tocHeading: "Isotope Mass and Abundance",
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tocHeading: "Atomic Mass, Half Life, and Decay",
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sourceID: "e1",
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licenseURL: "http://www.ciaaw.org/bylaws.htm",
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sourceName: "Jefferson Lab, U.S. Department of Energy",
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description: "Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/",
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sourceName: "Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "lanl1",
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description: "The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.",
url: "https://periodic.lanl.gov/1.shtml",
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sourceName: "NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory",
sourceID: "e1",
name: "Hydrogen",
description: "The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database",
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section: [
{
tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01022.html",
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tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
description: "Element symbol, Also called atomic symbol, typically consists of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet derived from the element name in one of several languages.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
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name: "Element Symbol",
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tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
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tocHeading: "InChI Key",
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url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
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tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
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{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
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},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Radius",
description: "Atomic radius is the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell containing electrons.",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_radius",
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{
tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
description: "Oxidation state gives the degree of oxidation of an atom in terms of counting electrons.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/O/O04365.html",
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},
{
tocHeading: "Ground Level",
description: "Also called ground-state level. The ground state electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom with lower energy levels.",
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},
{
tocHeading: "Ionization Energy",
description: "Ionization energy is the minimum energy required to eject an electron out of a neutral atom or molecule in its ground state.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/I/I03199.html",
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},
{
tocHeading: "Electronegativity",
description: "The concept electronegativity was introduced by L. Pauling as the power of an atom to attract electrons to itself.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01990",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Allen Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1989, 111, 9003. DOI:10.1021/ja00207a003; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek and L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 2780. DOI:10.1021/ja992866e; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek, E.T. Knight, J.F. Capitani and L.C Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 5132. DOI:10.1021/ja9928677"
],
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number: [
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unit: "(Allen Scale)"
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]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Affinity",
description: "Electron affinity refers to energy required to detach an electron from the singly charged negative ion.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01977",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.T Myers, J. Chem. Edu., 1990, 67(4), 307. DOI:10.1021/ed067p307"
],
value: {
number: [
0
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unit: "eV"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.J. Zollweg, J. Chem. Phys., 1969, 50, 4251. DOI:10.1063/1.1670890"
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value: {
number: [
-0.3
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unit: "eV"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Spectra",
description: "Atomic and ionic spectral lines originate from specified electronic transitions between energy levels of atoms and ions, respectively.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00502.html",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
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string: "Lines Holdings"
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stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Levels Holdings"
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},
{
tocHeading: "Physical Description",
description: "Physical description, also know as physical characteristics, refers to physical appearance of element substances.",
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Gas"
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}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Classification",
description: "Elements can be classified few groups according to each element's chemical properties.",
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Non-metal"
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},
{
tocHeading: "Element Period Number",
description: "The element period number refers to a horizontal row of the periodic table. The periodic table has 7 periods.",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/periodic-table-of-the-elements/The-periodic-table#ref80835",
information: [
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value: {
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},
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tocHeading: "Element Group Number",
description: "Element group refers to a set of chemical elements in the same vertical column of the periodic table",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/group-periodic-table",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "18 - Noble Gas"
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]
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}
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},
{
tocHeading: "Density",
description: "Density is a degree of consistency measured by the quantity of mass per unit volume",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/D/D01590.html",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "0.0008999 grams per cubic centimeter"
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}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Melting Point",
description: "The melting point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from solid to liquid at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/melting-point",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "24.56 K (-248.59°C or -415.46°F)"
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}
},
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referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
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string: "-258.59°C"
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}
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]
},
{
tocHeading: "Boiling Point",
description: "Boiling Point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from liquid to gas at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_point",
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
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string: "27.07 K (-246.08°C or -410.94°F)"
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}
},
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referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
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string: "-246.046°C"
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}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Crustal Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in earth crust",
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stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "The name derives from the Greek neos for \"new\". It was discovered from its bright orange spectral lines by the Scottish chemist William Ramsay and the English chemist Morris William Travers in 1898 from a liquefied air sample.",
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string: "Neon was discovered by Sir William Ramsay, a Scottish chemist, and Morris M. Travers, an English chemist, shortly after their discovery of the element krypton in 1898. Like krypton, neon was discovered through the study of liquefied air. Although neon is the fourth most abundant element in the universe, only 0.0018% of the earth's atmosphere is neon."
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}
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string: "From the Greek word neos, new. Discovered by Ramsay and Travers in 1898. Neon is a rare gaseous element present in the atmosphere to the extent of 1 part in 65,000 of air. It is obtained by liquefaction of air and separated from the other gases by fractional distillation."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Uses",
description: "Uses information in industry and other fields",
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value: {
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string: "The largest use for neon gas is in advertising signs. Neon is also used to make high voltage indicators and is combined with helium to make helium-neon lasers. Liquid neon is used as a cryogenic refrigerant. Neon is highly inert and forms no known compounds, although there is some evidence that it could form a compound with fluorine."
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string: "Although neon advertising signs account for the bulk of its use, neon also functions in high-voltage indicators, lightning arrestors, wave meter tubes, and TV tubes. Neon and helium are used in making gas lasers. Liquid neon is now commercially available and is finding important application as an economical cryogenic refrigerant."
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]
}
}
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{
tocHeading: "Compounds",
description: "Related compounds information to this element",
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string: "Neon is a very inert element, however, it has been reported to form a compound with fluorine. It is still questionable if true compounds of neon exist, but evidence is mounting in favor of their existence. The ions, Ne+, (NeAr)+, (NeH)+, and (HeNe+) are known from optical and mass spectrometric studies. Neon also forms an unstable hydrate."
}
]
}
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stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "See more information at the Neon compound page."
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{
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string: "31.033474816 ± 0.000285772"
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string: "32.039720 ± 0.00054 [Estimated]"
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{
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string: "20 ms ± 1"
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{
string: "14.7 ms ± 0.4"
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{
string: "7.22 ms ± 0.18"
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string: "3.4 ms ± 0.8"
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string: "3.5 ms ± 0.9"
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reference: [
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sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "PubChem",
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{
referenceNumber: 2,
sourceName: "Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)",
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name: "Ne",
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url: "https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/",
anid: 6590237
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{
referenceNumber: 3,
sourceName: "Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)",
sourceID: "a10",
name: "Neon",
description: "Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report) and CIAAW. The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/",
url: "http://www.ciaaw.org/neon.htm",
licenseURL: "http://www.ciaaw.org/bylaws.htm",
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{
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sourceName: "Jefferson Lab, U.S. Department of Energy",
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description: "Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/",
url: "https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele010.html",
licenseNote: "Please see citation and linking information: https://education.jlab.org/faq/index.html",
licenseURL: "https://www.jlab.org/privacy-and-security-notice",
anid: 507072
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{
referenceNumber: 5,
sourceName: "Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy",
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url: "https://periodic.lanl.gov/10.shtml",
anid: 507190
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
sourceName: "NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory",
sourceID: "e10",
name: "Neon",
description: "The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Elements/elInfo.pl?element=10",
licenseURL: "https://www.nist.gov/pml/database-disclaimer",
anid: 2292627
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
sourceName: "PubChem Elements",
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name: "Ne",
description: "The element property data was retrieved from publications.",
anid: 7660011
},
{
referenceNumber: 7,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "10",
name: "Neon",
description: "This section provides all form of data related to element Neon.",
anid: 694303
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{
record: {
recordType: "AtomicNumber",
recordNumber: 11,
recordTitle: "Sodium",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01022.html",
information: [
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name: "Element Name",
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string: "Sodium"
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]
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name: "Element Name",
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string: "Sodium"
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}
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{
tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
description: "Element symbol, Also called atomic symbol, typically consists of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet derived from the element name in one of several languages.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
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string: "Na"
}
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}
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referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Na"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "InChI=1S/Na"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI Key",
description: "International Chemical Identifier hash (InChIKey) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI Key",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "KEAYESYHFKHZAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
information: [
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name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "22.989 769 28(2)"
}
]
}
},
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "22.98976928"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "22.99"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "22.98976928(2)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
information: [
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value: {
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type: "Superscript"
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}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Electron Configuration",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "[Ne]3s"
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]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Radius",
description: "Atomic radius is the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell containing electrons.",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_radius",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
name: "Van der Waals Atomic Radius",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "227 pm (Van der Waals)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Empirical Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"J.C. Slater, J Chem Phys, 1964, 41(10), 3199-3205. DOI:10.1063/1.1725697"
],
value: {
number: [
180
],
unit: "pm (Empirical)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Covalent Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"B. Cordero, V. Gómez, A.E. Platero-Prats, M. Revés, J. Echeverría, E. Cremades, F. Barragán, S. Alvarez, Dalton Trans. 2008, 21, 2832-2838. DOI:10.1039/b801115j PMID:18478144."
],
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "166(9) pm (Covalent)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
description: "Oxidation state gives the degree of oxidation of an atom in terms of counting electrons.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/O/O04365.html",
information: [
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value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "+1"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ground Level",
description: "Also called ground-state level. The ground state electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom with lower energy levels.",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/ASD/Html/iehelp.html#IEGROUNDLEV",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ground Level",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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type: "Subscript"
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}
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]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ionization Energy",
description: "Ionization energy is the minimum energy required to eject an electron out of a neutral atom or molecule in its ground state.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/I/I03199.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "5.139 eV"
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]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ionization Energy",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "5.13907696 eV"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electronegativity",
description: "The concept electronegativity was introduced by L. Pauling as the power of an atom to attract electrons to itself.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01990",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Pauling Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"A.L. Allred, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 1961, 17(3-4), 215-221. DOI:10.1016/0022-1902(61)80142-5"
],
value: {
number: [
0.93
],
unit: "(Pauling Scale)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Allen Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1989, 111, 9003. DOI:10.1021/ja00207a003; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek and L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 2780. DOI:10.1021/ja992866e; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek, E.T. Knight, J.F. Capitani and L.C Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 5132. DOI:10.1021/ja9928677"
],
value: {
number: [
0.869
],
unit: "(Allen Scale)"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Affinity",
description: "Electron affinity refers to energy required to detach an electron from the singly charged negative ion.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01977",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.T Myers, J. Chem. Edu., 1990, 67(4), 307. DOI:10.1021/ed067p307"
],
value: {
number: [
0.548
],
unit: "eV"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.J. Zollweg, J. Chem. Phys., 1969, 50, 4251. DOI:10.1063/1.1670890"
],
value: {
number: [
0.54
],
unit: "eV"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Spectra",
description: "Atomic and ionic spectral lines originate from specified electronic transitions between energy levels of atoms and ions, respectively.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00502.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/lines_hold.pl?el=Na",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Lines Holdings"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/levels_hold.pl?el=Na",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Levels Holdings"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Physical Description",
description: "Physical description, also know as physical characteristics, refers to physical appearance of element substances.",
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value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Solid"
}
]
}
}
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},
{
tocHeading: "Element Classification",
description: "Elements can be classified few groups according to each element's chemical properties.",
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value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Metal"
}
]
}
}
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},
{
tocHeading: "Element Period Number",
description: "The element period number refers to a horizontal row of the periodic table. The periodic table has 7 periods.",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/periodic-table-of-the-elements/The-periodic-table#ref80835",
information: [
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value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "3"
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}
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},
{
tocHeading: "Element Group Number",
description: "Element group refers to a set of chemical elements in the same vertical column of the periodic table",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/group-periodic-table",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "1 - Alkali Metal"
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]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Density",
description: "Density is a degree of consistency measured by the quantity of mass per unit volume",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/D/D01590.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "0.97 grams per cubic centimeter"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Melting Point",
description: "The melting point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from solid to liquid at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/melting-point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "370.95 K (97.80°C or 208.04°F)"
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]
}
},
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referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "97.8°C"
}
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}
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},
{
tocHeading: "Boiling Point",
description: "Boiling Point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from liquid to gas at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_point",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "1156 K (883°C or 1621°F)"
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}
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string: "883°C"
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},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Crustal Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in earth crust",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust",
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value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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}
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]
},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Oceanic Abundance",
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value: {
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tocHeading: "History",
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string: "The name derives from the English soda and Latin sodanum for \"headache remedy\". The symbol Na derives from the Latin natrium for \"natron\" (soda in English). Sodium was discovered in 1807 by the English chemist Humphry Davy from electrolysis of caustic soda (NaOH).",
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string: "From the English word, soda; Medieval Latin, sodanum: a headache remedy. Long recognized in compounds, sodium was first isolated by Davy in 1807 by electrolysis of caustic soda."
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]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Description",
description: "Description about this element",
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value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Sodium, like every reactive element, is never found free in nature. Sodium is a soft, bright, silvery metal which floats on water. Decomposition in water results in the evolution of hydrogen and the formation of the hydroxide. It may or may not ignite spontaneously on water, depending on the amount of oxide and metal exposed to the water. It normally does not ignite in air at temperatures below 115°C."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Uses",
description: "Uses information in industry and other fields",
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string: "Sodium is used in the production of titanium, sodamide, sodium cyanide, sodium peroxide, and sodium hydride. Liquid sodium has been used as a coolant for nuclear reactors. Sodium vapor is used in streetlights and produces a brilliant yellow light."
},
{
string: "Sodium also forms many useful compounds. Some of the most common are: table salt (NaCl), soda ash (Na2CO3), baking soda (NaHCO3), caustic soda (NaOH), Chile saltpeter (NaNO3) and borax (Na2B4O7·10H2O).",
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string: "An alloy of sodium with potassium, NaK, is an important heat transfer agent."
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tocHeading: "Sources",
description: "Sources (where the element come from) information for the given element",
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value: {
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string: "Sodium is present in fair abundance in the sun and stars. The D lines of sodium are among the most prominent in the solar spectrum. Sodium is the fourth most abundant element on earth, comprising about 2.6% of the earth's crust; it is the most abundant of the alkali group of metals."
},
{
string: "It is now obtained commercially by the electrolysis of absolutely dry fused sodium chloride. This method is much cheaper than that of electrolyzing sodium hydroxide, as was used several years ago."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Compounds",
description: "Related compounds information to this element",
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value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "The most common compound is sodium chloride (table salt), but it occurs in many other minerals, such as soda niter, cryolite, amphibole, zeolite, etc."
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},
{
string: "Among the many compounds that are of the greatest industrial importance are common salt (NaCl), soda ash (Na2CO3), baking soda (NaHCO3), caustic soda (NaOH), Chile saltpeter (NaNO3), di- and tri-sodium phosphates, sodium thiosulfate (hypo, Na2S2O3 • 5H2O), and borax (Na2B4O7 • 10H2O).",
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type: "Subscript"
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stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "See more information at the Sodium compound page."
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{
tocHeading: "Handling and Storage",
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}
]
}
}
]
},
{
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stringWithMarkup: [
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],
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Isotope Mass and Abundance",
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sourceName: "PubChem",
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url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"
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{
referenceNumber: 2,
sourceName: "Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)",
sourceID: "e11",
name: "Na",
description: "The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.",
url: "https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/",
anid: 6590238
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{
referenceNumber: 3,
sourceName: "Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)",
sourceID: "a11",
name: "Sodium",
description: "Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report) and CIAAW. The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/",
url: "http://www.ciaaw.org/sodium.htm",
licenseURL: "http://www.ciaaw.org/bylaws.htm",
anid: 2292392
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referenceNumber: 4,
sourceName: "Jefferson Lab, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "jlab11",
name: "Sodium",
description: "Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/",
url: "https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele011.html",
licenseNote: "Please see citation and linking information: https://education.jlab.org/faq/index.html",
licenseURL: "https://www.jlab.org/privacy-and-security-notice",
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referenceNumber: 5,
sourceName: "Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy",
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description: "The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.",
url: "https://periodic.lanl.gov/11.shtml",
anid: 507191
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{
referenceNumber: 6,
sourceName: "NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory",
sourceID: "e11",
name: "Sodium",
description: "The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Elements/elInfo.pl?element=11",
licenseURL: "https://www.nist.gov/pml/database-disclaimer",
anid: 2292628
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description: "The element property data was retrieved from publications.",
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referenceNumber: 7,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "11",
name: "Sodium",
description: "This section provides all form of data related to element Sodium.",
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recordNumber: 12,
recordTitle: "Magnesium",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01022.html",
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tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
description: "Element symbol, Also called atomic symbol, typically consists of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet derived from the element name in one of several languages.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
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]
}
}
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},
{
tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
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name: "InChI",
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}
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]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI Key",
description: "International Chemical Identifier hash (InChIKey) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI Key",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
information: [
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name: "Atomic Weight",
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stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "[24.304, 24.307]"
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value: {
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{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
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},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Radius",
description: "Atomic radius is the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell containing electrons.",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_radius",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
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value: {
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{
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number: [
150
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unit: "pm (Empirical)"
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},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Covalent Atomic Radius",
reference: [
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},
{
tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
description: "Oxidation state gives the degree of oxidation of an atom in terms of counting electrons.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/O/O04365.html",
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},
{
tocHeading: "Ground Level",
description: "Also called ground-state level. The ground state electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom with lower energy levels.",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/ASD/Html/iehelp.html#IEGROUNDLEV",
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{
tocHeading: "Ionization Energy",
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url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/I/I03199.html",
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},
{
tocHeading: "Electronegativity",
description: "The concept electronegativity was introduced by L. Pauling as the power of an atom to attract electrons to itself.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01990",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Pauling Scale Electronegativity",
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],
value: {
number: [
1.31
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unit: "(Pauling Scale)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Allen Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1989, 111, 9003. DOI:10.1021/ja00207a003; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek and L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 2780. DOI:10.1021/ja992866e; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek, E.T. Knight, J.F. Capitani and L.C Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 5132. DOI:10.1021/ja9928677"
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},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Affinity",
description: "Electron affinity refers to energy required to detach an electron from the singly charged negative ion.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01977",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.T Myers, J. Chem. Edu., 1990, 67(4), 307. DOI:10.1021/ed067p307"
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value: {
number: [
0
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unit: "eV"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
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],
value: {
number: [
-0.22
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unit: "eV"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Spectra",
description: "Atomic and ionic spectral lines originate from specified electronic transitions between energy levels of atoms and ions, respectively.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00502.html",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/lines_hold.pl?el=Mg",
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stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Solid"
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},
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tocHeading: "Element Classification",
description: "Elements can be classified few groups according to each element's chemical properties.",
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url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/periodic-table-of-the-elements/The-periodic-table#ref80835",
information: [
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tocHeading: "Element Group Number",
description: "Element group refers to a set of chemical elements in the same vertical column of the periodic table",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/group-periodic-table",
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stringWithMarkup: [
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tocHeading: "Density",
description: "Density is a degree of consistency measured by the quantity of mass per unit volume",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/D/D01590.html",
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tocHeading: "Melting Point",
description: "The melting point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from solid to liquid at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/melting-point",
information: [
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tocHeading: "Estimated Crustal Abundance",
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string: "Magnesium oxide (MgO), also known as magnesia, is the second most abundant compound in the earth's crust. Magnesium oxide is used in some antacids, in making crucibles and insulating materials, in refining some metals from their ores and in some types of cements. When combined with water (H2O), magnesia forms magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)2), better known as milk of magnesia, which is commonly used as an antacid and as a laxative.",
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string: "Hydrated magnesium sulphate (MgSO4·7H2O), better known as Epsom salt, was discovered in 1618 by a farmer in Epsom, England, when his cows refused to drink the water from a certain mineral well. He tasted the water and found that it tasted very bitter. He also noticed that it helped heal scratches and rashes on his skin. Epsom salt is still used today to treat minor skin abrasions.",
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string: "Other magnesium compounds include magnesium carbonate (MgCO3) and magnesium fluoride (MgF2). Magnesium carbonate is used to make some types of paints and inks and is added to table salt to prevent caking. A thin film of magnesium fluoride is applied to optical lenses to help reduce glare and reflections.",
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},
{
string: "It is also used as a reducing agent in the production of pure uranium and other metals from their salts. The hydroxide (milk of magnesia), chloride, sulfate (Epsom salts), and citrate are used in medicine. Dead-burned magnesite is employed for refractory purposes such as brick and liners in furnaces and converters."
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]
}
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start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
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}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Atomic Mass and Uncertainty [u]",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "19.034169182 ± 0.000053678"
},
{
string: "20.018763075 ± 0.000002"
},
{
string: "21.011705764 ± 0.00000081"
},
{
string: "21.999570654 ± 0.000000335"
},
{
string: "22.994123941 ± 0.00000017"
},
{
string: "23.985041697 ± 0.000000014"
},
{
string: "24.985836964 ± 0.00000005"
},
{
string: "25.982592971 ± 0.000000032"
},
{
string: "26.984340628 ± 0.000000053"
},
{
string: "27.983876606 ± 0.000002148"
},
{
string: "28.988617393 ± 0.000012238"
},
{
string: "29.990462826 ± 0.0000037"
},
{
string: "30.996648232 ± 0.0000033"
},
{
string: "31.999110139 ± 0.0000035"
},
{
string: "33.005327245 ± 0.0000031"
},
{
string: "34.008935481 ± 0.000031"
},
{
string: "35.016790000 ± 0.0002895"
},
{
string: "36.021879000 ± 0.000741"
},
{
string: "37.030286265 ± 0.00075035"
},
{
string: "38.036580 ± 0.00054 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "39.045384 ± 0.000551 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "40.051906 ± 0.000537 [Estimated]"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Half Life and Uncertainty",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "5 ps ± 3"
},
{
string: "93 ms ± 5"
},
{
string: "118.6 ms ± 0.5"
},
{
string: "3.875 s ± 0.0012"
},
{
string: "11.317 s ± 0.011"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "9.435 m ± 0.027"
},
{
string: "20.915 h ± 0.009"
},
{
string: "1.30 s ± 0.12"
},
{
string: "313 ms ± 4"
},
{
string: "236 ms ± 20"
},
{
string: "86 ms ± 5"
},
{
string: "90.5 ms ± 1.6"
},
{
string: "20 ms ± 10"
},
{
string: "70 ms ± 40"
},
{
string: "3.9 ms ± 1.3"
},
{
string: "8 ms ± 4"
},
{
string: "1 ms ± >260ns [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "Not-specified ± <180ns"
},
{
string: "1 ms ± >170ns [Estimated]"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Discovery Year",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "2007"
},
{
string: "1974"
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{
string: "1963"
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{
string: "1961"
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{
string: "1939"
},
{
string: "1920"
},
{
string: "1920"
},
{
string: "1920"
},
{
string: "1934"
},
{
string: "1953"
},
{
string: "1971"
},
{
string: "1971"
},
{
string: "1977"
},
{
string: "1977"
},
{
string: "1979"
},
{
string: "1979"
},
{
string: "1989"
},
{
string: "1989"
},
{
string: "1996"
},
{
string: "2002"
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: "2007"
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]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Decay Modes, Intensities and Uncertainties [%]",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "2p=100%"
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{
string: "β+=100%; β+p=30.3±1.2%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β+=100%; β+p=32.6±1%; β+α=?; β+pα=0.016±0.3%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 23,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 30,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IS=78.99±0.4%"
},
{
string: "IS=10.00±0.1%"
},
{
string: "IS=11.01±0.3%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n<0.06%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=6.2±1.9%",
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type: "Superscript"
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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string: "β-=100%; β-n=5.5±0.5%",
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string: "β-=100%; β-n=14±0.2%; β-2n=3%[Estimated]",
markup: [
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start: 10,
length: 1,
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string: "β-=100%; β-n=30%[Estimated]; β-2n=0.4%[Estimated]",
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string: "β-=100%; β-n=52±4.6%; β-2n=20%[Estimated]",
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string: "β- ?; β-n=80%[Estimated]; β-2n=20%[Estimated]",
markup: [
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start: 7,
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},
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string: "β-=100%[Estimated]; β-n=80%[Estimated]; β-2n=7%[Estimated]",
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{
string: "n ?"
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}
],
reference: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "PubChem",
description: "Data deposited in or computed by PubChem",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
sourceName: "Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)",
sourceID: "e12",
name: "Mg",
description: "The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.",
url: "https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/",
anid: 6590239
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
sourceName: "Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)",
sourceID: "a12",
name: "Magnesium",
description: "Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report) and CIAAW. The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/",
url: "http://www.ciaaw.org/magnesium.htm",
licenseURL: "http://www.ciaaw.org/bylaws.htm",
anid: 2292393
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
sourceName: "Jefferson Lab, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "jlab12",
name: "Magnesium",
description: "Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/",
url: "https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele012.html",
licenseNote: "Please see citation and linking information: https://education.jlab.org/faq/index.html",
licenseURL: "https://www.jlab.org/privacy-and-security-notice",
anid: 507074
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
sourceName: "Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "lanl12",
name: "Magnesium",
description: "The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.",
url: "https://periodic.lanl.gov/12.shtml",
anid: 507192
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
sourceName: "NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory",
sourceID: "e12",
name: "Magnesium",
description: "The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Elements/elInfo.pl?element=12",
licenseURL: "https://www.nist.gov/pml/database-disclaimer",
anid: 2292629
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
sourceName: "PubChem Elements",
sourceID: "12",
name: "Mg",
description: "The element property data was retrieved from publications.",
anid: 7660013
},
{
referenceNumber: 7,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "12",
name: "Magnesium",
description: "This section provides all form of data related to element Magnesium.",
anid: 694305
}
]
}
},
{
record: {
recordType: "AtomicNumber",
recordNumber: 13,
recordTitle: "Aluminum",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01022.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Aluminum"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Aluminium"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
description: "Element symbol, Also called atomic symbol, typically consists of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet derived from the element name in one of several languages.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Al"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Al"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "InChI=1S/Al"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI Key",
description: "International Chemical Identifier hash (InChIKey) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI Key",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "26.981 5384(3)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "26.9815385"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "26.98"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "26.9815385(7)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[Ne]3s23p1",
markup: [
{
start: 6,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 9,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Electron Configuration",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[Ne]3s2 3p",
markup: [
{
start: 6,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Radius",
description: "Atomic radius is the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell containing electrons.",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_radius",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
name: "Van der Waals Atomic Radius",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "184 pm (Van der Waals)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Empirical Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"J.C. Slater, J Chem Phys, 1964, 41(10), 3199-3205. DOI:10.1063/1.1725697"
],
value: {
number: [
125
],
unit: "pm (Empirical)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Covalent Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"B. Cordero, V. Gómez, A.E. Platero-Prats, M. Revés, J. Echeverría, E. Cremades, F. Barragán, S. Alvarez, Dalton Trans. 2008, 21, 2832-2838. DOI:10.1039/b801115j PMID:18478144."
],
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "121(4) pm (Covalent)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
description: "Oxidation state gives the degree of oxidation of an atom in terms of counting electrons.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/O/O04365.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "+3"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "+3, +2, +1, −1, −2 (an amphoteric oxide)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ground Level",
description: "Also called ground-state level. The ground state electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom with lower energy levels.",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/ASD/Html/iehelp.html#IEGROUNDLEV",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ground Level",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "2P°1/2",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 3,
length: 3,
type: "Subscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ionization Energy",
description: "Ionization energy is the minimum energy required to eject an electron out of a neutral atom or molecule in its ground state.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/I/I03199.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "5.986 eV"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ionization Energy",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "5.985769 eV"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electronegativity",
description: "The concept electronegativity was introduced by L. Pauling as the power of an atom to attract electrons to itself.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01990",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Pauling Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"A.L. Allred, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 1961, 17(3-4), 215-221. DOI:10.1016/0022-1902(61)80142-5"
],
value: {
number: [
1.61
],
unit: "(Pauling Scale)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Allen Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1989, 111, 9003. DOI:10.1021/ja00207a003; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek and L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 2780. DOI:10.1021/ja992866e; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek, E.T. Knight, J.F. Capitani and L.C Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 5132. DOI:10.1021/ja9928677"
],
value: {
number: [
1.613
],
unit: "(Allen Scale)"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Affinity",
description: "Electron affinity refers to energy required to detach an electron from the singly charged negative ion.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01977",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.T Myers, J. Chem. Edu., 1990, 67(4), 307. DOI:10.1021/ed067p307"
],
value: {
number: [
0.441
],
unit: "eV"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.J. Zollweg, J. Chem. Phys., 1969, 50, 4251. DOI:10.1063/1.1670890"
],
value: {
number: [
0.2
],
unit: "eV"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Spectra",
description: "Atomic and ionic spectral lines originate from specified electronic transitions between energy levels of atoms and ions, respectively.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00502.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/lines_hold.pl?el=Al",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Lines Holdings"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/levels_hold.pl?el=Al",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Levels Holdings"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Physical Description",
description: "Physical description, also know as physical characteristics, refers to physical appearance of element substances.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Solid"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Classification",
description: "Elements can be classified few groups according to each element's chemical properties.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Metal"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Period Number",
description: "The element period number refers to a horizontal row of the periodic table. The periodic table has 7 periods.",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/periodic-table-of-the-elements/The-periodic-table#ref80835",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "3"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Group Number",
description: "Element group refers to a set of chemical elements in the same vertical column of the periodic table",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/group-periodic-table",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "13"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Density",
description: "Density is a degree of consistency measured by the quantity of mass per unit volume",
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tocHeading: "Melting Point",
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tocHeading: "Boiling Point",
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tocHeading: "Estimated Crustal Abundance",
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string: "Friedrich Wohler is generally credited with having isolated the metal in 1827, although an impure form was prepared by Oersted two years earlier. In 1807, Davy proposed the name aluminium for the metal, undiscovered at that time, and later agreed to change it to aluminum. Shortly thereafter, the name aluminum was adopted to conform with the \"ium\" ending of most elements."
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string: "Aluminium was also the accepted spelling in the U.S. until 1925, at which time the American Chemical Society decided to use the name aluminum thereafter in their publications. See the Wikipedia entry on Aluminium for additional discussion on the spelling of this element."
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string: "With an easy way to extract aluminum from aluminum oxide and an easy way to extract large amounts of aluminum oxide from bauxite, the era of inexpensive aluminum had begun. In 1888, Hall formed the Pittsburgh Reduction Company, which is now known as the Aluminum Company of America, or Alcoa. When it opened, his company could produce about 25 kilograms of aluminum a day. By 1909, his company was producing about 41,000 kilograms of aluminum a day. As a result of this huge increase of supply, the price of aluminum fell rapidly to about $0.60 per kilogram."
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{
string: "Today, aluminum and aluminum alloys are used in a wide variety of products: cans, foils and kitchen utensils, as well as parts of airplanes, rockets and other items that require a strong, light material. Although it doesn't conduct electricity as well as copper, it is used in electrical transmission lines because of its light weight. It can be deposited on the surface of glass to make mirrors, where a thin layer of aluminum oxide quickly forms that acts as a protective coating. Aluminum oxide is also used to make synthetic rubies and sapphires for lasers."
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{
string: "These alloys are of vital importance in the construction of modern aircraft and rockets. Aluminum, evaporated in a vacuum, forms a highly reflective coating for both visible light and radiant heat. These coatings soon form a thin layer of the protective oxide and do not deteriorate as do silver coatings. They are used to coat telescope mirrors and to make decorative paper, packages, and toys."
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{
tocHeading: "Sources",
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string: "The method of obtaining aluminum metal by the electrolysis of alumina dissolved in cryolite was discovered in 1886 by Hall in the U.S. and at about the same time by Heroult in France. Cryolite, a natural ore found in Greenland, is no longer widely used in commercial production, but has been replaced by an artificial mixture of sodium, aluminum, and calcium fluorides."
},
{
string: "Aluminum can now be produced from clay, but the process is not economically feasible at present. Aluminum is the most abundant metal to be found in the earth's crust (8.1%), but is never found free in nature. In addition to the minerals mentioned above, it is also found in granite and in many other common minerals."
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]
}
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{
tocHeading: "Compounds",
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string: "The compounds of greatest importance are aluminum oxide, the sulfate, and the soluble sulfate with potassium (alum). The oxide, alumina, occurs naturally as ruby (Al2O3), sapphire, corundum, and emery, and is used in glassmaking and refractories. Synthetic ruby and sapphire are used in lasers for producing coherent light.",
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stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "See more information at the Aluminum compound page."
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{
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string: "39.022169 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "40.029619 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "41.035878 ± 0.000537 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "42.043049 ± 0.000644 [Estimated]"
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{
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string: "200 ns ± 20"
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{
string: "41.7 ms ± 0.2"
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string: "56.3 ms ± 0.5"
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{
string: "37.2 ms ± 0.8"
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string: "11.5 ms ± 0.4"
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string: "9.0 ms ± 0.7"
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string: "7.6 ms ± 1.6"
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{
string: "2 ms ± >260ns [Estimated]"
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{
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reference: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "PubChem",
description: "Data deposited in or computed by PubChem",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
sourceName: "Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)",
sourceID: "e13",
name: "Al",
description: "The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.",
url: "https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/",
anid: 6590240
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
sourceName: "Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)",
sourceID: "a13",
name: "Aluminium",
description: "Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report) and CIAAW. The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/",
url: "http://www.ciaaw.org/aluminium.htm",
licenseURL: "http://www.ciaaw.org/bylaws.htm",
anid: 2292394
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{
referenceNumber: 4,
sourceName: "Jefferson Lab, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "jlab13",
name: "Aluminum",
description: "Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/",
url: "https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele013.html",
licenseNote: "Please see citation and linking information: https://education.jlab.org/faq/index.html",
licenseURL: "https://www.jlab.org/privacy-and-security-notice",
anid: 507075
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{
referenceNumber: 5,
sourceName: "Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "lanl13",
name: "Aluminum",
description: "The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.",
url: "https://periodic.lanl.gov/13.shtml",
anid: 507193
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
sourceName: "NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory",
sourceID: "e13",
name: "Aluminum",
description: "The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Elements/elInfo.pl?element=13",
licenseURL: "https://www.nist.gov/pml/database-disclaimer",
anid: 2292630
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
sourceName: "PubChem Elements",
sourceID: "13",
name: "Al",
description: "The element property data was retrieved from publications.",
anid: 7660014
},
{
referenceNumber: 7,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "13",
name: "Aluminum",
description: "This section provides all form of data related to element Aluminum.",
anid: 694306
}
]
}
},
{
record: {
recordType: "AtomicNumber",
recordNumber: 14,
recordTitle: "Silicon",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01022.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Silicon"
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]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Silicon"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
description: "Element symbol, Also called atomic symbol, typically consists of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet derived from the element name in one of several languages.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Si"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Si"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "InChI=1S/Si"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI Key",
description: "International Chemical Identifier hash (InChIKey) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI Key",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[28.084, 28.086]"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "28.0855"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "28.09"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[28.084,28.086]"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "[Ne]3s23p2",
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type: "Superscript"
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start: 9,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Electron Configuration",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[Ne]3s2 3p2",
markup: [
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start: 6,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Radius",
description: "Atomic radius is the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell containing electrons.",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_radius",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
name: "Van der Waals Atomic Radius",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "210 pm (Van der Waals)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Empirical Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"J.C. Slater, J Chem Phys, 1964, 41(10), 3199-3205. DOI:10.1063/1.1725697"
],
value: {
number: [
110
],
unit: "pm (Empirical)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Covalent Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"B. Cordero, V. Gómez, A.E. Platero-Prats, M. Revés, J. Echeverría, E. Cremades, F. Barragán, S. Alvarez, Dalton Trans. 2008, 21, 2832-2838. DOI:10.1039/b801115j PMID:18478144."
],
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "111(2) pm (Covalent)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
description: "Oxidation state gives the degree of oxidation of an atom in terms of counting electrons.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/O/O04365.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "+4, +2, -4"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "4, 3, 2, 1 −1, −2, −3, −4 (an amphoteric oxide)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ground Level",
description: "Also called ground-state level. The ground state electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom with lower energy levels.",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/ASD/Html/iehelp.html#IEGROUNDLEV",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ground Level",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "3P0",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 2,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ionization Energy",
description: "Ionization energy is the minimum energy required to eject an electron out of a neutral atom or molecule in its ground state.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/I/I03199.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "8.152 eV"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ionization Energy",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "8.15168 eV"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electronegativity",
description: "The concept electronegativity was introduced by L. Pauling as the power of an atom to attract electrons to itself.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01990",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Pauling Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"A.L. Allred, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 1961, 17(3-4), 215-221. DOI:10.1016/0022-1902(61)80142-5"
],
value: {
number: [
1.9
],
unit: "(Pauling Scale)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Allen Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1989, 111, 9003. DOI:10.1021/ja00207a003; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek and L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 2780. DOI:10.1021/ja992866e; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek, E.T. Knight, J.F. Capitani and L.C Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 5132. DOI:10.1021/ja9928677"
],
value: {
number: [
1.916
],
unit: "(Allen Scale)"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Affinity",
description: "Electron affinity refers to energy required to detach an electron from the singly charged negative ion.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01977",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.T Myers, J. Chem. Edu., 1990, 67(4), 307. DOI:10.1021/ed067p307"
],
value: {
number: [
1.385
],
unit: "eV"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.J. Zollweg, J. Chem. Phys., 1969, 50, 4251. DOI:10.1063/1.1670890"
],
value: {
number: [
1.36
],
unit: "eV"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Spectra",
description: "Atomic and ionic spectral lines originate from specified electronic transitions between energy levels of atoms and ions, respectively.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00502.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/lines_hold.pl?el=Si",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Lines Holdings"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/levels_hold.pl?el=Si",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Levels Holdings"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Physical Description",
description: "Physical description, also know as physical characteristics, refers to physical appearance of element substances.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Solid"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Classification",
description: "Elements can be classified few groups according to each element's chemical properties.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Semi-metal"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Period Number",
description: "The element period number refers to a horizontal row of the periodic table. The periodic table has 7 periods.",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/periodic-table-of-the-elements/The-periodic-table#ref80835",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "3"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Group Number",
description: "Element group refers to a set of chemical elements in the same vertical column of the periodic table",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/group-periodic-table",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "14"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Density",
description: "Density is a degree of consistency measured by the quantity of mass per unit volume",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/D/D01590.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "2.3296 grams per cubic centimeter"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Melting Point",
description: "The melting point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from solid to liquid at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/melting-point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1687 K (1414°C or 2577°F)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1414°C"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Boiling Point",
description: "Boiling Point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from liquid to gas at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "3538 K (3265°C or 5909°F)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "3265°C"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Crustal Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in earth crust",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "2.82×105 milligrams per kilogram",
markup: [
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string: "Silicon dioxide (SiO2), silicon's most common compound, is the most abundant compound in the earth's crust. It commonly takes the form of ordinary sand, but also exists as quartz, rock crystal, amethyst, agate, flint, jasper and opal. Silicon dioxide is extensively used in the manufacture of glass and bricks. Silica gel, a colloidal form of silicon dioxide, easily absorbs moisture and is used as a desiccant.",
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string: "Hydrogenated amorphous silicon has shown promise in producing economical cells for converting solar energy into electricity."
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{
string: "Silicon is important to plant and animal life. Diatoms in both fresh and salt water extract Silica from the water to build their cell walls. Silica is present in the ashes of plants and in the human skeleton. Silicon is an important ingredient in steel; silicon carbide is one of the most important abrasives and has been used in lasers to produce coherent light of 4560 A."
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{
string: "Silcones are important products of silicon. They may be prepared by hydrolyzing a silicon organic chloride, such as dimethyl silicon chloride. Hydrolysis and condensation of various substituted chlorosilanes can be used to produce a very great number of polymeric products, or silicones, ranging from liquids to hard, glasslike solids with many useful properties."
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{
string: "Silicon is prepared commercially by heating silica and carbon in an electric furnace, using carbon electrodes. Several other methods can be used for preparing the element. Amorphous silicon can be prepared as a brown powder, which can be easily melted or vaporized. The Czochralski process is commonly used to produce single crystals of silicon used for solid-state or semiconductor devices. Hyperpure silicon can be prepared by the thermal decomposition of ultra-pure trichlorosilane in a hydrogen atmosphere, and by a vacuum float zone process."
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string: "β+=100%",
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{
string: "IS=92.223±1.9%"
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: "IS=4.685±0.8%"
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{
string: "IS=3.092±1.1%"
},
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string: "β-=100%",
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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},
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string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
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type: "Superscript"
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},
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string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
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type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "IT=100%"
},
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string: "β-=100%; β-n<5%",
markup: [
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type: "Superscript"
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start: 10,
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string: "β-=100%; β-n=12±0.5%",
markup: [
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string: "β-=100%; β-n=17±1.3%; β-2n=0.2%[Estimated]",
markup: [
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string: "β-=100%; β-n=25%[Estimated]; β-2n=2%[Estimated]",
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],
reference: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "PubChem",
description: "Data deposited in or computed by PubChem",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
sourceName: "Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)",
sourceID: "e14",
name: "Si",
description: "The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.",
url: "https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/",
anid: 6590241
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
sourceName: "Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)",
sourceID: "a14",
name: "Silicon",
description: "Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report) and CIAAW. The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/",
url: "http://www.ciaaw.org/silicon.htm",
licenseURL: "http://www.ciaaw.org/bylaws.htm",
anid: 2292395
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
sourceName: "Jefferson Lab, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "jlab14",
name: "Silicon",
description: "Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/",
url: "https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele014.html",
licenseNote: "Please see citation and linking information: https://education.jlab.org/faq/index.html",
licenseURL: "https://www.jlab.org/privacy-and-security-notice",
anid: 507076
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
sourceName: "Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "lanl14",
name: "Silicon",
description: "The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.",
url: "https://periodic.lanl.gov/14.shtml",
anid: 507194
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
sourceName: "NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory",
sourceID: "e14",
name: "Silicon",
description: "The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Elements/elInfo.pl?element=14",
licenseURL: "https://www.nist.gov/pml/database-disclaimer",
anid: 2292631
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
sourceName: "PubChem Elements",
sourceID: "14",
name: "Si",
description: "The element property data was retrieved from publications.",
anid: 7660015
},
{
referenceNumber: 7,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "14",
name: "Silicon",
description: "This section provides all form of data related to element Silicon.",
anid: 694307
}
]
}
},
{
record: {
recordType: "AtomicNumber",
recordNumber: 15,
recordTitle: "Phosphorus",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01022.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Phosphorus"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Phosphorus"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
description: "Element symbol, Also called atomic symbol, typically consists of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet derived from the element name in one of several languages.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "P"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "P"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "InChI=1S/P"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI Key",
description: "International Chemical Identifier hash (InChIKey) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI Key",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "30.973 761 998(5)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "30.973761998"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "30.97"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "30.973761998(5)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "[Ne]3s23p3",
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 9,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Electron Configuration",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[Ne]3s2 3p3",
markup: [
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start: 6,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Radius",
description: "Atomic radius is the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell containing electrons.",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_radius",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
name: "Van der Waals Atomic Radius",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "180 pm (Van der Waals)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Empirical Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"J.C. Slater, J Chem Phys, 1964, 41(10), 3199-3205. DOI:10.1063/1.1725697"
],
value: {
number: [
100
],
unit: "pm (Empirical)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Covalent Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"B. Cordero, V. Gómez, A.E. Platero-Prats, M. Revés, J. Echeverría, E. Cremades, F. Barragán, S. Alvarez, Dalton Trans. 2008, 21, 2832-2838. DOI:10.1039/b801115j PMID:18478144."
],
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "107(3) pm (Covalent)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
description: "Oxidation state gives the degree of oxidation of an atom in terms of counting electrons.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/O/O04365.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "+5, +3, -3"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "5, 4, 3, 2, 1, −1, −2, −3 (a mildly acidic oxide)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ground Level",
description: "Also called ground-state level. The ground state electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom with lower energy levels.",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/ASD/Html/iehelp.html#IEGROUNDLEV",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ground Level",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "4S°3/2",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 3,
length: 3,
type: "Subscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ionization Energy",
description: "Ionization energy is the minimum energy required to eject an electron out of a neutral atom or molecule in its ground state.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/I/I03199.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "10.487 eV"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ionization Energy",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "10.486686 eV"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electronegativity",
description: "The concept electronegativity was introduced by L. Pauling as the power of an atom to attract electrons to itself.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01990",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Pauling Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"A.L. Allred, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 1961, 17(3-4), 215-221. DOI:10.1016/0022-1902(61)80142-5"
],
value: {
number: [
2.19
],
unit: "(Pauling Scale)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Allen Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1989, 111, 9003. DOI:10.1021/ja00207a003; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek and L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 2780. DOI:10.1021/ja992866e; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek, E.T. Knight, J.F. Capitani and L.C Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 5132. DOI:10.1021/ja9928677"
],
value: {
number: [
2.253
],
unit: "(Allen Scale)"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Affinity",
description: "Electron affinity refers to energy required to detach an electron from the singly charged negative ion.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01977",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.T Myers, J. Chem. Edu., 1990, 67(4), 307. DOI:10.1021/ed067p307"
],
value: {
number: [
0.746
],
unit: "eV"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.J. Zollweg, J. Chem. Phys., 1969, 50, 4251. DOI:10.1063/1.1670890"
],
value: {
number: [
0.71
],
unit: "eV"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Spectra",
description: "Atomic and ionic spectral lines originate from specified electronic transitions between energy levels of atoms and ions, respectively.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00502.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/lines_hold.pl?el=P",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Lines Holdings"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/levels_hold.pl?el=P",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Levels Holdings"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Physical Description",
description: "Physical description, also know as physical characteristics, refers to physical appearance of element substances.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Solid"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Classification",
description: "Elements can be classified few groups according to each element's chemical properties.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Non-metal"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Period Number",
description: "The element period number refers to a horizontal row of the periodic table. The periodic table has 7 periods.",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/periodic-table-of-the-elements/The-periodic-table#ref80835",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "3"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Group Number",
description: "Element group refers to a set of chemical elements in the same vertical column of the periodic table",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/group-periodic-table",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "15 - Pnictogen"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Density",
description: "Density is a degree of consistency measured by the quantity of mass per unit volume",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/D/D01590.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1.82 grams per cubic centimeter"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Melting Point",
description: "The melting point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from solid to liquid at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/melting-point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "317.30 K (44.15°C or 111.47°F)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "44.15(whitephosphorus)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Boiling Point",
description: "Boiling Point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from liquid to gas at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "553.65 K (280.5°C or 536.9°F)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "280.5(whitephosphorus)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Crustal Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in earth crust",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1.05×103 milligrams per kilogram",
markup: [
{
start: 7,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Oceanic Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in ocean",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "6×10-2 milligrams per liter",
markup: [
{
start: 4,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "History",
description: "Element discovery and related information in history",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "History",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "The name derives from the Greek phosphoros for \"bringing light\" because it has the property of glowing in the dark. This was also the ancient name for the planet Venus, when it appears before sunrise. Phosphorus was discovered by the German merchant Hennig Brand in 1669.",
markup: [
{
start: 32,
length: 10,
type: "Italics"
}
]
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "In what is perhaps the most disgusting method of discovering an element, phosphorus was first isolated in 1669 by Hennig Brand, a German physician and alchemist, by boiling, filtering and otherwise processing as many as 60 buckets of urine. Thankfully, phosphorus is now primarily obtained from phosphate rock (Ca3(PO4)2).",
markup: [
{
start: 313,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
},
{
start: 317,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
},
{
start: 319,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
}
]
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "From the Greek phosphoros, light bearing; ancient name for the planet Venus when appearing before sunrise. Brand discovered phosphorus in 1669 by preparing it from urine."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Description",
description: "Description about this element",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "β- ?; β-n=30%[Estimated]; β-2n=30%[Estimated]",
markup: [
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string: "β- ?; β-n=0%[Estimated]; β-2n=90%[Estimated]",
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string: "β- ?; β-n=0.4%[Estimated]; β-2n=0.03%[Estimated]",
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],
reference: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "PubChem",
description: "Data deposited in or computed by PubChem",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
sourceName: "Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)",
sourceID: "e15",
name: "P",
description: "The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.",
url: "https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/",
anid: 6590242
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
sourceName: "Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)",
sourceID: "a15",
name: "Phosphorus",
description: "Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report) and CIAAW. The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/",
url: "http://www.ciaaw.org/phosphorus.htm",
licenseURL: "http://www.ciaaw.org/bylaws.htm",
anid: 2292396
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{
referenceNumber: 4,
sourceName: "Jefferson Lab, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "jlab15",
name: "Phosphorus",
description: "Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/",
url: "https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele015.html",
licenseNote: "Please see citation and linking information: https://education.jlab.org/faq/index.html",
licenseURL: "https://www.jlab.org/privacy-and-security-notice",
anid: 507077
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{
referenceNumber: 5,
sourceName: "Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "lanl15",
name: "Phosphorus",
description: "The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.",
url: "https://periodic.lanl.gov/15.shtml",
anid: 507195
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
sourceName: "NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory",
sourceID: "e15",
name: "Phosphorus",
description: "The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Elements/elInfo.pl?element=15",
licenseURL: "https://www.nist.gov/pml/database-disclaimer",
anid: 2292632
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
sourceName: "PubChem Elements",
sourceID: "15",
name: "P",
description: "The element property data was retrieved from publications.",
anid: 7660016
},
{
referenceNumber: 7,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "15",
name: "Phosphorus",
description: "This section provides all form of data related to element Phosphorus.",
anid: 694308
}
]
}
},
{
record: {
recordType: "AtomicNumber",
recordNumber: 16,
recordTitle: "Sulfur",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01022.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Sulfur"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Sulfur"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
description: "Element symbol, Also called atomic symbol, typically consists of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet derived from the element name in one of several languages.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "S"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "S"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "InChI=1S/S"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI Key",
description: "International Chemical Identifier hash (InChIKey) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI Key",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[32.059, 32.076]"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "32.066"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "32.06"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[32.059,32.076]"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[Ne]3s23p4",
markup: [
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 9,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Electron Configuration",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[Ne]3s2 3p4",
markup: [
{
start: 6,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Radius",
description: "Atomic radius is the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell containing electrons.",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_radius",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
name: "Van der Waals Atomic Radius",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "180 pm (Van der Waals)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Empirical Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"J.C. Slater, J Chem Phys, 1964, 41(10), 3199-3205. DOI:10.1063/1.1725697"
],
value: {
number: [
100
],
unit: "pm (Empirical)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Covalent Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"B. Cordero, V. Gómez, A.E. Platero-Prats, M. Revés, J. Echeverría, E. Cremades, F. Barragán, S. Alvarez, Dalton Trans. 2008, 21, 2832-2838. DOI:10.1039/b801115j PMID:18478144."
],
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "105(3) pm (Covalent)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
description: "Oxidation state gives the degree of oxidation of an atom in terms of counting electrons.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/O/O04365.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "+6, +4, -2"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, −1, −2 (a strongly acidic oxide)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ground Level",
description: "Also called ground-state level. The ground state electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom with lower energy levels.",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/ASD/Html/iehelp.html#IEGROUNDLEV",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ground Level",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "3P2",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 2,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ionization Energy",
description: "Ionization energy is the minimum energy required to eject an electron out of a neutral atom or molecule in its ground state.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/I/I03199.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "10.360 eV"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ionization Energy",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "10.36001 eV"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electronegativity",
description: "The concept electronegativity was introduced by L. Pauling as the power of an atom to attract electrons to itself.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01990",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Pauling Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"A.L. Allred, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 1961, 17(3-4), 215-221. DOI:10.1016/0022-1902(61)80142-5"
],
value: {
number: [
2.58
],
unit: "(Pauling Scale)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Allen Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1989, 111, 9003. DOI:10.1021/ja00207a003; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek and L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 2780. DOI:10.1021/ja992866e; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek, E.T. Knight, J.F. Capitani and L.C Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 5132. DOI:10.1021/ja9928677"
],
value: {
number: [
2.589
],
unit: "(Allen Scale)"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Affinity",
description: "Electron affinity refers to energy required to detach an electron from the singly charged negative ion.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01977",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.T Myers, J. Chem. Edu., 1990, 67(4), 307. DOI:10.1021/ed067p307"
],
value: {
number: [
2.077
],
unit: "eV"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.J. Zollweg, J. Chem. Phys., 1969, 50, 4251. DOI:10.1063/1.1670890"
],
value: {
number: [
2.04
],
unit: "eV"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Spectra",
description: "Atomic and ionic spectral lines originate from specified electronic transitions between energy levels of atoms and ions, respectively.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00502.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/lines_hold.pl?el=S",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Lines Holdings"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/levels_hold.pl?el=S",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Levels Holdings"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Physical Description",
description: "Physical description, also know as physical characteristics, refers to physical appearance of element substances.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Solid"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Classification",
description: "Elements can be classified few groups according to each element's chemical properties.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Non-metal"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Period Number",
description: "The element period number refers to a horizontal row of the periodic table. The periodic table has 7 periods.",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/periodic-table-of-the-elements/The-periodic-table#ref80835",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "3"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Group Number",
description: "Element group refers to a set of chemical elements in the same vertical column of the periodic table",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/group-periodic-table",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "16 - Chalcogen"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Density",
description: "Density is a degree of consistency measured by the quantity of mass per unit volume",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/D/D01590.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "2.067 grams per cubic centimeter"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Melting Point",
description: "The melting point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from solid to liquid at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/melting-point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "388.36 K (115.21°C or 239.38°F)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "115.21°C"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Boiling Point",
description: "Boiling Point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from liquid to gas at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "717.75 K (444.60°C or 832.28°F)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "444.60°C"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Crustal Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in earth crust",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "3.50×102 milligrams per kilogram",
markup: [
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start: 7,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Oceanic Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in ocean",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "9.05×102 milligrams per liter",
markup: [
{
start: 7,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "History",
description: "Element discovery and related information in history",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "History",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "The name derives from the Latin sulphurium and the Sanskrit sulveri. Sulfur was known as brenne stone for \"combustible stone\" from which brim-stone is derived. It was known from prehistoric times and thought to contain hydrogen and oxygen. In 1809, the French chemists Louis-Joseph Gay-Lussac and Louis-Jacques Thenard proved the elemental nature of sulfur.",
markup: [
{
start: 32,
length: 10,
type: "Italics"
},
{
start: 60,
length: 7,
type: "Italics"
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{
start: 89,
length: 12,
type: "Italics"
}
]
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Sulfur, the tenth most abundant element in the universe, has been known since ancient times. Sometime around 1777, Antoine Lavoisier convinced the rest of the scientific community that sulfur was an element. Sulfur is a component of many common minerals, such as galena (PbS), gypsum (CaSO4·2(H2O), pyrite (FeS2), sphalerite (ZnS or FeS), cinnabar (HgS), stibnite (Sb2S3), epsomite (MgSO4·7(H2O)), celestite (SrSO4) and barite (BaSO4). Nearly 25% of the sulfur produced today is recovered from petroleum refining operations and as a byproduct of extracting other materials from sulfur containing ores. The majority of the sulfur produced today is obtained from underground deposits, usually found in conjunction with salt deposits, with a process known as the Frasch process. Sulfur is a pale yellow, odorless and brittle material. It displays three allotropic forms: orthorhombic, monoclinic and amorphous. The orthorhombic form is the most stable form of sulfur. Monoclinic sulfur exists between the temperatures of 96°C and 119°C and reverts back to the orthorhombic form when cooled. Amorphous sulfur is formed when molten sulfur is quickly cooled. Amorphous sulfur is soft and elastic and eventually reverts back to the orthorhombic form.",
markup: [
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length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
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start: 294,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
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start: 310,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
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{
start: 367,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
},
{
start: 369,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
},
{
start: 387,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
},
{
start: 392,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
},
{
start: 413,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
},
{
start: 432,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
}
]
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Known to the ancients; referred to in Genesis as brimstone."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Description",
description: "Description about this element",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Sulfur is pale yellow, odorless, brittle solid, which is insoluble in water but soluble in carbon disulfide. In every state, whether gas, liquid or solid, elemental sulfur occurs in more than one allotropic form or modification; these present a confusing multitude of forms whose relations are not yet fully understood."
},
{
string: "In 1975, University of Pennsylvania scientists reported synthesis of polymeric sulfur nitride, which has the properties of a metal, although it contains no metal atoms. The material has unusual optical and electrical properties."
},
{
string: "High-purity sulfur is commercially available in purities of 99.999+%."
},
{
string: "Amorphous or \"plastic\" sulfur is obtained by fast cooling of the crystalline form. X-ray studies indicate that amorphous sulfur may have a helical structure with eight atoms per spiral. Crystalline sulfur seems to be made of rings, each containing eight sulfur atoms, which fit together to give a normal X-ray pattern."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Uses",
description: "Uses information in industry and other fields",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Most of the sulfur that is produced is used in the manufacture of sulfuric acid (H2SO4). Large amounts of sulfuric acid, nearly 40 million tons, are used each year to make fertilizers, lead-acid batteries, and in many industrial processes. Smaller amounts of sulfur are used to vulcanize natural rubbers, as an insecticide (the Greek poet Homer mentioned \"pest-averting sulphur\" nearly 2,800 years ago!), in the manufacture of gunpowder and as a dying agent.",
markup: [
{
start: 82,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
},
{
start: 85,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "In addition to sulfuric acid, sulfur forms other interesting compounds. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a gas that smells like rotten eggs. Sulfur dioxide (SO2), formed by burning sulfur in air, is used as a bleaching agent, solvent, disinfectant and as a refrigerant. When combined with water (H2O), sulfur dioxide forms sulfurous acid (H2SO3), a weak acid that is a major component of acid rain.",
markup: [
{
start: 91,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
},
{
start: 152,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
},
{
start: 290,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
},
{
start: 333,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
},
{
start: 336,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
}
]
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Sulfur is a component of black gunpowder, and is used in the vulcanization of natural rubber and a fungicide. It is also used extensively in making phosphatic fertilizers. A tremendous tonnage is used to produce sulfuric acid, the most important manufactured chemical."
},
{
string: "It is used to make sulfite paper and other papers, to fumigate, and to bleach dried fruits. The element is a good insulator."
},
{
string: "Sulfur is essential to life. It is a minor constituent of fats, body fluids, and skeletal minerals."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Sources",
description: "Sources (where the element come from) information for the given element",
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{
string: "Sulfur also occurs in natural gas and petroleum crudes and must be removed from these products. Formerly this was done chemically, which wasted the sulfur; new processes now permit recovery. Large amounts of sulfur are being recovered from Alberta gas fields."
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},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
sourceName: "Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)",
sourceID: "a16",
name: "Sulfur",
description: "Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report) and CIAAW. The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/",
url: "http://www.ciaaw.org/sulfur.htm",
licenseURL: "http://www.ciaaw.org/bylaws.htm",
anid: 2292397
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
sourceName: "Jefferson Lab, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "jlab16",
name: "Sulfur",
description: "Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/",
url: "https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele016.html",
licenseNote: "Please see citation and linking information: https://education.jlab.org/faq/index.html",
licenseURL: "https://www.jlab.org/privacy-and-security-notice",
anid: 507078
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
sourceName: "Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "lanl16",
name: "Sulfur",
description: "The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.",
url: "https://periodic.lanl.gov/16.shtml",
anid: 507196
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
sourceName: "NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory",
sourceID: "e16",
name: "Sulfur",
description: "The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Elements/elInfo.pl?element=16",
licenseURL: "https://www.nist.gov/pml/database-disclaimer",
anid: 2292633
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
sourceName: "PubChem Elements",
sourceID: "16",
name: "S",
description: "The element property data was retrieved from publications.",
anid: 7660017
},
{
referenceNumber: 7,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "16",
name: "Sulfur",
description: "This section provides all form of data related to element Sulfur.",
anid: 694309
}
]
}
},
{
record: {
recordType: "AtomicNumber",
recordNumber: 17,
recordTitle: "Chlorine",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01022.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Chlorine"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Chlorine"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
description: "Element symbol, Also called atomic symbol, typically consists of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet derived from the element name in one of several languages.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Cl"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Cl"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "InChI=1S/Cl"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI Key",
description: "International Chemical Identifier hash (InChIKey) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI Key",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[35.446, 35.457]"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "35.4527"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "35.45"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[35.446,35.457]"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[Ne]3s23p5",
markup: [
{
start: 6,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 9,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Electron Configuration",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[Ne]3s2 3p5",
markup: [
{
start: 6,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Radius",
description: "Atomic radius is the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell containing electrons.",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_radius",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
name: "Van der Waals Atomic Radius",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "175 pm (Van der Waals)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Empirical Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"J.C. Slater, J Chem Phys, 1964, 41(10), 3199-3205. DOI:10.1063/1.1725697"
],
value: {
number: [
100
],
unit: "pm (Empirical)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Covalent Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"B. Cordero, V. Gómez, A.E. Platero-Prats, M. Revés, J. Echeverría, E. Cremades, F. Barragán, S. Alvarez, Dalton Trans. 2008, 21, 2832-2838. DOI:10.1039/b801115j PMID:18478144."
],
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "102(4) pm (Covalent)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
description: "Oxidation state gives the degree of oxidation of an atom in terms of counting electrons.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/O/O04365.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "+7, +5, +1, -1"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, −1 (a strongly acidic oxide)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ground Level",
description: "Also called ground-state level. The ground state electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom with lower energy levels.",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/ASD/Html/iehelp.html#IEGROUNDLEV",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ground Level",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "2P°3/2",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 3,
length: 3,
type: "Subscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ionization Energy",
description: "Ionization energy is the minimum energy required to eject an electron out of a neutral atom or molecule in its ground state.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/I/I03199.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "12.968 eV"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ionization Energy",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "12.967633 eV"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electronegativity",
description: "The concept electronegativity was introduced by L. Pauling as the power of an atom to attract electrons to itself.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01990",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Pauling Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"A.L. Allred, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 1961, 17(3-4), 215-221. DOI:10.1016/0022-1902(61)80142-5"
],
value: {
number: [
3.16
],
unit: "(Pauling Scale)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Allen Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1989, 111, 9003. DOI:10.1021/ja00207a003; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek and L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 2780. DOI:10.1021/ja992866e; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek, E.T. Knight, J.F. Capitani and L.C Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 5132. DOI:10.1021/ja9928677"
],
value: {
number: [
2.869
],
unit: "(Allen Scale)"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Affinity",
description: "Electron affinity refers to energy required to detach an electron from the singly charged negative ion.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01977",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.T Myers, J. Chem. Edu., 1990, 67(4), 307. DOI:10.1021/ed067p307"
],
value: {
number: [
3.617
],
unit: "eV"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.J. Zollweg, J. Chem. Phys., 1969, 50, 4251. DOI:10.1063/1.1670890"
],
value: {
number: [
3.62
],
unit: "eV"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Spectra",
description: "Atomic and ionic spectral lines originate from specified electronic transitions between energy levels of atoms and ions, respectively.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00502.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/lines_hold.pl?el=Cl",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Lines Holdings"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/levels_hold.pl?el=Cl",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Levels Holdings"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Physical Description",
description: "Physical description, also know as physical characteristics, refers to physical appearance of element substances.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Gas"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Classification",
description: "Elements can be classified few groups according to each element's chemical properties.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Non-metal"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Period Number",
description: "The element period number refers to a horizontal row of the periodic table. The periodic table has 7 periods.",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/periodic-table-of-the-elements/The-periodic-table#ref80835",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "3"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Group Number",
description: "Element group refers to a set of chemical elements in the same vertical column of the periodic table",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/group-periodic-table",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "17 - Halogen"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Density",
description: "Density is a degree of consistency measured by the quantity of mass per unit volume",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/D/D01590.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "0.003214 grams per cubic centimeter"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Melting Point",
description: "The melting point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from solid to liquid at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/melting-point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "171.65 K (-101.5°C or -150.7°F)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "-101.5°C"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Boiling Point",
description: "Boiling Point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from liquid to gas at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "239.11 K (-34.04°C or -29.27°F)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "-34.04°C"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Crustal Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in earth crust",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1.45×102 milligrams per kilogram",
markup: [
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start: 7,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Oceanic Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in ocean",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1.94×104 milligrams per liter",
markup: [
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start: 7,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "History",
description: "Element discovery and related information in history",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "History",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "The name derives from the Greek chloros for \"pale green\" or \"greenish yellow\" colour of the element. It was discovered by the Swedish pharmacist and chemist Carl-Wilhelm Scheele in 1774. In 1810, the English chemist Humphry Davy proved it was an element.",
markup: [
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start: 32,
length: 7,
type: "Italics"
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]
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Since it combines directly with nearly every element, chlorine is never found free in nature. Chlorine was first produced by Carl Wilhelm Scheele, a Swedish chemist, when he combined the mineral pyrolusite (MnO2) with hydrochloric acid (HCl) in 1774. Although Scheele thought the gas produced in his experiment contained oxygen, Sir Humphry Davy proved in 1810 that it was actually a distinct element. Today, most chlorine is produced through the electrolysis of aqueous sodium chloride (NaCl).",
markup: [
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start: 210,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
}
]
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "From the Greek word chloro, greenish yellow. Discovered in 1774 by Scheele, who thought it contained oxygen. Chlorine was named in 1810 by Davy, who insisted it was an element."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Description",
description: "Description about this element",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "It is a member of the halogen (salt-forming) group of elements and is obtained from chlorides by the action of oxidizing agents and more often by electrolysis; it is a greenish-yellow gas, combining directly with nearly all elements. At 10°C one volume of water dissolves 3.10 volumes of chlorine, at 30°C only 1.77 volumes."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Uses",
description: "Uses information in industry and other fields",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Chlorine is commonly used as an antiseptic and is used to make drinking water safe and to treat swimming pools. Large amounts of chlorine are used in many industrial processes, such as in the production of paper products, plastics, dyes, textiles, medicines, antiseptics, insecticides, solvents and paints."
},
{
string: "Two of the most familiar chlorine compounds are sodium chloride (NaCl) and hydrogen chloride (HCl). Sodium chloride, commonly known as table salt, is used to season food and in some industrial processes. Hydrogen chloride, when mixed with water (H2O), forms hydrochloric acid, a strong and commercially important acid. Other chlorine compounds include: chloroform (CHCl3), carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), potassium chloride (KCl), lithium chloride (LiCl), magnesium chloride (MgCl2) and chlorine dioxide (ClO2).",
markup: [
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start: 369,
length: 1,
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{
start: 477,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
},
{
start: 505,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "Chlorine is a very dangerous material. Liquid chlorine burns the skin and gaseous chlorine irritates the mucus membranes. Concentrations of the gas as low as 3.5 parts per million can be detected by smell while concentrations of 1000 parts per million can be fatal after a few deep breaths."
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Chlorine is widely used in making many everyday products. It is used for producing safe drinking water the world over. Even the smallest water supplies are now usually chlorinated."
},
{
string: "It is also extensively used in the production of paper products, dyestuffs, textiles, petroleum products, medicines, antiseptics, insecticides, food, solvents, paints, plastics, and many other consumer products."
},
{
string: "Most of the chlorine produced is used in the manufacture of chlorinated compounds for sanitation, pulp bleaching, disinfectants, and textile processing. Further use is in the manufacture of chlorates, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, and in the extraction of bromine."
},
{
string: "Organic chemistry demands much from chlorine, both as an oxidizing agent and in substitution, since it often brings many desired properties in an organic compound when substituted for hydrogen, as in one form of synthetic rubber."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Sources",
description: "Sources (where the element come from) information for the given element",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "In nature it is found in the combined state only, chiefly with sodium as common salt (NaCl), carnallite, and sylvite."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Compounds",
description: "Related compounds information to this element",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 7,
name: "Compounds",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Chlorine",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "See more information at the Chlorine compound page."
}
]
}
}
],
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Forms",
description: "Other element forms, ions, isotopes, etc.",
displayControls: {
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string: "chlorine-34(1-)"
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string: "chlorine-38(1-)"
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},
{
string: "Cl-"
},
{
string: "Cl"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 7,
name: "SMILES",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[Cl-]"
},
{
string: "[Cl]"
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{
string: "[Cl+]"
},
{
string: "[36Cl-]"
},
{
string: "[34Cl-]"
},
{
string: "[38Cl-]"
},
{
string: "[37Cl-]"
},
{
string: "[36Cl]"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 7,
name: "Molecular Weight",
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stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "35.45"
},
{
string: "35.45"
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string: "35.45"
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{
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{
string: "33.974"
},
{
string: "37.968"
},
{
string: "36.966"
},
{
string: "35.968"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Handling and Storage",
description: "Handling and Storage information",
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value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Chlorine is a respiratory irritant. The gas irritates the mucus membranes and the liquid burns the skin. As little as 3.5 ppm can be detected as an odor, and 1000 ppm is likely to be fatal after a few deep breaths. In fact, chlorine was used as a war gas in 1915."
},
{
string: "Exposure to chlorine should not exceed 0.5 ppm (8-hour time-weighted average - 40 hour week)."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Isotopes",
description: "Isotopes are variants of a chemical element which contain different neutron number",
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name: "Stable Isotope Count",
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stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "2"
}
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}
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{
tocHeading: "Isotope Mass and Abundance",
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}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Mass, Half Life, and Decay",
description: "This section provides the information from the Nubase2016. The number after the ± refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton. The '?' refers to 'not determined or qualified'. For further explainations, click read more below.",
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{
start: 0,
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},
{
string: "31Cl",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
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},
{
string: "32Cl",
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start: 0,
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},
{
string: "33Cl",
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start: 0,
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type: "Superscript"
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},
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string: "34Cl",
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{
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},
{
string: "43Cl",
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{
start: 0,
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},
{
string: "44Cl",
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},
{
string: "45Cl",
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{
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]
},
{
string: "46Cl",
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]
},
{
string: "47Cl",
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{
start: 0,
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]
},
{
string: "48Cl",
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start: 0,
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},
{
string: "49Cl",
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]
},
{
string: "50Cl",
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{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "51Cl",
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start: 0,
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}
]
}
},
{
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name: "Atomic Mass and Uncertainty [u]",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "28.029540 ± 0.00064 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "29.014130178 ± 0.000202555"
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{
string: "30.004770 ± 0.00021 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "30.992448098 ± 0.0000037"
},
{
string: "31.985684637 ± 0.000000603"
},
{
string: "32.977451989 ± 0.000000419"
},
{
string: "33.973762491 ± 0.000000052"
},
{
string: "33.973762491 ± 0.000000052"
},
{
string: "34.968852694 ± 0.000000038"
},
{
string: "35.968306822 ± 0.000000038"
},
{
string: "36.965902584 ± 0.000000055"
},
{
string: "37.968010418 ± 0.000000105"
},
{
string: "37.968010418 ± 0.000000105"
},
{
string: "38.968008162 ± 0.000001859"
},
{
string: "39.970415469 ± 0.000034423"
},
{
string: "40.970684525 ± 0.000073777"
},
{
string: "41.973342000 ± 0.000064"
},
{
string: "42.974063700 ± 0.000066407"
},
{
string: "43.978116312 ± 0.000146346"
},
{
string: "44.980394353 ± 0.000146177"
},
{
string: "45.985121323 ± 0.000224006"
},
{
string: "46.989501 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "47.995405 ± 0.000537 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "49.001009 ± 0.000644 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "50.008309 ± 0.000644 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "51.015341 ± 0.000751 [Estimated]"
}
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}
},
{
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name: "Half Life and Uncertainty",
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{
string: "Not-specified"
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string: "Not-specified ± <10ps"
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{
string: "190 ms ± 1"
},
{
string: "298 ms ± 1"
},
{
string: "2.503 s ± 0.0022"
},
{
string: "1.526 s ± 0.0004"
},
{
string: "31.99 m ± 0.03"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "301.3 ky ± 1.5"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "37.24 m ± 0.05"
},
{
string: "715 ms ± 3"
},
{
string: "56.2 m ± 0.6"
},
{
string: "1.35 m ± 0.02"
},
{
string: "38.4 s ± 0.8"
},
{
string: "6.8 s ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "3.13 s ± 0.09"
},
{
string: "560 ms ± 110"
},
{
string: "413 ms ± 25"
},
{
string: "232 ms ± 2"
},
{
string: "101 ms ± 5"
},
{
string: "100 ms ± >200ns [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "50 ms ± >200ns [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "20 ms ± >620ns [Estimated]"
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{
string: "2 ms ± >200ns [Estimated]"
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{
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{
string: "1940"
},
{
string: "1934"
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{
string: "1965"
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{
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{
string: "1919"
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{
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{
string: "1954"
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{
string: "1949"
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{
string: "1956"
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{
string: "1971"
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{
string: "1971"
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{
string: "1976"
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{
string: "1979"
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{
string: "1979"
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{
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{
string: "1989"
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{
string: "1989"
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{
string: "1989"
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{
string: "2009"
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{
string: "1990"
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{
string: "p ?"
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],
reference: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "PubChem",
description: "Data deposited in or computed by PubChem",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
sourceName: "Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)",
sourceID: "e17",
name: "Cl",
description: "The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.",
url: "https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/",
anid: 6590244
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
sourceName: "Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)",
sourceID: "a17",
name: "Chlorine",
description: "Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report) and CIAAW. The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/",
url: "http://www.ciaaw.org/chlorine.htm",
licenseURL: "http://www.ciaaw.org/bylaws.htm",
anid: 2292398
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
sourceName: "Jefferson Lab, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "jlab17",
name: "Chlorine",
description: "Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/",
url: "https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele017.html",
licenseNote: "Please see citation and linking information: https://education.jlab.org/faq/index.html",
licenseURL: "https://www.jlab.org/privacy-and-security-notice",
anid: 507079
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
sourceName: "Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "lanl17",
name: "Chlorine",
description: "The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.",
url: "https://periodic.lanl.gov/17.shtml",
anid: 507197
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
sourceName: "NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory",
sourceID: "e17",
name: "Chlorine",
description: "The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Elements/elInfo.pl?element=17",
licenseURL: "https://www.nist.gov/pml/database-disclaimer",
anid: 2292634
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
sourceName: "PubChem Elements",
sourceID: "17",
name: "Cl",
description: "The element property data was retrieved from publications.",
anid: 7660018
},
{
referenceNumber: 7,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "17",
name: "Chlorine",
description: "This section provides all form of data related to element Chlorine.",
anid: 694310
}
]
}
},
{
record: {
recordType: "AtomicNumber",
recordNumber: 18,
recordTitle: "Argon",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01022.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Argon"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Argon"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
description: "Element symbol, Also called atomic symbol, typically consists of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet derived from the element name in one of several languages.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Ar"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Ar"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "InChI=1S/Ar"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI Key",
description: "International Chemical Identifier hash (InChIKey) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI Key",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N"
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]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Properties",
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tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
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tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
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tocHeading: "Atomic Radius",
description: "Atomic radius is the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell containing electrons.",
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{
tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
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{
tocHeading: "Ground Level",
description: "Also called ground-state level. The ground state electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom with lower energy levels.",
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tocHeading: "Ionization Energy",
description: "Ionization energy is the minimum energy required to eject an electron out of a neutral atom or molecule in its ground state.",
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{
tocHeading: "Electronegativity",
description: "The concept electronegativity was introduced by L. Pauling as the power of an atom to attract electrons to itself.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01990",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Allen Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1989, 111, 9003. DOI:10.1021/ja00207a003; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek and L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 2780. DOI:10.1021/ja992866e; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek, E.T. Knight, J.F. Capitani and L.C Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 5132. DOI:10.1021/ja9928677"
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},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Affinity",
description: "Electron affinity refers to energy required to detach an electron from the singly charged negative ion.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01977",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.T Myers, J. Chem. Edu., 1990, 67(4), 307. DOI:10.1021/ed067p307"
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number: [
0
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unit: "eV"
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},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
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value: {
number: [
-0.37
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}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Spectra",
description: "Atomic and ionic spectral lines originate from specified electronic transitions between energy levels of atoms and ions, respectively.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00502.html",
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tocHeading: "Physical Description",
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tocHeading: "Element Classification",
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tocHeading: "Element Period Number",
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tocHeading: "Element Group Number",
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tocHeading: "Density",
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tocHeading: "Melting Point",
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tocHeading: "Boiling Point",
description: "Boiling Point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from liquid to gas at atmospheric pressure",
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tocHeading: "Estimated Crustal Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in earth crust",
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tocHeading: "History",
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string: "The name derives from the Greek argos for \"lazy\" or \"inactive\" because it does not combine with other elements. It was discovered in 1894 by the Scottish chemist William Ramsay and the English physicist Robert John Strutt (Lord Rayleigh) in liquefied air. Rayleigh's initial interest derived from a problem posed by the English physicist Henry Cavendish in 1785, i.e., when oxygen and nitrogen were removed from air, there was an unknown residual gas remaining.",
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tocHeading: "Description",
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tocHeading: "Uses",
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string: "Once thought to be completely inert, argon is known to form at least one compound. The synthesis of argon fluorohydride (HArF) was reported by Leonid Khriachtchev, Mika Pettersson, Nino Runeberg, Jan Lundell and Markku Räsänen in August of 2000. Stable only at very low temperatures, argon fluorohydride begins to decompose once it warms above -246°C (-411°F). Because of this limitation, argon fluorohydride has no uses outside of basic scientific research."
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tocHeading: "Sources",
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type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "51Ar",
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type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "52Ar",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "53Ar",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
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}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Atomic Mass and Uncertainty [u]",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "30.022470511 ± 0.000221316"
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{
string: "31.012158 ± 0.000215 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "31.997637826 ± 0.0000019"
},
{
string: "32.989925547 ± 0.00000043"
},
{
string: "33.980270093 ± 0.000000083"
},
{
string: "34.975257721 ± 0.00000073"
},
{
string: "35.967545105 ± 0.000000028"
},
{
string: "36.966776314 ± 0.000000221"
},
{
string: "37.962732104 ± 0.000000209"
},
{
string: "38.964313039 ± 0.000005367"
},
{
string: "39.96238312378 ± 0.0000000024"
},
{
string: "40.964500571 ± 0.000000372"
},
{
string: "41.963045736 ± 0.0000062"
},
{
string: "42.965636055 ± 0.0000057"
},
{
string: "43.964923816 ± 0.0000017"
},
{
string: "44.968039733 ± 0.00000055"
},
{
string: "45.968037446 ± 0.0000012"
},
{
string: "46.972768114 ± 0.0000012"
},
{
string: "47.976080000 ± 0.00033"
},
{
string: "48.981546 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "49.985690 ± 0.000537 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "50.992818 ± 0.000644 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "51.998626 ± 0.000644 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "53.007290 ± 0.00075 [Estimated]"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Half Life and Uncertainty",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Not-specified ± <10ps"
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{
string: "15.1 ms ± 0.3"
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{
string: "98 ms ± 2"
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{
string: "173.0 ms ± 2.0"
},
{
string: "843.8 ms ± 0.4"
},
{
string: "1.775 s ± 0.0010"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "35.011 d ± 0.019"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "269 y ± 3"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "109.61 m ± 0.04"
},
{
string: "32.9 y ± 1.1"
},
{
string: "5.37 m ± 0.06"
},
{
string: "11.87 m ± 0.05"
},
{
string: "21.48 s ± 0.15"
},
{
string: "8.4 s ± 0.6"
},
{
string: "1.23 s ± 0.03"
},
{
string: "415 ms ± 15"
},
{
string: "236 ms ± 8"
},
{
string: "106 ms ± 6"
},
{
string: "60 ms ± >200ns [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "10 ms ± >620ns [Estimated]"
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{
string: "3 ms ± >620ns [Estimated]"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Discovery Year",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "2015"
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{
string: "1986"
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
string: "2009"
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{
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name: "Decay Modes, Intensities and Uncertainties [%]",
value: {
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string: "2p=100%"
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markup: [
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string: "β+=100%; β+p=35.58±0.022%",
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string: "β+=100%; β+p=38.7±1%",
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string: "β+=100%",
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string: "β+=100%",
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{
string: "IS=0.3336±2.1%; 2β+ ?",
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{
string: "ε=100%"
},
{
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string: "IS=99.6035±2.5%"
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},
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string: "β-=100%",
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],
reference: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "PubChem",
description: "Data deposited in or computed by PubChem",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
sourceName: "Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)",
sourceID: "e18",
name: "Ar",
description: "The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.",
url: "https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/",
anid: 6590245
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
sourceName: "Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)",
sourceID: "a18",
name: "Argon",
description: "Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report) and CIAAW. The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/",
url: "http://www.ciaaw.org/argon.htm",
licenseURL: "http://www.ciaaw.org/bylaws.htm",
anid: 2292399
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
sourceName: "Jefferson Lab, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "jlab18",
name: "Argon",
description: "Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/",
url: "https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele018.html",
licenseNote: "Please see citation and linking information: https://education.jlab.org/faq/index.html",
licenseURL: "https://www.jlab.org/privacy-and-security-notice",
anid: 507080
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
sourceName: "Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "lanl18",
name: "Argon",
description: "The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.",
url: "https://periodic.lanl.gov/18.shtml",
anid: 507198
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
sourceName: "NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory",
sourceID: "e18",
name: "Argon",
description: "The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Elements/elInfo.pl?element=18",
licenseURL: "https://www.nist.gov/pml/database-disclaimer",
anid: 2292635
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
sourceName: "PubChem Elements",
sourceID: "18",
name: "Ar",
description: "The element property data was retrieved from publications.",
anid: 7660019
},
{
referenceNumber: 7,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "18",
name: "Argon",
description: "This section provides all form of data related to element Argon.",
anid: 694311
}
]
}
},
{
record: {
recordType: "AtomicNumber",
recordNumber: 19,
recordTitle: "Potassium",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01022.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Potassium"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Potassium"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
description: "Element symbol, Also called atomic symbol, typically consists of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet derived from the element name in one of several languages.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "K"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "K"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "InChI=1S/K"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI Key",
description: "International Chemical Identifier hash (InChIKey) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI Key",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "39.0983(1)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "39.0983"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "39.10"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "39.0983(1)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[Ar]4s1",
markup: [
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start: 6,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Electron Configuration",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[Ar]4s"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Radius",
description: "Atomic radius is the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell containing electrons.",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_radius",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
name: "Van der Waals Atomic Radius",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "275 pm (Van der Waals)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Empirical Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"J.C. Slater, J Chem Phys, 1964, 41(10), 3199-3205. DOI:10.1063/1.1725697"
],
value: {
number: [
220
],
unit: "pm (Empirical)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Covalent Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"B. Cordero, V. Gómez, A.E. Platero-Prats, M. Revés, J. Echeverría, E. Cremades, F. Barragán, S. Alvarez, Dalton Trans. 2008, 21, 2832-2838. DOI:10.1039/b801115j PMID:18478144."
],
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "203(12) pm (Covalent)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
description: "Oxidation state gives the degree of oxidation of an atom in terms of counting electrons.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/O/O04365.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "+1"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "+1, −1 (a strongly basic oxide)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ground Level",
description: "Also called ground-state level. The ground state electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom with lower energy levels.",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/ASD/Html/iehelp.html#IEGROUNDLEV",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ground Level",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "2S1/2",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 2,
length: 3,
type: "Subscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ionization Energy",
description: "Ionization energy is the minimum energy required to eject an electron out of a neutral atom or molecule in its ground state.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/I/I03199.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "4.341 eV"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ionization Energy",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "4.34066373 eV"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electronegativity",
description: "The concept electronegativity was introduced by L. Pauling as the power of an atom to attract electrons to itself.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01990",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Pauling Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"A.L. Allred, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 1961, 17(3-4), 215-221. DOI:10.1016/0022-1902(61)80142-5"
],
value: {
number: [
0.82
],
unit: "(Pauling Scale)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Allen Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1989, 111, 9003. DOI:10.1021/ja00207a003; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek and L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 2780. DOI:10.1021/ja992866e; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek, E.T. Knight, J.F. Capitani and L.C Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 5132. DOI:10.1021/ja9928677"
],
value: {
number: [
0.734
],
unit: "(Allen Scale)"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Affinity",
description: "Electron affinity refers to energy required to detach an electron from the singly charged negative ion.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01977",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.T Myers, J. Chem. Edu., 1990, 67(4), 307. DOI:10.1021/ed067p307"
],
value: {
number: [
0.501
],
unit: "eV"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.J. Zollweg, J. Chem. Phys., 1969, 50, 4251. DOI:10.1063/1.1670890"
],
value: {
number: [
0.47
],
unit: "eV"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Spectra",
description: "Atomic and ionic spectral lines originate from specified electronic transitions between energy levels of atoms and ions, respectively.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00502.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/lines_hold.pl?el=K",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Lines Holdings"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/levels_hold.pl?el=K",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Levels Holdings"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Physical Description",
description: "Physical description, also know as physical characteristics, refers to physical appearance of element substances.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Solid"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Classification",
description: "Elements can be classified few groups according to each element's chemical properties.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Metal"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Period Number",
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string: "53K",
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{
string: "54K",
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start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "55K",
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start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "56K",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
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}
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}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Atomic Mass and Uncertainty [u]",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "32.022650 ± 0.00043 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "32.022650 ± 0.00043 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "33.007560 ± 0.00021 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "33.998690 ± 0.00021 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "34.988005407 ± 0.00000055"
},
{
string: "35.981302010 ± 0.000000366"
},
{
string: "36.973375889 ± 0.0000001"
},
{
string: "37.969081116 ± 0.000000209"
},
{
string: "37.969081116 ± 0.000000209"
},
{
string: "37.969081116 ± 0.000000209"
},
{
string: "38.96370648661 ± 0.00000000492"
},
{
string: "39.963998166 ± 0.00000006"
},
{
string: "39.963998166 ± 0.00000006"
},
{
string: "40.96182525796 ± 0.00000000408"
},
{
string: "41.962402306 ± 0.000000113"
},
{
string: "42.960734703 ± 0.00000044"
},
{
string: "42.960734703 ± 0.00000044"
},
{
string: "43.961586986 ± 0.00000045"
},
{
string: "44.960691493 ± 0.00000056"
},
{
string: "45.961981586 ± 0.00000078"
},
{
string: "46.961661614 ± 0.0000015"
},
{
string: "47.965341186 ± 0.00000083"
},
{
string: "48.968210755 ± 0.00000086"
},
{
string: "49.972380017 ± 0.0000083"
},
{
string: "49.972380017 ± 0.0000083"
},
{
string: "50.975827867 ± 0.000014006"
},
{
string: "51.981602000 ± 0.000036"
},
{
string: "52.986800000 ± 0.00012"
},
{
string: "53.994630 ± 0.00064 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "55.000760 ± 0.00075 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "56.008510 ± 0.00086 [Estimated]"
}
]
}
},
{
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name: "Half Life and Uncertainty",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Not-specified"
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{
string: "Not-specified"
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string: "Not-specified ± <25ns"
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string: "Not-specified ± <40ns"
},
{
string: "178 ms ± 8"
},
{
string: "341 ms ± 3"
},
{
string: "1.236 s ± 0.0009"
},
{
string: "7.636 m ± 0.018"
},
{
string: "924.46 ms ± 0.14"
},
{
string: "21.95 us ± 0.11"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "1.248 Gy ± 0.003"
},
{
string: "336 ns ± 12"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "12.355 h ± 0.007"
},
{
string: "22.3 h ± 0.1"
},
{
string: "200 ns ± 5"
},
{
string: "22.13 m ± 0.19"
},
{
string: "17.8 m ± 0.6"
},
{
string: "105 s ± 10"
},
{
string: "17.50 s ± 0.24"
},
{
string: "6.8 s ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "1.26 s ± 0.05"
},
{
string: "472 ms ± 4"
},
{
string: "125 ns ± 40"
},
{
string: "365 ms ± 5"
},
{
string: "110 ms ± 4"
},
{
string: "30 ms ± 5"
},
{
string: "10 ms ± 5"
},
{
string: "3 ms ± >620ns [Estimated]"
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{
string: "1 ms ± >620ns [Estimated]"
}
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},
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stringWithMarkup: [
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string: ""
},
{
string: ""
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{
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{
string: ""
},
{
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{
string: "1967"
},
{
string: "1958"
},
{
string: "1937"
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{
string: "1953"
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{
string: "1971"
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{
string: "1921"
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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string: "1972"
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{
string: "1999"
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{
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{
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string: "1983"
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name: "Decay Modes, Intensities and Uncertainties [%]",
value: {
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{
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{
string: "IT=100%"
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string: "IT=100%"
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string: "β-=100%; β-n=86±0.9%",
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],
reference: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "PubChem",
description: "Data deposited in or computed by PubChem",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
sourceName: "Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)",
sourceID: "e19",
name: "K",
description: "The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.",
url: "https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/",
anid: 6590246
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
sourceName: "Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)",
sourceID: "a19",
name: "Potassium",
description: "Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report) and CIAAW. The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/",
url: "http://www.ciaaw.org/potassium.htm",
licenseURL: "http://www.ciaaw.org/bylaws.htm",
anid: 2292400
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
sourceName: "Jefferson Lab, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "jlab19",
name: "Potassium",
description: "Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/",
url: "https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele019.html",
licenseNote: "Please see citation and linking information: https://education.jlab.org/faq/index.html",
licenseURL: "https://www.jlab.org/privacy-and-security-notice",
anid: 507081
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{
referenceNumber: 5,
sourceName: "Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "lanl19",
name: "Potassium",
description: "The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.",
url: "https://periodic.lanl.gov/19.shtml",
anid: 507199
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
sourceName: "NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory",
sourceID: "e19",
name: "Potassium",
description: "The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Elements/elInfo.pl?element=19",
licenseURL: "https://www.nist.gov/pml/database-disclaimer",
anid: 2292636
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
sourceName: "PubChem Elements",
sourceID: "19",
name: "K",
description: "The element property data was retrieved from publications.",
anid: 7660020
},
{
referenceNumber: 7,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "19",
name: "Potassium",
description: "This section provides all form of data related to element Potassium.",
anid: 694312
}
]
}
},
{
record: {
recordType: "AtomicNumber",
recordNumber: 2,
recordTitle: "Helium",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01022.html",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Helium"
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name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Helium"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
description: "Element symbol, Also called atomic symbol, typically consists of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet derived from the element name in one of several languages.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
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string: "He"
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]
}
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referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "He"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "InChI=1S/He"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI Key",
description: "International Chemical Identifier hash (InChIKey) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI Key",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "4.002 602(2)"
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]
}
},
{
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value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "4.002602"
}
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}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "4.003"
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]
}
},
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referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "4.002602(2)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
information: [
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value: {
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]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Radius",
description: "Atomic radius is the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell containing electrons.",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_radius",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
name: "Van der Waals Atomic Radius",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "140 pm (Van der Waals)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Covalent Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"B. Cordero, V. Gómez, A.E. Platero-Prats, M. Revés, J. Echeverría, E. Cremades, F. Barragán, S. Alvarez, Dalton Trans. 2008, 21, 2832-2838. DOI:10.1039/b801115j PMID:18478144."
],
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "28 pm (Covalent)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
description: "Oxidation state gives the degree of oxidation of an atom in terms of counting electrons.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/O/O04365.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "0"
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}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "0"
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}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ground Level",
description: "Also called ground-state level. The ground state electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom with lower energy levels.",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/ASD/Html/iehelp.html#IEGROUNDLEV",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ground Level",
value: {
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]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ionization Energy",
description: "Ionization energy is the minimum energy required to eject an electron out of a neutral atom or molecule in its ground state.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/I/I03199.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "24.587 eV"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ionization Energy",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "24.587389011 eV"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electronegativity",
description: "The concept electronegativity was introduced by L. Pauling as the power of an atom to attract electrons to itself.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01990",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Allen Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1989, 111, 9003. DOI:10.1021/ja00207a003; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek and L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 2780. DOI:10.1021/ja992866e; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek, E.T. Knight, J.F. Capitani and L.C Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 5132. DOI:10.1021/ja9928677"
],
value: {
number: [
4.16
],
unit: "(Allen Scale)"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Affinity",
description: "Electron affinity refers to energy required to detach an electron from the singly charged negative ion.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01977",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.T Myers, J. Chem. Edu., 1990, 67(4), 307. DOI:10.1021/ed067p307"
],
value: {
number: [
0
],
unit: "eV"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.J. Zollweg, J. Chem. Phys., 1969, 50, 4251. DOI:10.1063/1.1670890"
],
value: {
number: [
-0.22
],
unit: "eV"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Spectra",
description: "Atomic and ionic spectral lines originate from specified electronic transitions between energy levels of atoms and ions, respectively.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00502.html",
information: [
{
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tocHeading: "Density",
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tocHeading: "Melting Point",
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url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/melting-point",
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tocHeading: "Boiling Point",
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tocHeading: "Estimated Crustal Abundance",
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string: "Helium, the second most abundant element in the universe, was discovered on the sun before it was found on the earth. Pierre-Jules-César Janssen, a French astronomer, noticed a yellow line in the sun's spectrum while studying a total solar eclipse in 1868. Sir Norman Lockyer, an English astronomer, realized that this line, with a wavelength of 587.49 nanometers, could not be produced by any element known at the time. It was hypothesized that a new element on the sun was responsible for this mysterious yellow emission. This element was named helium by Lockyer. The hunt to find helium on earth ended in 1895. Sir William Ramsay, a Scottish chemist, conducted an experiment with a mineral containing uranium called clevite. He exposed the clevite to mineral acids and collected the gases that were produced. He then sent a sample of these gases to two scientists, Lockyer and Sir William Crookes, who were able to identify the helium within it. Two Swedish chemists, Nils Langlet and Per Theodor Cleve, independently found helium in clevite at about the same time as Ramsay."
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string: "Helium makes up about 0.0005% of the earth's atmosphere. This trace amount of helium is not gravitationally bound to the earth and is constantly lost to space. The earth's atmospheric helium is replaced by the decay of radioactive elements in the earth's crust. Alpha decay, one type of radioactive decay, produces particles called alpha particles. An alpha particle can become a helium atom once it captures two electrons from its surroundings. This newly formed helium can eventually work its way to the atmosphere through cracks in the crust."
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string: "From the Greek word helios, the sun. Janssen obtained the first evidence of helium during the solar eclipse of 1868 when he detected a new line in the solar spectrum. Lockyer and Frankland suggested the name helium for the new element. In 1895 Ramsay discovered helium in the uranium mineral cleveite while it was independently discovered in cleveite by the Swedish chemists Cleve and Langlet at about the same time. Rutherford and Royds in 1907 demonstrated that alpha particles are helium nuclei."
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tocHeading: "Description",
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{
string: "Using liquid helium, Kurti, co-workers and others have succeeded in obtaining temperatures of a few microkelvins by the adiabatic demagnetization of copper nuclei."
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string: "Helium has other peculiar properties: It is the only liquid that cannot be solidified by lowering the temperature. It remains liquid down to absolute zero at ordinary pressures, but will readily solidify by increasing the pressure. Solid 3He and 4He are unusual in that both can be changed in volume by more than 30% by applying pressure.",
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string: "The specific heat of helium gas is unusually high. The density of helium vapor at the normal boiling point is also very high, with the vapor expanding greatly when heated to room temperature. Containers filled with helium gas at 5 to 10 K should be treated as though they contained liquid helium due to the large increase in pressure resulting from warming the gas to room temperature."
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string: "While helium normally has a 0 valence, it seems to have a weak tendency to combine with certain other elements. Means of preparing helium difluoride have been studied, and species such as HeNe and the molecular ions He+ and He++ have been investigated."
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string: "Liquid helium's use in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) continues to increase as the medical profession accepts and develops new uses for the equipment. This equipment has eliminated some need for exploratory surgery by accurately diagnosing patients. Another medical application uses MRE to determine (by blood analysis) whether a patient has any form of cancer."
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string: "Helium is also being used to advertise on blimps for various companies, including Goodyear. Other lifting gas applications are being developed by the Navy and Air Force to detect low-flying cruise missiles. Additionally, the Drug Enforcement Agency is using radar-equipped blimps to detect drug smugglers along the United States boarders. In addition, NASA is currently using helium-filled balloons to sample the atmosphere in Antarctica to determine what is depleting the ozone layer."
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tocHeading: "Sources",
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string: "Except for hydrogen, helium is the most abundant element found in the universe. Helium is extracted from natural gas. In fact, all natural gas contains at least trace quantities of helium."
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string: "It has been detected spectroscopically in great abundance, especially in the hotter stars, and it is an important component in both the proton-proton reaction and the carbon cycle, which account for the energy of the sun and stars."
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{
string: "The helium content of the atmosphere is about 1 part in 200,000. While it is present in various radioactive minerals as a decay product, the bulk of the Free World's supply is obtained from wells in Texas, Oklahoma, and Kansas. Outside the United States, the only known helium extraction plants, in 1984 were in Eastern Europe (Poland), the USSR, and a few in India."
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{
tocHeading: "Compounds",
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description: "The element property data was retrieved from publications.",
anid: 7660003
},
{
referenceNumber: 7,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "2",
name: "Helium",
description: "This section provides all form of data related to element Helium.",
anid: 694295
}
]
}
},
{
record: {
recordType: "AtomicNumber",
recordNumber: 20,
recordTitle: "Calcium",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01022.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Calcium"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Calcium"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
description: "Element symbol, Also called atomic symbol, typically consists of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet derived from the element name in one of several languages.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Ca"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Ca"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "InChI=1S/Ca"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI Key",
description: "International Chemical Identifier hash (InChIKey) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI Key",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "40.078(4)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "40.078"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "40.08"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "40.078(4)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[Ar]4s2",
markup: [
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start: 6,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Electron Configuration",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[Ar]4s2",
markup: [
{
start: 6,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Radius",
description: "Atomic radius is the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell containing electrons.",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_radius",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
name: "Van der Waals Atomic Radius",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "231 pm (Van der Waals)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Empirical Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"J.C. Slater, J Chem Phys, 1964, 41(10), 3199-3205. DOI:10.1063/1.1725697"
],
value: {
number: [
180
],
unit: "pm (Empirical)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Covalent Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"B. Cordero, V. Gómez, A.E. Platero-Prats, M. Revés, J. Echeverría, E. Cremades, F. Barragán, S. Alvarez, Dalton Trans. 2008, 21, 2832-2838. DOI:10.1039/b801115j PMID:18478144."
],
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "176(10) pm (Covalent)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
description: "Oxidation state gives the degree of oxidation of an atom in terms of counting electrons.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/O/O04365.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "+2"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "+2, +1 (a strongly basic oxide)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ground Level",
description: "Also called ground-state level. The ground state electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom with lower energy levels.",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/ASD/Html/iehelp.html#IEGROUNDLEV",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ground Level",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1S0",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 2,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
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]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ionization Energy",
description: "Ionization energy is the minimum energy required to eject an electron out of a neutral atom or molecule in its ground state.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/I/I03199.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "6.113 eV"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ionization Energy",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "6.11315547 eV"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electronegativity",
description: "The concept electronegativity was introduced by L. Pauling as the power of an atom to attract electrons to itself.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01990",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Pauling Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"A.L. Allred, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 1961, 17(3-4), 215-221. DOI:10.1016/0022-1902(61)80142-5"
],
value: {
number: [
1
],
unit: "(Pauling Scale)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Allen Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1989, 111, 9003. DOI:10.1021/ja00207a003; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek and L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 2780. DOI:10.1021/ja992866e; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek, E.T. Knight, J.F. Capitani and L.C Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 5132. DOI:10.1021/ja9928677"
],
value: {
number: [
1.034
],
unit: "(Allen Scale)"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Affinity",
description: "Electron affinity refers to energy required to detach an electron from the singly charged negative ion.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01977",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.T Myers, J. Chem. Edu., 1990, 67(4), 307. DOI:10.1021/ed067p307"
],
value: {
number: [
0
],
unit: "eV"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.J. Zollweg, J. Chem. Phys., 1969, 50, 4251. DOI:10.1063/1.1670890"
],
value: {
number: [
-1.39
],
unit: "eV"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Spectra",
description: "Atomic and ionic spectral lines originate from specified electronic transitions between energy levels of atoms and ions, respectively.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00502.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/lines_hold.pl?el=Ca",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Lines Holdings"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/levels_hold.pl?el=Ca",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Levels Holdings"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Physical Description",
description: "Physical description, also know as physical characteristics, refers to physical appearance of element substances.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Solid"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Classification",
description: "Elements can be classified few groups according to each element's chemical properties.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Metal"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Period Number",
description: "The element period number refers to a horizontal row of the periodic table. The periodic table has 7 periods.",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/periodic-table-of-the-elements/The-periodic-table#ref80835",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "4"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Group Number",
description: "Element group refers to a set of chemical elements in the same vertical column of the periodic table",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/group-periodic-table",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "2 - Alkaline Earth Metal"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Density",
description: "Density is a degree of consistency measured by the quantity of mass per unit volume",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/D/D01590.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1.54 grams per cubic centimeter"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Melting Point",
description: "The melting point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from solid to liquid at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/melting-point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1115 K (842°C or 1548°F)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "842°C"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Boiling Point",
description: "Boiling Point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from liquid to gas at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1757 K (1484°C or 2703°F)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1484°C"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Crustal Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in earth crust",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "4.15×104 milligrams per kilogram",
markup: [
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type: "Superscript"
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]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Oceanic Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in ocean",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "4.12×102 milligrams per liter",
markup: [
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start: 7,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "History",
description: "Element discovery and related information in history",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "History",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "The name derives from the Latin calx for \"lime\" (CaO) or \"limestone\" (CaCO3) in which it was found. It was first isolated by British chemist Humphry Davy in 1808 with help from the Swedish chemist Jöns Jacob Berzelius and the Swedish court physician M. M. af Pontin.",
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},
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Although calcium is the fifth most abundant element in the earth's crust, it is never found free in nature since it easily forms compounds by reacting with oxygen and water. Metallic calcium was first isolated by Sir Humphry Davy in 1808 through the electrolysis of a mixture of lime (CaO) and mercuric oxide (HgO). Today, metallic calcium is obtained by displacing calcium atoms in lime with atoms of aluminum in hot, low-pressure containers. About 4.2% of the earth's crust is composed of calcium."
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "From the Latin word calx, lime. Though lime was prepared by the Romans in the first century under the name calx, the metal was not discovered until 1808. After learning that Berzelius and Pontin prepared calcium amalgam by electrolyzing lime in mercury, Davy was able to isolate the impure metal."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Description",
description: "Description about this element",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "The metal has a silvery color, is rather hard, and is prepared by electrolysis of fused chloride and calcium fluoride (to lower the melting point)."
},
{
string: "Chemically it is one of the alkaline earth elements; it readily forms a white coating of nitride in air, reacts with water, burns with a yellow-red flame."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Uses",
description: "Uses information in industry and other fields",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Due to its high reactivity with common materials, there is very little demand for metallic calcium. It is used in some chemical processes to refine thorium, uranium and zirconium. Calcium is also used to remove oxygen, sulfur and carbon from certain alloys. Calcium can be alloyed with aluminum, beryllium, copper, lead and magnesium. Calcium is also used in vacuum tubes as a getter, a material that combines with and removes trace gases from vacuum tubes."
},
{
string: "Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) is one of the common compounds of calcium. It is heated to form quicklime (CaO) which is then added to water (H2O). This forms another material known as slaked lime (Ca(OH)2) which is an inexpensive base material used throughout the chemical industry. Chalk, marble and limestone are all forms of calcium carbonate. Calcium carbonate is used to make white paint, cleaning powder, toothpaste and stomach antacids, among other things. Other common compounds of calcium include: calcium sulfate (CaSO4), also known as gypsum, which is used to make dry wall and plaster of Paris, calcium nitrate (Ca(NO3)2), a naturally occurring fertilizer and calcium phosphate (Ca3(PO4)2), the main material found in bones and teeth.",
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length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
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length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
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length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
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length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
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length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
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}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "The metal is used as a reducing agent in preparing other metals such as thorium, uranium, zirconium, etc., and is used as a deoxidizer, desulfurizer, or decarburizer for various ferrous and nonferrous alloys. It is also used as an alloying agent for aluminum, beryllium, copper, lead, and magnesium alloys, and serves as a \"getter\" for residual gases in vacuum tubes, etc."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Sources",
description: "Sources (where the element come from) information for the given element",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Calcium, a metallic element, is fifth in abundance in the earth's crust, of which it forms more than 3%. It is an essential constituent of leaves, bones, teeth, and shells. Never found in nature uncombined, it occurs abundantly as limestone, gypsum, and fluorite. Apatite is the fluorophosphate or chlorophosphate of calcium."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Compounds",
description: "Related compounds information to this element",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Its natural and prepared compounds are widely used. Quicklime (CaO), which is made by heating limestone that is changed into slaked lime by carefully adding water, is the great base of chemical refinery with countless uses."
},
{
string: "When mixed with sand, it hardens mortar and plaster by taking up carbon dioxide from the air. Calcium from limestone is an important element in Portland cement."
},
{
string: "Solubility of the carbonate in water containing carbon dioxide is high, which causes the formation of caves with stalactites and stalagmites and is responsible for hardness in water. Other important compounds are the carbide, chloride, cyanamide, hypochlorite, nitrate, and sulfide."
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 7,
name: "Compounds",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Calcium",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "See more information at the Calcium compound page."
}
]
}
}
],
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Forms",
description: "Other element forms, ions, isotopes, etc.",
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{
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{
string: "[49Ca]"
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string: "0.000 04(3)"
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string: "0.001 87(21)"
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tocHeading: "Atomic Mass, Half Life, and Decay",
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string: "47.952522904 ± 0.000000103"
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string: "50.960995665 ± 0.00000056"
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string: "52.968451000 ± 0.000047"
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string: "53.972989000 ± 0.000052"
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string: "54.980300 ± 0.000322 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "55.985080 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]"
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string: "56.992620 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]"
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reference: [
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sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "PubChem",
description: "Data deposited in or computed by PubChem",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
sourceName: "Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)",
sourceID: "e20",
name: "Ca",
description: "The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.",
url: "https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/",
anid: 6590247
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
sourceName: "Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)",
sourceID: "a20",
name: "Calcium",
description: "Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report) and CIAAW. The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/",
url: "http://www.ciaaw.org/calcium.htm",
licenseURL: "http://www.ciaaw.org/bylaws.htm",
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{
referenceNumber: 4,
sourceName: "Jefferson Lab, U.S. Department of Energy",
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name: "Calcium",
description: "Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/",
url: "https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele020.html",
licenseNote: "Please see citation and linking information: https://education.jlab.org/faq/index.html",
licenseURL: "https://www.jlab.org/privacy-and-security-notice",
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referenceNumber: 5,
sourceName: "Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "lanl20",
name: "Calcium",
description: "The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.",
url: "https://periodic.lanl.gov/20.shtml",
anid: 507200
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
sourceName: "NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory",
sourceID: "e20",
name: "Calcium",
description: "The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Elements/elInfo.pl?element=20",
licenseURL: "https://www.nist.gov/pml/database-disclaimer",
anid: 2292637
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{
referenceNumber: 8,
sourceName: "PubChem Elements",
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description: "The element property data was retrieved from publications.",
anid: 7660021
},
{
referenceNumber: 7,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "20",
name: "Calcium",
description: "This section provides all form of data related to element Calcium.",
anid: 694313
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recordNumber: 21,
recordTitle: "Scandium",
section: [
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tocHeading: "Identifiers",
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section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
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url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
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tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
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tocHeading: "InChI Key",
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url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
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tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
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{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
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},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Radius",
description: "Atomic radius is the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell containing electrons.",
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{
referenceNumber: 5,
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}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Empirical Atomic Radius",
reference: [
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],
value: {
number: [
160
],
unit: "pm (Empirical)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Covalent Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"B. Cordero, V. Gómez, A.E. Platero-Prats, M. Revés, J. Echeverría, E. Cremades, F. Barragán, S. Alvarez, Dalton Trans. 2008, 21, 2832-2838. DOI:10.1039/b801115j PMID:18478144."
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},
{
tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
description: "Oxidation state gives the degree of oxidation of an atom in terms of counting electrons.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/O/O04365.html",
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}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ground Level",
description: "Also called ground-state level. The ground state electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom with lower energy levels.",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/ASD/Html/iehelp.html#IEGROUNDLEV",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 6,
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},
{
tocHeading: "Ionization Energy",
description: "Ionization energy is the minimum energy required to eject an electron out of a neutral atom or molecule in its ground state.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/I/I03199.html",
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},
{
tocHeading: "Electronegativity",
description: "The concept electronegativity was introduced by L. Pauling as the power of an atom to attract electrons to itself.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01990",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Pauling Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
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],
value: {
number: [
1.36
],
unit: "(Pauling Scale)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Allen Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1989, 111, 9003. DOI:10.1021/ja00207a003; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek and L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 2780. DOI:10.1021/ja992866e; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek, E.T. Knight, J.F. Capitani and L.C Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 5132. DOI:10.1021/ja9928677"
],
value: {
number: [
1.19
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unit: "(Allen Scale)"
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}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Affinity",
description: "Electron affinity refers to energy required to detach an electron from the singly charged negative ion.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01977",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.T Myers, J. Chem. Edu., 1990, 67(4), 307. DOI:10.1021/ed067p307"
],
value: {
number: [
0.188
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unit: "eV"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.J. Zollweg, J. Chem. Phys., 1969, 50, 4251. DOI:10.1063/1.1670890"
],
value: {
number: [
-0.73
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unit: "eV"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Spectra",
description: "Atomic and ionic spectral lines originate from specified electronic transitions between energy levels of atoms and ions, respectively.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00502.html",
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{
tocHeading: "Physical Description",
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tocHeading: "Element Classification",
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tocHeading: "Element Period Number",
description: "The element period number refers to a horizontal row of the periodic table. The periodic table has 7 periods.",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/periodic-table-of-the-elements/The-periodic-table#ref80835",
information: [
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value: {
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},
{
tocHeading: "Element Group Number",
description: "Element group refers to a set of chemical elements in the same vertical column of the periodic table",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/group-periodic-table",
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referenceNumber: 4,
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stringWithMarkup: [
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tocHeading: "Density",
description: "Density is a degree of consistency measured by the quantity of mass per unit volume",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/D/D01590.html",
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},
{
tocHeading: "Melting Point",
description: "The melting point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from solid to liquid at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/melting-point",
information: [
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tocHeading: "Boiling Point",
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url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_point",
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tocHeading: "Estimated Crustal Abundance",
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tocHeading: "History",
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string: "The name derives from the Latin scandia for Scandinavia, where the mineral was found. It was discovered by the Swedish chemist Lars-Fredrik Nilson in 1879 in an ytterbium sample. In the same year, the Swedish chemist Per Theodore Cleve proved that scandium was Mendeleev's predicted \"eka-boron\".",
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string: "Scandium was discovered by Lars Fredrik Nilson, a Swedish chemist, in 1879 while attempting to produce a sample of pure ytterbia from 10 kilograms of the mineral euxenite ((Y, Ca, Er, La, Ce, U, Th)(Nb, Ta, Ti)2O6). Scandium can be obtained from the minerals thortveitite ((Sc, Y)2Si2O7), bazzite (Be3(Sc, Al)2Si6O18) and wiikite, but is usually obtained as a byproduct of refining uranium. Metallic scandium was first produced in 1937 and the first pound (0.45 kilograms) of pure scandium was produced in 1960. Scandium is a soft, light metal that might have applications in the aerospace industry. With a cost of $270 per gram ($122,500 per pound), scandium is too expensive for widespread use.",
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string: "From the Latin word Scandia, Scandinavia. On the basis of the Periodic System, Mendeleev predicted the existence of ekaboron, which would have an atomic weight between 40 of calcium and 48 of titanium. The element was discovered by Nilson in 1878 in the minerals euxenite and gadolinite, which had not yet been found anywhere except in Scandinavia. By processing 10 kg of euxenite and other residues of rare-earth minerals, Nilson was able to prepare about 2g of highly pure scandium oxide. Later scientists pointed out that Nilson's scandium was identical with Mendeleev's ekaboron."
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tocHeading: "Description",
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},
{
string: "Scientists have only studied a few compounds of scandium. About 20 kilograms (44 pounds) of scandium oxide (Sc2O3), also known as scandia, are used each year in the United States in the production of high intensity lights. Scandium iodide (ScI3) is added to mercury vapor lamps so that they will emit light that closely resembles sunlight.",
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tocHeading: "Sources",
description: "Sources (where the element come from) information for the given element",
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{
string: "Most scandium is presently being recovered from thortveitite or is extracted as a by-product from uranium mill tailings. Metallic scandium was first prepared in 1937 by Fischer, Brunger, and Grienelaus who electrolyzed a eutectic melt of potassium, lithium, and scandium chlorides at 700 to 800°C. Tungsten wire and a pool of molten zinc served as the electrodes in a graphite crucible. Pure scandium is now produced by reducing scandium fluoride with calcium metal."
},
{
string: "The production of the first pound of 99% pure scandium metal was announced in 1960."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Compounds",
description: "Related compounds information to this element",
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},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Mass, Half Life, and Decay",
description: "This section provides the information from the Nubase2016. The number after the ± refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton. The '?' refers to 'not determined or qualified'. For further explainations, click read more below.",
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
string: "46.952402704 ± 0.000002074"
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{
string: "46.952402704 ± 0.000002074"
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{
string: "47.952223157 ± 0.000005314"
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{
string: "48.950014423 ± 0.000002896"
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{
string: "49.952176415 ± 0.000016103"
},
{
string: "49.952176415 ± 0.000016103"
},
{
string: "50.953592095 ± 0.000021471"
},
{
string: "51.956582351 ± 0.000087871"
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{
string: "52.958231821 ± 0.000101006"
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{
string: "53.963616620 ± 0.000292862"
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string: "53.963616620 ± 0.000292862"
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{
string: "54.967622601 ± 0.000487756"
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{
string: "55.973320000 ± 0.00063"
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{
string: "55.973320000 ± 0.00063"
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{
string: "55.973320000 ± 0.00063"
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{
string: "56.977460000 ± 0.0014"
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{
string: "57.984030 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "58.988940 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "59.995650 ± 0.000537 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "61.001000 ± 0.000644 [Estimated]"
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{
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},
{
string: "<300 ns"
},
{
string: "182.3 ms ± 0.7"
},
{
string: "596.3 ms ± 1.7"
},
{
string: "Not-specified"
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{
string: "680.79 ms ± 0.28"
},
{
string: "61.7 s ± 0.4"
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{
string: "Not-specified"
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{
string: "3.891 h ± 0.012"
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{
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{
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{
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{
string: "154.8 ns ± 0.8"
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
string: "18.75 s ± 0.04"
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{
string: "3.349 d ± 0.0006"
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{
string: "272 ns ± 8"
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{
string: "43.67 h ± 0.09"
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{
string: "57.18 m ± 0.13"
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{
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{
string: "350 ms ± 40"
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{
string: "12.4 s ± 0.1"
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{
string: "8.2 s ± 0.2"
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
string: "22 ms ± 2"
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{
string: "12 ms ± 5"
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{
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{
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string: "1955"
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{
string: "1941"
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{
string: ""
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{
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{
string: "1963"
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{
string: ""
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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reference: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "PubChem",
description: "Data deposited in or computed by PubChem",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
sourceName: "Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)",
sourceID: "e21",
name: "Sc",
description: "The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.",
url: "https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/",
anid: 6590248
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
sourceName: "Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)",
sourceID: "a21",
name: "Scandium",
description: "Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report) and CIAAW. The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/",
url: "https://www.ciaaw.org/scandium.htm",
licenseURL: "http://www.ciaaw.org/bylaws.htm",
anid: 2292402
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
sourceName: "Jefferson Lab, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "jlab21",
name: "Scandium",
description: "Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/",
url: "https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele021.html",
licenseNote: "Please see citation and linking information: https://education.jlab.org/faq/index.html",
licenseURL: "https://www.jlab.org/privacy-and-security-notice",
anid: 507083
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
sourceName: "Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "lanl21",
name: "Scandium",
description: "The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.",
url: "https://periodic.lanl.gov/21.shtml",
anid: 507201
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
sourceName: "NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory",
sourceID: "e21",
name: "Scandium",
description: "The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Elements/elInfo.pl?element=21",
licenseURL: "https://www.nist.gov/pml/database-disclaimer",
anid: 2292638
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
sourceName: "PubChem Elements",
sourceID: "21",
name: "Sc",
description: "The element property data was retrieved from publications.",
anid: 7660022
},
{
referenceNumber: 7,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "21",
name: "Scandium",
description: "This section provides all form of data related to element Scandium.",
anid: 694314
}
]
}
},
{
record: {
recordType: "AtomicNumber",
recordNumber: 22,
recordTitle: "Titanium",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01022.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Titanium"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Titanium"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
description: "Element symbol, Also called atomic symbol, typically consists of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet derived from the element name in one of several languages.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Ti"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Ti"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "InChI=1S/Ti"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI Key",
description: "International Chemical Identifier hash (InChIKey) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI Key",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "47.867(1)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "47.867"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "47.88"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "47.867(1)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[Ar]4s23d2",
markup: [
{
start: 6,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 9,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Electron Configuration",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[Ar]3d2 4s2",
markup: [
{
start: 6,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Radius",
description: "Atomic radius is the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell containing electrons.",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_radius",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
name: "Van der Waals Atomic Radius",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "187 pm (Van der Waals)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Empirical Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"J.C. Slater, J Chem Phys, 1964, 41(10), 3199-3205. DOI:10.1063/1.1725697"
],
value: {
number: [
140
],
unit: "pm (Empirical)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Covalent Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"B. Cordero, V. Gómez, A.E. Platero-Prats, M. Revés, J. Echeverría, E. Cremades, F. Barragán, S. Alvarez, Dalton Trans. 2008, 21, 2832-2838. DOI:10.1039/b801115j PMID:18478144."
],
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "160(8) pm (Covalent)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
description: "Oxidation state gives the degree of oxidation of an atom in terms of counting electrons.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/O/O04365.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "+4, +3, +2"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "4, 3, 2, 1, −1, −2 (an amphoteric oxide)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ground Level",
description: "Also called ground-state level. The ground state electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom with lower energy levels.",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/ASD/Html/iehelp.html#IEGROUNDLEV",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ground Level",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "3F2",
markup: [
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start: 0,
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type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 2,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
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]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ionization Energy",
description: "Ionization energy is the minimum energy required to eject an electron out of a neutral atom or molecule in its ground state.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/I/I03199.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "6.828 eV"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ionization Energy",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "6.828120 eV"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electronegativity",
description: "The concept electronegativity was introduced by L. Pauling as the power of an atom to attract electrons to itself.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01990",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Pauling Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"A.L. Allred, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 1961, 17(3-4), 215-221. DOI:10.1016/0022-1902(61)80142-5"
],
value: {
number: [
1.54
],
unit: "(Pauling Scale)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Allen Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1989, 111, 9003. DOI:10.1021/ja00207a003; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek and L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 2780. DOI:10.1021/ja992866e; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek, E.T. Knight, J.F. Capitani and L.C Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 5132. DOI:10.1021/ja9928677"
],
value: {
number: [
1.38
],
unit: "(Allen Scale)"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Affinity",
description: "Electron affinity refers to energy required to detach an electron from the singly charged negative ion.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01977",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.T Myers, J. Chem. Edu., 1990, 67(4), 307. DOI:10.1021/ed067p307"
],
value: {
number: [
0.079
],
unit: "eV"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.J. Zollweg, J. Chem. Phys., 1969, 50, 4251. DOI:10.1063/1.1670890"
],
value: {
number: [
-0.02
],
unit: "eV"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Spectra",
description: "Atomic and ionic spectral lines originate from specified electronic transitions between energy levels of atoms and ions, respectively.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00502.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/lines_hold.pl?el=Ti",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Lines Holdings"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/levels_hold.pl?el=Ti",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Levels Holdings"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Physical Description",
description: "Physical description, also know as physical characteristics, refers to physical appearance of element substances.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Solid"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Classification",
description: "Elements can be classified few groups according to each element's chemical properties.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Metal"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Period Number",
description: "The element period number refers to a horizontal row of the periodic table. The periodic table has 7 periods.",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/periodic-table-of-the-elements/The-periodic-table#ref80835",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "4"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Group Number",
description: "Element group refers to a set of chemical elements in the same vertical column of the periodic table",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/group-periodic-table",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "4"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Density",
description: "Density is a degree of consistency measured by the quantity of mass per unit volume",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/D/D01590.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "4.5 grams per cubic centimeter"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Melting Point",
description: "The melting point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from solid to liquid at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/melting-point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1941 K (1668°C or 3034°F)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1668°C"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Boiling Point",
description: "Boiling Point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from liquid to gas at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "3560 K (3287°C or 5949°F)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "3287°C"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Crustal Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in earth crust",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "5.65×103 milligrams per kilogram",
markup: [
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type: "Superscript"
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]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Oceanic Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in ocean",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1×10-3 milligrams per liter",
markup: [
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start: 4,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
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]
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "History",
description: "Element discovery and related information in history",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "History",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "The name derives from the Latin titans, who were the mythological \"first sons of the earth\". It was originally discovered by the English clergyman William Gregor in the mineral ilmenite (FeTiO3) in 1791. He called this mineral menachanite and the element menachin, for the Menachan parish where it was found. It was rediscovered in 1795 by the German chemist Martin Heinrich Klaproth, who called it titanium because it had no characteristic properties to use as a name. Titanium metal was first isolated by the Swedish chemists Sven Otto Pettersson and Lars Fredrik Nilson.",
markup: [
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}
},
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Titanium was discovered in 1791 by the Reverend William Gregor, an English pastor. Pure titanium was first produced by Matthew A. Hunter, an American metallurgist, in 1910. Titanium is the ninth most abundant element in the earth's crust and is primarily found in the minerals rutile (TiO2), ilmenite (FeTiO3) and sphene (CaTiSiO5). Titanium makes up about 0.57% of the earth's crust.",
markup: [
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length: 1,
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}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "From the Latin titans, the first sons of the Earth, Greek mythology."
},
{
string: "Discovered by Gregor in 1791; named by Klaproth in 1795. Impure titanium was prepared by Nilson and Pettersson in 1887; however, the pure metal (99.9%) was not made until 1910 when Hunter heated TiCl4 with sodium in a steel bomb.",
markup: [
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start: 199,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
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]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Description",
description: "Description about this element",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Titanium, when pure, is a lustrous, white metal. It has a low density, good strength, is easily fabricated, and has excellent corrosion resistance. It is ductile only when it is free of oxygen. The metal, which burns in air, is the only element that burns in nitrogen."
},
{
string: "Titanium is resistant to dilute sulfuric and hydrochloric acid, most organic acids, most chlorine gas, and chloride solutions."
},
{
string: "Natural titanium is reported to become very radioactive after bombardment with deuterons. The emitted radiations are mostly positrons and hard gamma rays. The metal is dimorphic. The hexagonal alpha form changes to the cubic beta form very slowly at about 880°C. The metal combines with oxygen at red heat, and with chlorine at 550°C."
},
{
string: "Titanium metal is considered to be physiologically inert. When pure, titanium dioxide is relatively clear and has an extremely high index of refraction with an optical dispersion higher than diamond."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Uses",
description: "Uses information in industry and other fields",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Titanium is a strong, light metal. It is as strong as steel and twice as strong as aluminum, but is 45% lighter than steel and only 60% heavier than aluminum. Titanium is not easily corroded by sea water and is used in propeller shafts, rigging and other parts of boats that are exposed to sea water. Titanium and titanium alloys are used in airplanes, missiles and rockets where strength, low weight and resistance to high temperatures are important. Since titanium does not react within the human body, it is used to create artificial hips, pins for setting bones and for other biological implants. Unfortunately, the high cost of titanium has limited its widespread use."
},
{
string: "Titanium oxide (TiO2) is used as a pigment to create white paint and accounts for the largest use of the element. Pure titanium oxide is relatively clear and is used to create titania, an artificial gemstone. Titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4), another titanium compound, has been used to make smoke screens.",
markup: [
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start: 19,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
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type: "Subscript"
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]
},
{
string: "A final bit of titanium trivia titanium is one of the few elements that will burn in an atmosphere of pure nitrogen."
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Titanium is important as an alloying agent with aluminum, molybdenum, manganese, iron, and other metals. Alloys of titanium are principally used for aircraft and missiles where lightweight strength and ability to withstand extremes of temperature are important."
},
{
string: "Titanium is as strong as steel, but 45% lighter. It is 60% heavier than aluminum, but twice as strong."
},
{
string: "Titanium has potential use in desalination plants for converting sea water into fresh water. The metal has excellent resistance to sea water and is used for propeller shafts, rigging, and other parts of ships exposed to salt water. A titanium anode coated with platinum has been used to provide cathodic protection from corrosion by salt water."
},
{
string: "It is produced artificially for use as a gemstone, but it is relatively soft. Star sapphires and rubies exhibit their asterism as a result of the presence of TiO2.",
markup: [
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start: 161,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
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]
},
{
string: "Titanium dioxide is extensively used for both house paint and artist's paint, because it is permanent and has good covering power. Titanium oxide pigment accounts for the largest use of the element. Titanium paint is an excellent reflector of infrared, and is extensively used in solar observatories where heat causes poor viewing conditions."
},
{
string: "Titanium tetrachloride is used to iridize glass. This compound fumes strongly in air and has been used to produce smoke screens."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Sources",
description: "Sources (where the element come from) information for the given element",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Titanium is present in meteorites and the sun. Rocks obtained during the Apollo 17 lunar mission showed presence of 12.1% TiO2; rocks obtained during earlier Apollo missions show lower percentages.",
markup: [
{
start: 125,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "Titanium oxide bands are prominent in the spectra of M-type stars. The element is the ninth most abundant in the crust of the earth. Titanium is almost always present in igneous rocks and in the sediments derived from them."
},
{
string: "It occurs in the minerals rutile, ilmenite, and sphene, and is present in titanates and in many iron ores. Titanium is present in ash of coal, in plants, and in human body."
},
{
string: "The metal was a laboratory curiosity until Kroll, in 1946, showed that titanium could be produced commercially by reducing titanium tetrachloride with magnesium. This method is still largely used for producing the metal. The metal can be purified by decomposing the iodide."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Compounds",
description: "Related compounds information to this element",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 7,
name: "Compounds",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Titanium",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "See more information at the Titanium compound page."
}
]
}
}
],
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Forms",
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string: "58.972614 ± 0.000215 [Estimated]"
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string: "59.976028 ± 0.000322 [Estimated]"
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string: "60.982448 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]"
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string: "β- ?; β-n=90%[Estimated]; β-2n=2%[Estimated]",
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reference: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "PubChem",
description: "Data deposited in or computed by PubChem",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
sourceName: "Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)",
sourceID: "e22",
name: "Ti",
description: "The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.",
url: "https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/",
anid: 6590249
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
sourceName: "Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)",
sourceID: "a22",
name: "Titanium",
description: "Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report) and CIAAW. The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/",
url: "http://www.ciaaw.org/titanium.htm",
licenseURL: "http://www.ciaaw.org/bylaws.htm",
anid: 2292403
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{
referenceNumber: 4,
sourceName: "Jefferson Lab, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "jlab22",
name: "Titanium",
description: "Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/",
url: "https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele022.html",
licenseNote: "Please see citation and linking information: https://education.jlab.org/faq/index.html",
licenseURL: "https://www.jlab.org/privacy-and-security-notice",
anid: 507084
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{
referenceNumber: 5,
sourceName: "Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "lanl22",
name: "Titanium",
description: "The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.",
url: "https://periodic.lanl.gov/22.shtml",
anid: 507202
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
sourceName: "NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory",
sourceID: "e22",
name: "Titanium",
description: "The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Elements/elInfo.pl?element=22",
licenseURL: "https://www.nist.gov/pml/database-disclaimer",
anid: 2292639
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
sourceName: "PubChem Elements",
sourceID: "22",
name: "Ti",
description: "The element property data was retrieved from publications.",
anid: 7660023
},
{
referenceNumber: 7,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "22",
name: "Titanium",
description: "This section provides all form of data related to element Titanium.",
anid: 694315
}
]
}
},
{
record: {
recordType: "AtomicNumber",
recordNumber: 23,
recordTitle: "Vanadium",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01022.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Vanadium"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Vanadium"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
description: "Element symbol, Also called atomic symbol, typically consists of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet derived from the element name in one of several languages.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "V"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "V"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "InChI=1S/V"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI Key",
description: "International Chemical Identifier hash (InChIKey) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI Key",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "50.9415(1)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "50.9415"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "50.94"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "50.9415(1)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[Ar]4s23d3",
markup: [
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start: 6,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 9,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Electron Configuration",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[Ar]3d3 4s2",
markup: [
{
start: 6,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Radius",
description: "Atomic radius is the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell containing electrons.",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_radius",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
name: "Van der Waals Atomic Radius",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "179 pm (Van der Waals)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Empirical Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"J.C. Slater, J Chem Phys, 1964, 41(10), 3199-3205. DOI:10.1063/1.1725697"
],
value: {
number: [
135
],
unit: "pm (Empirical)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Covalent Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"B. Cordero, V. Gómez, A.E. Platero-Prats, M. Revés, J. Echeverría, E. Cremades, F. Barragán, S. Alvarez, Dalton Trans. 2008, 21, 2832-2838. DOI:10.1039/b801115j PMID:18478144."
],
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "153(8) pm (Covalent)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
description: "Oxidation state gives the degree of oxidation of an atom in terms of counting electrons.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/O/O04365.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "+5, +4, +3, +2"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "5, 4, 3, 2, 1, −1, −3 (an amphoteric oxide)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ground Level",
description: "Also called ground-state level. The ground state electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom with lower energy levels.",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/ASD/Html/iehelp.html#IEGROUNDLEV",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ground Level",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "4F3/2",
markup: [
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start: 0,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 2,
length: 3,
type: "Subscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ionization Energy",
description: "Ionization energy is the minimum energy required to eject an electron out of a neutral atom or molecule in its ground state.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/I/I03199.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "6.746 eV"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ionization Energy",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "6.746187 eV"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electronegativity",
description: "The concept electronegativity was introduced by L. Pauling as the power of an atom to attract electrons to itself.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01990",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Pauling Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"A.L. Allred, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 1961, 17(3-4), 215-221. DOI:10.1016/0022-1902(61)80142-5"
],
value: {
number: [
1.63
],
unit: "(Pauling Scale)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Allen Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1989, 111, 9003. DOI:10.1021/ja00207a003; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek and L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 2780. DOI:10.1021/ja992866e; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek, E.T. Knight, J.F. Capitani and L.C Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 5132. DOI:10.1021/ja9928677"
],
value: {
number: [
1.53
],
unit: "(Allen Scale)"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Affinity",
description: "Electron affinity refers to energy required to detach an electron from the singly charged negative ion.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01977",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.T Myers, J. Chem. Edu., 1990, 67(4), 307. DOI:10.1021/ed067p307"
],
value: {
number: [
0.525
],
unit: "eV"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.J. Zollweg, J. Chem. Phys., 1969, 50, 4251. DOI:10.1063/1.1670890"
],
value: {
number: [
0.63
],
unit: "eV"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Spectra",
description: "Atomic and ionic spectral lines originate from specified electronic transitions between energy levels of atoms and ions, respectively.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00502.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/lines_hold.pl?el=V",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Lines Holdings"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/levels_hold.pl?el=V",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Levels Holdings"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Physical Description",
description: "Physical description, also know as physical characteristics, refers to physical appearance of element substances.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Solid"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Classification",
description: "Elements can be classified few groups according to each element's chemical properties.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Metal"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Period Number",
description: "The element period number refers to a horizontal row of the periodic table. The periodic table has 7 periods.",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/periodic-table-of-the-elements/The-periodic-table#ref80835",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "4"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Group Number",
description: "Element group refers to a set of chemical elements in the same vertical column of the periodic table",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/group-periodic-table",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "5"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Density",
description: "Density is a degree of consistency measured by the quantity of mass per unit volume",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/D/D01590.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "6.0 grams per cubic centimeter"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Melting Point",
description: "The melting point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from solid to liquid at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/melting-point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "2183 K (1910°C or 3470°F)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1910°C"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Boiling Point",
description: "Boiling Point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from liquid to gas at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "3680 K (3407°C or 6165°F)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "3407°C"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Crustal Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in earth crust",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1.20×102 milligrams per kilogram",
markup: [
{
start: 7,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Oceanic Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in ocean",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "2.5×10-3 milligrams per liter",
markup: [
{
start: 6,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "History",
description: "Element discovery and related information in history",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "History",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "The name derives from the Scandinavian goddess of love and beauty, Freyja Vanadis, because of its many beautiful multi-coloured compounds. Vanadium was discovered by the Swedish physician and chemist Nils-Gabriel Sefström in 1830."
},
{
string: "Vanadium had originally been discovered by the Spanish mineralogist Andres Manuel del Rio y Fernandez in 1801, who named it erythronium, after the plant of that name whose flowers have many beautiful colours. Del Rio later decided that it was really chromium in his lead sample. Vanadium metal was first isolated by the English chemist Henry Enfield Roscoe in 1869."
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Vanadium was discovered by Andrés Manuel del Rio, a Spanish chemist, in 1801. Rio sent samples of vanadium ore and a letter describing his methods to the Institute de France in Paris, France, for analysis and confirmation. Unfortunately for Rio, his letter was lost in a shipwreck and the Institute only received his samples, which contained a brief note describing how much this new element, which Rio had named erythronium, resembled chromium. Rio withdrew his claim when he received a letter from Paris disputing his discovery. Vanadium was rediscovered by Nils Gabriel Sefstrôm, a Swedish chemist, in 1830 while analyzing samples of iron from a mine in Sweden. Vanadium was isolated by Sir Henry Enfield Roscoe, an English chemist, in 1867 by combining vanadium trichloride (VCl3) with hydrogen gas (H2). Today, vanadium is primarily obtained from the minerals vanadinite (Pb5(VO)3Cl) and carnotite (K2(UO2)2VO4·1-3H2O) by heating crushed ore in the presence of carbon and chlorine to produce vanadium trichloride. The vanadium trichloride is then heated with magnesium in an argon atmosphere.",
markup: [
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length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
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start: 805,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
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{
start: 879,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
},
{
start: 884,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
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{
start: 905,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
},
{
start: 909,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
},
{
start: 911,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
},
{
start: 914,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
},
{
start: 920,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
}
]
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Named after Scandinavian goddess, Vanadis. Vanadium was first discovered by del Rio in 1801. Unfortunately, a French chemist incorrectly declared that del Rio's new element was only impure chromium. Del Rio thought himself to be mistaken and accepted the French chemists' statement."
},
{
string: "The element was rediscovered in 1830 by Sefstrom, who named the element in honor of the Scandinavian goddess, Vanadis, because of its beautiful multicolored compounds. It was isolated in nearly pure form by Roscoe, who in 1867 reduced the chloride with hydrogen."
},
{
string: "Vanadium of 99.3 to 99.8% purity was not produced until 1922."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Description",
description: "Description about this element",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Pure vanadium is a bright white metal, and is soft and ductile. It has good corrosion resistance to alkalis, sulfuric and hydrochloric acid, and salt water, but the metal oxidizes readily above 660°C."
},
{
string: "The metal has good structural strength and a low fission neutron cross section, making it useful in nuclear applications."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Uses",
description: "Uses information in industry and other fields",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Vanadium is corrosion resistant and is sometimes used to make special tubes and pipes for the chemical industry. Vanadium also does not easily absorb neutrons and has some applications in the nuclear power industry. A thin layer of vanadium is used to bond titanium to steel."
},
{
string: "Nearly 80% of the vanadium produced is used to make ferrovanadium or as an additive to steel. Ferrovanadium is a strong, shock resistant and corrosion resistant alloy of iron containing between 1% and 6% vanadium. Ferrovanadium and vanadium-steel alloys are used to make such things as axles, crankshafts and gears for cars, parts of jet engines, springs and cutting tools."
},
{
string: "Vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) is perhaps vanadium's most useful compound. It is used as a mordant, a material which permanently fixes dyes to fabrics. Vanadium pentoxide is also used as a catalyst in certain chemical reactions and in the manufacture of ceramics. Vanadium pentoxide can also be mixed with gallium to form superconductive magnets.",
markup: [
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start: 21,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
},
{
start: 23,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
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]
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Vanadium is used in producing rust resistant and high speed tool steels. It is an important carbide stabilizer in making steels."
},
{
string: "About 80% of the vanadium now produced is used as ferrovanadium or as a steel additive. Vanadium foil is used as a bonding agent in cladding titanium to steel. Vanadium pentoxide is used in ceramics and as a catalyst."
},
{
string: "It is also used to produce a superconductive magnet with a field of 175,000 gauss."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Sources",
description: "Sources (where the element come from) information for the given element",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Vanadium is found in about 65 different minerals among which are carnotite, roscoelite, vanadinite, and patronite, important sources of the metal. Vanadium is also found in phosphate rock and certain iron ores, and is present in some crude oils in the form of organic complexes. It is also found in small percentages in meteorites."
},
{
string: "Commercial production from petroleum ash holds promise as an important source of the element. High-purity ductile vanadium can be obtained by reduction of vanadium trichloride with magnesium or with magnesium-sodium mixtures."
},
{
string: "Much of the vanadium metal being produced is now made by calcium reduction of V2O5 in a pressure vessel, an adaption of a process developed by McKechnie and Seybair.",
markup: [
{
start: 79,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
},
{
start: 81,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Compounds",
description: "Related compounds information to this element",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 7,
name: "Compounds",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Vanadium",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "See more information at the Vanadium compound page."
}
]
}
}
],
section: [
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string: "IT=100%"
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],
reference: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "PubChem",
description: "Data deposited in or computed by PubChem",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
sourceName: "Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)",
sourceID: "e23",
name: "V",
description: "The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.",
url: "https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/",
anid: 6590250
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
sourceName: "Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)",
sourceID: "a23",
name: "Vanadium",
description: "Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report) and CIAAW. The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/",
url: "http://www.ciaaw.org/vanadium.htm",
licenseURL: "http://www.ciaaw.org/bylaws.htm",
anid: 2292404
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
sourceName: "Jefferson Lab, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "jlab23",
name: "Vanadium",
description: "Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/",
url: "https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele023.html",
licenseNote: "Please see citation and linking information: https://education.jlab.org/faq/index.html",
licenseURL: "https://www.jlab.org/privacy-and-security-notice",
anid: 507085
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
sourceName: "Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "lanl23",
name: "Vanadium",
description: "The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.",
url: "https://periodic.lanl.gov/23.shtml",
anid: 507203
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
sourceName: "NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory",
sourceID: "e23",
name: "Vanadium",
description: "The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Elements/elInfo.pl?element=23",
licenseURL: "https://www.nist.gov/pml/database-disclaimer",
anid: 2292640
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
sourceName: "PubChem Elements",
sourceID: "23",
name: "V",
description: "The element property data was retrieved from publications.",
anid: 7660024
},
{
referenceNumber: 7,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "23",
name: "Vanadium",
description: "This section provides all form of data related to element Vanadium.",
anid: 694316
}
]
}
},
{
record: {
recordType: "AtomicNumber",
recordNumber: 24,
recordTitle: "Chromium",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01022.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Chromium"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Chromium"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
description: "Element symbol, Also called atomic symbol, typically consists of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet derived from the element name in one of several languages.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Cr"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Cr"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "InChI=1S/Cr"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI Key",
description: "International Chemical Identifier hash (InChIKey) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI Key",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "51.9961(6)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "51.9961"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "52.00"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "51.9961(6)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[Ar]3d54s1",
markup: [
{
start: 6,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 9,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Electron Configuration",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[Ar]3d5 4s",
markup: [
{
start: 6,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Radius",
description: "Atomic radius is the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell containing electrons.",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_radius",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
name: "Van der Waals Atomic Radius",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "189 pm (Van der Waals)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Empirical Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"J.C. Slater, J Chem Phys, 1964, 41(10), 3199-3205. DOI:10.1063/1.1725697"
],
value: {
number: [
140
],
unit: "pm (Empirical)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Covalent Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"B. Cordero, V. Gómez, A.E. Platero-Prats, M. Revés, J. Echeverría, E. Cremades, F. Barragán, S. Alvarez, Dalton Trans. 2008, 21, 2832-2838. DOI:10.1039/b801115j PMID:18478144."
],
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "139(5) pm (Covalent)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
description: "Oxidation state gives the degree of oxidation of an atom in terms of counting electrons.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/O/O04365.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "+6, +3, +2"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, −1, −2, −4 (depending on the oxidation state, an acidic, basic, or amphoteric oxide)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ground Level",
description: "Also called ground-state level. The ground state electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom with lower energy levels.",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/ASD/Html/iehelp.html#IEGROUNDLEV",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ground Level",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "7S3",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 2,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ionization Energy",
description: "Ionization energy is the minimum energy required to eject an electron out of a neutral atom or molecule in its ground state.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/I/I03199.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "6.767 eV"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ionization Energy",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "6.76651 eV"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electronegativity",
description: "The concept electronegativity was introduced by L. Pauling as the power of an atom to attract electrons to itself.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01990",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Pauling Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"A.L. Allred, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 1961, 17(3-4), 215-221. DOI:10.1016/0022-1902(61)80142-5"
],
value: {
number: [
1.66
],
unit: "(Pauling Scale)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Allen Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1989, 111, 9003. DOI:10.1021/ja00207a003; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek and L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 2780. DOI:10.1021/ja992866e; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek, E.T. Knight, J.F. Capitani and L.C Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 5132. DOI:10.1021/ja9928677"
],
value: {
number: [
1.65
],
unit: "(Allen Scale)"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Affinity",
description: "Electron affinity refers to energy required to detach an electron from the singly charged negative ion.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01977",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.T Myers, J. Chem. Edu., 1990, 67(4), 307. DOI:10.1021/ed067p307"
],
value: {
number: [
0.666
],
unit: "eV"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.J. Zollweg, J. Chem. Phys., 1969, 50, 4251. DOI:10.1063/1.1670890"
],
value: {
number: [
0.97
],
unit: "eV"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Spectra",
description: "Atomic and ionic spectral lines originate from specified electronic transitions between energy levels of atoms and ions, respectively.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00502.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/lines_hold.pl?el=Cr",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Lines Holdings"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/levels_hold.pl?el=Cr",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Levels Holdings"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Physical Description",
description: "Physical description, also know as physical characteristics, refers to physical appearance of element substances.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Solid"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Classification",
description: "Elements can be classified few groups according to each element's chemical properties.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Metal"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Period Number",
description: "The element period number refers to a horizontal row of the periodic table. The periodic table has 7 periods.",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/periodic-table-of-the-elements/The-periodic-table#ref80835",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "4"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Group Number",
description: "Element group refers to a set of chemical elements in the same vertical column of the periodic table",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/group-periodic-table",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "6"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Density",
description: "Density is a degree of consistency measured by the quantity of mass per unit volume",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/D/D01590.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "7.15 grams per cubic centimeter"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Melting Point",
description: "The melting point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from solid to liquid at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/melting-point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "2180 K (1907°C or 3465°F)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1907°C"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Boiling Point",
description: "Boiling Point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from liquid to gas at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "2944 K (2671°C or 4840°F)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "2671°C"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Crustal Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in earth crust",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1.02×102 milligrams per kilogram",
markup: [
{
start: 7,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Oceanic Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in ocean",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "3×10-4 milligrams per liter",
markup: [
{
start: 4,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "History",
description: "Element discovery and related information in history",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "History",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "The name derives from the Greek chroma for \"colour\", from the many coloured compounds of chromium. It was discovered in 1797 by the French chemist and pharmacist Nicolas-Louis Vauquelin, who also isolated chromium in 1798.",
markup: [
{
start: 32,
length: 6,
type: "Italics"
}
]
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Chromium was discovered by Louis-Nicholas Vauquelin while experimenting with a material known as Siberian red lead, also known as the mineral crocoite (PbCrO4), in 1797. He produced chromium oxide (CrO3) by mixing crocoite with hydrochloric acid (HCl). Although he believed a method for isolating chromium didn't yet exist, Vauquelin was pleasantly surprised in 1798 to discover that he was able to obtain metallic chromium by simply heating chromium oxide in a charcoal oven. Today, chromium is primarily obtained by heating the mineral chromite (FeCr2O4) in the presence of aluminum or silicon.",
markup: [
{
start: 157,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
},
{
start: 201,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
},
{
start: 552,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
},
{
start: 554,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
}
]
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "From the Greek word chroma, color. Chromium is a steel-gray, lustrous, hard metal that takes a high polish. Discovered in 1797 by the Frenchman Louis Nicolas Vauquelin."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Description",
description: "Description about this element",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Chromium is used extensively in automobile trim as chromium metal because of its shiny finish and corrosion resistance."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Uses",
description: "Uses information in industry and other fields",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Chromium is a blue-white metal that is hard, brittle and very corrosion resistant. Chromium can be polished to form a very shiny surface and is often plated to other metals to form a protective and attractive covering. Chromium is added to steel to harden it and to form stainless steel, a steel alloy that contains at least 10% chromium. Other chromium-steel alloys are used to make armor plate, safes, ball bearings and cutting tools."
},
{
string: "Chromium forms many colorful compounds that have industrial uses. Lead chromate (PbCrO4), also known as chrome yellow, has been used as a yellow pigment in paints. Chromic oxide (Cr2O3), also known as chrome green, is the ninth most abundant compound in the earth's crust and is a widely used green pigment. Rubies and emeralds also owe their colors to chromium compounds. Potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) is used in the tanning of leather while other chromium compounds are used as mordants, materials which permanently fix dyes to fabrics. Chromium compounds are also used to anodize aluminum, a process which coats aluminum with a thick, protective layer of oxide. Chromite, chromium's primary ore, is used to make molds for the firing of bricks because of its high melting point, moderate thermal expansion and stable crystal structure.",
markup: [
{
start: 86,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
},
{
start: 181,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
},
{
start: 183,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
},
{
start: 396,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
},
{
start: 399,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
},
{
start: 401,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
}
]
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Chromium is used to harden steel, manufacture stainless steel, and form many useful alloys. It is mostly used in plating to produce a hard, beautiful surface and to prevent corrosion. Chromium gives glass an emerald green color and is widely used as a catalyst."
},
{
string: "The refractory industry uses chromite for forming bricks and shapes, as it has a high melting point, moderate thermal expansion, and stability of crystalline structure."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Sources",
description: "Sources (where the element come from) information for the given element",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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},
{
string: "IS=4.345±1.3%; 2β+ ?",
markup: [
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start: 17,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "ε=100%"
},
{
string: "IS=83.789±1.8%"
},
{
string: "IS=9.501±1.7%"
},
{
string: "IS=2.365±0.7%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=0%[Estimated]",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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string: "β-=100%; β-n=0.6%[Estimated]",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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string: "β-=100%; β-n=1%[Estimated]",
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string: "β-=100%; β-n=1%[Estimated]",
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string: "β-=100%; β-n=2%[Estimated]",
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{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=5%[Estimated]; β-2n=0.3%[Estimated]",
markup: [
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type: "Superscript"
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type: "Superscript"
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string: "β-=100%; β-n=7%[Estimated]; β-2n=0%[Estimated]",
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string: "β- ?; β-n=10%[Estimated]; β-2n=1%[Estimated]",
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string: "β- ?; β-n=10%[Estimated]; β-2n=0.1%[Estimated]",
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string: "β- ?; β-n=20%[Estimated]; β-2n=6%[Estimated]",
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],
reference: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "PubChem",
description: "Data deposited in or computed by PubChem",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
sourceName: "Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)",
sourceID: "e24",
name: "Cr",
description: "The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.",
url: "https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/",
anid: 6590251
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
sourceName: "Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)",
sourceID: "a24",
name: "Chromium",
description: "Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report) and CIAAW. The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/",
url: "http://www.ciaaw.org/chromium.htm",
licenseURL: "http://www.ciaaw.org/bylaws.htm",
anid: 2292405
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
sourceName: "Jefferson Lab, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "jlab24",
name: "Chromium",
description: "Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/",
url: "https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele024.html",
licenseNote: "Please see citation and linking information: https://education.jlab.org/faq/index.html",
licenseURL: "https://www.jlab.org/privacy-and-security-notice",
anid: 507086
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
sourceName: "Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "lanl24",
name: "Chromium",
description: "The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.",
url: "https://periodic.lanl.gov/24.shtml",
anid: 507204
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
sourceName: "NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory",
sourceID: "e24",
name: "Chromium",
description: "The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Elements/elInfo.pl?element=24",
licenseURL: "https://www.nist.gov/pml/database-disclaimer",
anid: 2292641
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
sourceName: "PubChem Elements",
sourceID: "24",
name: "Cr",
description: "The element property data was retrieved from publications.",
anid: 7660025
},
{
referenceNumber: 7,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "24",
name: "Chromium",
description: "This section provides all form of data related to element Chromium.",
anid: 694317
}
]
}
},
{
record: {
recordType: "AtomicNumber",
recordNumber: 25,
recordTitle: "Manganese",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01022.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Manganese"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Manganese"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
description: "Element symbol, Also called atomic symbol, typically consists of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet derived from the element name in one of several languages.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Mn"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Mn"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "InChI=1S/Mn"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI Key",
description: "International Chemical Identifier hash (InChIKey) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI Key",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "54.938 043(2)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "54.938044"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "54.94"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "54.938044(3)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[Ar]4s23d5",
markup: [
{
start: 6,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 9,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Electron Configuration",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[Ar]3d5 4s2",
markup: [
{
start: 6,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Radius",
description: "Atomic radius is the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell containing electrons.",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_radius",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
name: "Van der Waals Atomic Radius",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "197 pm (Van der Waals)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Empirical Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"J.C. Slater, J Chem Phys, 1964, 41(10), 3199-3205. DOI:10.1063/1.1725697"
],
value: {
number: [
140
],
unit: "pm (Empirical)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Covalent Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"B. Cordero, V. Gómez, A.E. Platero-Prats, M. Revés, J. Echeverría, E. Cremades, F. Barragán, S. Alvarez, Dalton Trans. 2008, 21, 2832-2838. DOI:10.1039/b801115j PMID:18478144."
],
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "139(5)[l.s.], 161(8)[h.s.] pm (Covalent)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
description: "Oxidation state gives the degree of oxidation of an atom in terms of counting electrons.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/O/O04365.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "+7, +4, +3, +2"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, −1, −2, −3 acidic, basic or amphoteric; depending on the oxidation state"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ground Level",
description: "Also called ground-state level. The ground state electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom with lower energy levels.",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/ASD/Html/iehelp.html#IEGROUNDLEV",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ground Level",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "6S5/2",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 2,
length: 3,
type: "Subscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ionization Energy",
description: "Ionization energy is the minimum energy required to eject an electron out of a neutral atom or molecule in its ground state.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/I/I03199.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "7.434 eV"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ionization Energy",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "7.4340380 eV"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electronegativity",
description: "The concept electronegativity was introduced by L. Pauling as the power of an atom to attract electrons to itself.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01990",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Pauling Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"A.L. Allred, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 1961, 17(3-4), 215-221. DOI:10.1016/0022-1902(61)80142-5"
],
value: {
number: [
1.55
],
unit: "(Pauling Scale)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Allen Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1989, 111, 9003. DOI:10.1021/ja00207a003; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek and L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 2780. DOI:10.1021/ja992866e; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek, E.T. Knight, J.F. Capitani and L.C Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 5132. DOI:10.1021/ja9928677"
],
value: {
number: [
1.75
],
unit: "(Allen Scale)"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Affinity",
description: "Electron affinity refers to energy required to detach an electron from the singly charged negative ion.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01977",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.T Myers, J. Chem. Edu., 1990, 67(4), 307. DOI:10.1021/ed067p307"
],
value: {
number: [
0
],
unit: "eV"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.J. Zollweg, J. Chem. Phys., 1969, 50, 4251. DOI:10.1063/1.1670890"
],
value: {
number: [
0.97
],
unit: "eV"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Spectra",
description: "Atomic and ionic spectral lines originate from specified electronic transitions between energy levels of atoms and ions, respectively.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00502.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/lines_hold.pl?el=Mn",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Lines Holdings"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/levels_hold.pl?el=Mn",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Levels Holdings"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Physical Description",
description: "Physical description, also know as physical characteristics, refers to physical appearance of element substances.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Solid"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Classification",
description: "Elements can be classified few groups according to each element's chemical properties.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Metal"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Period Number",
description: "The element period number refers to a horizontal row of the periodic table. The periodic table has 7 periods.",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/periodic-table-of-the-elements/The-periodic-table#ref80835",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "4"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Group Number",
description: "Element group refers to a set of chemical elements in the same vertical column of the periodic table",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/group-periodic-table",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "7"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Density",
description: "Density is a degree of consistency measured by the quantity of mass per unit volume",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/D/D01590.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "7.3 grams per cubic centimeter"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Melting Point",
description: "The melting point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from solid to liquid at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/melting-point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1519 K (1246°C or 2275°F)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1246°C"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Boiling Point",
description: "Boiling Point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from liquid to gas at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "2334 K (2061°C or 3742°F)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "2061°C"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Crustal Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in earth crust",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "9.50×102 milligrams per kilogram",
markup: [
{
start: 7,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Oceanic Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in ocean",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "2×10-4 milligrams per liter",
markup: [
{
start: 4,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "History",
description: "Element discovery and related information in history",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "History",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "The name derives from the Latin magnes for \"magnet\" since pyrolusite (MnO2) has magnetic properties. It was discovered by the Swedish pharmacist and chemist Carl-Wilhelm Scheele in 1774. In the same year, the Swedish chemist Johan Gottlieb Gahn first isolated the metal.",
markup: [
{
start: 32,
length: 6,
type: "Italics"
},
{
start: 73,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
}
]
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Proposed to be an element by Carl Wilhelm Scheele in 1774, manganese was discovered by Johan Gottlieb Gahn, a Swedish chemist, by heating the mineral pyrolusite (MnO2) in the presence of charcoal later that year. Today, most manganese is still obtained from pyrolusite, although it is usually burned in a furnace with powdered aluminum or is treated with sulfuric acid (H2SO4) to form manganese sulfate (MnSO4), which is then electrolyzed.",
markup: [
{
start: 165,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
},
{
start: 371,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
},
{
start: 374,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
},
{
start: 408,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
}
]
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "From the Latin word magnes, magnet, from magnetic properties of pyrolusite. Recognized by Carl Wilhelm Scheele, Torbern Olof Bergman, and others as an element and isolated by Gahn in 1774 by reduction of the dioxide with carbon."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Description",
description: "Description about this element",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "It is gray-white, resembling iron, but is harder and very brittle. The metal is reactive chemically and decomposes slowly in cold water. Manganese is used to form many important alloys. Manganese improves rolling and forging qualities in steel, along with adding strength, stiffness, wear resistance, hardness."
},
{
string: "With aluminum and antimony, and especially with small amounts of copper, it forms highly ferromagnetic alloys."
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{
string: "Manganese metal is ferromagnetic only after special treatment. The pure metal exists in four allotropic forms. The alpha form is stable at ordinary temperature; gamma manganese, which changes to alpha at ordinary temperatures, is said to be flexible, soft, easily cut, and capable of being bent."
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}
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{
string: "Manganese dioxide (MnO2), the most common compound of manganese, makes up about 0.14% of the Earth's crust. It is used in dry cell batteries to prevent the formation of hydrogen, to remove the green color in glass that is caused by the presence of iron contaminants, and as a drying agent in black paints.",
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string: "The dioxide (pyrolusite) is used as a depolarizer in dry cells and is used to \"decolorize\" glass that is colored green by impurities of iron. Manganese by itself colors glass an amethyst color and is responsible for the color of true amethyst. The dioxide is also used in the preparation of oxygen and chlorine and in drying black paints. The permanganate is a powerful oxidizing agent and is used in quantitative analysis and in medicine."
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{
string: "Manganese is widely distributed throughout the animal kingdom. It is an important trace element and may be essential for utilization of vitamin B1."
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}
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{
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string: "Manganese minerals are widely distributed, with oxides, silicates, and carbonates being the most common. Large quantities of manganese nodules are found on the ocean floor and may become a source of manganese. These nodules contain about 24% manganese, together with many other elements in lesser abundance."
},
{
string: "Most manganese today is obtained from ores found in Russia, Brazil, Australia, South Africa, Gabon, and India. Pyrolusite and rhodochrosite are among the most common manganese minerals. The metal is obtained by reduction of the oxide with sodium, magnesium, aluminum, or by electrolysis."
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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tocHeading: "Isotope Mass and Abundance",
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{
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{
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{
string: "49Mn",
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{
string: "50Mn",
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
string: "54Mn",
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{
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{
string: "56Mn",
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{
string: "57Mn",
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]
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{
string: "58Mn",
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]
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{
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{
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{
string: "60Mn",
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{
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{
string: "61Mn",
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},
{
string: "62Mn",
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start: 0,
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]
},
{
string: "62Mnm",
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]
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{
string: "63Mn",
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},
{
string: "64Mn",
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{
string: "64Mnm",
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{
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{
string: "66Mn",
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{
string: "66Mnm",
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{
string: "67Mn",
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]
},
{
string: "68Mn",
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{
string: "69Mn",
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{
string: "70Mn",
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{
string: "71Mn",
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{
string: "72Mn",
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string: "44.994364 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "45.986506 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "45.986506 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "46.975774000 ± 0.000034"
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{
string: "47.968549085 ± 0.000007449"
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{
string: "48.959612585 ± 0.00000242"
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{
string: "49.954237391 ± 0.000000474"
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{
string: "49.954237391 ± 0.000000474"
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{
string: "50.948208065 ± 0.000000539"
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{
string: "51.945563488 ± 0.00000198"
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{
string: "51.945563488 ± 0.00000198"
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{
string: "52.941287742 ± 0.000000483"
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{
string: "53.940356429 ± 0.000001136"
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{
string: "54.938043172 ± 0.000000325"
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{
string: "55.938902947 ± 0.000000355"
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{
string: "56.938285968 ± 0.000001615"
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{
string: "57.940066646 ± 0.0000029"
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{
string: "57.940066646 ± 0.0000029"
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{
string: "58.940391113 ± 0.0000025"
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{
string: "59.943136576 ± 0.0000025"
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{
string: "59.943136576 ± 0.0000025"
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{
string: "60.944452544 ± 0.0000025"
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{
string: "61.947907386 ± 0.000007023"
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{
string: "61.947907386 ± 0.000007023"
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{
string: "62.949664675 ± 0.000004"
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{
string: "63.953849370 ± 0.0000038"
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{
string: "63.953849370 ± 0.0000038"
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{
string: "64.956019750 ± 0.000004"
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{
string: "65.960546834 ± 0.000012"
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{
string: "65.960546834 ± 0.000012"
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{
string: "66.964079 ± 0.000322 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "67.969533 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "68.973408 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "69.979066 ± 0.000537 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "70.983285 ± 0.000537 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "1 ms [Estimated]"
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{
string: "88.0 ms ± 1.3"
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{
string: "158.1 ms ± 2.2"
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{
string: "382 ms ± 7"
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{
string: "283.19 ms ± 0.10"
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{
string: "1.75 m ± 0.03"
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{
string: "46.2 m ± 0.1"
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{
string: "5.591 d ± 0.003"
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
string: "92 ms ± 13"
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{
string: "671 ms ± 5"
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{
string: "275 ms ± 4"
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{
string: "88.8 ms ± 2.4"
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{
string: "439 us ± 31"
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{
string: "91.9 ms ± 0.7"
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{
string: "64.2 ms ± 0.8"
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{
string: "780 us ± 40"
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{
string: "46.7 ms ± 2.3"
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{
string: "33.7 ms ± 1.5"
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{
string: "22.1 ms ± 1.6"
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{
string: "19.9 ms ± 1.7"
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "β+=100%; β+p=0.28±0.4%; β+α=6e-4%",
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 10,
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
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string: "β+=100%",
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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string: "β+=100%",
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
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type: "Superscript"
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string: "β+=98.22±0.5%; IT=1.78±0.5%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "ε=100%"
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{
string: "ε=100%; β-=0.93e-4%; e+=1.28e-7±2.5%",
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start: 9,
length: 1,
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{
string: "IS=100."
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string: "β-=100%",
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type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
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type: "Superscript"
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string: "β-=100%",
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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string: "β-=?; IT=20%[Estimated]",
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β-=88.5±0.8%; IT=11.5±0.8%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=0.6%[Estimated]",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=0.03%[Estimated]",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=0.03%[Estimated]; IT ?",
markup: [
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start: 1,
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type: "Superscript"
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start: 10,
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string: "β-=100%; β-n=0.2%[Estimated]",
markup: [
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start: 10,
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string: "β-=100%; β-n=33±0.2%",
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "IT=100%"
},
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string: "β-=100%; β-n=7%[Estimated]",
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},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=8.4±0.9%; β-2n=0.2%[Estimated]",
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type: "Superscript"
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start: 10,
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type: "Superscript"
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "IT≈100%; β- ?",
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string: "β-=100%; β-n=10±0.5%; β-2n=0.01%[Estimated]",
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type: "Superscript"
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string: "β-=100%; β-n=10%[Estimated]; β-2n=2%[Estimated]",
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string: "β- ?; β-n=30%[Estimated]; β-2n=3%[Estimated]",
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],
reference: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "PubChem",
description: "Data deposited in or computed by PubChem",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
sourceName: "Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)",
sourceID: "e25",
name: "Mn",
description: "The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.",
url: "https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/",
anid: 6590252
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
sourceName: "Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)",
sourceID: "a25",
name: "Manganese",
description: "Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report) and CIAAW. The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/",
url: "http://www.ciaaw.org/manganese.htm",
licenseURL: "http://www.ciaaw.org/bylaws.htm",
anid: 2292406
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
sourceName: "Jefferson Lab, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "jlab25",
name: "Manganese",
description: "Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/",
url: "https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele025.html",
licenseNote: "Please see citation and linking information: https://education.jlab.org/faq/index.html",
licenseURL: "https://www.jlab.org/privacy-and-security-notice",
anid: 507087
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
sourceName: "Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "lanl25",
name: "Manganese",
description: "The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.",
url: "https://periodic.lanl.gov/25.shtml",
anid: 507205
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
sourceName: "NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory",
sourceID: "e25",
name: "Manganese",
description: "The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Elements/elInfo.pl?element=25",
licenseURL: "https://www.nist.gov/pml/database-disclaimer",
anid: 2292642
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
sourceName: "PubChem Elements",
sourceID: "25",
name: "Mn",
description: "The element property data was retrieved from publications.",
anid: 7660026
},
{
referenceNumber: 7,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "25",
name: "Manganese",
description: "This section provides all form of data related to element Manganese.",
anid: 694318
}
]
}
},
{
record: {
recordType: "AtomicNumber",
recordNumber: 26,
recordTitle: "Iron",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01022.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Iron"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Iron"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
description: "Element symbol, Also called atomic symbol, typically consists of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet derived from the element name in one of several languages.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Fe"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Fe"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "InChI=1S/Fe"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI Key",
description: "International Chemical Identifier hash (InChIKey) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI Key",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "55.845(2)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "55.845"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "55.85"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "55.845(2)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[Ar]4s23d6",
markup: [
{
start: 6,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 9,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Electron Configuration",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[Ar]3d6 4s2",
markup: [
{
start: 6,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Radius",
description: "Atomic radius is the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell containing electrons.",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_radius",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
name: "Van der Waals Atomic Radius",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "194 pm (Van der Waals)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Empirical Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"J.C. Slater, J Chem Phys, 1964, 41(10), 3199-3205. DOI:10.1063/1.1725697"
],
value: {
number: [
140
],
unit: "pm (Empirical)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Covalent Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"B. Cordero, V. Gómez, A.E. Platero-Prats, M. Revés, J. Echeverría, E. Cremades, F. Barragán, S. Alvarez, Dalton Trans. 2008, 21, 2832-2838. DOI:10.1039/b801115j PMID:18478144."
],
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "132(3)[l.s.], 152(6)[h.s.] pm (Covalent)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
description: "Oxidation state gives the degree of oxidation of an atom in terms of counting electrons.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/O/O04365.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "+3, +2"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "−4, −2, −1, +1,+2, +3, +4, +5,+6, +7 (an amphoteric oxide)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ground Level",
description: "Also called ground-state level. The ground state electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom with lower energy levels.",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/ASD/Html/iehelp.html#IEGROUNDLEV",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ground Level",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "5D4",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 2,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ionization Energy",
description: "Ionization energy is the minimum energy required to eject an electron out of a neutral atom or molecule in its ground state.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/I/I03199.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "7.902 eV"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ionization Energy",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "7.9024681 eV"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electronegativity",
description: "The concept electronegativity was introduced by L. Pauling as the power of an atom to attract electrons to itself.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01990",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Pauling Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"A.L. Allred, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 1961, 17(3-4), 215-221. DOI:10.1016/0022-1902(61)80142-5"
],
value: {
number: [
1.83
],
unit: "(Pauling Scale)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Allen Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1989, 111, 9003. DOI:10.1021/ja00207a003; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek and L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 2780. DOI:10.1021/ja992866e; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek, E.T. Knight, J.F. Capitani and L.C Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 5132. DOI:10.1021/ja9928677"
],
value: {
number: [
1.8
],
unit: "(Allen Scale)"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Affinity",
description: "Electron affinity refers to energy required to detach an electron from the singly charged negative ion.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01977",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.T Myers, J. Chem. Edu., 1990, 67(4), 307. DOI:10.1021/ed067p307"
],
value: {
number: [
0.163
],
unit: "eV"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.J. Zollweg, J. Chem. Phys., 1969, 50, 4251. DOI:10.1063/1.1670890"
],
value: {
number: [
0.46
],
unit: "eV"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Spectra",
description: "Atomic and ionic spectral lines originate from specified electronic transitions between energy levels of atoms and ions, respectively.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00502.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/lines_hold.pl?el=Fe",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Lines Holdings"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/levels_hold.pl?el=Fe",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Levels Holdings"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Physical Description",
description: "Physical description, also know as physical characteristics, refers to physical appearance of element substances.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Solid"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Classification",
description: "Elements can be classified few groups according to each element's chemical properties.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Metal"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Period Number",
description: "The element period number refers to a horizontal row of the periodic table. The periodic table has 7 periods.",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/periodic-table-of-the-elements/The-periodic-table#ref80835",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "4"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Group Number",
description: "Element group refers to a set of chemical elements in the same vertical column of the periodic table",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/group-periodic-table",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "8"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Density",
description: "Density is a degree of consistency measured by the quantity of mass per unit volume",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/D/D01590.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "7.874 grams per cubic centimeter"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Melting Point",
description: "The melting point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from solid to liquid at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/melting-point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1811 K (1538°C or 2800°F)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1538°C"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Boiling Point",
description: "Boiling Point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from liquid to gas at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "3134 K (2861°C or 5182°F)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "2862°C"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Crustal Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in earth crust",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "5.63×104 milligrams per kilogram",
markup: [
{
start: 7,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
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string: "In addition to helping build the world around us, iron helps keep plants and animals alive. Iron plays a role in the creation of chlorophyll in plants and is an essential part of hemoglobin, the substance that carries oxygen within red blood cells. Iron sulfate (FeSO4) is used to treat the blood disease anemia.",
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markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "71Fe",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "72Fe",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "73Fe",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "74Fe",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "75Fe",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
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}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Atomic Mass and Uncertainty [u]",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "45.014774 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "46.000977 ± 0.000537 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "46.992625 ± 0.000537 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "46.992625 ± 0.000537 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "47.980676 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "48.973429000 ± 0.000026"
},
{
string: "49.962988000 ± 0.000009"
},
{
string: "50.956840779 ± 0.000009623"
},
{
string: "51.948115217 ± 0.000005493"
},
{
string: "51.948115217 ± 0.000005493"
},
{
string: "52.945305574 ± 0.000001777"
},
{
string: "52.945305574 ± 0.000001777"
},
{
string: "53.939608306 ± 0.000000399"
},
{
string: "53.939608306 ± 0.000000399"
},
{
string: "54.938291283 ± 0.000000367"
},
{
string: "55.934935617 ± 0.000000324"
},
{
string: "56.935392134 ± 0.000000326"
},
{
string: "57.933273738 ± 0.000000368"
},
{
string: "58.934873649 ± 0.00000038"
},
{
string: "59.934070411 ± 0.000003659"
},
{
string: "60.936746244 ± 0.0000028"
},
{
string: "60.936746244 ± 0.0000028"
},
{
string: "61.936791812 ± 0.000003"
},
{
string: "62.940272700 ± 0.000004618"
},
{
string: "63.940987763 ± 0.000005386"
},
{
string: "64.945015324 ± 0.000005487"
},
{
string: "64.945015324 ± 0.000005487"
},
{
string: "64.945015324 ± 0.000005487"
},
{
string: "65.946249960 ± 0.0000044"
},
{
string: "66.951035482 ± 0.000290163"
},
{
string: "66.951035482 ± 0.000290163"
},
{
string: "66.951035482 ± 0.000290163"
},
{
string: "67.953314875 ± 0.000392121"
},
{
string: "68.958100 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "69.960805 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "70.966259 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "71.969479 ± 0.000537 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "72.975416 ± 0.000537 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "73.978969 ± 0.000644 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "74.985357 ± 0.000644 [Estimated]"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Half Life and Uncertainty",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "2.2 ms ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "13.0 ms ± 2.0"
},
{
string: "21.9 ms ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "Not-specified"
},
{
string: "45.3 ms ± 0.6"
},
{
string: "64.7 ms ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "152.1 ms ± 0.6"
},
{
string: "305.4 ms ± 2.3"
},
{
string: "8.275 h ± 0.008"
},
{
string: "45.9 s ± 0.6"
},
{
string: "8.51 m ± 0.02"
},
{
string: "2.54 m ± 0.02"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "364 ns ± 7"
},
{
string: "2.744 y ± 0.009"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "44.495 d ± 0.009"
},
{
string: "2.62 My ± 0.04"
},
{
string: "5.98 m ± 0.06"
},
{
string: "238 ns ± 5"
},
{
string: "68 s ± 2"
},
{
string: "6.1 s ± 0.6"
},
{
string: "2.0 s ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "810 ms ± 50"
},
{
string: "1.12 s ± 0.15"
},
{
string: "420 ns ± 13"
},
{
string: "351 ms ± 6"
},
{
string: "394 ms ± 9"
},
{
string: "64 us ± 17"
},
{
string: "75 us ± 21"
},
{
string: "188 ms ± 4"
},
{
string: "108.2 ms ± 4.5"
},
{
string: "63.0 ms ± 4.5"
},
{
string: "33.7 ms ± 3.8"
},
{
string: "19 ms ± 4"
},
{
string: "12.9 ms ± 1.6"
},
{
string: "2 ms ± >400ns [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "2 ms ± >620ns [Estimated]"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Discovery Year",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1996"
},
{
string: "1992"
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{
string: "1992"
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{
string: ""
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{
string: "1987"
},
{
string: "1970"
},
{
string: "1977"
},
{
string: "1972"
},
{
string: "1948"
},
{
string: "1979"
},
{
string: "1938"
},
{
string: "1967"
},
{
string: "1923"
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{
string: "1983"
},
{
string: "1939"
},
{
string: "1923"
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{
string: "1935"
},
{
string: "1935"
},
{
string: "1938"
},
{
string: "1957"
},
{
string: "1957"
},
{
string: "1998"
},
{
string: "1975"
},
{
string: "1980"
},
{
string: "1980"
},
{
string: "1980"
},
{
string: "2008"
},
{
string: "1998"
},
{
string: "1985"
},
{
string: "1985"
},
{
string: "1998"
},
{
string: "2008"
},
{
string: "1985"
},
{
string: "1992"
},
{
string: "1997"
},
{
string: "1997"
},
{
string: "1997"
},
{
string: "2010"
},
{
string: "2010"
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{
string: "2013"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Decay Modes, Intensities and Uncertainties [%]",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "2p=57±1%; β+<43%; β+p<43%; β+p=25±0.5%",
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type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 19,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β+=100%; β+p=78.7±3.8%; β+2p=?",
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "β+=100%; β+p=88.4±0.9%",
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 10,
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{
string: "IT ?"
},
{
string: "β+=100%; β+p=15.3±0.5%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
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string: "β+=100%; β+p=56.7±0.4%",
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 10,
length: 1,
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string: "β+=100%; β+p≈0%",
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start: 1,
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "β+=100%",
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type: "Superscript"
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]
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{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
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type: "Superscript"
}
]
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{
string: "β+≈100%; IT=0.021±0.5%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
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length: 1,
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}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IS=5.845±3.5%; 2β+ ?",
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start: 17,
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},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "ε=100%"
},
{
string: "IS=91.754±3.6%"
},
{
string: "IS=2.119±1%"
},
{
string: "IS=0.282±0.4%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
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type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
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start: 1,
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},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
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},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=7.9±1.2%",
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "β- ?",
markup: [
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start: 1,
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]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=0%[Estimated]",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 10,
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type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=1%[Estimated]",
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{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n>0%",
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start: 1,
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type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=7%[Estimated]; β-2n=0%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 29,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=10%[Estimated]",
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start: 1,
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{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=10%[Estimated]; β-2n=0.3%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 10,
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{
string: "β-=?; β-n=10%[Estimated]; β-2n=0%[Estimated]",
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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length: 1,
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{
string: "β- ?; β-n=20%[Estimated]; β-2n=4%[Estimated]",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 7,
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string: "β- ?; β-n=30%[Estimated]; β-2n=2%[Estimated]",
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string: "β- ?; β-n=80%[Estimated]; β-2n=20%[Estimated]",
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],
reference: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "PubChem",
description: "Data deposited in or computed by PubChem",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
sourceName: "Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)",
sourceID: "e26",
name: "Fe",
description: "The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.",
url: "https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/",
anid: 6590253
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
sourceName: "Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)",
sourceID: "a26",
name: "Iron",
description: "Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report) and CIAAW. The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/",
url: "http://www.ciaaw.org/iron.htm",
licenseURL: "http://www.ciaaw.org/bylaws.htm",
anid: 2292407
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
sourceName: "Jefferson Lab, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "jlab26",
name: "Iron",
description: "Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/",
url: "https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele026.html",
licenseNote: "Please see citation and linking information: https://education.jlab.org/faq/index.html",
licenseURL: "https://www.jlab.org/privacy-and-security-notice",
anid: 507088
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
sourceName: "Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "lanl26",
name: "Iron",
description: "The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.",
url: "https://periodic.lanl.gov/26.shtml",
anid: 507206
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
sourceName: "NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory",
sourceID: "e26",
name: "Iron",
description: "The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Elements/elInfo.pl?element=26",
licenseURL: "https://www.nist.gov/pml/database-disclaimer",
anid: 2292643
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
sourceName: "PubChem Elements",
sourceID: "26",
name: "Fe",
description: "The element property data was retrieved from publications.",
anid: 7660027
},
{
referenceNumber: 7,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "26",
name: "Iron",
description: "This section provides all form of data related to element Iron.",
anid: 694319
}
]
}
},
{
record: {
recordType: "AtomicNumber",
recordNumber: 27,
recordTitle: "Cobalt",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01022.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Cobalt"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Cobalt"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
description: "Element symbol, Also called atomic symbol, typically consists of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet derived from the element name in one of several languages.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Co"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Co"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "InChI=1S/Co"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI Key",
description: "International Chemical Identifier hash (InChIKey) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI Key",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "58.933 194(3)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "58.933194"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "58.93"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "58.933194(4)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "[Ar]4s23d7",
markup: [
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 9,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Electron Configuration",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[Ar]3d7 4s2",
markup: [
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start: 6,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Radius",
description: "Atomic radius is the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell containing electrons.",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_radius",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
name: "Van der Waals Atomic Radius",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "192 pm (Van der Waals)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Empirical Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"J.C. Slater, J Chem Phys, 1964, 41(10), 3199-3205. DOI:10.1063/1.1725697"
],
value: {
number: [
135
],
unit: "pm (Empirical)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Covalent Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"B. Cordero, V. Gómez, A.E. Platero-Prats, M. Revés, J. Echeverría, E. Cremades, F. Barragán, S. Alvarez, Dalton Trans. 2008, 21, 2832-2838. DOI:10.1039/b801115j PMID:18478144."
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{
tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
description: "Oxidation state gives the degree of oxidation of an atom in terms of counting electrons.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/O/O04365.html",
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value: {
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]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ground Level",
description: "Also called ground-state level. The ground state electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom with lower energy levels.",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/ASD/Html/iehelp.html#IEGROUNDLEV",
information: [
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},
{
tocHeading: "Ionization Energy",
description: "Ionization energy is the minimum energy required to eject an electron out of a neutral atom or molecule in its ground state.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/I/I03199.html",
information: [
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value: {
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stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "7.88101 eV"
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},
{
tocHeading: "Electronegativity",
description: "The concept electronegativity was introduced by L. Pauling as the power of an atom to attract electrons to itself.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01990",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Pauling Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"A.L. Allred, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 1961, 17(3-4), 215-221. DOI:10.1016/0022-1902(61)80142-5"
],
value: {
number: [
1.88
],
unit: "(Pauling Scale)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Allen Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1989, 111, 9003. DOI:10.1021/ja00207a003; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek and L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 2780. DOI:10.1021/ja992866e; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek, E.T. Knight, J.F. Capitani and L.C Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 5132. DOI:10.1021/ja9928677"
],
value: {
number: [
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unit: "(Allen Scale)"
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},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Affinity",
description: "Electron affinity refers to energy required to detach an electron from the singly charged negative ion.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01977",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.T Myers, J. Chem. Edu., 1990, 67(4), 307. DOI:10.1021/ed067p307"
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value: {
number: [
0.661
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unit: "eV"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.J. Zollweg, J. Chem. Phys., 1969, 50, 4251. DOI:10.1063/1.1670890"
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value: {
number: [
1.06
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unit: "eV"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Spectra",
description: "Atomic and ionic spectral lines originate from specified electronic transitions between energy levels of atoms and ions, respectively.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00502.html",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/lines_hold.pl?el=Co",
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stringWithMarkup: [
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value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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{
tocHeading: "Physical Description",
description: "Physical description, also know as physical characteristics, refers to physical appearance of element substances.",
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value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Solid"
}
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}
}
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},
{
tocHeading: "Element Classification",
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value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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},
{
tocHeading: "Element Period Number",
description: "The element period number refers to a horizontal row of the periodic table. The periodic table has 7 periods.",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/periodic-table-of-the-elements/The-periodic-table#ref80835",
information: [
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value: {
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string: "4"
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},
{
tocHeading: "Element Group Number",
description: "Element group refers to a set of chemical elements in the same vertical column of the periodic table",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/group-periodic-table",
information: [
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value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "9"
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tocHeading: "Density",
description: "Density is a degree of consistency measured by the quantity of mass per unit volume",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/D/D01590.html",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "8.86 grams per cubic centimeter"
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},
{
tocHeading: "Melting Point",
description: "The melting point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from solid to liquid at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/melting-point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "1768 K (1495°C or 2723°F)"
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}
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string: "1495°C"
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{
tocHeading: "Boiling Point",
description: "Boiling Point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from liquid to gas at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_point",
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string: "2927°C"
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{
tocHeading: "Estimated Crustal Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in earth crust",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust",
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value: {
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value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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tocHeading: "History",
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string: "The name derives from the German Kobold for \"evil spirits\" or \"goblins\", who were superstitiously thought to cause trouble for miners because the mineral contained arsenic that injured their health and the metallic ores did not yield metals when treated with the normal methods. Cobalt was discovered in 1735 by the Swedish chemist Georg Brandt.",
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tocHeading: "Description",
description: "Description about this element",
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tocHeading: "Uses",
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},
{
string: "Cobalt-60, a radioactive isotope of cobalt, is an important source of gamma rays and is used to treat some forms of cancer and as a medical tracer. Cobalt-60 has a half-life of 5.27 years and decays into nickel-60 through beta decay."
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{
string: "Cobalt compounds have been used for centuries to color porcelain, glass, pottery, tile and enamel. Some of these compounds are known as: cobalt blue, ceruleum, new blue, smalt, cobalt yellow and cobalt green. In addition to being used as a dye, cobalt is also important to human nutrition as it is an essential part of vitamin B12.",
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},
{
string: "Cobalt is also used in other magnetic steels and stainless steels, and in alloys used in jet turbines and gas turbine generators. The metal is used in electroplating because of its appearance, hardness, and resistance to oxidation."
},
{
string: "Cobalt salts have been used for centuries to produce brilliant and permanent blue colors in porcelain, glass, pottery, tiles, and enamels. It is the principal ingredient in Sevre's and Thenard's blue. A solution of the chloride is used as a sympathetic ink. Cobalt carefully used in the form of the chloride, sulfate, acetate, or nitrate has been found effective in correcting a certain mineral deficiency disease in animals."
},
{
string: "Soils should contain 0.13 to 0.30 ppm of cobalt for proper animal nutrition."
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}
}
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},
{
tocHeading: "Sources",
description: "Sources (where the element come from) information for the given element",
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},
{
string: "Important ore deposits are found in Zaire, Morocco, and Canada. The U.S. Geological Survey has announced that the bottom of the north central Pacific Ocean may have cobalt-rich deposits at relatively shallow depths in water close to the the Hawaiian Islands and other U.S. Pacific territories."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Compounds",
description: "Related compounds information to this element",
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stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "See more information at the Cobalt compound page."
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
string: "48.001610 ± 0.000537 [Estimated]"
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{
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{
string: "49.981073 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "50.970647000 ± 0.000052"
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{
string: "51.963112000 ± 0.000009"
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{
string: "51.963112000 ± 0.000009"
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{
string: "52.954203217 ± 0.000001839"
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{
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string: "53.948459192 ± 0.000000411"
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{
string: "54.941996531 ± 0.000000459"
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string: "55.939838150 ± 0.000000529"
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string: "57.935751429 ± 0.000001245"
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{
string: "58.933193656 ± 0.000000448"
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{
string: "59.933815667 ± 0.000000455"
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{
string: "59.933815667 ± 0.000000455"
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{
string: "60.932476145 ± 0.000000908"
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{
string: "61.934058317 ± 0.00001994"
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{
string: "61.934058317 ± 0.00001994"
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{
string: "62.933599744 ± 0.000019941"
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{
string: "63.935810291 ± 0.000021476"
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{
string: "63.935810291 ± 0.000021476"
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{
string: "64.936462073 ± 0.000002235"
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{
string: "65.939442945 ± 0.000015"
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{
string: "65.939442945 ± 0.000015"
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{
string: "65.939442945 ± 0.000015"
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{
string: "66.940609628 ± 0.000006917"
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{
string: "66.940609628 ± 0.000006917"
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{
string: "67.944250135 ± 0.000203433"
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{
string: "67.944250135 ± 0.000203433"
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string: "67.944250135 ± 0.000203433"
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{
string: "68.946023102 ± 0.000150839"
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{
string: "68.946023102 ± 0.000150839"
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{
string: "69.949941 ± 0.000322 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "69.949941 ± 0.000322 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "70.952366923 ± 0.00049923"
},
{
string: "71.956844 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "71.956844 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "72.959830 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "73.964766 ± 0.000537 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "74.968170 ± 0.000537 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "75.973687 ± 0.000644 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "75.973687 ± 0.000644 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "75.973687 ± 0.000644 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "76.977440 ± 0.000644 [Estimated]"
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{
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{
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string: "Not-specified ± <35ns"
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{
string: "38.8 ms ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "68.8 ms ± 1.9"
},
{
string: "111.1 ms ± 2.3"
},
{
string: "102 ms ± 6"
},
{
string: "242 ms ± 8"
},
{
string: "247 ms ± 12"
},
{
string: "193.28 ms ± 0.07"
},
{
string: "1.48 m ± 0.02"
},
{
string: "17.53 h ± 0.03"
},
{
string: "77.236 d ± 0.026"
},
{
string: "271.70 d ± 0.10"
},
{
string: "70.86 d ± 0.06"
},
{
string: "9.10 h ± 0.09"
},
{
string: "10.5 us ± 0.3"
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{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "5.271 y ± 0.0004"
},
{
string: "10.467 m ± 0.006"
},
{
string: "1.649 h ± 0.005"
},
{
string: "1.54 m ± 0.10"
},
{
string: "13.86 m ± 0.09"
},
{
string: "26.9 s ± 0.4"
},
{
string: "300 ms ± 30"
},
{
string: "300 ms [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "1.16 s ± 0.03"
},
{
string: "194 ms ± 17"
},
{
string: "1.21 us ± 0.01"
},
{
string: ">100 us"
},
{
string: "329 ms ± 28"
},
{
string: "496 ms ± 33"
},
{
string: "200 ms ± 20"
},
{
string: "1.6 s ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "101 ns ± 10"
},
{
string: "180 ms ± 20"
},
{
string: "750 ms ± 250"
},
{
string: "112 ms ± 7"
},
{
string: "470 ms ± 50"
},
{
string: "80 ms ± 3"
},
{
string: "52.5 ms ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "47.8 ms ± 0.5"
},
{
string: "40.7 ms ± 1.3"
},
{
string: "31.3 ms ± 1.3"
},
{
string: "26.5 ms ± 1.2"
},
{
string: "23 ms ± 6"
},
{
string: "16 ms ± 4"
},
{
string: "2.99 us ± 0.27"
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{
string: "15 ms ± 6"
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string: ""
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string: ""
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string: "1987"
},
{
string: "1987"
},
{
string: "2016"
},
{
string: "1970"
},
{
string: "1970"
},
{
string: "1952"
},
{
string: "1962"
},
{
string: "1938"
},
{
string: "1941"
},
{
string: "1941"
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{
string: "1941"
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{
string: "1950"
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string: "1964"
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{
string: "1923"
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{
string: "1941"
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{
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{
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{
string: "1949"
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{
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{
string: "1960"
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{
string: "1969"
},
{
string: "2008"
},
{
string: "1978"
},
{
string: "1985"
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{
string: "1998"
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{
string: "1998"
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{
string: "1985"
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{
string: "2008"
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{
string: "1985"
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{
string: "1998"
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{
string: "2010"
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{
string: "1985"
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{
string: "2015"
},
{
string: "1985"
},
{
string: "1998"
},
{
string: "1992"
},
{
string: "1992"
},
{
string: "2016"
},
{
string: "1995"
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{
string: "1995"
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{
string: "1995"
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{
string: "2010"
},
{
string: "2015"
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{
string: "2015"
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string: "2014"
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{
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string: "p ?"
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string: "p ?"
},
{
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type: "Superscript"
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type: "Superscript"
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string: "β+=100%; β+p ?",
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string: "β+=100%",
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string: "IT=100%"
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string: "IT=100%"
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string: "IS=100."
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string: "β-=100%",
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string: "β-=100%",
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string: "β- ?; IT ?",
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string: "β-=100%",
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string: "IT=100%"
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{
string: "IT=100%"
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string: "β-=100%; β-n=0.04%[Estimated]",
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length: 1,
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string: "IT>80%; β- ?",
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string: "β-=100%; β-n=1%[Estimated]",
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string: "β-=100%",
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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type: "Superscript"
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type: "Superscript"
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string: "β-≈100%; IT ?; β-n=3%[Estimated]; β-2n=0%[Estimated]",
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type: "Superscript"
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string: "β-=100%; β-n=3±0.1%",
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string: "β-=100%; β-n>26±0.9%; β-2n=1%[Estimated]",
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string: "β-=100%; β-n<16%; β-2n=0.5%[Estimated]",
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reference: [
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referenceNumber: 1,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "PubChem",
description: "Data deposited in or computed by PubChem",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
sourceName: "Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)",
sourceID: "e27",
name: "Co",
description: "The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.",
url: "https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/",
anid: 6590254
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
sourceName: "Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)",
sourceID: "a27",
name: "Cobalt",
description: "Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report) and CIAAW. The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/",
url: "http://www.ciaaw.org/cobalt.htm",
licenseURL: "http://www.ciaaw.org/bylaws.htm",
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{
referenceNumber: 4,
sourceName: "Jefferson Lab, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "jlab27",
name: "Cobalt",
description: "Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/",
url: "https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele027.html",
licenseNote: "Please see citation and linking information: https://education.jlab.org/faq/index.html",
licenseURL: "https://www.jlab.org/privacy-and-security-notice",
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referenceNumber: 5,
sourceName: "Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "lanl27",
name: "Cobalt",
description: "The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.",
url: "https://periodic.lanl.gov/27.shtml",
anid: 507207
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
sourceName: "NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory",
sourceID: "e27",
name: "Cobalt",
description: "The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Elements/elInfo.pl?element=27",
licenseURL: "https://www.nist.gov/pml/database-disclaimer",
anid: 2292644
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sourceName: "PubChem Elements",
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description: "The element property data was retrieved from publications.",
anid: 7660028
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referenceNumber: 7,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "27",
name: "Cobalt",
description: "This section provides all form of data related to element Cobalt.",
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{
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recordNumber: 28,
recordTitle: "Nickel",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01022.html",
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tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
description: "Element symbol, Also called atomic symbol, typically consists of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet derived from the element name in one of several languages.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
information: [
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}
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},
{
tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI",
value: {
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string: "InChI=1S/Ni"
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}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI Key",
description: "International Chemical Identifier hash (InChIKey) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI Key",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N"
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]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Atomic Weight",
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]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
information: [
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name: "Electron Configuration",
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string: "[Ar]3d8 4s2",
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start: 10,
length: 1,
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}
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]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Radius",
description: "Atomic radius is the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell containing electrons.",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_radius",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
name: "Van der Waals Atomic Radius",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Empirical Atomic Radius",
reference: [
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],
value: {
number: [
135
],
unit: "pm (Empirical)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Covalent Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"B. Cordero, V. Gómez, A.E. Platero-Prats, M. Revés, J. Echeverría, E. Cremades, F. Barragán, S. Alvarez, Dalton Trans. 2008, 21, 2832-2838. DOI:10.1039/b801115j PMID:18478144."
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value: {
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]
},
{
tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
description: "Oxidation state gives the degree of oxidation of an atom in terms of counting electrons.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/O/O04365.html",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
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}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ground Level",
description: "Also called ground-state level. The ground state electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom with lower energy levels.",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/ASD/Html/iehelp.html#IEGROUNDLEV",
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referenceNumber: 6,
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},
{
tocHeading: "Ionization Energy",
description: "Ionization energy is the minimum energy required to eject an electron out of a neutral atom or molecule in its ground state.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/I/I03199.html",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
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}
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{
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name: "Ionization Energy",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "7.639878 eV"
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]
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}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electronegativity",
description: "The concept electronegativity was introduced by L. Pauling as the power of an atom to attract electrons to itself.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01990",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Pauling Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"A.L. Allred, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 1961, 17(3-4), 215-221. DOI:10.1016/0022-1902(61)80142-5"
],
value: {
number: [
1.91
],
unit: "(Pauling Scale)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Allen Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1989, 111, 9003. DOI:10.1021/ja00207a003; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek and L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 2780. DOI:10.1021/ja992866e; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek, E.T. Knight, J.F. Capitani and L.C Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 5132. DOI:10.1021/ja9928677"
],
value: {
number: [
1.88
],
unit: "(Allen Scale)"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Affinity",
description: "Electron affinity refers to energy required to detach an electron from the singly charged negative ion.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01977",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.T Myers, J. Chem. Edu., 1990, 67(4), 307. DOI:10.1021/ed067p307"
],
value: {
number: [
1.156
],
unit: "eV"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.J. Zollweg, J. Chem. Phys., 1969, 50, 4251. DOI:10.1063/1.1670890"
],
value: {
number: [
1.62
],
unit: "eV"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Spectra",
description: "Atomic and ionic spectral lines originate from specified electronic transitions between energy levels of atoms and ions, respectively.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00502.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/lines_hold.pl?el=Ni",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Lines Holdings"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/levels_hold.pl?el=Ni",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Levels Holdings"
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]
}
}
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},
{
tocHeading: "Physical Description",
description: "Physical description, also know as physical characteristics, refers to physical appearance of element substances.",
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Solid"
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}
}
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},
{
tocHeading: "Element Classification",
description: "Elements can be classified few groups according to each element's chemical properties.",
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Metal"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Period Number",
description: "The element period number refers to a horizontal row of the periodic table. The periodic table has 7 periods.",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/periodic-table-of-the-elements/The-periodic-table#ref80835",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "4"
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}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Group Number",
description: "Element group refers to a set of chemical elements in the same vertical column of the periodic table",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/group-periodic-table",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "10"
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}
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},
{
tocHeading: "Density",
description: "Density is a degree of consistency measured by the quantity of mass per unit volume",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/D/D01590.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "8.912 grams per cubic centimeter"
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}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Melting Point",
description: "The melting point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from solid to liquid at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/melting-point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "1728 K (1455°C or 2651°F)"
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}
},
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referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "1455°C"
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},
{
tocHeading: "Boiling Point",
description: "Boiling Point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from liquid to gas at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_point",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "3186 K (2913°C or 5275°F)"
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referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "2730°C"
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]
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},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Crustal Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in earth crust",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "8.4×101 milligrams per kilogram",
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}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Oceanic Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in ocean",
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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},
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tocHeading: "History",
description: "Element discovery and related information in history",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 3,
name: "History",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "The name derives from the German Nickel for \"deceptive little spirit\" because miners called mineral niccolite (NiAs) by the name Kupfernickel (false copper) because it resembled copper ores in appearance, but no copper was found in the ore. It was discovered by the Swedish metallurgist Axel-Frederik Cronstedt in 1751.",
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string: "Nickel was discovered by the Swedish chemist Axel Fredrik Cronstedt in the mineral niccolite (NiAs) in 1751. Today, most nickel is obtained from the mineral pentlandite (NiS·2FeS). Most of the world's supply of nickel is mined in the Sudbury region of Ontario, Canada. It is believed that this large deposit of nickel ore is a result of an ancient meteor impact."
}
]
}
},
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referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "From the German word Nickel (Satan), and from kupfernickel, Old Nick's copper. Cronstedt discovered nickel in 1751 in kupfernickel (niccolite)."
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]
}
}
]
},
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tocHeading: "Description",
description: "Description about this element",
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referenceNumber: 5,
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string: "Nickel is silvery white and takes on a high polish. It is hard, malleable, ductile, somewhat ferromagnetic, and a fair conductor of heat and electricity. It belongs to the iron-cobalt group of metals and is chiefly valuable for the alloys it forms."
}
]
}
}
]
},
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tocHeading: "Uses",
description: "Uses information in industry and other fields",
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value: {
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string: "Nickel is a hard, corrosion resistant metal. It can be electroplated onto other metals to form a protective coating. Finely divided nickel is used as a catalyst for the hydrogenation of vegetable oils. Adding nickel to glass gives it a green color. A single kilogram of nickel can be drawn into 300 kilometers of wire. Nickel is also used to manufacture some types of coins and batteries."
},
{
string: "Nickel is alloyed with other metals to improve their strength and resistance to corrosion. Nickel is alloyed with steel to make armor plate, vaults and machine parts. It is alloyed with copper to make pipes that are used in desalination plants. Very powerful permanent magnets, known as Alnico magnets, can be made from an alloy of aluminum, nickel, cobalt and iron."
}
]
}
},
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referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "It is extensively used for making stainless steel and other corrosion-resistant alloys such as Invar(R), Monel(R), Inconel(R), and the Hastelloys(R). Tubing made of copper-nickel alloy is extensively used in making desalination plants for converting sea water into fresh water."
},
{
string: "Nickel, used extensively to make coins and nickel steel for armor plates and burglar-proof vaults, and is also a component in Nichrome(R), Permalloy(R), and constantan."
},
{
string: "Nickel gives glass a greenish color. Nickel plating is often used to provide a protective coating for other metals, and finely divided nickel is a catalyst for hydrogenating vegetable oils. It is also used in ceramics, in the manufacture of Alnico magnets, and in the Edison(R) storage battery."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Sources",
description: "Sources (where the element come from) information for the given element",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Nickel is found as a constituent in most meteorites and often serves as one of the criteria for distinguishing a meteorite from other minerals. Iron meteorites, or siderites, may contain iron alloyed with from 5 percent to nearly 20 percent nickel. Nickel is obtained commercially from pentlandite and pyrrhotite of the Sudbury region of Ontario, a district that produces about 30 percent of the world's supply of nickel."
},
{
string: "Other deposits are found in New Caledonia, Australia, Cuba, Indonesia, and elsewhere."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Compounds",
description: "Related compounds information to this element",
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{
referenceNumber: 7,
name: "Compounds",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Nickel",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "See more information at the Nickel compound page."
}
]
}
}
],
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},
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{
string: "nickel(3+)"
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{
string: "nickel-57"
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{
string: "nickel-65"
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string: "nickel-61"
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{
string: "nickel-56"
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{
string: "nickel-66"
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{
string: "nickel-58"
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{
string: "nickel-53"
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string: "nickel-62"
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{
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{
string: "Ni"
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{
string: "Ni"
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{
string: "Ni"
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{
string: "Ni"
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{
string: "Ni"
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{
string: "Ni"
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{
string: "Ni"
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{
string: "Ni"
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{
string: "[Ni+3]"
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{
string: "[57Ni]"
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{
string: "[65Ni]"
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{
string: "[61Ni]"
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{
string: "[56Ni]"
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{
string: "[66Ni]"
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{
string: "[58Ni]"
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{
string: "[53Ni]"
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{
string: "[62Ni]"
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{
string: "[64Ni]"
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{
string: "[60Ni]"
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}
},
{
referenceNumber: 7,
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string: "58.693"
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{
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{
string: "58.693"
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{
string: "56.94"
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{
string: "64.93"
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{
string: "60.931"
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{
string: "55.942"
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{
string: "65.929"
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{
string: "57.935"
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{
string: "52.968"
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{
string: "61.928"
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{
string: "63.928"
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{
string: "59.931"
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}
}
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}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Handling and Storage",
description: "Handling and Storage information",
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referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Exposure to nickel metal and soluble compounds (as Ni) should not exceed 0.05 mg/cm3 (8-hour time-weighted average per 40-hour work week). Nickel sulfide fume and dust is recognized as being potentially carcinogenic.",
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start: 83,
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{
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stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "5"
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string: "The sulfate and the oxides are important compounds. Natural nickel is a mixture of five stable isotopes; nine other unstable isotopes are known."
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]
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}
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{
tocHeading: "Isotope Mass and Abundance",
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stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "57.935 342(3)"
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{
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{
string: "60.931 055(3)"
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{
string: "61.928 345(3)"
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{
string: "63.927 966(3)"
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{
string: "0.680 769(190)"
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{
string: "0.262 231(150)"
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{
string: "0.011 399(13)"
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{
string: "0.036 345(40)"
},
{
string: "0.009 256(19)"
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]
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}
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{
tocHeading: "Atomic Mass, Half Life, and Decay",
description: "This section provides the information from the Nubase2016. The number after the ± refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton. The '?' refers to 'not determined or qualified'. For further explainations, click read more below.",
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string: "55Ni",
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{
string: "56Ni",
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{
string: "57Ni",
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{
string: "58Ni",
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{
string: "59Ni",
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{
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{
string: "60Ni",
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{
start: 0,
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{
string: "61Ni",
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{
start: 0,
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{
string: "62Ni",
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{
string: "63Ni",
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{
string: "63Nim",
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string: "64Ni",
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{
string: "65Ni",
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string: "66Ni",
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string: "67Ni",
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{
string: "67Nim",
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string: "68Ni",
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string: "68Nim",
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string: "68Nin",
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{
string: "69Ni",
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{
string: "69Nim",
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{
string: "69Nin",
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{
string: "70Ni",
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start: 0,
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{
string: "70Nim",
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start: 4,
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string: "71Ni",
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{
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{
string: "72Ni",
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{
string: "73Ni",
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{
string: "74Ni",
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start: 0,
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{
string: "75Ni",
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string: "76Ni",
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string: "49.008803 ± 0.000644 [Estimated]"
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string: "49.995577 ± 0.000537 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "50.987225 ± 0.000537 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "51.976028 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "52.968190000 ± 0.000027"
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{
string: "53.957833000 ± 0.000005"
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{
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string: "55.942127872 ± 0.000000452"
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{
string: "59.930785256 ± 0.000000403"
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{
string: "60.931054945 ± 0.000000405"
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{
string: "61.928344871 ± 0.00000047"
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{
string: "62.929669139 ± 0.000000472"
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string: "62.929669139 ± 0.000000472"
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{
string: "63.927966341 ± 0.00000051"
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{
string: "64.930084697 ± 0.000000531"
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string: "64.930084697 ± 0.000000531"
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{
string: "65.929139334 ± 0.0000015"
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{
string: "66.931569414 ± 0.0000031"
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{
string: "66.931569414 ± 0.0000031"
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{
string: "67.931868789 ± 0.0000032"
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string: "67.931868789 ± 0.0000032"
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{
string: "67.931868789 ± 0.0000032"
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string: "68.935610268 ± 0.000004"
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{
string: "68.935610268 ± 0.000004"
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{
string: "68.935610268 ± 0.000004"
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{
string: "69.936431303 ± 0.000002301"
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{
string: "69.936431303 ± 0.000002301"
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{
string: "70.940518964 ± 0.000002401"
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{
string: "70.940518964 ± 0.000002401"
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{
string: "71.941785926 ± 0.000002401"
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string: "72.946206683 ± 0.000002601"
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string: "73.947980 ± 0.00021 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "74.952732 ± 0.000322 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "75.955308 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "75.955308 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "76.960494 ± 0.000537 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "77.963618 ± 0.000644 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "78.970402 ± 0.000644 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "23.8 ms ± 0.2"
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string: "41.8 ms ± 1.0"
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{
string: "55.2 ms ± 0.7"
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{
string: "114.2 ms ± 0.3"
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{
string: "152 ns ± 4"
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{
string: "204.7 ms ± 1.7"
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string: "6.075 d ± 0.010"
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{
string: "35.60 h ± 0.06"
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{
string: "Stable ± >700Ey"
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string: "81 ky ± 5"
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string: "Stable"
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{
string: "Stable"
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string: "Stable"
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{
string: "101.2 y ± 1.5"
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{
string: "Stable"
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{
string: "2.517 h ± 0.0005"
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{
string: "69 us ± 3"
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{
string: "54.6 h ± 0.3"
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{
string: "21 s ± 1"
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{
string: "13.34 us ± 0.19"
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{
string: "29 s ± 2"
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{
string: "270 ns ± 5"
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{
string: "850 us ± 30"
},
{
string: "11.4 s ± 0.3"
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{
string: "3.5 s ± 0.4"
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{
string: "439 ns ± 3"
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{
string: "6.0 s ± 0.3"
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{
string: "232 ns ± 1"
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{
string: "2.56 s ± 0.03"
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{
string: "2.3 s ± 0.3"
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{
string: "1.57 s ± 0.05"
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{
string: "840 ms ± 30"
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{
string: "507.7 ms ± 4.6"
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{
string: "331.6 ms ± 3.2"
},
{
string: "234.6 ms ± 2.7"
},
{
string: "547.8 ns ± 3.3"
},
{
string: "158.9 ms ± 4.2"
},
{
string: "122.2 ms ± 5.1"
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{
string: "44 ms ± 8"
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string: "30 ms ± 22"
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{
string: "1976"
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{
string: "1977"
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{
string: "2008"
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{
string: "1972"
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{
string: "1952"
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{
string: "1938"
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{
string: "1921"
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{
string: "1951"
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{
string: "1921"
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{
string: "1934"
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{
string: "1934"
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{
string: "1951"
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{
string: "1978"
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{
string: "1935"
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{
string: "1946"
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{
string: "1978"
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{
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{
string: "1978"
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{
string: "1998"
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{
string: "1977"
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{
string: ""
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{
string: "1995"
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{
string: "1984"
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{
string: "1998"
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{
string: "1998"
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{
string: "1987"
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{
string: "1997"
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{
string: "1987"
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{
string: "2009"
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{
string: "1987"
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{
string: "1987"
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{
string: "1987"
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{
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{
string: "1995"
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{
string: "2005"
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{
string: "1995"
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string: "β+=100%; β+p=83±1.3%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "β+=100%; β+p=86.7±3.9%; β+2p ?",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "β+=100%; β+p=87.2±0.8%; β+2p=0.5±0.2%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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type: "Superscript"
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string: "β+=100%; β+p=31.1±0.5%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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string: "β+=100%; β+p=22.7±0.7%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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string: "β+=100%; β+p ?",
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type: "Superscript"
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "IT=64±0.2%; p=36±0.2%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IS=68.077±1.9%; 2β+ ?",
markup: [
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IS=26.223±1.5%"
},
{
string: "IS=1.1399±1.3%"
},
{
string: "IS=3.6346±4%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IS=0.9255±1.9%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "4.IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-≈100%; IT<0.01%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=0%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=0.3%[Estimated]",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=5%[Estimated]",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=10.0±2.8%",
markup: [
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type: "Superscript"
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=14±0.36%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 10,
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{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=30±2.4%; β-2n=0%[Estimated]",
markup: [
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=50%[Estimated]; β-2n=0%[Estimated]",
markup: [
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},
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string: "β-=100%; β-n=60%[Estimated]; β-2n=40%[Estimated]",
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],
reference: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "PubChem",
description: "Data deposited in or computed by PubChem",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
sourceName: "Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)",
sourceID: "e28",
name: "Ni",
description: "The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.",
url: "https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/",
anid: 6590255
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
sourceName: "Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)",
sourceID: "a28",
name: "Nickel",
description: "Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report) and CIAAW. The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/",
url: "http://www.ciaaw.org/nickel.htm",
licenseURL: "http://www.ciaaw.org/bylaws.htm",
anid: 2292409
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
sourceName: "Jefferson Lab, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "jlab28",
name: "Nickel",
description: "Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/",
url: "https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele028.html",
licenseNote: "Please see citation and linking information: https://education.jlab.org/faq/index.html",
licenseURL: "https://www.jlab.org/privacy-and-security-notice",
anid: 507090
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
sourceName: "Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "lanl28",
name: "Nickel",
description: "The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.",
url: "https://periodic.lanl.gov/28.shtml",
anid: 507208
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
sourceName: "NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory",
sourceID: "e28",
name: "Nickel",
description: "The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Elements/elInfo.pl?element=28",
licenseURL: "https://www.nist.gov/pml/database-disclaimer",
anid: 2292645
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
sourceName: "PubChem Elements",
sourceID: "28",
name: "Ni",
description: "The element property data was retrieved from publications.",
anid: 7660029
},
{
referenceNumber: 7,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "28",
name: "Nickel",
description: "This section provides all form of data related to element Nickel.",
anid: 694321
}
]
}
},
{
record: {
recordType: "AtomicNumber",
recordNumber: 29,
recordTitle: "Copper",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01022.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Copper"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Copper"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
description: "Element symbol, Also called atomic symbol, typically consists of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet derived from the element name in one of several languages.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Cu"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Cu"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "InChI=1S/Cu"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI Key",
description: "International Chemical Identifier hash (InChIKey) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI Key",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "63.546(3)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "63.546"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "63.55"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "63.546(3)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[Ar]4s13d10",
markup: [
{
start: 6,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 9,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Electron Configuration",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[Ar]3d10 4s",
markup: [
{
start: 6,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Radius",
description: "Atomic radius is the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell containing electrons.",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_radius",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
name: "Van der Waals Atomic Radius",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "140 pm (Van der Waals)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Empirical Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"J.C. Slater, J Chem Phys, 1964, 41(10), 3199-3205. DOI:10.1063/1.1725697"
],
value: {
number: [
135
],
unit: "pm (Empirical)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Covalent Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"B. Cordero, V. Gómez, A.E. Platero-Prats, M. Revés, J. Echeverría, E. Cremades, F. Barragán, S. Alvarez, Dalton Trans. 2008, 21, 2832-2838. DOI:10.1039/b801115j PMID:18478144."
],
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "132(4) pm (Covalent)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
description: "Oxidation state gives the degree of oxidation of an atom in terms of counting electrons.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/O/O04365.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "+2, +1"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "−2, +1, +2, +3, +4 (a mildly basic oxide)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ground Level",
description: "Also called ground-state level. The ground state electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom with lower energy levels.",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/ASD/Html/iehelp.html#IEGROUNDLEV",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ground Level",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "2S1/2",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 2,
length: 3,
type: "Subscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ionization Energy",
description: "Ionization energy is the minimum energy required to eject an electron out of a neutral atom or molecule in its ground state.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/I/I03199.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "7.726 eV"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ionization Energy",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "7.726380 eV"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electronegativity",
description: "The concept electronegativity was introduced by L. Pauling as the power of an atom to attract electrons to itself.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01990",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Pauling Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"A.L. Allred, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 1961, 17(3-4), 215-221. DOI:10.1016/0022-1902(61)80142-5"
],
value: {
number: [
1.9
],
unit: "(Pauling Scale)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Allen Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1989, 111, 9003. DOI:10.1021/ja00207a003; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek and L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 2780. DOI:10.1021/ja992866e; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek, E.T. Knight, J.F. Capitani and L.C Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 5132. DOI:10.1021/ja9928677"
],
value: {
number: [
1.85
],
unit: "(Allen Scale)"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Affinity",
description: "Electron affinity refers to energy required to detach an electron from the singly charged negative ion.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01977",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.T Myers, J. Chem. Edu., 1990, 67(4), 307. DOI:10.1021/ed067p307"
],
value: {
number: [
1.228
],
unit: "eV"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.J. Zollweg, J. Chem. Phys., 1969, 50, 4251. DOI:10.1063/1.1670890"
],
value: {
number: [
1.8
],
unit: "eV"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Spectra",
description: "Atomic and ionic spectral lines originate from specified electronic transitions between energy levels of atoms and ions, respectively.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00502.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/lines_hold.pl?el=Cu",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Lines Holdings"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/levels_hold.pl?el=Cu",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Levels Holdings"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Physical Description",
description: "Physical description, also know as physical characteristics, refers to physical appearance of element substances.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Solid"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Classification",
description: "Elements can be classified few groups according to each element's chemical properties.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Metal"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Period Number",
description: "The element period number refers to a horizontal row of the periodic table. The periodic table has 7 periods.",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/periodic-table-of-the-elements/The-periodic-table#ref80835",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "4"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Group Number",
description: "Element group refers to a set of chemical elements in the same vertical column of the periodic table",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/group-periodic-table",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "11"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Density",
description: "Density is a degree of consistency measured by the quantity of mass per unit volume",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/D/D01590.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "8.933 grams per cubic centimeter"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Melting Point",
description: "The melting point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from solid to liquid at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/melting-point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1357.77 K (1084.62°C or 1984.32°F)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1084.6°C"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Boiling Point",
description: "Boiling Point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from liquid to gas at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "2835 K (2562°C or 4644°F)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "2562°C"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Crustal Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in earth crust",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "6.0×101 milligrams per kilogram",
markup: [
{
start: 6,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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string: "Pure copper is usually too soft for most uses. People first learned about 5,000 years ago that copper can be strengthened if it is mixed with other metals. The two most familiar alloys of copper are bronze and brass. Bronze, the first alloy created by people, is a mix of copper that contains as much as 25% tin. Early people used bronze to make tools, weaponry, containers and ornamental items. Brass, a mix of copper that contains between 5% and 45% zinc, was first used about 2,500 years ago. The Romans were the first to make extensive use of brass, using it to make such things as coins, kettles and ornamental objects. Today, brass is also used in some musical instruments, screws and other hardware that must resist corrosion."
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string: "Hydrated copper sulfate (CuSO4·H2O), also known as blue vitriol, is the best known copper compound. It is used as an agricultural poison, as an algicide in water purification and as a blue pigment for inks. Cuperic chloride (CuCl2), another copper compound, is used to fix dyes to fabrics. Cuprous chloride (CuCl) is a poisonous white powder that is chiefly used to absorb carbon dioxide (CO2). Copper cyanide (CuCN) is commonly used in electroplating.",
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{
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{
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{
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{
string: "Not-specified"
},
{
string: "Not-specified ± <130ns"
},
{
string: "Not-specified ± <75ns"
},
{
string: "57 ms ± 3"
},
{
string: "93 ms ± 3"
},
{
string: "196.3 ms ± 0.7"
},
{
string: "3.204 s ± 0.007"
},
{
string: "81.5 s ± 0.5"
},
{
string: "23.7 m ± 0.4"
},
{
string: "3.339 h ± 0.008"
},
{
string: "9.67 m ± 0.03"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "12.700 h ± 0.0020"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "5.120 m ± 0.014"
},
{
string: "600 ns ± 17"
},
{
string: "61.83 h ± 0.12"
},
{
string: "30.9 s ± 0.6"
},
{
string: "3.75 m ± 0.05"
},
{
string: "2.85 m ± 0.15"
},
{
string: "357 ns ± 2"
},
{
string: "44.5 s ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "33 s ± 2"
},
{
string: "6.6 s ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "19.4 s ± 1.4"
},
{
string: "271 ns ± 13"
},
{
string: "6.63 s ± 0.03"
},
{
string: "1.76 us ± 0.03"
},
{
string: "4.2 s ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "1.63 s ± 0.05"
},
{
string: "1.224 s ± 0.003"
},
{
string: "310 ns ± 8"
},
{
string: "149 ns ± 5"
},
{
string: "637.7 ms ± 5.5"
},
{
string: "1.27 s ± 0.30"
},
{
string: "467.9 ms ± 2.1"
},
{
string: "330.7 ms ± 2.0"
},
{
string: "241.0 ms ± 3.2"
},
{
string: "113.3 ms ± 6.4"
},
{
string: "73.2 ms ± 6.8"
},
{
string: "50 ms ± >400ns [Estimated]"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Discovery Year",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: ""
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: "1987"
},
{
string: "1987"
},
{
string: "1976"
},
{
string: "1952"
},
{
string: "1947"
},
{
string: "1947"
},
{
string: "1937"
},
{
string: "1936"
},
{
string: "1923"
},
{
string: "1936"
},
{
string: "1923"
},
{
string: "1937"
},
{
string: "1972"
},
{
string: "1948"
},
{
string: "1953"
},
{
string: "1969"
},
{
string: "1966"
},
{
string: "1997"
},
{
string: "1971"
},
{
string: "2002"
},
{
string: "1971"
},
{
string: "1983"
},
{
string: "1998"
},
{
string: "1983"
},
{
string: "1998"
},
{
string: "1983"
},
{
string: "1987"
},
{
string: "1985"
},
{
string: "2010"
},
{
string: "2010"
},
{
string: "1987"
},
{
string: "1990"
},
{
string: "1987"
},
{
string: "1991"
},
{
string: "1991"
},
{
string: "1995"
},
{
string: "2010"
},
{
string: "2010"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Decay Modes, Intensities and Uncertainties [%]",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "p ?"
},
{
string: "p ?"
},
{
string: "p ?"
},
{
string: "β+=100%; β+p=15.0±4.3%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "β+=100%; β+p=0.40±1.2%",
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 10,
length: 1,
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{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "IS=69.15±1.5%"
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{
string: "β+=61.52±2.6%; β-=38.48±2.6%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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length: 1,
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{
string: "IS=30.85±1.5%"
},
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string: "β-=100%",
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},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "IT=86±0.2%; β-=14±0.2%",
markup: [
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start: 13,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
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{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=52±0.9%; IT=48±0.9%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=93.2±0.9%; IT=6.8±0.9%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
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type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
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length: 1,
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]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=0%[Estimated]",
markup: [
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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string: "β-=100%; β-n=40%[Estimated]",
markup: [
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start: 1,
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type: "Superscript"
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length: 1,
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},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=3.5±0.6%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=7.2±0.5%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=30.3±2%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=50.6±4.5%; β-2n=0.2%[Estimated]",
markup: [
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=66±1.2%; β-2n=0%[Estimated]",
markup: [
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
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string: "β- ?; β-n=40%[Estimated]; β-2n=20%[Estimated]",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
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start: 7,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=70%[Estimated]; β-2n=30%[Estimated]",
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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type: "Superscript"
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string: "β- ?; β-n=30%[Estimated]; β-2n=60%[Estimated]",
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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}
],
reference: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "PubChem",
description: "Data deposited in or computed by PubChem",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
sourceName: "Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)",
sourceID: "e29",
name: "Cu",
description: "The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.",
url: "https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/",
anid: 6590256
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
sourceName: "Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)",
sourceID: "a29",
name: "Copper",
description: "Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report) and CIAAW. The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/",
url: "http://www.ciaaw.org/copper.htm",
licenseURL: "http://www.ciaaw.org/bylaws.htm",
anid: 2292410
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
sourceName: "Jefferson Lab, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "jlab29",
name: "Copper",
description: "Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/",
url: "https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele029.html",
licenseNote: "Please see citation and linking information: https://education.jlab.org/faq/index.html",
licenseURL: "https://www.jlab.org/privacy-and-security-notice",
anid: 507091
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
sourceName: "Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "lanl29",
name: "Copper",
description: "The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.",
url: "https://periodic.lanl.gov/29.shtml",
anid: 507209
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
sourceName: "NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory",
sourceID: "e29",
name: "Copper",
description: "The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Elements/elInfo.pl?element=29",
licenseURL: "https://www.nist.gov/pml/database-disclaimer",
anid: 2292646
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
sourceName: "PubChem Elements",
sourceID: "29",
name: "Cu",
description: "The element property data was retrieved from publications.",
anid: 7660030
},
{
referenceNumber: 7,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "29",
name: "Copper",
description: "This section provides all form of data related to element Copper.",
anid: 694322
}
]
}
},
{
record: {
recordType: "AtomicNumber",
recordNumber: 3,
recordTitle: "Lithium",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01022.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Lithium"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Lithium"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
description: "Element symbol, Also called atomic symbol, typically consists of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet derived from the element name in one of several languages.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Li"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Li"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "InChI=1S/Li"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI Key",
description: "International Chemical Identifier hash (InChIKey) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI Key",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[6.938, 6.997]"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "6.941"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "6.94"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[6.938,6.997]"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[He]2s1 ",
markup: [
{
start: 6,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Electron Configuration",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1s2 2s",
markup: [
{
start: 2,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Radius",
description: "Atomic radius is the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell containing electrons.",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_radius",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
name: "Van der Waals Atomic Radius",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "182 pm (Van der Waals)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Empirical Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"J.C. Slater, J Chem Phys, 1964, 41(10), 3199-3205. DOI:10.1063/1.1725697"
],
value: {
number: [
145
],
unit: "pm (Empirical)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Covalent Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"B. Cordero, V. Gómez, A.E. Platero-Prats, M. Revés, J. Echeverría, E. Cremades, F. Barragán, S. Alvarez, Dalton Trans. 2008, 21, 2832-2838. DOI:10.1039/b801115j PMID:18478144."
],
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "128(7) pm (Covalent)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
description: "Oxidation state gives the degree of oxidation of an atom in terms of counting electrons.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/O/O04365.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "+1"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "+1 (a strongly basic oxide)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ground Level",
description: "Also called ground-state level. The ground state electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom with lower energy levels.",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/ASD/Html/iehelp.html#IEGROUNDLEV",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ground Level",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "2S1/2",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 2,
length: 3,
type: "Subscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ionization Energy",
description: "Ionization energy is the minimum energy required to eject an electron out of a neutral atom or molecule in its ground state.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/I/I03199.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "5.392 eV"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ionization Energy",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "5.391714996 eV"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electronegativity",
description: "The concept electronegativity was introduced by L. Pauling as the power of an atom to attract electrons to itself.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01990",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Pauling Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"A.L. Allred, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 1961, 17(3-4), 215-221. DOI:10.1016/0022-1902(61)80142-5"
],
value: {
number: [
0.98
],
unit: "(Pauling Scale)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Allen Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1989, 111, 9003. DOI:10.1021/ja00207a003; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek and L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 2780. DOI:10.1021/ja992866e; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek, E.T. Knight, J.F. Capitani and L.C Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 5132. DOI:10.1021/ja9928677"
],
value: {
number: [
0.912
],
unit: "(Allen Scale)"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Affinity",
description: "Electron affinity refers to energy required to detach an electron from the singly charged negative ion.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01977",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.T Myers, J. Chem. Edu., 1990, 67(4), 307. DOI:10.1021/ed067p307"
],
value: {
number: [
0.618
],
unit: "eV"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.J. Zollweg, J. Chem. Phys., 1969, 50, 4251. DOI:10.1063/1.1670890"
],
value: {
number: [
0.62
],
unit: "eV"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Spectra",
description: "Atomic and ionic spectral lines originate from specified electronic transitions between energy levels of atoms and ions, respectively.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00502.html",
information: [
{
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string: "The name derives from the Latin lithos for \"stone\" because lithium was thought to exist only in minerals at that time. It was discovered by the Swedish mineralogist Johan August Arfwedson in 1818 in the mineral petalite LiAl(Si2O5)2. Lithium was isolated in 1855 by the German chemists Robert Wilhelm Bunsen and Augustus Matthiessen.",
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{
string: "Lithium is presently being recovered from brines of Searles Lake, in California, and from those in Nevada. Large deposits of quadramene are found in North Carolina. The metal is produced electrolytically from the fused chloride. Lithium is silvery in appearance, much like Na, K, and other members of the alkali metal series. It reacts with water, but not as vigorously as sodium. Lithium imparts a beautiful crimson color to a flame, but when the metal burns strongly, the flame is a dazzling white."
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referenceNumber: 8,
sourceName: "PubChem Elements",
sourceID: "3",
name: "Li",
description: "The element property data was retrieved from publications.",
anid: 7660004
},
{
referenceNumber: 7,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "3",
name: "Lithium",
description: "This section provides all form of data related to element Lithium.",
anid: 694296
}
]
}
},
{
record: {
recordType: "AtomicNumber",
recordNumber: 30,
recordTitle: "Zinc",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01022.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Zinc"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Zinc"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
description: "Element symbol, Also called atomic symbol, typically consists of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet derived from the element name in one of several languages.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Zn"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Zn"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "InChI=1S/Zn"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI Key",
description: "International Chemical Identifier hash (InChIKey) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI Key",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "65.38(2)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "65.38"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "65.39"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "65.38(2)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[Ar]4s23d10",
markup: [
{
start: 6,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 9,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Electron Configuration",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[Ar]3d10 4s2",
markup: [
{
start: 6,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 11,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Radius",
description: "Atomic radius is the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell containing electrons.",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_radius",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
name: "Van der Waals Atomic Radius",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "139 pm (Van der Waals)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Empirical Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"J.C. Slater, J Chem Phys, 1964, 41(10), 3199-3205. DOI:10.1063/1.1725697"
],
value: {
number: [
135
],
unit: "pm (Empirical)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Covalent Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"B. Cordero, V. Gómez, A.E. Platero-Prats, M. Revés, J. Echeverría, E. Cremades, F. Barragán, S. Alvarez, Dalton Trans. 2008, 21, 2832-2838. DOI:10.1039/b801115j PMID:18478144."
],
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "122(4) pm (Covalent)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
description: "Oxidation state gives the degree of oxidation of an atom in terms of counting electrons.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/O/O04365.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "+2"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "-2, 0, +1, +2 (an amphoteric oxide)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ground Level",
description: "Also called ground-state level. The ground state electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom with lower energy levels.",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/ASD/Html/iehelp.html#IEGROUNDLEV",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ground Level",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1S0",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 2,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ionization Energy",
description: "Ionization energy is the minimum energy required to eject an electron out of a neutral atom or molecule in its ground state.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/I/I03199.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "9.394 eV"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ionization Energy",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "9.394197 eV"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electronegativity",
description: "The concept electronegativity was introduced by L. Pauling as the power of an atom to attract electrons to itself.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01990",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Pauling Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"A.L. Allred, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 1961, 17(3-4), 215-221. DOI:10.1016/0022-1902(61)80142-5"
],
value: {
number: [
1.65
],
unit: "(Pauling Scale)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Allen Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1989, 111, 9003. DOI:10.1021/ja00207a003; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek and L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 2780. DOI:10.1021/ja992866e; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek, E.T. Knight, J.F. Capitani and L.C Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 5132. DOI:10.1021/ja9928677"
],
value: {
number: [
1.59
],
unit: "(Allen Scale)"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Affinity",
description: "Electron affinity refers to energy required to detach an electron from the singly charged negative ion.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01977",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.T Myers, J. Chem. Edu., 1990, 67(4), 307. DOI:10.1021/ed067p307"
],
value: {
number: [
0
],
unit: "eV"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.J. Zollweg, J. Chem. Phys., 1969, 50, 4251. DOI:10.1063/1.1670890"
],
value: {
number: [
0.09
],
unit: "eV"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Spectra",
description: "Atomic and ionic spectral lines originate from specified electronic transitions between energy levels of atoms and ions, respectively.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00502.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/lines_hold.pl?el=Zn",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Lines Holdings"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/levels_hold.pl?el=Zn",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Levels Holdings"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Physical Description",
description: "Physical description, also know as physical characteristics, refers to physical appearance of element substances.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Solid"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Classification",
description: "Elements can be classified few groups according to each element's chemical properties.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Metal"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Period Number",
description: "The element period number refers to a horizontal row of the periodic table. The periodic table has 7 periods.",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/periodic-table-of-the-elements/The-periodic-table#ref80835",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "4"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Group Number",
description: "Element group refers to a set of chemical elements in the same vertical column of the periodic table",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/group-periodic-table",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "12"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Density",
description: "Density is a degree of consistency measured by the quantity of mass per unit volume",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/D/D01590.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "7.134 grams per cubic centimeter"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Melting Point",
description: "The melting point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from solid to liquid at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/melting-point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "692.68 K (419.53°C or 787.15°F)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "419.5°C"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Boiling Point",
description: "Boiling Point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from liquid to gas at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1180 K (907°C or 1665°F)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "907°C"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Crustal Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in earth crust",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "7.0×101 milligrams per kilogram",
markup: [
{
start: 6,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Oceanic Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in ocean",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "4.9×10-3 milligrams per liter",
markup: [
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start: 6,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
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]
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "History",
description: "Element discovery and related information in history",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "History",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "The name derives from the German zink of unknown origin. It was first used in prehistoric times, where its compounds were used for healing wounds and sore eyes and for making brass. Zinc was recognized as a metal as early as 1374.",
markup: [
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]
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Although zinc compounds have been used for at least 2,500 years in the production of brass, zinc wasn't recognized as a distinct element until much later. Metallic zinc was first produced in India sometime in the 1400s by heating the mineral calamine (ZnCO3) with wool. Zinc was rediscovered by Andreas Sigismund Marggraf in 1746 by heating calamine with charcoal. Today, most zinc is produced through the electrolysis of aqueous zinc sulfate (ZnSO4).",
markup: [
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start: 448,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
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}
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}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "From the German word Zink, of obscure origin. Centuries before zinc was recognized as a distinct element, zinc ores were used for making brass. An alloy containing 87 percent zinc has been found in prehistoric ruins in Transylvania."
},
{
string: "Metallic zinc was produced in the 13th century A.D. India by reducing calamine with organic substances such as wool. The metal was rediscovered in Europe by Marggraf in 1746. He demonstrated that zinc could be obtained by reducing calamine with charcoal."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Description",
description: "Description about this element",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Zinc is a bluish-white, lustrous metal. It is brittle at ordinary temperatures but malleable at 100 to 150°C. It is a fair conductor of electricity, and burns in air at high red heat with evolution of white clouds of the oxide."
},
{
string: "It exhibits superplasticity. Neither zinc nor zirconium is ferromagnetic; but ZrZn2 exhibits ferromagnetism at temperatures below 35°K. It has unusual electrical, thermal, optical, and solid-state properties that have not been fully investigated.",
markup: [
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start: 82,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
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]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Uses",
description: "Uses information in industry and other fields",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Roughly one third of all metallic zinc produced today is used in a process known as galvanization. During galvanization, an object that is subject to corrosion, such as an iron nail, is given a protective coating of zinc. The zinc can be applied to an object by dipping it in a pool of molten zinc, but it is most often applied through an electroplating process. Sacrificial zinc anodes are used in cathodic protection systems to protect exposed iron from corrosion. Metallic zinc is also used to make dry cell batteries, roof cladding and die castings."
},
{
string: "Zinc is used to make many useful alloys. Brass, an alloy of zinc that contains between 55% and 95% copper, is probably the best known zinc alloy. Brass was first used about 2,500 years ago and was widely used by the ancient Romans, who used it to make such things as coins, kettles and decorative items. Brass is still used today, particularly in musical instruments, screws and other hardware that must resist corrosion. Zinc is alloyed with lead and tin to make solder, a metal with a relatively low melting point used to join electrical components, pipes and other metallic items. Prestal®, an alloy containing 78% zinc and 22% aluminum, is a strange material that is nearly as strong as steel but is molded as easily as plastic. Nickel silver, typewriter metal, spring brass and German silver are other common zinc alloys.",
markup: [
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]
},
{
string: "Zinc oxide (ZnO), a common zinc compound, forms when metallic zinc is exposed to the air and forms a protective coating that protects the rest of the metal. Zinc oxide is used in paints, some rubber products, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, plastics, printing inks, soap and batteries, among other things. Zinc sulfide (ZnS), another zinc compound, glows when it is exposed to ultraviolet light, X-rays or electrons and is used to make luminous watch dials, television screens and fluorescent light bulbs. Zinc chloride (ZnCl2) is another zinc compound that is used to protect wood from decay and insects.",
markup: [
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start: 521,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
}
]
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "The metal is employed to form numerous alloys with other metals. Brass, nickel silver, typewriter metal, commercial bronze, spring bronze, German silver, soft solder, and aluminum solder are some of the more important alloys."
},
{
string: "Large quantities of zinc are used to produce die castings, which are used extensively by the automotive, electrical, and hardware industries. An alloy called Prestal(R), consisting of 78 percent zinc and 22 percent aluminum, is reported to be almost as strong as steel and as easy to mold as plastic. The alloy said to be so moldable that it can be molded into form using inexpensive ceramics or cement die casts."
},
{
string: "Zinc is also used extensively to galvanize other metals such as iron to prevent corrosion. Zinc oxide is a unique and very useful material for modern civilization. It is widely used in the manufacture of paints, rubber products, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, floor coverings, plastics, printing inks, soap, storage batteries, textiles, electrical equipment, and other products. Lithopone, a mixture of zinc sulfide and barium sulfate, is an important pigment."
},
{
string: "Zinc sulfide is used in making luminous dials, X-ray and TV screens, and fluorescent lights."
},
{
string: "The chloride and chromate are also important compounds. Zinc is an essential element in the growth of human beings and animals. Tests show that zinc-deficient animals require 50 percent more food to gain the same weight as an animal supplied with sufficient zinc."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Sources",
description: "Sources (where the element come from) information for the given element",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "The principal ores of zinc are sphalerite (sulfide), smithsonite (carbonate), calamine (silicate), and franklinite (zinc, manganese, iron oxide). One method of zinc extraction involves roasting its ores to form the oxide and reducing the oxide with coal or carbon, with subsequent distillation of the metal."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Compounds",
description: "Related compounds information to this element",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 7,
name: "Compounds",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Zinc",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "See more information at the Zinc compound page."
}
]
}
}
],
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Forms",
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{
string: "zinc-71"
},
{
string: "zinc-72"
},
{
string: "zinc-65(2+)"
},
{
string: "zinc-62"
},
{
string: "zinc-63"
},
{
string: "zinc-64"
},
{
string: "zinc-66"
},
{
string: "zinc-66(2+)"
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{
string: "zinc-70"
}
]
}
},
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{
string: "Zn"
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{
string: "Zn"
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{
string: "Zn"
},
{
string: "Zn"
},
{
string: "Zn"
},
{
string: "Zn"
},
{
string: "Zn+2"
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{
string: "Zn"
},
{
string: "Zn"
},
{
string: "Zn"
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{
string: "Zn"
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{
string: "Zn+2"
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{
string: "Zn"
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}
},
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string: "[Zn+2]"
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{
string: "[67Zn]"
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{
string: "[65Zn]"
},
{
string: "[69Zn]"
},
{
string: "[71Zn]"
},
{
string: "[72Zn]"
},
{
string: "[65Zn+2]"
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{
string: "[62Zn]"
},
{
string: "[63Zn]"
},
{
string: "[64Zn]"
},
{
string: "[66Zn]"
},
{
string: "[66Zn+2]"
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{
string: "[70Zn]"
}
]
}
},
{
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stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "65.38"
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{
string: "65.38"
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{
string: "67.925"
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{
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{
string: "64.929"
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{
string: "68.927"
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{
string: "70.928"
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{
string: "71.927"
},
{
string: "64.929"
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{
string: "61.934"
},
{
string: "62.933"
},
{
string: "63.929"
},
{
string: "65.926"
},
{
string: "65.926"
},
{
string: "69.925"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Handling and Storage",
description: "Handling and Storage information",
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referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Zinc is not considered to be toxic, but when freshly formed ZnO is inhaled a disorder known as oxide shakes or zinc chills sometimes occurs. Where zinc oxide is encountered, recommendations include providing good ventilation to avoid concentration exceeding 5 mg/m3, (time-weighted over an 8-hour exposure, 40-hour work week).",
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start: 264,
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},
{
tocHeading: "Isotopes",
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stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "3"
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referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Naturally occurring zinc contains five stable isotopes. Sixteen other unstable isotopes are recognized."
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}
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],
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{
tocHeading: "Isotope Mass and Abundance",
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{
string: " 70Zn",
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stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "63.929 142(5)"
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{
string: "65.926 034(5)"
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{
string: "66.927 127(5)"
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{
string: "67.924 844(5)"
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{
string: "69.925 32(2)"
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}
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name: "Abundance (uncertainty)",
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stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "0.4917(75)"
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{
string: "0.2773(98)"
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{
string: "0.0404(16)"
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{
string: "0.1845(63)"
},
{
string: "0.0061(10)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Mass, Half Life, and Decay",
description: "This section provides the information from the Nubase2016. The number after the ± refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton. The '?' refers to 'not determined or qualified'. For further explainations, click read more below.",
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referenceNumber: 2,
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string: "54Zn",
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type: "Superscript"
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type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "56Zn",
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{
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{
string: "57Zn",
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{
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{
string: "58Zn",
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{
start: 0,
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type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "59Zn",
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{
start: 0,
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{
string: "60Zn",
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{
string: "61Zn",
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type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "62Zn",
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{
start: 0,
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{
string: "63Zn",
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{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
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]
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{
string: "64Zn",
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{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "65Zn",
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{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "65Znm",
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{
start: 4,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "66Zn",
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{
start: 0,
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type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "67Zn",
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{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "67Znm",
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start: 4,
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string: "68Zn",
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start: 0,
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{
string: "69Zn",
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{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "69Znm",
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{
string: "70Zn",
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start: 0,
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type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "71Zn",
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{
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{
string: "72Zn",
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{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "73Zn",
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{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "73Znm",
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{
string: "74Zn",
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{
string: "75Zn",
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{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "75Znm",
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{
start: 4,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "76Zn",
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{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "77Zn",
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{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "77Znm",
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start: 0,
length: 2,
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{
start: 4,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "78Zn",
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{
string: "78Znm",
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start: 4,
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{
string: "79Zn",
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{
string: "79Znm",
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{
string: "80Zn",
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{
string: "81Zn",
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{
string: "82Zn",
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{
string: "83Zn",
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{
string: "84Zn",
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length: 2,
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{
string: "85Zn",
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string: "54.984358 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "55.972743 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "56.965056 ± 0.000215 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "57.954590428 ± 0.000053678"
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{
string: "58.949312017 ± 0.000000827"
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{
string: "59.941841450 ± 0.000000605"
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{
string: "60.939506960 ± 0.000017068"
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{
string: "61.934333477 ± 0.00000067"
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{
string: "62.933211167 ± 0.000001676"
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{
string: "63.929141772 ± 0.000000694"
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{
string: "64.929240532 ± 0.000000697"
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{
string: "64.929240532 ± 0.000000697"
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{
string: "65.926033704 ± 0.000000804"
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{
string: "66.927127482 ± 0.000000815"
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{
string: "66.927127482 ± 0.000000815"
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{
string: "66.927127482 ± 0.000000815"
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{
string: "67.924844291 ± 0.000000841"
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{
string: "68.926550418 ± 0.000000858"
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{
string: "68.926550418 ± 0.000000858"
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{
string: "69.925319181 ± 0.000002058"
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{
string: "70.927719580 ± 0.000002849"
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{
string: "70.927719580 ± 0.000002849"
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{
string: "71.926842807 ± 0.0000023"
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{
string: "72.929582582 ± 0.000002"
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{
string: "72.929582582 ± 0.000002"
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{
string: "72.929582582 ± 0.000002"
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{
string: "73.929407262 ± 0.0000027"
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{
string: "74.932840246 ± 0.0000021"
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{
string: "74.932840246 ± 0.0000021"
},
{
string: "75.933114957 ± 0.000001562"
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{
string: "76.936887199 ± 0.000002117"
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{
string: "76.936887199 ± 0.000002117"
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{
string: "77.938289205 ± 0.000002086"
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{
string: "77.938289205 ± 0.000002086"
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{
string: "78.942638068 ± 0.000002388"
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{
string: "78.942638068 ± 0.000002388"
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{
string: "79.944552930 ± 0.000002774"
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{
string: "80.950402619 ± 0.0000054"
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{
string: "81.954574099 ± 0.0000033"
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{
string: "82.961041 ± 0.000322 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "83.965722 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "84.972914 ± 0.000537 [Estimated]"
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string: "32.9 ms ± 0.8"
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{
string: "38 ms ± 4"
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{
string: "86.7 ms ± 2.4"
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{
string: "182.0 ms ± 1.8"
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{
string: "2.38 m ± 0.05"
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{
string: "89.1 s ± 0.2"
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{
string: "9.193 h ± 0.015"
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{
string: "38.47 m ± 0.05"
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{
string: "Stable ± >8.9Ey"
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{
string: "243.93 d ± 0.09"
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{
string: "1.6 us ± 0.6"
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string: "Stable"
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{
string: "Stable"
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{
string: "9.19 us ± 0.06"
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{
string: "333 ns ± 14"
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{
string: "Stable"
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{
string: "56.4 m ± 0.9"
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{
string: "13.756 h ± 0.018"
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{
string: "Stable"
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{
string: "2.45 m ± 0.10"
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{
string: "4.125 h ± 0.007"
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{
string: "46.5 h ± 0.1"
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{
string: "23.5 s ± 1.0"
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{
string: "13.0 ms ± 0.2"
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{
string: "5.8 s ± 0.8"
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{
string: "95.6 s ± 1.2"
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{
string: "10.2 s ± 0.2"
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{
string: "5 s [Estimated]"
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{
string: "5.7 s ± 0.3"
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{
string: "2.08 s ± 0.05"
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{
string: "1.05 s ± 0.10"
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{
string: "1.47 s ± 0.15"
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{
string: "320 ns ± 6"
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string: "746 ms ± 42"
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string: ">200 ms"
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{
string: "562.2 ms ± 3.0"
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{
string: "303.2 ms ± 2.6"
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{
string: "177.9 ms ± 2.5"
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{
string: "119 ms ± 16"
},
{
string: "50 ms ± >400ns [Estimated]"
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{
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{
string: "1981"
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{
string: "1955"
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{
string: "1955"
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{
string: "1948"
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{
string: "1937"
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{
string: "1922"
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{
string: "1939"
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{
string: ""
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{
string: "1922"
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{
string: "1928"
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{
string: "1972"
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{
string: "1973"
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{
string: "1922"
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{
string: "1937"
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{
string: "1970"
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{
string: "1922"
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{
string: "1955"
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{
string: "1958"
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{
string: "1951"
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{
string: "1972"
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{
string: "1985"
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{
string: "1998"
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{
string: "1972"
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{
string: "1974"
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{
string: "2011"
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{
string: "1974"
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{
string: "1977"
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{
string: "1986"
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{
string: "1977"
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{
string: "1998"
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{
string: "1981"
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{
string: "2015"
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{
string: "1981"
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{
string: "1991"
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{
string: "1997"
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{
string: "1997"
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string: "2010"
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string: "2010"
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type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "β+=100%",
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{
string: "β+=100%",
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{
string: "β+=100%",
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{
string: "IS=49.17±7.5%; 2β+ ?",
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{
string: "β+=100%",
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},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IS=27.73±9.8%"
},
{
string: "IS=4.04±1.6%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IS=18.45±6.3%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT≈100%; β-=0.033±0.3%",
markup: [
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IS=0.61±1%; 2β- ?",
markup: [
{
start: 14,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-≈100%; IT LE 0.05",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=?; β-=?",
markup: [
{
start: 7,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β- ?; IT ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=66±0.7%; IT=34±0.7%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=0%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=1.7±0.5%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=?; β- ?",
markup: [
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start: 7,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=1.0±0.5%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=9.1±2.4%; β-2n=0%[Estimated]",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 24,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=69±0.7%; β-2n=0%[Estimated]",
markup: [
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length: 1,
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},
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start: 10,
length: 1,
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=10%[Estimated]; β-2n=3%[Estimated]",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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},
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string: "β- ?; β-n=40%[Estimated]; β-2n=4%[Estimated]",
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string: "β- ?; β-n=30%[Estimated]; β-2n=7%[Estimated]",
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],
reference: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "PubChem",
description: "Data deposited in or computed by PubChem",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
sourceName: "Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)",
sourceID: "e30",
name: "Zn",
description: "The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.",
url: "https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/",
anid: 6590257
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
sourceName: "Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)",
sourceID: "a30",
name: "Zinc",
description: "Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report) and CIAAW. The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/",
url: "http://www.ciaaw.org/zinc.htm",
licenseURL: "http://www.ciaaw.org/bylaws.htm",
anid: 2292411
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
sourceName: "Jefferson Lab, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "jlab30",
name: "Zinc",
description: "Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/",
url: "https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele030.html",
licenseNote: "Please see citation and linking information: https://education.jlab.org/faq/index.html",
licenseURL: "https://www.jlab.org/privacy-and-security-notice",
anid: 507092
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
sourceName: "Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "lanl30",
name: "Zinc",
description: "The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.",
url: "https://periodic.lanl.gov/30.shtml",
anid: 507210
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
sourceName: "NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory",
sourceID: "e30",
name: "Zinc",
description: "The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Elements/elInfo.pl?element=30",
licenseURL: "https://www.nist.gov/pml/database-disclaimer",
anid: 2292647
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
sourceName: "PubChem Elements",
sourceID: "30",
name: "Zn",
description: "The element property data was retrieved from publications.",
anid: 7660031
},
{
referenceNumber: 7,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "30",
name: "Zinc",
description: "This section provides all form of data related to element Zinc.",
anid: 694323
}
]
}
},
{
record: {
recordType: "AtomicNumber",
recordNumber: 31,
recordTitle: "Gallium",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01022.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Gallium"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Gallium"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
description: "Element symbol, Also called atomic symbol, typically consists of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet derived from the element name in one of several languages.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Ga"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Ga"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "InChI=1S/Ga"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI Key",
description: "International Chemical Identifier hash (InChIKey) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI Key",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "GYHNNYVSQQEPJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "69.723(1)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "69.723"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "69.72"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "69.723(1)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[Ar]4s23d104p1",
markup: [
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start: 6,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 9,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 13,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Electron Configuration",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[Ar]3d10 4s2 4p",
markup: [
{
start: 6,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 11,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Radius",
description: "Atomic radius is the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell containing electrons.",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_radius",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
name: "Van der Waals Atomic Radius",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "187 pm (Van der Waals)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Empirical Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"J.C. Slater, J Chem Phys, 1964, 41(10), 3199-3205. DOI:10.1063/1.1725697"
],
value: {
number: [
130
],
unit: "pm (Empirical)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Covalent Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"B. Cordero, V. Gómez, A.E. Platero-Prats, M. Revés, J. Echeverría, E. Cremades, F. Barragán, S. Alvarez, Dalton Trans. 2008, 21, 2832-2838. DOI:10.1039/b801115j PMID:18478144."
],
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "122(3) pm (Covalent)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
description: "Oxidation state gives the degree of oxidation of an atom in terms of counting electrons.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/O/O04365.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "+3"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "3, 2, 1, −1, −2, −4, −5 (an amphoteric oxide)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ground Level",
description: "Also called ground-state level. The ground state electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom with lower energy levels.",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/ASD/Html/iehelp.html#IEGROUNDLEV",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ground Level",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "2P°1/2",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 3,
length: 3,
type: "Subscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ionization Energy",
description: "Ionization energy is the minimum energy required to eject an electron out of a neutral atom or molecule in its ground state.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/I/I03199.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "5.999 eV"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ionization Energy",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "5.9993020 eV"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electronegativity",
description: "The concept electronegativity was introduced by L. Pauling as the power of an atom to attract electrons to itself.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01990",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Pauling Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"A.L. Allred, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 1961, 17(3-4), 215-221. DOI:10.1016/0022-1902(61)80142-5"
],
value: {
number: [
1.81
],
unit: "(Pauling Scale)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Allen Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1989, 111, 9003. DOI:10.1021/ja00207a003; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek and L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 2780. DOI:10.1021/ja992866e; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek, E.T. Knight, J.F. Capitani and L.C Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 5132. DOI:10.1021/ja9928677"
],
value: {
number: [
1.756
],
unit: "(Allen Scale)"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Affinity",
description: "Electron affinity refers to energy required to detach an electron from the singly charged negative ion.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01977",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.T Myers, J. Chem. Edu., 1990, 67(4), 307. DOI:10.1021/ed067p307"
],
value: {
number: [
0.3
],
unit: "eV"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.J. Zollweg, J. Chem. Phys., 1969, 50, 4251. DOI:10.1063/1.1670890"
],
value: {
number: [
0.37
],
unit: "eV"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Spectra",
description: "Atomic and ionic spectral lines originate from specified electronic transitions between energy levels of atoms and ions, respectively.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00502.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/lines_hold.pl?el=Ga",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Lines Holdings"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/levels_hold.pl?el=Ga",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Levels Holdings"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Physical Description",
description: "Physical description, also know as physical characteristics, refers to physical appearance of element substances.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Solid"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Classification",
description: "Elements can be classified few groups according to each element's chemical properties.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Metal"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Period Number",
description: "The element period number refers to a horizontal row of the periodic table. The periodic table has 7 periods.",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/periodic-table-of-the-elements/The-periodic-table#ref80835",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "4"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Group Number",
description: "Element group refers to a set of chemical elements in the same vertical column of the periodic table",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/group-periodic-table",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "13"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Density",
description: "Density is a degree of consistency measured by the quantity of mass per unit volume",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/D/D01590.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "5.91 grams per cubic centimeter"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Melting Point",
description: "The melting point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from solid to liquid at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/melting-point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "302.91 K (29.76°C or 85.57°F)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "29.76°C"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Boiling Point",
description: "Boiling Point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from liquid to gas at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "2477 K (2204°C or 3999°F)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "2400°C"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Crustal Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in earth crust",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1.9×101 milligrams per kilogram",
markup: [
{
start: 6,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Oceanic Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in ocean",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "3×10-5 milligrams per liter",
markup: [
{
start: 4,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "History",
description: "Element discovery and related information in history",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "History",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "The name derives from the Latin gallia for France. It was discovered in zinc blende by the French chemist Paul-Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1875. It was first isolated in 1878 by Lecoq de Boisbaudran and the French chemist Émile-Clément Jungflesch.",
markup: [
{
start: 32,
length: 6,
type: "Italics"
}
]
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "First proposed to exist by Dmitri Mendeleyev in 1871 based on gaps in his newly created Periodic Table of Elements, gallium was discovered spectroscopically by the French chemist Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1875. Later that same year, Lecoq was able to obtain pure gallium through the electrolysis of a solution of gallium hydroxide (Ga(OH)3) in potassium hydroxide (KOH). Trace amounts of gallium are found in diaspore, sphalerite, germanite and bauxite as well as in the byproducts of burning coal.",
markup: [
{
start: 347,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
},
{
start: 88,
length: 14,
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ptable"
}
]
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
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string: "From the Latin word Gallia, France; also from Latin, gallus, a translation of \"Lecoq,\" a cock. Predicted and described by Mendeleev as ekaaluminum, and discovered spectroscopically by Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1875, who in the same year obtained the free metal by electrolysis of a solution of the hydroxide in KOH."
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string: "Ultra-pure gallium has a beautiful, silvery appearance, and the solid metal exhibits a conchoidal fracture similar to glass. The metal expands 3.1 percent on solidifying; therefore, it should not be stored in glass or metal containers, because they may break as the metal solidifies."
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string: "Magnesium gallate containing divalent impurities, such as Mn+2, is finding use in commercial ultraviolet-activated powder phosphors. Gallium arsenide is capable of converting electricity directly into coherent light. Gallium readily alloys with most metals, and has been used as a component in low-melting alloys.",
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{
string: "Ga"
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{
string: "Ga"
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{
string: "Ga"
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{
string: "Ga"
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
string: "85.963414 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]"
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{
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{
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{
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},
{
string: "39.68 ms ± 0.13"
},
{
string: "4.86 h ± 0.03"
},
{
string: "8.12 m ± 0.12"
},
{
string: "9.5 s ± 1.0"
},
{
string: "126 s ± 2"
},
{
string: "32.6 s ± 0.6"
},
{
string: "13.2 s ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "5.09 s ± 0.05"
},
{
string: "110 ns ± 3"
},
{
string: "2.848 s ± 0.003"
},
{
string: "1.9 s ± 0.1"
},
{
string: "1.3 s ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "1.217 s ± 0.005"
},
{
string: "599 ms ± 2"
},
{
string: "93.5 ns ± 6.7"
},
{
string: "308.1 ms ± 1.0"
},
{
string: "120 ns ± 5"
},
{
string: "85 ms ± 10"
},
{
string: "92.2 ms ± 3.5"
},
{
string: "47 ms ± 18"
},
{
string: "10 ms ± >400ns [Estimated]"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Discovery Year",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: ""
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: "1995"
},
{
string: "1987"
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: "1978"
},
{
string: "1965"
},
{
string: "1953"
},
{
string: "1999"
},
{
string: "1938"
},
{
string: "1937"
},
{
string: "1938"
},
{
string: "1937"
},
{
string: "1923"
},
{
string: "1937"
},
{
string: "1923"
},
{
string: "1939"
},
{
string: "1968"
},
{
string: "1949"
},
{
string: "1956"
},
{
string: "1974"
},
{
string: "1960"
},
{
string: "1961"
},
{
string: "1968"
},
{
string: "1972"
},
{
string: "2010"
},
{
string: "1974"
},
{
string: "1974"
},
{
string: "2011"
},
{
string: "1976"
},
{
string: "1976"
},
{
string: "2009"
},
{
string: "1976"
},
{
string: "2016"
},
{
string: "1991"
},
{
string: "1997"
},
{
string: "1997"
},
{
string: "2010"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Decay Modes, Intensities and Uncertainties [%]",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "p ?"
},
{
string: "p ?"
},
{
string: "p ?"
},
{
string: "p ?"
},
{
string: "p ?"
},
{
string: "β+=100%; β+p=1.6±0.7%; β+α<0.023±2%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β+=100%; β+p<0.25%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: ""
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "ε=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "IS=60.108±0.9%"
},
{
string: "β-≈100%; ε=0.41±0.6%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "IS=39.892±0.9%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=75±2.5%; β- ?",
markup: [
{
start: 13,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100[gs=12,m=88]",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=0.089±1.9%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=0.86±0.7%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β- ?; β-n=1%[Estimated]; IT ?",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 7,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=11.9±0.7%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=21.3±1.3%; β-2n=0%[Estimated]",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=62.8±2.5%; β-2n=0%[Estimated]",
markup: [
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 25,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=40±0.7%; β-2n=2%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n>35%; β-2n=6%[Estimated]",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=60±1%; β-2n=20±1%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β- ?; β-n=90%[Estimated]; β-2n=7%[Estimated]",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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}
]
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}
],
reference: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "PubChem",
description: "Data deposited in or computed by PubChem",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
sourceName: "Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)",
sourceID: "e31",
name: "Ga",
description: "The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.",
url: "https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/",
anid: 6590258
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
sourceName: "Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)",
sourceID: "a31",
name: "Gallium",
description: "Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report) and CIAAW. The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/",
url: "http://www.ciaaw.org/gallium.htm",
licenseURL: "http://www.ciaaw.org/bylaws.htm",
anid: 2292412
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
sourceName: "Jefferson Lab, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "jlab31",
name: "Gallium",
description: "Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/",
url: "https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele031.html",
licenseNote: "Please see citation and linking information: https://education.jlab.org/faq/index.html",
licenseURL: "https://www.jlab.org/privacy-and-security-notice",
anid: 507093
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
sourceName: "Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "lanl31",
name: "Gallium",
description: "The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.",
url: "https://periodic.lanl.gov/31.shtml",
anid: 507211
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
sourceName: "NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory",
sourceID: "e31",
name: "Gallium",
description: "The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Elements/elInfo.pl?element=31",
licenseURL: "https://www.nist.gov/pml/database-disclaimer",
anid: 2292648
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
sourceName: "PubChem Elements",
sourceID: "31",
name: "Ga",
description: "The element property data was retrieved from publications.",
anid: 7660032
},
{
referenceNumber: 7,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "31",
name: "Gallium",
description: "This section provides all form of data related to element Gallium.",
anid: 694324
}
]
}
},
{
record: {
recordType: "AtomicNumber",
recordNumber: 32,
recordTitle: "Germanium",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01022.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Germanium"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Germanium"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
description: "Element symbol, Also called atomic symbol, typically consists of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet derived from the element name in one of several languages.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Ge"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Ge"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "InChI=1S/Ge"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI Key",
description: "International Chemical Identifier hash (InChIKey) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI Key",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "GNPVGFCGXDBREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "72.630(8)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "72.630"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "72.64"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "72.630(8)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[Ar]4s23d104p2",
markup: [
{
start: 6,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 9,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 13,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Electron Configuration",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[Ar]3d10 4s2 4p2",
markup: [
{
start: 6,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 11,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 15,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Radius",
description: "Atomic radius is the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell containing electrons.",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_radius",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
name: "Van der Waals Atomic Radius",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "211 pm (Van der Waals)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Empirical Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"J.C. Slater, J Chem Phys, 1964, 41(10), 3199-3205. DOI:10.1063/1.1725697"
],
value: {
number: [
125
],
unit: "pm (Empirical)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Covalent Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"B. Cordero, V. Gómez, A.E. Platero-Prats, M. Revés, J. Echeverría, E. Cremades, F. Barragán, S. Alvarez, Dalton Trans. 2008, 21, 2832-2838. DOI:10.1039/b801115j PMID:18478144."
],
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "120(4) pm (Covalent)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
description: "Oxidation state gives the degree of oxidation of an atom in terms of counting electrons.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/O/O04365.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "+4, +2"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "4, 3, 2, 1, 0, −1, −2, −3, −4 (an amphoteric oxide)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ground Level",
description: "Also called ground-state level. The ground state electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom with lower energy levels.",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/ASD/Html/iehelp.html#IEGROUNDLEV",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ground Level",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "3P0",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 2,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ionization Energy",
description: "Ionization energy is the minimum energy required to eject an electron out of a neutral atom or molecule in its ground state.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/I/I03199.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "7.900 eV"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ionization Energy",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "7.899435 eV"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electronegativity",
description: "The concept electronegativity was introduced by L. Pauling as the power of an atom to attract electrons to itself.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01990",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Pauling Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"A.L. Allred, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 1961, 17(3-4), 215-221. DOI:10.1016/0022-1902(61)80142-5"
],
value: {
number: [
2.01
],
unit: "(Pauling Scale)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Allen Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1989, 111, 9003. DOI:10.1021/ja00207a003; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek and L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 2780. DOI:10.1021/ja992866e; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek, E.T. Knight, J.F. Capitani and L.C Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 5132. DOI:10.1021/ja9928677"
],
value: {
number: [
1.994
],
unit: "(Allen Scale)"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Affinity",
description: "Electron affinity refers to energy required to detach an electron from the singly charged negative ion.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01977",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.T Myers, J. Chem. Edu., 1990, 67(4), 307. DOI:10.1021/ed067p307"
],
value: {
number: [
1.35
],
unit: "eV"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.J. Zollweg, J. Chem. Phys., 1969, 50, 4251. DOI:10.1063/1.1670890"
],
value: {
number: [
1.44
],
unit: "eV"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Spectra",
description: "Atomic and ionic spectral lines originate from specified electronic transitions between energy levels of atoms and ions, respectively.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00502.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/lines_hold.pl?el=Ge",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Lines Holdings"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/levels_hold.pl?el=Ge",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Levels Holdings"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Physical Description",
description: "Physical description, also know as physical characteristics, refers to physical appearance of element substances.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Solid"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Classification",
description: "Elements can be classified few groups according to each element's chemical properties.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Semi-metal"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Period Number",
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length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "84Ge",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "85Ge",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "86Ge",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "87Ge",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "88Ge",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "89Ge",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "90Ge",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
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}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Atomic Mass and Uncertainty [u]",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "57.992399 ± 0.000537 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "58.982963 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "59.970918 ± 0.000322 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "60.964187 ± 0.000322 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "61.955190 ± 0.00015 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "62.949628000 ± 0.00004"
},
{
string: "63.941689913 ± 0.000004"
},
{
string: "64.939368137 ± 0.000002323"
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{
string: "65.933862126 ± 0.000002577"
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{
string: "66.932733620 ± 0.000005003"
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{
string: "66.932733620 ± 0.000005003"
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{
string: "66.932733620 ± 0.000005003"
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{
string: "67.928095308 ± 0.000002014"
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{
string: "68.927964471 ± 0.000001414"
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{
string: "68.927964471 ± 0.000001414"
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{
string: "68.927964471 ± 0.000001414"
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{
string: "69.924248706 ± 0.0000009"
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{
string: "70.924952284 ± 0.000000894"
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{
string: "70.924952284 ± 0.000000894"
},
{
string: "71.922075826 ± 0.000000081"
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{
string: "71.922075826 ± 0.000000081"
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{
string: "72.923458956 ± 0.000000061"
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{
string: "72.923458956 ± 0.000000061"
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{
string: "72.923458956 ± 0.000000061"
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{
string: "73.921177762 ± 0.000000013"
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{
string: "74.922858371 ± 0.000000055"
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{
string: "74.922858371 ± 0.000000055"
},
{
string: "74.922858371 ± 0.000000055"
},
{
string: "75.921402726 ± 0.000000019"
},
{
string: "76.923549844 ± 0.000000056"
},
{
string: "76.923549844 ± 0.000000056"
},
{
string: "77.922852912 ± 0.000003795"
},
{
string: "78.925360129 ± 0.000039915"
},
{
string: "78.925360129 ± 0.000039915"
},
{
string: "79.925350774 ± 0.000002205"
},
{
string: "80.928832942 ± 0.000002205"
},
{
string: "80.928832942 ± 0.000002205"
},
{
string: "81.929774033 ± 0.000002405"
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{
string: "82.934539101 ± 0.000002605"
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{
string: "83.937575091 ± 0.000003403"
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{
string: "84.942969659 ± 0.000004003"
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{
string: "85.946967000 ± 0.00047"
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{
string: "86.952680 ± 0.000322 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "87.956910 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "88.963790 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "89.968630 ± 0.000537 [Estimated]"
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}
},
{
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name: "Half Life and Uncertainty",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Not-specified"
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{
string: "30 ms ± >110ns [Estimated]"
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{
string: "44 ms ± 6"
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{
string: "129 ms ± 35"
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{
string: "142 ms ± 8"
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{
string: "63.7 s ± 2.5"
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{
string: "30.9 s ± 0.5"
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{
string: "2.26 h ± 0.05"
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{
string: "18.9 m ± 0.3"
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{
string: "13.7 us ± 0.9"
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{
string: "109.1 ns ± 3.8"
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{
string: "270.93 d ± 0.13"
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{
string: "39.05 h ± 0.10"
},
{
string: "5.1 us ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "2.81 us ± 0.05"
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{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "11.43 d ± 0.03"
},
{
string: "20.41 ms ± 0.18"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "444.2 ns ± 0.8"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "2.92 us ± 0.03"
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{
string: "499 ms ± 11"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "82.78 m ± 0.04"
},
{
string: "47.7 s ± 0.5"
},
{
string: "216 ns ± 5"
},
{
string: "1.66 Zy ± 0.13"
},
{
string: "11.211 h ± 0.003"
},
{
string: "53.7 s ± 0.6"
},
{
string: "88.0 m ± 1.0"
},
{
string: "18.98 s ± 0.03"
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{
string: "39.0 s ± 1.0"
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{
string: "29.5 s ± 0.4"
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{
string: "8 s ± 2"
},
{
string: "8 s ± 2"
},
{
string: "4.56 s ± 0.26"
},
{
string: "1.85 s ± 0.06"
},
{
string: "951 ms ± 9"
},
{
string: "494 ms ± 8"
},
{
string: "226 ms ± 21"
},
{
string: "150 ms ± >300ns [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "100 ms ± >300ns [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "50 ms ± >300ns [Estimated]"
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{
string: "50 ms ± >400ns [Estimated]"
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]
}
},
{
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string: ""
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{
string: "1991"
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{
string: "1972"
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{
string: "1972"
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{
string: "1950"
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{
string: "1950"
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{
string: "1978"
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{
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{
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{
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{
string: "1978"
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{
string: "1978"
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string: "1923"
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
string: "1972"
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{
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{
string: "1972"
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{
string: "1972"
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{
string: "1972"
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{
string: "1991"
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{
string: "1994"
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{
string: "1997"
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string: "1997"
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referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Decay Modes, Intensities and Uncertainties [%]",
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stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "2p ?"
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{
string: "β+ ?",
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start: 1,
length: 1,
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]
},
{
string: "β+ ?; β+p ?",
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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string: "β+=100%; β+p>62%",
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length: 1,
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{
string: "β+=100%; β+p ?",
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string: "β+=100%; β+p ?",
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type: "Superscript"
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string: "β+=100%",
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start: 1,
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type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "β+=100%; β+p=0.011±0.3%",
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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string: "β+=100%",
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{
string: "β+=100%",
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{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
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string: "ε=100%"
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{
string: "β+=100%",
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{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
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{
string: "IS=20.57±2.7%"
},
{
string: "ε=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IS=27.45±3.2%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IS=7.75±1.2%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IS=36.50±2%"
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{
string: "β-=100%",
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string: "IT≈100%; β-=0.030±0.6%",
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},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IS=7.73±1.2%; 2β-=100%",
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start: 16,
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type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
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{
string: "β-=81±0.2%; IT=19±0.2%",
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "β-=100%",
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type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
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{
string: "β-=96±0.1%; IT=4±0.1%",
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
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type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "β-=100%",
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type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "β-≈100%; IT<1%",
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
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start: 1,
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type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=0.1%[Estimated]",
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=10.7±0.6%",
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{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=16.5±2.3%; β-2n=0%[Estimated]",
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type: "Superscript"
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{
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=45±1.5%",
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{
string: "β- ?; β-n=3%[Estimated]; β-2n=1%[Estimated]",
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 7,
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string: "β- ?; β-n=6%[Estimated]; β-2n=0.1%[Estimated]",
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length: 1,
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string: "β- ?; β-n=20%[Estimated]; β-2n=2%[Estimated]",
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string: "β- ?; β-n=50%[Estimated]; β-2n=2%[Estimated]",
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],
reference: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "PubChem",
description: "Data deposited in or computed by PubChem",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
sourceName: "Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)",
sourceID: "e32",
name: "Ge",
description: "The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.",
url: "https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/",
anid: 6590259
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
sourceName: "Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)",
sourceID: "a32",
name: "Germanium",
description: "Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report) and CIAAW. The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/",
url: "http://www.ciaaw.org/germanium.htm",
licenseURL: "http://www.ciaaw.org/bylaws.htm",
anid: 2292413
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
sourceName: "Jefferson Lab, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "jlab32",
name: "Germanium",
description: "Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/",
url: "https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele032.html",
licenseNote: "Please see citation and linking information: https://education.jlab.org/faq/index.html",
licenseURL: "https://www.jlab.org/privacy-and-security-notice",
anid: 507094
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{
referenceNumber: 5,
sourceName: "Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "lanl32",
name: "Germanium",
description: "The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.",
url: "https://periodic.lanl.gov/32.shtml",
anid: 507212
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
sourceName: "NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory",
sourceID: "e32",
name: "Germanium",
description: "The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Elements/elInfo.pl?element=32",
licenseURL: "https://www.nist.gov/pml/database-disclaimer",
anid: 2292649
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
sourceName: "PubChem Elements",
sourceID: "32",
name: "Ge",
description: "The element property data was retrieved from publications.",
anid: 7660033
},
{
referenceNumber: 7,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "32",
name: "Germanium",
description: "This section provides all form of data related to element Germanium.",
anid: 694325
}
]
}
},
{
record: {
recordType: "AtomicNumber",
recordNumber: 33,
recordTitle: "Arsenic",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01022.html",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Arsenic"
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name: "Element Name",
value: {
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string: "Arsenic"
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}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
description: "Element symbol, Also called atomic symbol, typically consists of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet derived from the element name in one of several languages.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "As"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
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string: "As"
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]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "InChI=1S/As"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI Key",
description: "International Chemical Identifier hash (InChIKey) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI Key",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "RQNWIZPPADIBDY-UHFFFAOYSA-N"
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}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "74.921 595(6)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "74.921595"
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}
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{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
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string: "74.92"
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}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "74.921595(6)"
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]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "[Ar]4s23d104p3",
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},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Radius",
description: "Atomic radius is the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell containing electrons.",
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{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Empirical Atomic Radius",
reference: [
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number: [
115
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unit: "pm (Empirical)"
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{
referenceNumber: 8,
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reference: [
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tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
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url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/O/O04365.html",
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},
{
tocHeading: "Ground Level",
description: "Also called ground-state level. The ground state electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom with lower energy levels.",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/ASD/Html/iehelp.html#IEGROUNDLEV",
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},
{
tocHeading: "Ionization Energy",
description: "Ionization energy is the minimum energy required to eject an electron out of a neutral atom or molecule in its ground state.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/I/I03199.html",
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},
{
tocHeading: "Electronegativity",
description: "The concept electronegativity was introduced by L. Pauling as the power of an atom to attract electrons to itself.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01990",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Pauling Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
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],
value: {
number: [
2.18
],
unit: "(Pauling Scale)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Allen Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1989, 111, 9003. DOI:10.1021/ja00207a003; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek and L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 2780. DOI:10.1021/ja992866e; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek, E.T. Knight, J.F. Capitani and L.C Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 5132. DOI:10.1021/ja9928677"
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number: [
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unit: "(Allen Scale)"
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},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Affinity",
description: "Electron affinity refers to energy required to detach an electron from the singly charged negative ion.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01977",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.T Myers, J. Chem. Edu., 1990, 67(4), 307. DOI:10.1021/ed067p307"
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value: {
number: [
0.81
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unit: "eV"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.J. Zollweg, J. Chem. Phys., 1969, 50, 4251. DOI:10.1063/1.1670890"
],
value: {
number: [
1.07
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unit: "eV"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Spectra",
description: "Atomic and ionic spectral lines originate from specified electronic transitions between energy levels of atoms and ions, respectively.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00502.html",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 6,
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tocHeading: "Physical Description",
description: "Physical description, also know as physical characteristics, refers to physical appearance of element substances.",
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string: "Solid"
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}
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},
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tocHeading: "Element Classification",
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value: {
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{
tocHeading: "Element Period Number",
description: "The element period number refers to a horizontal row of the periodic table. The periodic table has 7 periods.",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/periodic-table-of-the-elements/The-periodic-table#ref80835",
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tocHeading: "Element Group Number",
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url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/group-periodic-table",
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tocHeading: "Density",
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tocHeading: "Melting Point",
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tocHeading: "Boiling Point",
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tocHeading: "Estimated Crustal Abundance",
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string: "The name derives from the Latin arsenicium and the Greek arsenikos for \"masculine\" or \"male\" because the ancients thought that metals were different sexes. Arsenic was known in prehistoric times for its poisonous sulfides. The German scientist and philosopher, Albert von Bollstadt (Albert the Great or Albertus Magnus) is thought to have obtained the metal around 1250.",
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{
tocHeading: "Description",
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string: "If you were paying careful attention to the physical data listed above, you may have noticed that arsenic's boiling point is lower than its melting point. This occurs because these two temperatures are measured at different atmospheric pressures. When heated at standard atmospheric pressure, arsenic changes directly from a solid to a gas, or sublimates, at a temperature of 887 K. In order to form liquid arsenic, the atmospheric pressure must be increased. At 28 times standard atmospheric pressure, arsenic melts at a temperature of 1090 K. If it were also measured at a pressure of 28 atmospheres, arsenic's boiling point would be higher than its melting point, as you would expect."
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]
}
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string: "59.994128 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]"
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string: "59.994128 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "61.973891 ± 0.000322 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "62.964036 ± 0.000215 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "63.957560 ± 0.000218 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "64.949611000 ± 0.000091"
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string: "75.922392010 ± 0.000000951"
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string: "75.922392010 ± 0.000000951"
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string: "76.920647564 ± 0.000001817"
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string: "76.920647564 ± 0.000001817"
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string: "77.921827795 ± 0.0000105"
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string: "78.920948445 ± 0.000005719"
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string: "78.920948445 ± 0.000005719"
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{
string: "79.922474548 ± 0.000003577"
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{
string: "80.922132290 ± 0.000002838"
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{
string: "81.924738733 ± 0.000004003"
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{
string: "81.924738733 ± 0.000004003"
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{
string: "82.925206901 ± 0.000003004"
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{
string: "83.929303291 ± 0.000003403"
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{
string: "83.929303291 ± 0.000003403"
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{
string: "84.932163659 ± 0.000003304"
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{
string: "85.936701533 ± 0.000003703"
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{
string: "86.940291718 ± 0.000003204"
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{
string: "87.945550 ± 0.00021 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "88.949760 ± 0.00032 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "89.955630 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "89.955630 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "90.960390 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "91.966740 ± 0.000537 [Estimated]"
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{
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string: "Not-specified ± <43ns"
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{
string: "40 ms ± 30"
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{
string: "170 ms ± 30"
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string: "95.77 ms ± 0.23"
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string: "1.14 us ± 0.04"
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{
string: "7.98 us ± 0.26"
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string: "42.5 s ± 1.2"
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string: "151.6 s ± 0.8"
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string: "111 ns ± 20"
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string: "15.2 m ± 0.2"
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string: "52.6 m ± 0.3"
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{
string: "96 us ± 3"
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string: "65.30 h ± 0.07"
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{
string: "26.0 h ± 0.1"
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{
string: "80.30 d ± 0.06"
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{
string: "5.7 us ± 0.2"
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string: "Stable"
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string: "17.62 ms ± 0.23"
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{
string: "1.077 d ± 0.0020"
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{
string: "1.84 us ± 0.06"
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{
string: "38.79 h ± 0.05"
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{
string: "114.0 us ± 2.5"
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{
string: "90.7 m ± 0.2"
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{
string: "9.01 m ± 0.15"
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{
string: "1.21 us ± 0.01"
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{
string: "15.2 s ± 0.2"
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{
string: "33.3 s ± 0.8"
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{
string: "19.1 s ± 0.5"
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string: "13.6 s ± 0.4"
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{
string: "13.4 s ± 0.4"
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{
string: "4.02 s ± 0.03"
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{
string: "650 ms ± 150"
},
{
string: "2.021 s ± 0.012"
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{
string: "945 ms ± 8"
},
{
string: "492 ms ± 25"
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{
string: "270 ms ± 150"
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{
string: "200 ms ± >150ns [Estimated]"
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{
string: "80 ms ± >300ns [Estimated]"
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{
string: "220 ns ± 100"
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{
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string: ""
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string: ""
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: "1995"
},
{
string: "1991"
},
{
string: "1978"
},
{
string: "1995"
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{
string: "1998"
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{
string: "1980"
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{
string: "1971"
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{
string: "1994"
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
string: "1954"
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{
string: "1960"
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
string: "1994"
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{
string: "1994"
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{
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string: "2012"
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{
string: "1997"
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{
string: "p ?"
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{
string: "p=100%[Estimated]"
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{
string: "β+=100%; β+p ?",
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],
reference: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "PubChem",
description: "Data deposited in or computed by PubChem",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
sourceName: "Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)",
sourceID: "e33",
name: "As",
description: "The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.",
url: "https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/",
anid: 6590260
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
sourceName: "Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)",
sourceID: "a33",
name: "Arsenic",
description: "Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report) and CIAAW. The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/",
url: "http://www.ciaaw.org/arsenic.htm",
licenseURL: "http://www.ciaaw.org/bylaws.htm",
anid: 2292414
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
sourceName: "Jefferson Lab, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "jlab33",
name: "Arsenic",
description: "Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/",
url: "https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele033.html",
licenseNote: "Please see citation and linking information: https://education.jlab.org/faq/index.html",
licenseURL: "https://www.jlab.org/privacy-and-security-notice",
anid: 507095
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
sourceName: "Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "lanl33",
name: "Arsenic",
description: "The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.",
url: "https://periodic.lanl.gov/33.shtml",
anid: 507213
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
sourceName: "NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory",
sourceID: "e33",
name: "Arsenic",
description: "The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Elements/elInfo.pl?element=33",
licenseURL: "https://www.nist.gov/pml/database-disclaimer",
anid: 2292650
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
sourceName: "PubChem Elements",
sourceID: "33",
name: "As",
description: "The element property data was retrieved from publications.",
anid: 7660034
},
{
referenceNumber: 7,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "33",
name: "Arsenic",
description: "This section provides all form of data related to element Arsenic.",
anid: 694326
}
]
}
},
{
record: {
recordType: "AtomicNumber",
recordNumber: 34,
recordTitle: "Selenium",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01022.html",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Selenium"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Selenium"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
description: "Element symbol, Also called atomic symbol, typically consists of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet derived from the element name in one of several languages.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Se"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Se"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "InChI=1S/Se"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI Key",
description: "International Chemical Identifier hash (InChIKey) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI Key",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "BUGBHKTXTAQXES-UHFFFAOYSA-N"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "78.971(8)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "78.971"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "78.96"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "78.971(8)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "[Ar]4s23d104p4",
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start: 6,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 9,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 13,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Electron Configuration",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "[Ar]3d10 4s2 4p4",
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start: 6,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 11,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 15,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Radius",
description: "Atomic radius is the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell containing electrons.",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_radius",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
name: "Van der Waals Atomic Radius",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "190 pm (Van der Waals)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Empirical Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"J.C. Slater, J Chem Phys, 1964, 41(10), 3199-3205. DOI:10.1063/1.1725697"
],
value: {
number: [
115
],
unit: "pm (Empirical)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Covalent Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"B. Cordero, V. Gómez, A.E. Platero-Prats, M. Revés, J. Echeverría, E. Cremades, F. Barragán, S. Alvarez, Dalton Trans. 2008, 21, 2832-2838. DOI:10.1039/b801115j PMID:18478144."
],
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "120(4) pm (Covalent)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
description: "Oxidation state gives the degree of oxidation of an atom in terms of counting electrons.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/O/O04365.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "+6, +4, -2"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, −1, −2 (a strongly acidic oxide)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ground Level",
description: "Also called ground-state level. The ground state electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom with lower energy levels.",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/ASD/Html/iehelp.html#IEGROUNDLEV",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ground Level",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "3P2",
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length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
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]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ionization Energy",
description: "Ionization energy is the minimum energy required to eject an electron out of a neutral atom or molecule in its ground state.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/I/I03199.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "9.752 eV"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ionization Energy",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "9.752392 eV"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electronegativity",
description: "The concept electronegativity was introduced by L. Pauling as the power of an atom to attract electrons to itself.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01990",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Pauling Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"A.L. Allred, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 1961, 17(3-4), 215-221. DOI:10.1016/0022-1902(61)80142-5"
],
value: {
number: [
2.55
],
unit: "(Pauling Scale)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Allen Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1989, 111, 9003. DOI:10.1021/ja00207a003; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek and L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 2780. DOI:10.1021/ja992866e; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek, E.T. Knight, J.F. Capitani and L.C Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 5132. DOI:10.1021/ja9928677"
],
value: {
number: [
2.424
],
unit: "(Allen Scale)"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Affinity",
description: "Electron affinity refers to energy required to detach an electron from the singly charged negative ion.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01977",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.T Myers, J. Chem. Edu., 1990, 67(4), 307. DOI:10.1021/ed067p307"
],
value: {
number: [
2.021
],
unit: "eV"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.J. Zollweg, J. Chem. Phys., 1969, 50, 4251. DOI:10.1063/1.1670890"
],
value: {
number: [
2.12
],
unit: "eV"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Spectra",
description: "Atomic and ionic spectral lines originate from specified electronic transitions between energy levels of atoms and ions, respectively.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00502.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/lines_hold.pl?el=Se",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Lines Holdings"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/levels_hold.pl?el=Se",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Levels Holdings"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Physical Description",
description: "Physical description, also know as physical characteristics, refers to physical appearance of element substances.",
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{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Solid"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Classification",
description: "Elements can be classified few groups according to each element's chemical properties.",
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Non-metal"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Period Number",
description: "The element period number refers to a horizontal row of the periodic table. The periodic table has 7 periods.",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/periodic-table-of-the-elements/The-periodic-table#ref80835",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "4"
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]
}
}
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},
{
tocHeading: "Element Group Number",
description: "Element group refers to a set of chemical elements in the same vertical column of the periodic table",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/group-periodic-table",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "16 - Chalcogen"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Density",
description: "Density is a degree of consistency measured by the quantity of mass per unit volume",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/D/D01590.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "4.809 grams per cubic centimeter"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Melting Point",
description: "The melting point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from solid to liquid at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/melting-point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "493.65 K (220.5°C or 428.9°F)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "221°C"
}
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}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Boiling Point",
description: "Boiling Point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from liquid to gas at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_point",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "958 K (685°C or 1265°F)"
}
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}
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referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
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string: "685°C"
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},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Crustal Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in earth crust",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust",
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value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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}
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},
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tocHeading: "Estimated Oceanic Abundance",
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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}
}
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tocHeading: "History",
description: "Element discovery and related information in history",
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name: "History",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "The name derives from the Greek Selene, who was the Greek goddess of the Moon because the element is chemically found with tellurium (Tellus was the Roman goddess of the Earth). Selenium was discovered by the Swedish chemist Jöns Jacob Berzelius in 1817, while trying to isolate tellurium in an impure sample.",
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string: "Selenium was discovered by Jöns Jacob Berzelius, a Swedish chemist, in 1817 after analyzing an impurity that was contaminating the sulfuric acid (H2SO4) being produced at a particular factory in Sweden. Originally believing the material was tellurium, Berzelius eventually realized that it was actually a previously element. Selenium occurs in minerals such as eucairite (CuAgSe), crooksite (CuThSe) and clausthalite (PbSe), but these minerals are too rare to use as a major source of selenium. Today, most selenium is obtained as a byproduct of refining copper.",
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value: {
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string: "From the Greek word Selene, moon. Discovered by Berzelius in 1817, who found it associated with tellurium (named for the earth)."
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}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Description",
description: "Description about this element",
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string: "Selenium exists in several allotropic forms, although three are generally recognized. Selenium can be prepared with either an amorphous or a crystalline structure. The color of amorphous selenium is either red (in powder form) or black (in vitreous form). Crystalline monoclinic selenium is a deep red; crystalline hexagonal selenium, the most stable variety, is a metallic gray."
},
{
string: "Selenium exhibits both photovoltaic action, where light is converted directly into electricity, and photoconductive action, where the electrical resistance decreases with increased illumination. These properties make selenium useful in the production of photocells and exposure meters for photographic use, as well as solar cells. Selenium is also able to convert a.c. electricity to d.c., and is extensively used in rectifiers. Below its melting point, selenium is a p-type semiconductor and has many uses in electronic and solid-state applications."
},
{
string: "Elemental selenium has been said to be practically nontoxic and is considered to be an essential trace element; however, hydrogen selenide and other selenium compounds are extremely toxic, and resemble arsenic in their physiological reactions."
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]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Uses",
description: "Uses information in industry and other fields",
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},
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string: "Selenium forms few inorganic compounds, none of which are commercially important. They include selenious acid (H2SeO3), selenium dichloride (SeCl2) and selenium oxychloride (SeOCl2).",
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referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Selenium is used in Xerography for reproducing and copying documents, letters, etc. It is used by the glass industry to decolorize glass and to make ruby-colored glasses and enamels. It is also used as a photographic toner, and as an additive to stainless steel."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Production",
description: "Substance or material production for related element",
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referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
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string: "Selenium is found in a few rare minerals such as crooksite and clausthalite. In years past it has been obtained from flue dusts remaining from processing copper sulfide ores, but the anode metal from electrolytic copper refineries now provide the source of most of the world's selenium. Selenium is recovered by roasting the mud with soda or sulfuric acid, or by smelting them with soda and niter."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Compounds",
description: "Related compounds information to this element",
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name: "Compounds",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Selenium",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "See more information at the Selenium compound page."
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string: "selenium-76"
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string: "[71Se]"
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{
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{
string: "78.971"
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{
string: "78.918"
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{
string: "69.934"
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{
string: "81.917"
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{
string: "82.919"
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{
string: "77.917"
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{
string: "80.918"
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{
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{
string: "78.971"
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{
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string: "Hydrogen selenide at a concentration of 1.5 ppm is intolerable to man. Selenium occurs in some solid in amounts sufficient to produce serious effects on animals feeding on plants, such as locoweed, grown in such soils. Exposure to selenium compounds (as Se) in air should not exceed 0.2 mg/m3 (8-hour time-weighted average - 40-hour week).",
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{
tocHeading: "Isotope Mass and Abundance",
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string: "0.4980(36)"
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string: "0.0882(15)"
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tocHeading: "Atomic Mass, Half Life, and Decay",
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string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "ε=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=72.6±0.3%; β+=27.4±0.3%",
markup: [
{
start: 15,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IS=0.89±0.4%; 2β+ ?",
markup: [
{
start: 16,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "ε=100%"
},
{
string: "IS=9.37±2.9%"
},
{
string: "IS=7.63±1.6%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IS=23.77±2.8%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT≈100%; β-=0.056±1.1%",
markup: [
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IS=49.61±4.1%; 2β- ?",
markup: [
{
start: 17,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT≈100%; β-=0.051±1.4%",
markup: [
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IS=8.73±2.2%; 2β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 16,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=0%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT≈100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=0.36±0.8%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=0.99±1%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=7.8±2.5%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=1%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=21±1%; β-2n=0.03%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 21,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β- ?; β-n=2%[Estimated]; β-2n=0%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 7,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 26,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β- ?; β-n=30%[Estimated]; β-2n=2%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 7,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 27,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β- ?; β-n=20%[Estimated]; β-2n=0.2%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
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start: 7,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
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string: "β- ?; β-n=10%[Estimated]; β-2n=3%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
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start: 7,
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start: 27,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
}
],
reference: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "PubChem",
description: "Data deposited in or computed by PubChem",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
sourceName: "Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)",
sourceID: "e34",
name: "Se",
description: "The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.",
url: "https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/",
anid: 6590261
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
sourceName: "Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)",
sourceID: "a34",
name: "Selenium",
description: "Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report) and CIAAW. The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/",
url: "http://www.ciaaw.org/selenium.htm",
licenseURL: "http://www.ciaaw.org/bylaws.htm",
anid: 2292415
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
sourceName: "Jefferson Lab, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "jlab34",
name: "Selenium",
description: "Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/",
url: "https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele034.html",
licenseNote: "Please see citation and linking information: https://education.jlab.org/faq/index.html",
licenseURL: "https://www.jlab.org/privacy-and-security-notice",
anid: 507096
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
sourceName: "Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "lanl34",
name: "Selenium",
description: "The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.",
url: "https://periodic.lanl.gov/34.shtml",
anid: 507214
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
sourceName: "NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory",
sourceID: "e34",
name: "Selenium",
description: "The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Elements/elInfo.pl?element=34",
licenseURL: "https://www.nist.gov/pml/database-disclaimer",
anid: 2292651
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
sourceName: "PubChem Elements",
sourceID: "34",
name: "Se",
description: "The element property data was retrieved from publications.",
anid: 7660035
},
{
referenceNumber: 7,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "34",
name: "Selenium",
description: "This section provides all form of data related to element Selenium.",
anid: 694327
}
]
}
},
{
record: {
recordType: "AtomicNumber",
recordNumber: 35,
recordTitle: "Bromine",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01022.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Bromine"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Bromine"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
description: "Element symbol, Also called atomic symbol, typically consists of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet derived from the element name in one of several languages.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Br"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Br"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "InChI=1S/Br"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI Key",
description: "International Chemical Identifier hash (InChIKey) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI Key",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "WKBOTKDWSSQWDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[79.901, 79.907]"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "79.904"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "79.90"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[79.901,79.907]"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[Ar]4s23d104p5",
markup: [
{
start: 6,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 9,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 13,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Electron Configuration",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[Ar]3d10 4s2 4p5",
markup: [
{
start: 6,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 11,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 15,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Radius",
description: "Atomic radius is the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell containing electrons.",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_radius",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
name: "Van der Waals Atomic Radius",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "183 pm (Van der Waals)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Empirical Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"J.C. Slater, J Chem Phys, 1964, 41(10), 3199-3205. DOI:10.1063/1.1725697"
],
value: {
number: [
115
],
unit: "pm (Empirical)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Covalent Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"B. Cordero, V. Gómez, A.E. Platero-Prats, M. Revés, J. Echeverría, E. Cremades, F. Barragán, S. Alvarez, Dalton Trans. 2008, 21, 2832-2838. DOI:10.1039/b801115j PMID:18478144."
],
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "120(3) pm (Covalent)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
description: "Oxidation state gives the degree of oxidation of an atom in terms of counting electrons.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/O/O04365.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "+5, +1, -1"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: ", 5, 4, 3, 1, −1 (a strongly acidic oxide)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ground Level",
description: "Also called ground-state level. The ground state electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom with lower energy levels.",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/ASD/Html/iehelp.html#IEGROUNDLEV",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ground Level",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "2P°3/2",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 3,
length: 3,
type: "Subscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ionization Energy",
description: "Ionization energy is the minimum energy required to eject an electron out of a neutral atom or molecule in its ground state.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/I/I03199.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "11.814 eV"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ionization Energy",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "11.81381 eV"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electronegativity",
description: "The concept electronegativity was introduced by L. Pauling as the power of an atom to attract electrons to itself.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01990",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Pauling Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"A.L. Allred, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 1961, 17(3-4), 215-221. DOI:10.1016/0022-1902(61)80142-5"
],
value: {
number: [
2.96
],
unit: "(Pauling Scale)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Allen Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1989, 111, 9003. DOI:10.1021/ja00207a003; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek and L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 2780. DOI:10.1021/ja992866e; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek, E.T. Knight, J.F. Capitani and L.C Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 5132. DOI:10.1021/ja9928677"
],
value: {
number: [
2.685
],
unit: "(Allen Scale)"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Affinity",
description: "Electron affinity refers to energy required to detach an electron from the singly charged negative ion.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01977",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.T Myers, J. Chem. Edu., 1990, 67(4), 307. DOI:10.1021/ed067p307"
],
value: {
number: [
3.365
],
unit: "eV"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.J. Zollweg, J. Chem. Phys., 1969, 50, 4251. DOI:10.1063/1.1670890"
],
value: {
number: [
3.36
],
unit: "eV"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Spectra",
description: "Atomic and ionic spectral lines originate from specified electronic transitions between energy levels of atoms and ions, respectively.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00502.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/lines_hold.pl?el=Br",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Lines Holdings"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/levels_hold.pl?el=Br",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Levels Holdings"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Physical Description",
description: "Physical description, also know as physical characteristics, refers to physical appearance of element substances.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Liquid"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Classification",
description: "Elements can be classified few groups according to each element's chemical properties.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Non-metal"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Period Number",
description: "The element period number refers to a horizontal row of the periodic table. The periodic table has 7 periods.",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/periodic-table-of-the-elements/The-periodic-table#ref80835",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "4"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Group Number",
description: "Element group refers to a set of chemical elements in the same vertical column of the periodic table",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/group-periodic-table",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "17 - Halogen"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Density",
description: "Density is a degree of consistency measured by the quantity of mass per unit volume",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/D/D01590.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "3.11 grams per cubic centimeter"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Melting Point",
description: "The melting point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from solid to liquid at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/melting-point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "265.95 K (-7.2°C or 19.0°F)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "-7.2°C"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Boiling Point",
description: "Boiling Point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from liquid to gas at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "331.95 K (58.8°C or 137.8°F)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "58.8°C"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Crustal Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in earth crust",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "2.4 milligrams per kilogram"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Oceanic Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in ocean",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "6.73×101 milligrams per liter",
markup: [
{
start: 7,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "History",
description: "Element discovery and related information in history",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "History",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "The name derives from the Greek bromos for \"bad stench\" or \"bad odour\". It was first prepared by the German chemist Carl Löwig in 1825, but it was first publicly announced in 1826 by the French chemist and pharmacist Antoine-Jérôme Balard, and so the discovery is, therefore, credited to him.",
markup: [
{
start: 32,
length: 6,
type: "Italics"
}
]
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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{
string: "89.931292850 ± 0.000003604"
},
{
string: "90.934398618 ± 0.000003804"
},
{
string: "91.939631597 ± 0.000007202"
},
{
string: "91.939631597 ± 0.000007202"
},
{
string: "91.939631597 ± 0.000007202"
},
{
string: "92.943220000 ± 0.0004625"
},
{
string: "93.949114 ± 0.000322 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "93.949114 ± 0.000322 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "94.953010 ± 0.00032 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "94.953010 ± 0.00032 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "95.959030 ± 0.00032 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "95.959030 ± 0.00032 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "96.963440 ± 0.00043 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "97.969672 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Half Life and Uncertainty",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Not-specified"
},
{
string: "Not-specified ± <1.5us"
},
{
string: "<24 ns"
},
{
string: "Not-specified"
},
{
string: "Not-specified"
},
{
string: "79.1 ms ± 0.8"
},
{
string: "2.2 s ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "21.4 s ± 0.6"
},
{
string: "78.6 s ± 2.4"
},
{
string: "10.6 s ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "3.4 m ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "25.4 m ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "46 m ± 2"
},
{
string: "96.7 m ± 1.3"
},
{
string: "16.2 h ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "1.31 s ± 0.02"
},
{
string: "57.04 h ± 0.12"
},
{
string: "4.28 m ± 0.10"
},
{
string: "6.45 m ± 0.04"
},
{
string: "119.4 us ± 1.0"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "4.85 s ± 0.04"
},
{
string: "17.68 m ± 0.02"
},
{
string: "4.420 h ± 0.0008"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "34.6 us ± 2.8"
},
{
string: "35.282 h ± 0.007"
},
{
string: "6.13 m ± 0.05"
},
{
string: "2.374 h ± 0.004"
},
{
string: "729 ns ± 77"
},
{
string: "31.76 m ± 0.08"
},
{
string: "6.0 m ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "<140 ns"
},
{
string: "2.90 m ± 0.06"
},
{
string: "55.1 s ± 0.4"
},
{
string: "55.65 s ± 0.12"
},
{
string: "16.34 s ± 0.08"
},
{
string: "5.51 us ± 0.04"
},
{
string: "4.357 s ± 0.022"
},
{
string: "1.910 s ± 0.010"
},
{
string: "543 ms ± 4"
},
{
string: "0.314 s ± 0.016"
},
{
string: "88 ns ± 8"
},
{
string: "85 ns ± 10"
},
{
string: "152 ms ± 8"
},
{
string: "70 ms ± 20"
},
{
string: "530 ns ± 15"
},
{
string: "50 ms ± >300ns [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "6.8 us ± 1.0"
},
{
string: "20 ms ± >300ns [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "3.0 us ± 0.9"
},
{
string: "10 ms ± >300ns [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "5 ms ± >400ns [Estimated]"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Discovery Year",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: ""
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: "1988"
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: "1978"
},
{
string: "1981"
},
{
string: "1981"
},
{
string: "1970"
},
{
string: "1980"
},
{
string: "1970"
},
{
string: "1952"
},
{
string: "1953"
},
{
string: "1948"
},
{
string: "1952"
},
{
string: "1979"
},
{
string: "1948"
},
{
string: "1961"
},
{
string: "1937"
},
{
string: "1958"
},
{
string: "1920"
},
{
string: "1954"
},
{
string: "1937"
},
{
string: "1937"
},
{
string: "1920"
},
{
string: "1967"
},
{
string: "1937"
},
{
string: "1965"
},
{
string: "1937"
},
{
string: "1989"
},
{
string: "1943"
},
{
string: "1957"
},
{
string: "1970"
},
{
string: "1943"
},
{
string: "1962"
},
{
string: "1943"
},
{
string: "1948"
},
{
string: "1970"
},
{
string: "1959"
},
{
string: "1959"
},
{
string: "1974"
},
{
string: "1974"
},
{
string: "2012"
},
{
string: "2012"
},
{
string: "1981"
},
{
string: "1981"
},
{
string: "2012"
},
{
string: "1997"
},
{
string: "2012"
},
{
string: "1997"
},
{
string: "2012"
},
{
string: "1997"
},
{
string: "2010"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Decay Modes, Intensities and Uncertainties [%]",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "p ?"
},
{
string: "p ?"
},
{
string: "p=100%"
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: "β+=100%; β+p ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=?; IT ?; β+p ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 13,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT≈100%; β+=?",
markup: [
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT>99.4%; β+<0.6%",
markup: [
{
start: 11,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+≈100%; β-<0.01%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IS=50.69±0.7%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=91.7±0.2%; β+=8.3±0.2%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
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start: 15,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IS=49.31±0.7%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
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]
},
{
string: "IT=97.6±0.3%; β-=2.4±0.3%",
markup: [
{
start: 15,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=2.60±0.4%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=6.58±1.8%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=13.8±0.4%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=25.2±0.9%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=19.5±2.6%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=33.1±2.5%; β-2n=0.01%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 25,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=55±1%; β-2n=0.01%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 21,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=68±1.6%; β-2n=3%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 23,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β- ?; β-n=70%[Estimated]; β-2n=0.2%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β- ?; β-n=50%[Estimated]; β-2n=6%[Estimated]",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 7,
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string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β- ?; β-n=90%[Estimated]; β-2n=5%[Estimated]",
markup: [
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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string: "β- ?; β-n=70%[Estimated]; β-2n=20%[Estimated]",
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],
reference: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "PubChem",
description: "Data deposited in or computed by PubChem",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
sourceName: "Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)",
sourceID: "e35",
name: "Br",
description: "The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.",
url: "https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/",
anid: 6590262
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
sourceName: "Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)",
sourceID: "a35",
name: "Bromine",
description: "Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report) and CIAAW. The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/",
url: "http://www.ciaaw.org/bromine.htm",
licenseURL: "http://www.ciaaw.org/bylaws.htm",
anid: 2292416
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
sourceName: "Jefferson Lab, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "jlab35",
name: "Bromine",
description: "Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/",
url: "https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele035.html",
licenseNote: "Please see citation and linking information: https://education.jlab.org/faq/index.html",
licenseURL: "https://www.jlab.org/privacy-and-security-notice",
anid: 507097
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
sourceName: "Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "lanl35",
name: "Bromine",
description: "The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.",
url: "https://periodic.lanl.gov/35.shtml",
anid: 507215
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
sourceName: "NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory",
sourceID: "e35",
name: "Bromine",
description: "The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Elements/elInfo.pl?element=35",
licenseURL: "https://www.nist.gov/pml/database-disclaimer",
anid: 2292652
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
sourceName: "PubChem Elements",
sourceID: "35",
name: "Br",
description: "The element property data was retrieved from publications.",
anid: 7660036
},
{
referenceNumber: 7,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "35",
name: "Bromine",
description: "This section provides all form of data related to element Bromine.",
anid: 694328
}
]
}
},
{
record: {
recordType: "AtomicNumber",
recordNumber: 36,
recordTitle: "Krypton",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01022.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Krypton"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Krypton"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
description: "Element symbol, Also called atomic symbol, typically consists of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet derived from the element name in one of several languages.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Kr"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Kr"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "InChI=1S/Kr"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI Key",
description: "International Chemical Identifier hash (InChIKey) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI Key",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "DNNSSWSSYDEUBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "83.798(2)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "83.798"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "83.79"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "83.798(2)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[Ar]4s23d104p6",
markup: [
{
start: 6,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 9,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 13,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Electron Configuration",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[Ar]3d10 4s2 4p6",
markup: [
{
start: 6,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 11,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 15,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Radius",
description: "Atomic radius is the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell containing electrons.",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_radius",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
name: "Van der Waals Atomic Radius",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "202 pm (Van der Waals)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Covalent Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"B. Cordero, V. Gómez, A.E. Platero-Prats, M. Revés, J. Echeverría, E. Cremades, F. Barragán, S. Alvarez, Dalton Trans. 2008, 21, 2832-2838. DOI:10.1039/b801115j PMID:18478144."
],
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "116(4) pm (Covalent)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
description: "Oxidation state gives the degree of oxidation of an atom in terms of counting electrons.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/O/O04365.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
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referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
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},
{
tocHeading: "Ground Level",
description: "Also called ground-state level. The ground state electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom with lower energy levels.",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/ASD/Html/iehelp.html#IEGROUNDLEV",
information: [
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stringWithMarkup: [
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{
tocHeading: "Ionization Energy",
description: "Ionization energy is the minimum energy required to eject an electron out of a neutral atom or molecule in its ground state.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/I/I03199.html",
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stringWithMarkup: [
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},
{
tocHeading: "Electronegativity",
description: "The concept electronegativity was introduced by L. Pauling as the power of an atom to attract electrons to itself.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01990",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Pauling Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
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],
value: {
number: [
3
],
unit: "(Pauling Scale)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Allen Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1989, 111, 9003. DOI:10.1021/ja00207a003; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek and L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 2780. DOI:10.1021/ja992866e; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek, E.T. Knight, J.F. Capitani and L.C Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 5132. DOI:10.1021/ja9928677"
],
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number: [
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unit: "(Allen Scale)"
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},
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tocHeading: "Electron Affinity",
description: "Electron affinity refers to energy required to detach an electron from the singly charged negative ion.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01977",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.T Myers, J. Chem. Edu., 1990, 67(4), 307. DOI:10.1021/ed067p307"
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value: {
number: [
0
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unit: "eV"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
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],
value: {
number: [
-0.42
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unit: "eV"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Spectra",
description: "Atomic and ionic spectral lines originate from specified electronic transitions between energy levels of atoms and ions, respectively.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00502.html",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 6,
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stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Lines Holdings"
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tocHeading: "Physical Description",
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string: "Gas"
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{
tocHeading: "Element Period Number",
description: "The element period number refers to a horizontal row of the periodic table. The periodic table has 7 periods.",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/periodic-table-of-the-elements/The-periodic-table#ref80835",
information: [
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value: {
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},
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tocHeading: "Element Group Number",
description: "Element group refers to a set of chemical elements in the same vertical column of the periodic table",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/group-periodic-table",
information: [
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value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "18 - Noble Gas"
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{
tocHeading: "Density",
description: "Density is a degree of consistency measured by the quantity of mass per unit volume",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/D/D01590.html",
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},
{
tocHeading: "Melting Point",
description: "The melting point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from solid to liquid at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/melting-point",
information: [
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string: "115.79 K (-157.36°C or -251.25°F)"
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tocHeading: "Boiling Point",
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stringWithMarkup: [
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},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Crustal Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in earth crust",
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}
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tocHeading: "Compounds",
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string: "87.914447881 ± 0.0000028"
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string: "88.917835450 ± 0.0000023"
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string: "89.919527930 ± 0.000002"
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string: "90.923806310 ± 0.0000024"
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string: "91.926173094 ± 0.0000029"
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string: "92.931147174 ± 0.0000027"
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string: "93.934140454 ± 0.000013"
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string: "94.939710923 ± 0.00002"
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string: "94.939710923 ± 0.00002"
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string: "96.949088784 ± 0.00014"
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string: "97.952430 ± 0.00032 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "98.958390 ± 0.00043 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "99.962370 ± 0.00043 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "100.968730 ± 0.00054 [Estimated]"
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string: "118 ns ± 12"
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string: "Stable ± >110Ey"
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string: "50 s ± 3"
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string: "Stable"
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string: "229 ky ± 11"
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string: "13.10 s ± 0.03"
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string: "Stable"
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{
string: "Stable"
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string: "156.8 ns ± 0.5"
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string: "1.830 h ± 0.013"
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string: "Stable"
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{
string: "1.83 us ± 0.04"
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{
string: "10.739 y ± 0.014"
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{
string: "4.480 h ± 0.008"
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string: "1.82 us ± 0.05"
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string: "Stable"
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{
string: "76.3 m ± 0.5"
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{
string: "2.825 h ± 0.019"
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{
string: "3.15 m ± 0.04"
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{
string: "32.32 s ± 0.09"
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string: "114 ms ± 3"
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string: "80 ms ± 8"
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string: "62.2 ms ± 3.2"
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string: "42.8 ms ± 3.6"
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string: "40 ms ± 11"
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reference: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "PubChem",
description: "Data deposited in or computed by PubChem",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
sourceName: "Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)",
sourceID: "e36",
name: "Kr",
description: "The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.",
url: "https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/",
anid: 6590263
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
sourceName: "Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)",
sourceID: "a36",
name: "Krypton",
description: "Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report) and CIAAW. The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/",
url: "http://www.ciaaw.org/krypton.htm",
licenseURL: "http://www.ciaaw.org/bylaws.htm",
anid: 2292417
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{
referenceNumber: 4,
sourceName: "Jefferson Lab, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "jlab36",
name: "Krypton",
description: "Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/",
url: "https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele036.html",
licenseNote: "Please see citation and linking information: https://education.jlab.org/faq/index.html",
licenseURL: "https://www.jlab.org/privacy-and-security-notice",
anid: 507098
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
sourceName: "Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "lanl36",
name: "Krypton",
description: "The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.",
url: "https://periodic.lanl.gov/36.shtml",
anid: 507216
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
sourceName: "NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory",
sourceID: "e36",
name: "Krypton",
description: "The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Elements/elInfo.pl?element=36",
licenseURL: "https://www.nist.gov/pml/database-disclaimer",
anid: 2292653
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
sourceName: "PubChem Elements",
sourceID: "36",
name: "Kr",
description: "The element property data was retrieved from publications.",
anid: 7660037
},
{
referenceNumber: 7,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "36",
name: "Krypton",
description: "This section provides all form of data related to element Krypton.",
anid: 694329
}
]
}
},
{
record: {
recordType: "AtomicNumber",
recordNumber: 37,
recordTitle: "Rubidium",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01022.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Rubidium"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Rubidium"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
description: "Element symbol, Also called atomic symbol, typically consists of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet derived from the element name in one of several languages.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Rb"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Rb"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "InChI=1S/Rb"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI Key",
description: "International Chemical Identifier hash (InChIKey) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI Key",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "IGLNJRXAVVLDKE-UHFFFAOYSA-N"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "85.4678(3)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "85.4678"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "85.47"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "85.4678(3)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "[Kr]5s1",
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Electron Configuration",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[Kr]5s"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Radius",
description: "Atomic radius is the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell containing electrons.",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_radius",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
name: "Van der Waals Atomic Radius",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "303 pm (Van der Waals)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Empirical Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"J.C. Slater, J Chem Phys, 1964, 41(10), 3199-3205. DOI:10.1063/1.1725697"
],
value: {
number: [
235
],
unit: "pm (Empirical)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Covalent Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"B. Cordero, V. Gómez, A.E. Platero-Prats, M. Revés, J. Echeverría, E. Cremades, F. Barragán, S. Alvarez, Dalton Trans. 2008, 21, 2832-2838. DOI:10.1039/b801115j PMID:18478144."
],
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "220(9) pm (Covalent)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
description: "Oxidation state gives the degree of oxidation of an atom in terms of counting electrons.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/O/O04365.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "+1"
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]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "+1, −1 (a strongly basic oxide)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ground Level",
description: "Also called ground-state level. The ground state electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom with lower energy levels.",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/ASD/Html/iehelp.html#IEGROUNDLEV",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ground Level",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "2S1/2",
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type: "Superscript"
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length: 3,
type: "Subscript"
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]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ionization Energy",
description: "Ionization energy is the minimum energy required to eject an electron out of a neutral atom or molecule in its ground state.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/I/I03199.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "4.177 eV"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ionization Energy",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "4.1771281 eV"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electronegativity",
description: "The concept electronegativity was introduced by L. Pauling as the power of an atom to attract electrons to itself.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01990",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Pauling Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"A.L. Allred, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 1961, 17(3-4), 215-221. DOI:10.1016/0022-1902(61)80142-5"
],
value: {
number: [
0.82
],
unit: "(Pauling Scale)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Allen Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1989, 111, 9003. DOI:10.1021/ja00207a003; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek and L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 2780. DOI:10.1021/ja992866e; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek, E.T. Knight, J.F. Capitani and L.C Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 5132. DOI:10.1021/ja9928677"
],
value: {
number: [
0.706
],
unit: "(Allen Scale)"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Affinity",
description: "Electron affinity refers to energy required to detach an electron from the singly charged negative ion.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01977",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.T Myers, J. Chem. Edu., 1990, 67(4), 307. DOI:10.1021/ed067p307"
],
value: {
number: [
0.468
],
unit: "eV"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.J. Zollweg, J. Chem. Phys., 1969, 50, 4251. DOI:10.1063/1.1670890"
],
value: {
number: [
0.42
],
unit: "eV"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Spectra",
description: "Atomic and ionic spectral lines originate from specified electronic transitions between energy levels of atoms and ions, respectively.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00502.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/lines_hold.pl?el=Rb",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Lines Holdings"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/levels_hold.pl?el=Rb",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Levels Holdings"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Physical Description",
description: "Physical description, also know as physical characteristics, refers to physical appearance of element substances.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Solid"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Classification",
description: "Elements can be classified few groups according to each element's chemical properties.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Metal"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Period Number",
description: "The element period number refers to a horizontal row of the periodic table. The periodic table has 7 periods.",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/periodic-table-of-the-elements/The-periodic-table#ref80835",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "5"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Group Number",
description: "Element group refers to a set of chemical elements in the same vertical column of the periodic table",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/group-periodic-table",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1 - Alkali Metal"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Density",
description: "Density is a degree of consistency measured by the quantity of mass per unit volume",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/D/D01590.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1.53 grams per cubic centimeter"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Melting Point",
description: "The melting point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from solid to liquid at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/melting-point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "312.46 K (39.31°C or 102.76°F)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "39.3°C"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Boiling Point",
description: "Boiling Point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from liquid to gas at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "961 K (688°C or 1270°F)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "688°C"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Crustal Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in earth crust",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "9.0×101 milligrams per kilogram",
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}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Oceanic Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in ocean",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1.2×10-1 milligrams per liter",
markup: [
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start: 6,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
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]
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "History",
description: "Element discovery and related information in history",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "History",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "The name derives from the Latin rubidus for \"deepest red\" because of the two deep red lines in its spectra. Rubidium was discovered in the mineral lepidolite by the German chemist Robert Wilhelm Bunsen and the German physicist Gustav-Robert Kirchoff in 1861. Bunsen isolated rubidium in 1863.",
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},
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Rubidium was discovered by the German chemists Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff in 1861 while analyzing samples of the mineral lepidolite (KLi2Al(Al, Si)3O10(F, OH)2) with a device called a spectroscope. The sample produced a set of deep red spectral lines they had never seen before. Bunsen was eventually able to isolate samples of rubidium metal. Today, most rubidium is obtained as a byproduct of refining lithium.",
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value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "From the Latin word rubidus, deepest red. Discovered in 1861 by Bunsen and Kirchoff in the mineral lepidolite by use of the spectroscope."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Description",
description: "Description about this element",
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referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Rubidium can be liquid at room temperature. It is a soft, silvery-white metallic element of the alkali group and is the second most electropositive and alkaline element. It ignites spontaneously in air and reacts violently in water, setting fire to the liberated hydrogen. As with other alkali metals, it forms amalgams with mercury and it alloys with gold, cesium, sodium, and potassium. It colors a flame yellowish violet. Rubidium metal can be prepared by reducing rubidium chloride with calcium, and by a number of other methods. It must be kept under a dry mineral oil or in a vacuum or inert atmosphere."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Uses",
description: "Uses information in industry and other fields",
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Rubidium is used in vacuum tubes as a getter, a material that combines with and removes trace gases from vacuum tubes. It is also used in the manufacture of photocells and in special glasses. Since it is easily ionized, it might be used as a propellant in ion engines on spacecraft. Recent discoveries of large deposits of rubidium suggest that its usefulness will increase as its properties become better understood."
},
{
string: "Rubidium forms a large number of compounds, although none of them has any significant commercial application. Some of the common rubidium compounds are: rubidium chloride (RbCl), rubidium monoxide (Rb2O) and rubidium copper sulfate Rb2SO4·CuSO4·6H20). A compound of rubidium, silver and iodine, RbAg4I5, has interesting electrical characteristics and might be useful in thin film batteries.",
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type: "Subscript"
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value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Because rubidium can be easily ionized, it has been considered for use in \"ion engines\" for space vehicles; however, cesium is somewhat more efficient for this purpose. It is also proposed for use as a working fluid for vapor turbines and for use in a thermoelectric generator using the magnetohydrodynamic principle where rubidium ions are formed by heat at high temperature and passed through a magnetic field. These conduct electricity and act like an amature of a generator thereby generating an electric current. Rubidium is used as a getter in vacuum tubes and as a photocell component. It has been used in making special glasses. RbAg4I5 is important, as it has the highest room conductivity of any known ionic crystal. At 20°C its conductivity is about the same as dilute sulfuric acid. This suggests use in thin film batteries and other applications.",
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},
{
tocHeading: "Sources",
description: "Sources (where the element come from) information for the given element",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "The element is much more abundant than was thought several years ago. It is now considered to be the 16th most abundant element in the earth's crust. Rubidium occurs in pollucite, leucite, and zinnwaldite, which contains traces up to 1%, in the form of the oxide. It is found in lepidolite to the extent of about 1.5%, and is recovered commercially from this source. Potassium minerals, such as those found at Searles Lake, California, and potassium chloride recovered from the brines in Michigan also contain the element and are commercial sources. It is also found along with cesium in the extensive deposits of pollucite at Bernic Lake, Manitoba."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Compounds",
description: "Related compounds information to this element",
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referenceNumber: 7,
name: "Compounds",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Rubidium",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "See more information at the Rubidium compound page."
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]
}
}
],
section: [
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{
string: "rubidium-82(1+)"
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{
string: "rubidium-86(1+)"
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{
string: "rubidium-81(1+)"
},
{
string: "rubidium-85"
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string: "rubidium-80"
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{
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{
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{
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},
{
string: "[89Rb]"
},
{
string: "[88Rb]"
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{
string: "[84Rb]"
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{
string: "[83Rb]"
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{
string: "[81Rb]"
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{
string: "86.909"
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{
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{
string: "87.911"
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{
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{
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{
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string: "80.919"
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{
string: "84.912"
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{
string: "79.923"
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}
}
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}
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{
tocHeading: "Isotopes",
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string: "1"
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type: "Subscript"
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start: 392,
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{
tocHeading: "Isotope Mass and Abundance",
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{
tocHeading: "Atomic Mass, Half Life, and Decay",
description: "This section provides the information from the Nubase2016. The number after the ± refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton. The '?' refers to 'not determined or qualified'. For further explainations, click read more below.",
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{
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{
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{
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{
string: "74Rb",
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{
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{
string: "75Rb",
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{
start: 0,
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},
{
string: "76Rb",
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{
start: 0,
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{
string: "76Rbm",
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{
string: "77Rb",
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{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "78Rb",
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{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "78Rbm",
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{
start: 0,
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{
start: 4,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
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{
string: "79Rb",
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{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "80Rb",
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{
start: 0,
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type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "80Rbm",
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start: 4,
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{
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{
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{
string: "82Rb",
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{
string: "82Rbm",
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{
string: "83Rb",
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{
start: 0,
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{
string: "83Rbm",
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{
start: 0,
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start: 4,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "84Rb",
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start: 0,
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},
{
string: "84Rbm",
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start: 0,
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start: 4,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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string: "85Rb",
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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string: "70.965582 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]"
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string: "70.965582 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "71.958851 ± 0.000537 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "71.958851 ± 0.000537 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "72.950529 ± 0.000215 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "72.950529 ± 0.000215 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "73.944265868 ± 0.000003249"
},
{
string: "74.938573201 ± 0.000001266"
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{
string: "75.935073032 ± 0.000001006"
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{
string: "75.935073032 ± 0.000001006"
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{
string: "76.930401600 ± 0.0000014"
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{
string: "77.928141868 ± 0.000003475"
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{
string: "77.928141868 ± 0.000003475"
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{
string: "77.928141868 ± 0.000003475"
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{
string: "77.928141868 ± 0.000003475"
},
{
string: "78.923989864 ± 0.0000023"
},
{
string: "79.922516444 ± 0.000002"
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{
string: "79.922516444 ± 0.000002"
},
{
string: "80.918993927 ± 0.000005264"
},
{
string: "80.918993927 ± 0.000005264"
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{
string: "81.918209024 ± 0.00000323"
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{
string: "81.918209024 ± 0.00000323"
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{
string: "82.915114182 ± 0.0000025"
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{
string: "82.915114182 ± 0.0000025"
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{
string: "83.914375225 ± 0.000002355"
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{
string: "83.914375225 ± 0.000002355"
},
{
string: "84.91178973760 ± 0.00000000534"
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{
string: "84.91178973760 ± 0.00000000534"
},
{
string: "85.911167443 ± 0.000000214"
},
{
string: "85.911167443 ± 0.000000214"
},
{
string: "86.909180531 ± 0.000000006"
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{
string: "87.911315591 ± 0.000000171"
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{
string: "87.911315591 ± 0.000000171"
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{
string: "88.912278137 ± 0.000005825"
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{
string: "89.914798803 ± 0.00000696"
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{
string: "89.914798803 ± 0.00000696"
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{
string: "89.914798803 ± 0.00000696"
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{
string: "90.916537265 ± 0.000008375"
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{
string: "91.919728481 ± 0.000006573"
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{
string: "92.922039325 ± 0.000008406"
},
{
string: "92.922039325 ± 0.000008406"
},
{
string: "92.922039325 ± 0.000008406"
},
{
string: "93.926394818 ± 0.000002177"
},
{
string: "93.926394818 ± 0.000002177"
},
{
string: "94.929262568 ± 0.000021734"
},
{
string: "94.929262568 ± 0.000021734"
},
{
string: "95.934133393 ± 0.000003599"
},
{
string: "95.934133393 ± 0.000003599"
},
{
string: "95.934133393 ± 0.000003599"
},
{
string: "96.937177118 ± 0.000002052"
},
{
string: "96.937177118 ± 0.000002052"
},
{
string: "97.941632317 ± 0.000017265"
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{
string: "97.941632317 ± 0.000017265"
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{
string: "97.941632317 ± 0.000017265"
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{
string: "98.945119192 ± 0.000004327"
},
{
string: "99.950351731 ± 0.000021"
},
{
string: "100.954004 ± 0.000215 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "101.959520 ± 0.00032 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "102.963920 ± 0.00043 [Estimated]"
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{
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string: "Not-specified ± <1.5us"
},
{
string: "Not-specified"
},
{
string: "Not-specified ± <30ns"
},
{
string: "Not-specified"
},
{
string: "64.776 ms ± 0.030"
},
{
string: "19.0 s ± 1.2"
},
{
string: "36.5 s ± 0.6"
},
{
string: "3.050 us ± 0.007"
},
{
string: "3.78 m ± 0.04"
},
{
string: "17.66 m ± 0.03"
},
{
string: "910 ns ± 40"
},
{
string: "5.74 m ± 0.03"
},
{
string: "R=2.0~0."
},
{
string: "22.9 m ± 0.5"
},
{
string: "33.4 s ± 0.7"
},
{
string: "1.63 us ± 0.04"
},
{
string: "4.572 h ± 0.004"
},
{
string: "30.5 m ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "1.273 m ± 0.002"
},
{
string: "6.472 h ± 0.006"
},
{
string: "86.2 d ± 0.1"
},
{
string: "7.8 ms ± 0.7"
},
{
string: "32.82 d ± 0.07"
},
{
string: "20.26 m ± 0.04"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "1.015 us ± 0.001"
},
{
string: "18.642 d ± 0.018"
},
{
string: "1.017 m ± 0.003"
},
{
string: "49.7 Gy ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "17.773 m ± 0.018"
},
{
string: "123 ns ± 13"
},
{
string: "15.32 m ± 0.10"
},
{
string: "158 s ± 5"
},
{
string: "258 s ± 4"
},
{
string: "R=2 ~ ~"
},
{
string: "58.2 s ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "4.48 s ± 0.03"
},
{
string: "5.84 s ± 0.02"
},
{
string: "111 ns ± 11"
},
{
string: "<0.5 ns"
},
{
string: "2.702 s ± 0.005"
},
{
string: "107 ns ± 16"
},
{
string: "377.7 ms ± 0.8"
},
{
string: "<500 ns"
},
{
string: "201 ms ± 1"
},
{
string: "200 ms ± >1ms [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "1.80 us ± 0.04"
},
{
string: "169.1 ms ± 0.6"
},
{
string: "5.7 us ± 0.6"
},
{
string: "114 ms ± 5"
},
{
string: "96 ms ± 3"
},
{
string: "358 ns ± 7"
},
{
string: "56.4 ms ± 1.2"
},
{
string: "48 ms ± 3"
},
{
string: "31.8 ms ± 3.3"
},
{
string: "37 ms ± 3"
},
{
string: "26 ms ± 11"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Discovery Year",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: ""
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: "1977"
},
{
string: "1975"
},
{
string: "1969"
},
{
string: "1986"
},
{
string: "1972"
},
{
string: "1968"
},
{
string: "1996"
},
{
string: "1968"
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: "1957"
},
{
string: "1961"
},
{
string: "1980"
},
{
string: "1949"
},
{
string: "1956"
},
{
string: "1949"
},
{
string: "1957"
},
{
string: "1950"
},
{
string: "1968"
},
{
string: "1947"
},
{
string: "1940"
},
{
string: "1921"
},
{
string: "1964"
},
{
string: "1941"
},
{
string: "1951"
},
{
string: "1921"
},
{
string: "1939"
},
{
string: "2000"
},
{
string: "1940"
},
{
string: "1951"
},
{
string: "1967"
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: "1951"
},
{
string: "1960"
},
{
string: "1960"
},
{
string: "2010"
},
{
string: "1970"
},
{
string: "1961"
},
{
string: "2008"
},
{
string: "1967"
},
{
string: "2009"
},
{
string: "1967"
},
{
string: "1981"
},
{
string: "1999"
},
{
string: "1969"
},
{
string: "2012"
},
{
string: "1971"
},
{
string: "1980"
},
{
string: "2009"
},
{
string: "1971"
},
{
string: "1978"
},
{
string: "1992"
},
{
string: "1995"
},
{
string: "2010"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Decay Modes, Intensities and Uncertainties [%]",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "p ?"
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: "p ?"
},
{
string: "p ?"
},
{
string: "p ?"
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: "β+=100%; β+p ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%; β+α=3.8e-7±1%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=91±0.2%; IT=9±0.2%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=97.6±0.6%; β+=2.4±0.6%",
markup: [
{
start: 15,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+≈100%; IT<0.33%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "ε=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=96.1±2%; β-=3.9±2%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 13,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "IT≈100%; β+<0.0012%",
markup: [
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "IS=72.17±0.2%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-≈100%; ε=0.0052±0.5%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT≈100%; β-<0.3%",
markup: [
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IS=27.83±0.2%; β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 16,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=97.4±0.4%; IT=2.6±0.4%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=0%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=0.0107±0.5%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=1.39±0.7%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=10.5±0.4%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=8.7±0.3%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=13.3±0.7%; β-2n=0.02%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 25,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β- ?; IT ?; β-n=10%[Estimated]; β-2n=0.02%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
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start: 13,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 33,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=25.5±0.9%; β-2n=0%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 25,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=13.8±0.6%; β-2n=0.051±0.7%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=10%[Estimated]; β-2n=0.05%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=15.8±2.4%; β-2n=0.01%[Estimated]",
markup: [
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=6±0.3%; β-2n=0.16±0.8%",
markup: [
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},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 22,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=28±0.4%; β-2n=0.3[Estimated] ?",
markup: [
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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type: "Superscript"
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},
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string: "β-=100%; β-n=65±2.2%; β-2n=2%[Estimated]",
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type: "Superscript"
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string: "β-=100%; β-n=50%[Estimated]; β-2n=2%[Estimated]",
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],
reference: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "PubChem",
description: "Data deposited in or computed by PubChem",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
sourceName: "Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)",
sourceID: "e37",
name: "Rb",
description: "The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.",
url: "https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/",
anid: 6590264
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
sourceName: "Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)",
sourceID: "a37",
name: "Rubidium",
description: "Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report) and CIAAW. The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/",
url: "http://www.ciaaw.org/rubidium.htm",
licenseURL: "http://www.ciaaw.org/bylaws.htm",
anid: 2292418
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
sourceName: "Jefferson Lab, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "jlab37",
name: "Rubidium",
description: "Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/",
url: "https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele037.html",
licenseNote: "Please see citation and linking information: https://education.jlab.org/faq/index.html",
licenseURL: "https://www.jlab.org/privacy-and-security-notice",
anid: 507099
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
sourceName: "Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "lanl37",
name: "Rubidium",
description: "The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.",
url: "https://periodic.lanl.gov/37.shtml",
anid: 507217
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
sourceName: "NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory",
sourceID: "e37",
name: "Rubidium",
description: "The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Elements/elInfo.pl?element=37",
licenseURL: "https://www.nist.gov/pml/database-disclaimer",
anid: 2292654
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
sourceName: "PubChem Elements",
sourceID: "37",
name: "Rb",
description: "The element property data was retrieved from publications.",
anid: 7660038
},
{
referenceNumber: 7,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "37",
name: "Rubidium",
description: "This section provides all form of data related to element Rubidium.",
anid: 694330
}
]
}
},
{
record: {
recordType: "AtomicNumber",
recordNumber: 4,
recordTitle: "Beryllium",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01022.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Beryllium"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Beryllium"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
description: "Element symbol, Also called atomic symbol, typically consists of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet derived from the element name in one of several languages.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Be"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Be"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "InChI=1S/Be"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI Key",
description: "International Chemical Identifier hash (InChIKey) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI Key",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "ATBAMAFKBVZNFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "9.012 1831(5)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "9.0121831"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "9.012"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "9.0121831(5)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[He]2s2 ",
markup: [
{
start: 6,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Electron Configuration",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1s2 2s2",
markup: [
{
start: 2,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 6,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Radius",
description: "Atomic radius is the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell containing electrons.",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_radius",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
name: "Van der Waals Atomic Radius",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "153 pm (Van der Waals)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Empirical Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"J.C. Slater, J Chem Phys, 1964, 41(10), 3199-3205. DOI:10.1063/1.1725697"
],
value: {
number: [
105
],
unit: "pm (Empirical)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Covalent Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"B. Cordero, V. Gómez, A.E. Platero-Prats, M. Revés, J. Echeverría, E. Cremades, F. Barragán, S. Alvarez, Dalton Trans. 2008, 21, 2832-2838. DOI:10.1039/b801115j PMID:18478144."
],
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "96(3) pm (Covalent)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
description: "Oxidation state gives the degree of oxidation of an atom in terms of counting electrons.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/O/O04365.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "+2"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "+2, +1 (an amphoteric oxide)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ground Level",
description: "Also called ground-state level. The ground state electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom with lower energy levels.",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/ASD/Html/iehelp.html#IEGROUNDLEV",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ground Level",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1S0",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 2,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ionization Energy",
description: "Ionization energy is the minimum energy required to eject an electron out of a neutral atom or molecule in its ground state.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/I/I03199.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "9.323 eV"
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]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ionization Energy",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "9.322699 eV"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electronegativity",
description: "The concept electronegativity was introduced by L. Pauling as the power of an atom to attract electrons to itself.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01990",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Pauling Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"A.L. Allred, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 1961, 17(3-4), 215-221. DOI:10.1016/0022-1902(61)80142-5"
],
value: {
number: [
1.57
],
unit: "(Pauling Scale)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Allen Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1989, 111, 9003. DOI:10.1021/ja00207a003; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek and L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 2780. DOI:10.1021/ja992866e; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek, E.T. Knight, J.F. Capitani and L.C Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 5132. DOI:10.1021/ja9928677"
],
value: {
number: [
1.576
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unit: "(Allen Scale)"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Affinity",
description: "Electron affinity refers to energy required to detach an electron from the singly charged negative ion.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01977",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.T Myers, J. Chem. Edu., 1990, 67(4), 307. DOI:10.1021/ed067p307"
],
value: {
number: [
0
],
unit: "eV"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.J. Zollweg, J. Chem. Phys., 1969, 50, 4251. DOI:10.1063/1.1670890"
],
value: {
number: [
0.38
],
unit: "eV"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Spectra",
description: "Atomic and ionic spectral lines originate from specified electronic transitions between energy levels of atoms and ions, respectively.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00502.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/lines_hold.pl?el=Be",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Lines Holdings"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/levels_hold.pl?el=Be",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Levels Holdings"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Physical Description",
description: "Physical description, also know as physical characteristics, refers to physical appearance of element substances.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Solid"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Classification",
description: "Elements can be classified few groups according to each element's chemical properties.",
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value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Metal"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Period Number",
description: "The element period number refers to a horizontal row of the periodic table. The periodic table has 7 periods.",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/periodic-table-of-the-elements/The-periodic-table#ref80835",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "2"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Group Number",
description: "Element group refers to a set of chemical elements in the same vertical column of the periodic table",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/group-periodic-table",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "2 - Alkaline Earth Metal"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Density",
description: "Density is a degree of consistency measured by the quantity of mass per unit volume",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/D/D01590.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "1.85 grams per cubic centimeter"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Melting Point",
description: "The melting point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from solid to liquid at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/melting-point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1560 K (1287°C or 2349°F)"
}
]
}
},
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referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "1287°C"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Boiling Point",
description: "Boiling Point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from liquid to gas at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "2744 K (2471°C or 4480°F)"
}
]
}
},
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referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "2469°C"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Crustal Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in earth crust",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "2.8 milligrams per kilogram"
}
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}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Oceanic Abundance",
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value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "5.6×10-6 milligrams per liter",
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tocHeading: "History",
description: "Element discovery and related information in history",
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name: "History",
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string: "Beryllium was discovered by the French chemist and pharmacist Nicholas-Louis Vauquelin in beryl and emerald in 1797. The element was first separated in 1828 by the French chemist Antoine-Alexandre-Brutus Bussy and independently by the German chemist Friedrich Wöhler. Because the salts of beryllium have a sweet taste, the element was also known as glucinium from the Greek glykys for \"sweet\", until IUPAC selected the name beryllium in 1949.",
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string: "Although emeralds and beryl were known to ancient civilizations, they were first recognized as the same mineral (Be3Al2(SiO3)6) by Abbé Haüy in 1798. Later that year, Louis-Nicholas Vauquelin, a French chemist, discovered that an element was present in emeralds and beryl. Attempts to isolate the new element finally succeeded in 1828 when two chemists, Friedrich Wölhler of Germany and A. Bussy of France, independently produced beryllium by reducing beryllium chloride (BeCl2) with potassium in a platinum crucible. Today, beryllium is primarily obtained from the minerals beryl (Be3Al2(SiO3)6) and bertrandite (4BeO·2SiO2·H2O) through a chemical process or through the electrolysis of a mixture of molten beryllium chloride (BeCl2) and sodium chloride (NaCl).",
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type: "Subscript"
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type: "Subscript"
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string: "From the Greek word beryllos, beryl; also called glucinium or glucinum, Greek glykys, sweet. Discovered in the oxide form by Vauquelin in both beryl and emeralds in 1798. The metal was isolated in 1828 by Wohler and by Bussy independently by the action of potassium on beryllium chloride."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Description",
description: "Description about this element",
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string: "The metal, steel gray in color, has many desirable properties. As one of the lightest of all metals, it has one of the highest melting points of the light metals. Its modulus of elasticity is about one third greater than that of steel. It resists attack by concentrated nitric acid, has excellent thermal conductivity, and is nonmagnetic. It has a high permeability to X-rays and when bombarded by alpha particles, as from radium or polonium, neutrons are produced in the amount of about 30 neutrons/million alpha particles."
},
{
string: "At ordinary temperatures, beryllium resists oxidation in air, although its ability to scratch glass is probably due to the formation of a thin layer of the oxide."
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]
}
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{
tocHeading: "Uses",
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string: "Beryllium is relatively transparent to X-rays and is used to make windows for X-ray tubes. When exposed to alpha particles, such as those emitted by radium or polonium, beryllium emits neutrons and is used as a neutron source. Beryllium is also used as a moderator in nuclear reactors."
},
{
string: "Beryllium is alloyed with copper (2% beryllium, 98% copper) to form a wear resistant material, known as beryllium bronze, used in gyroscopes and other devices where wear resistance is important. Beryllium is alloyed with nickel (2% beryllium, 98% nickel) to make springs, spot-welding electrodes and non-sparking tools. Other beryllium alloys are used in the windshield, brake disks and other structural components of the space shuttle."
},
{
string: "Beryllium oxide (BeO), a compound of beryllium, is used in the nuclear industry and in ceramics."
},
{
string: "Beryllium was once known as glucinum, which means sweet, since beryllium and many of its compounds have a sugary taste. Unfortunately for the chemists that discovered this particular property, beryllium and many of its compounds are poisonous and should never be tasted or ingested."
}
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string: "Beryllium is used as an alloying agent in producing beryllium copper, which is extensively used for springs, electrical contacts, spot-welding electrodes, and non-sparking tools. It is applied as a structural material for high-speed aircraft, missiles, spacecraft, and communication satellites. Other uses include windshield frame, brake discs, support beams, and other structural components of the space shuttle."
},
{
string: "Because beryllium is relatively transparent to X-rays, ultra-thin Be-foil is finding use in X-ray lithography for reproduction of micro-miniature integrated circuits."
},
{
string: "Beryllium is used in nuclear reactors as a reflector or moderator for it has a low thermal neutron absorption cross section."
},
{
string: "It is used in gyroscopes, computer parts, and instruments where lightness, stiffness, and dimensional stability are required. The oxide has a very high melting point and is also used in nuclear work and ceramic applications."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Sources",
description: "Sources (where the element come from) information for the given element",
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value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Beryllium is found in some 30 mineral species, the most important of which are bertrandite, beryl, chrysoberyl, and phenacite. Aquamarine and emerald are precious forms of beryl. Beryl and bertrandite are the most important commercial sources of the element and its compounds. Most of the metal is now prepared by reducing beryllium fluoride with magnesium metal. Beryllium metal did not become readily available to industry until 1957."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Compounds",
description: "Related compounds information to this element",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 7,
name: "Compounds",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Beryllium",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "See more information at the Beryllium compound page."
}
]
}
}
],
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{
tocHeading: "Handling and Storage",
description: "Handling and Storage information",
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}
]
}
}
]
},
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stringWithMarkup: [
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}
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tocHeading: "Isotope Mass and Abundance",
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name: "Nuclide",
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{
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type: "Superscript"
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{
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},
{
string: "12Be",
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type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "12Bem",
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{
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},
{
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},
{
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},
{
string: "8.005305102 ± 0.000000037"
},
{
string: "9.012183066 ± 0.000000082"
},
{
string: "10.013534695 ± 0.000000086"
},
{
string: "11.021661081 ± 0.000000255"
},
{
string: "12.026922083 ± 0.000002048"
},
{
string: "12.026922083 ± 0.000002048"
},
{
string: "13.036134507 ± 0.000010929"
},
{
string: "13.036134507 ± 0.000010929"
},
{
string: "14.042892920 ± 0.00014197"
},
{
string: "14.042892920 ± 0.00014197"
},
{
string: "15.053490215 ± 0.00017799"
},
{
string: "16.061672036 ± 0.00017799"
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stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Not-specified"
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{
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{
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},
{
string: "81.9 as ± 3.7"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "1.51 My ± 0.04"
},
{
string: "13.76 s ± 0.07"
},
{
string: "21.50 ms ± 0.04"
},
{
string: "229 ns ± 8"
},
{
string: "1.0 zs ± 0.7"
},
{
string: "Not-specified"
},
{
string: "4.35 ms ± 0.17"
},
{
string: "Not-specified"
},
{
string: "790 ys ± 270"
},
{
string: "650 ys ± 130"
}
]
}
},
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value: {
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},
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{
string: "1932"
},
{
string: "1921"
},
{
string: "1935"
},
{
string: "1958"
},
{
string: "1966"
},
{
string: "2007"
},
{
string: "1983"
},
{
string: "1992"
},
{
string: "1973"
},
{
string: "1995"
},
{
string: "2013"
},
{
string: "2012"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Decay Modes, Intensities and Uncertainties [%]",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "p ?"
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{
string: "2p=100%"
},
{
string: "ε=100%"
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{
string: "α=100%"
},
{
string: "IS=100."
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-α=2.9±0.4%; β-p=0.00083±0.9%; β-n ?",
markup: [
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "n ?"
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=98±0.2%; β-2n=0.8±0.8%; β-3n=0.2±0.2%; β-t=0.02±0.1%; β-α<0.004%",
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],
reference: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "PubChem",
description: "Data deposited in or computed by PubChem",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
sourceName: "Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)",
sourceID: "e4",
name: "Be",
description: "The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.",
url: "https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/",
anid: 6590231
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
sourceName: "Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)",
sourceID: "a4",
name: "Beryllium",
description: "Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report) and CIAAW. The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/",
url: "http://www.ciaaw.org/beryllium.htm",
licenseURL: "http://www.ciaaw.org/bylaws.htm",
anid: 2292385
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{
referenceNumber: 4,
sourceName: "Jefferson Lab, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "jlab4",
name: "Beryllium",
description: "Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/",
url: "https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele004.html",
licenseNote: "Please see citation and linking information: https://education.jlab.org/faq/index.html",
licenseURL: "https://www.jlab.org/privacy-and-security-notice",
anid: 507066
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{
referenceNumber: 5,
sourceName: "Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "lanl4",
name: "Beryllium",
description: "The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.",
url: "https://periodic.lanl.gov/4.shtml",
anid: 507184
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
sourceName: "NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory",
sourceID: "e4",
name: "Beryllium",
description: "The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Elements/elInfo.pl?element=4",
licenseURL: "https://www.nist.gov/pml/database-disclaimer",
anid: 2292621
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
sourceName: "PubChem Elements",
sourceID: "4",
name: "Be",
description: "The element property data was retrieved from publications.",
anid: 7660005
},
{
referenceNumber: 7,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "4",
name: "Beryllium",
description: "This section provides all form of data related to element Beryllium.",
anid: 694297
}
]
}
},
{
record: {
recordType: "AtomicNumber",
recordNumber: 5,
recordTitle: "Boron",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01022.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Boron"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Boron"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
description: "Element symbol, Also called atomic symbol, typically consists of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet derived from the element name in one of several languages.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "B"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "B"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "InChI=1S/B"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI Key",
description: "International Chemical Identifier hash (InChIKey) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI Key",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[10.806, 10.821]"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "10.811"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "10.81"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[10.806,10.821]"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "[He]2s22p1",
markup: [
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 9,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Electron Configuration",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1s2 2s2 2p",
markup: [
{
start: 2,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 6,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Radius",
description: "Atomic radius is the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell containing electrons.",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_radius",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
name: "Van der Waals Atomic Radius",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "192 pm (Van der Waals)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Empirical Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"J.C. Slater, J Chem Phys, 1964, 41(10), 3199-3205. DOI:10.1063/1.1725697"
],
value: {
number: [
85
],
unit: "pm (Empirical)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Covalent Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"B. Cordero, V. Gómez, A.E. Platero-Prats, M. Revés, J. Echeverría, E. Cremades, F. Barragán, S. Alvarez, Dalton Trans. 2008, 21, 2832-2838. DOI:10.1039/b801115j PMID:18478144."
],
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "84(3) pm (Covalent)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
description: "Oxidation state gives the degree of oxidation of an atom in terms of counting electrons.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/O/O04365.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "+3"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "3, 2, 1, −1, −5 (a mildly acidic oxide)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ground Level",
description: "Also called ground-state level. The ground state electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom with lower energy levels.",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/ASD/Html/iehelp.html#IEGROUNDLEV",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ground Level",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "2P°1/2",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 3,
length: 3,
type: "Subscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ionization Energy",
description: "Ionization energy is the minimum energy required to eject an electron out of a neutral atom or molecule in its ground state.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/I/I03199.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "8.298 eV"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ionization Energy",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "8.298019 eV"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electronegativity",
description: "The concept electronegativity was introduced by L. Pauling as the power of an atom to attract electrons to itself.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01990",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Pauling Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"A.L. Allred, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 1961, 17(3-4), 215-221. DOI:10.1016/0022-1902(61)80142-5"
],
value: {
number: [
2.04
],
unit: "(Pauling Scale)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Allen Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1989, 111, 9003. DOI:10.1021/ja00207a003; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek and L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 2780. DOI:10.1021/ja992866e; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek, E.T. Knight, J.F. Capitani and L.C Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 5132. DOI:10.1021/ja9928677"
],
value: {
number: [
2.051
],
unit: "(Allen Scale)"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Affinity",
description: "Electron affinity refers to energy required to detach an electron from the singly charged negative ion.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01977",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.T Myers, J. Chem. Edu., 1990, 67(4), 307. DOI:10.1021/ed067p307"
],
value: {
number: [
0.277
],
unit: "eV"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.J. Zollweg, J. Chem. Phys., 1969, 50, 4251. DOI:10.1063/1.1670890"
],
value: {
number: [
0.18
],
unit: "eV"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Spectra",
description: "Atomic and ionic spectral lines originate from specified electronic transitions between energy levels of atoms and ions, respectively.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00502.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/lines_hold.pl?el=B",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Lines Holdings"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/levels_hold.pl?el=B",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Levels Holdings"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Physical Description",
description: "Physical description, also know as physical characteristics, refers to physical appearance of element substances.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Solid"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Classification",
description: "Elements can be classified few groups according to each element's chemical properties.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Semi-metal"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Period Number",
description: "The element period number refers to a horizontal row of the periodic table. The periodic table has 7 periods.",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/periodic-table-of-the-elements/The-periodic-table#ref80835",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "2"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Group Number",
description: "Element group refers to a set of chemical elements in the same vertical column of the periodic table",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/group-periodic-table",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "13"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Density",
description: "Density is a degree of consistency measured by the quantity of mass per unit volume",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/D/D01590.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "2.37 grams per cubic centimeter"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Melting Point",
description: "The melting point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from solid to liquid at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/melting-point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "2348 K (2075°C or 3767°F)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "2076°C"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Boiling Point",
description: "Boiling Point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from liquid to gas at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "4273 K (4000°C or 7232°F)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "3927°C"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Crustal Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in earth crust",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1.0×101 milligrams per kilogram",
markup: [
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start: 6,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Oceanic Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in ocean",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "4.44 milligrams per liter"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "History",
description: "Element discovery and related information in history",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "History",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "The name derives from the Arabic buraq for \"white\". Although its compounds were known for thousands of years, it was not isolated until 1808 by the French chemists Louis-Joseph Gay-Lussac and Louis-Jacques Thenard.",
markup: [
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start: 33,
length: 5,
type: "Italics"
}
]
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Boron was discovered by Joseph-Louis Gay-Lussac and Louis-Jaques Thénard, French chemists, and independently by Sir Humphry Davy, an English chemist, in 1808. They all isolated boron by combining boric acid (H3BO3) with potassium. Today, boron is obtained by heating borax (Na2B4O7·10H2O) with carbon, although other methods are used if high-purity boron is required.",
markup: [
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start: 209,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
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length: 1,
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type: "Subscript"
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length: 1,
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length: 1,
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}
},
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referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "From the Arabic word Buraq, Persian Burah. Boron compounds have been known for thousands of years, but the element was not discovered until 1808 by Sir Humphry Davy and by Gay-Lussac and Thenard."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Uses",
description: "Uses information in industry and other fields",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Boron is used in pyrotechnics and flares to produce a green color. Boron has also been used in some rockets as an ignition source. Boron-10, one of the naturally occurring isotopes of boron, is a good absorber of neutrons and is used in the control rods of nuclear reactors, as a radiation shield and as a neutron detector. Boron filaments are used in the aerospace industry because of their high-strength and lightweight."
},
{
string: "Boron forms several commercially important compounds. The most important boron compound is sodium borate pentahydrate (Na2B4O7·5H2O). Large amounts of this compound are used in the manufacture of fiberglass insulation and sodium perborate bleach. The second most important compound is boric acid (H3BO3), which is used to manufacture textile fiberglass and is used in cellulose insulation as a flame retardant. Sodium borate decahydrate (Na2B4O7·10H2O), better known as borax, is the third most important boron compound. Borax is used in laundry products and as a mild antiseptic. Borax is also a key ingredient in a substance known as Oobleck, a strange material 6th grade students experiment with while participating in Jefferson Lab's BEAMS program. Other boron compounds are used to make borosilicate glasses, enamels for covering steel and as a potential medicine for treating arthritis.",
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length: 1,
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value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Amorphous boron is used in pyrotechnic flares to provide a distinctive green color, and in rockets as an igniter."
},
{
string: "By far the most commercially important boron compound in terms of dollar sales is Na2B4O7 • 5H2O. This pentahydrate is used in very large quantities in the manufacture of insulation fiberglass and sodium perborate bleach.",
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start: 84,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
},
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start: 86,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
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},
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string: "Boric acid is also an important boron compound with major markets in textile products. Use of borax as a mild antiseptic is minor in economical terms. Boron compounds are also extensively used in the manufacture of borosilicate glasses. Other boron compounds show promise in treating arthritis."
},
{
string: "The isotope boron-10 is used as a control for nuclear reactors, as a shield for nuclear radiation, and in instruments used for detecting neutrons. Boron nitride has remarkable properties and can be used to make a material as hard as diamond. The nitride also behaves like an electrical insulator but conducts heat like a metal."
},
{
string: "Boron also has lubricating properties similar to graphite. The hydrides are easily oxidized with considerable energy liberation, and have been studied for use as rocket fuels. Demand is increasing for boron filaments, a high-strength, lightweight material chiefly employed for advanced aerospace structures."
},
{
string: "Boron is similar to carbon in that it has a capacity to form stable covalently bonded molecular networks. Carbonates, metalloboranes, phosphacarboranes, and other families comprise thousands of compounds."
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{
string: "Important sources of boron are ore rasorite (kernite) and tincal (borax ore). Both of these ores are found in the Mojave Desert. Tincal is the most important source of boron from the Mojave. Extensive borax deposits are also found in Turkey."
},
{
string: "Boron exists naturally as 19.78% 10B isotope and 80.22% 11B isotope. High-purity crystalline boron may be prepared by the vapor phase reduction of boron trichloride or tribromide with hydrogen on electrically heated filaments. The impure or amorphous, boron, a brownish-black powder, can be obtained by heating the trioxide with magnesium powder.",
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}
}
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tocHeading: "Element Name",
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tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
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},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
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},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Radius",
description: "Atomic radius is the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell containing electrons.",
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}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Empirical Atomic Radius",
reference: [
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],
value: {
number: [
70
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unit: "pm (Empirical)"
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},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Covalent Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"B. Cordero, V. Gómez, A.E. Platero-Prats, M. Revés, J. Echeverría, E. Cremades, F. Barragán, S. Alvarez, Dalton Trans. 2008, 21, 2832-2838. DOI:10.1039/b801115j PMID:18478144."
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{
tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
description: "Oxidation state gives the degree of oxidation of an atom in terms of counting electrons.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/O/O04365.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "+4, +3, +2, +1,0, −1, −2, −3, −4 (a mildly acidic oxide)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ground Level",
description: "Also called ground-state level. The ground state electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom with lower energy levels.",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/ASD/Html/iehelp.html#IEGROUNDLEV",
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referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ground Level",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ionization Energy",
description: "Ionization energy is the minimum energy required to eject an electron out of a neutral atom or molecule in its ground state.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/I/I03199.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
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string: "11.260 eV"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ionization Energy",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "11.2602880 eV"
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}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electronegativity",
description: "The concept electronegativity was introduced by L. Pauling as the power of an atom to attract electrons to itself.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01990",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Pauling Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"A.L. Allred, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 1961, 17(3-4), 215-221. DOI:10.1016/0022-1902(61)80142-5"
],
value: {
number: [
2.55
],
unit: "(Pauling Scale)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Allen Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1989, 111, 9003. DOI:10.1021/ja00207a003; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek and L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 2780. DOI:10.1021/ja992866e; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek, E.T. Knight, J.F. Capitani and L.C Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 5132. DOI:10.1021/ja9928677"
],
value: {
number: [
2.544
],
unit: "(Allen Scale)"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Affinity",
description: "Electron affinity refers to energy required to detach an electron from the singly charged negative ion.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01977",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.T Myers, J. Chem. Edu., 1990, 67(4), 307. DOI:10.1021/ed067p307"
],
value: {
number: [
1.263
],
unit: "eV"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.J. Zollweg, J. Chem. Phys., 1969, 50, 4251. DOI:10.1063/1.1670890"
],
value: {
number: [
1.29
],
unit: "eV"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Spectra",
description: "Atomic and ionic spectral lines originate from specified electronic transitions between energy levels of atoms and ions, respectively.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00502.html",
information: [
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url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/lines_hold.pl?el=C",
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stringWithMarkup: [
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referenceNumber: 6,
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stringWithMarkup: [
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tocHeading: "Physical Description",
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tocHeading: "Element Classification",
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tocHeading: "Element Period Number",
description: "The element period number refers to a horizontal row of the periodic table. The periodic table has 7 periods.",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/periodic-table-of-the-elements/The-periodic-table#ref80835",
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tocHeading: "Element Group Number",
description: "Element group refers to a set of chemical elements in the same vertical column of the periodic table",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/group-periodic-table",
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value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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}
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{
tocHeading: "Density",
description: "Density is a degree of consistency measured by the quantity of mass per unit volume",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/D/D01590.html",
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referenceNumber: 4,
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},
{
tocHeading: "Melting Point",
description: "The melting point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from solid to liquid at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/melting-point",
information: [
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value: {
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string: "3823 K (3550°C or 6422°F)"
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value: {
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},
{
tocHeading: "Boiling Point",
description: "Boiling Point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from liquid to gas at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_point",
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value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "4098 K (3825°C or 6917°F)"
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tocHeading: "Estimated Crustal Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in earth crust",
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value: {
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tocHeading: "History",
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string: "Carbon, the sixth most abundant element in the universe, has been known since ancient times. Carbon is most commonly obtained from coal deposits, although it usually must be processed into a form suitable for commercial use. Three naturally occurring allotropes of carbon are known to exist: amorphous, graphite and diamond."
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string: "Natural diamonds are found in kimberlite of ancient volcanic \"pipes,\" found in South Africa, Arkansas, and elsewhere. Diamonds are now also being recovered from the ocean floor off the Cape of Good Hope. About 30% of all industrial diamonds used in the U.S. are now made synthetically."
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{
string: "The energy of the sun and stars can be attributed at least in part to the well-known carbon-nitrogen cycle."
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tocHeading: "Uses",
description: "Uses information in industry and other fields",
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string: "Amorphous carbon is formed when a material containing carbon is burned without enough oxygen for it to burn completely. This black soot, also known as lampblack, gas black, channel black or carbon black, is used to make inks, paints and rubber products. It can also be pressed into shapes and is used to form the cores of most dry cell batteries, among other things."
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string: "Graphite, one of the softest materials known, is a form of carbon that is primarily used as a lubricant. Although it does occur naturally, most commercial graphite is produced by treating petroleum coke, a black tar residue remaining after the refinement of crude oil, in an oxygen-free oven. Naturally occurring graphite occurs in two forms, alpha and beta. These two forms have identical physical properties but different crystal structures. All artificially produced graphite is of the alpha type. In addition to its use as a lubricant, graphite, in a form known as coke, is used in large amounts in the production of steel. Coke is made by heating soft coal in an oven without allowing oxygen to mix with it. Although commonly called lead, the black material used in pencils is actually graphite."
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string: "Diamond, the third naturally occurring form of carbon, is one of the hardest substances known. Although naturally occurring diamond is typically used for jewelry, most commercial quality diamonds are artificially produced. These small diamonds are made by squeezing graphite under high temperatures and pressures for several days or weeks and are primarily used to make things like diamond tipped saw blades. Although they posses very different physical properties, graphite and diamond differ only in their crystal structure."
},
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string: "A fourth allotrope of carbon, known as white carbon, was produced in 1969. It is a transparent material that can split a single beam of light into two beams, a property known as birefringence. Very little is known about this form of carbon."
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string: "Large molecules consisting only of carbon, known as buckminsterfullerenes, or buckyballs, have recently been discovered and are currently the subject of much scientific interest. A single buckyball consists of 60 or 70 carbon atoms (C60 or C70) linked together in a structure that looks like a soccer ball. They can trap other atoms within their framework, appear to be capable of withstanding great pressures and have magnetic and superconductive properties.",
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string: "Carbon-14, a radioactive isotope of carbon with a half-life of 5,730 years, is used to find the age of formerly living things through a process known as radiocarbon dating. The theory behind carbon dating is fairly simple. Scientists know that a small amount of naturally occurring carbon is carbon-14. Although carbon-14 decays into nitrogen-14 through beta decay, the amount of carbon-14 in the environment remains constant because new carbon-14 is always being created in the upper atmosphere by cosmic rays. Living things tend to ingest materials that contain carbon, so the percentage of carbon-14 within living things is the same as the percentage of carbon-14 in the environment. Once an organism dies, it no longer ingests much of anything. The carbon-14 within that organism is no longer replaced and the percentage of carbon-14 begins to decrease as it decays. By measuring the percentage of carbon-14 in the remains of an organism, and by assuming that the natural abundance of carbon-14 has remained constant over time, scientists can estimate when that organism died. For example, if the concentration of carbon-14 in the remains of an organism is half of the natural concentration of carbon-14, a scientist would estimate that the organism died about 5,730 years ago, the half-life of carbon-14."
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string: "There are nearly ten million known carbon compounds and an entire branch of chemistry, known as organic chemistry, is devoted to their study. Many carbon compounds are essential for life as we know it. Some of the most common carbon compounds are: carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon disulfide (CS2), chloroform (CHCl3), carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), methane (CH4), ethylene (C2H4), acetylene (C2H2), benzene (C6H6), ethyl alcohol (C2H5OH) and acetic acid (CH3COOH).",
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string: "Graphite exists in two forms: alpha and beta. These have identical physical properties, except for their crystal structure. Naturally occurring graphites are reported to contain as much as 30% of the rhombohedral (beta) form, whereas synthetic materials contain only the alpha form. The hexagonal alpha type can be converted to the beta by mechanical treatment, and the beta form reverts to the alpha on heating it above 1000°C."
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string: "In 1969 a new allotropic form of carbon was produced during the sublimation of pyrolytic graphite at low pressures. Under free-vaporization conditions above ~2550°K, \"white\" carbon forms as small transparent crystals on the edges of the planes of graphite. The interplanar spacings of \"white\" carbon are identical to those of carbon form noted in the graphite gneiss from the Ries (meteroritic) Crater of Germany. \"White\" carbon is a transparent birefringent material. Little information is presently available about this allotrope."
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string: "Carbon is unique among the elements in the vast number and variety of compounds it can form. With hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and other elements, it forms a very large number of compounds, carbon atom often being linked to another carbon atom. There are close to ten million known carbon compounds, many thousands of which are vital to organic and life processes."
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{
string: "Without carbon, the basis for life would be impossible. While it has been thought that silicon might take the place of carbon in forming a host of similar compounds, it is now not possible to form stable compounds with very long chains of silicon atoms. The atmosphere of Mars contains 96.2% CO2. Some of the most important compounds of carbon are carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon disulfide (CS2), chloroform (CHCl3), carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), methane (CH4), ethylene (C2H4), acetylene (C2H2), benzene (C6H6), acetic acid (CH3COOH), and their derivatives.",
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tocHeading: "Isotope Mass and Abundance",
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tocHeading: "Atomic Mass, Half Life, and Decay",
description: "This section provides the information from the Nubase2016. The number after the ± refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton. The '?' refers to 'not determined or qualified'. For further explainations, click read more below.",
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string: "12.0000000 ± 0."
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string: "13.00335483521 ± 0.00000000023"
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{
string: "14.00324198843 ± 0.00000000403"
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string: "15.010599256 ± 0.000000858"
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string: "16.014701256 ± 0.00000384"
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string: "17.022578672 ± 0.000018641"
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{
string: "18.026751932 ± 0.000032206"
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{
string: "19.034797596 ± 0.000105625"
},
{
string: "20.040261732 ± 0.000247585"
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{
string: "21.049000 ± 0.00064 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "22.057553990 ± 0.000248515"
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string: "23.068890 ± 0.00107 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "20.364 m ± 0.014"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "5.70 ky ± 0.03"
},
{
string: "2.449 s ± 0.005"
},
{
string: "747 ms ± 8"
},
{
string: "193 ms ± 5"
},
{
string: "92 ms ± 2"
},
{
string: "46.2 ms ± 2.3"
},
{
string: "16 ms ± 3"
},
{
string: "Not-specified ± <30ns"
},
{
string: "6.2 ms ± 1.3"
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{
string: "Not-specified"
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]
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},
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name: "Discovery Year",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "1964"
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{
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},
{
string: "1929"
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{
string: "1936"
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{
string: "1950"
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{
string: "1961"
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{
string: "1968"
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{
string: "1969"
},
{
string: "1974"
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{
string: "1981"
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: "1986"
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{
string: ""
}
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}
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{
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referenceNumber: 1,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "PubChem",
description: "Data deposited in or computed by PubChem",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
sourceName: "Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)",
sourceID: "e6",
name: "C",
description: "The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.",
url: "https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/",
anid: 6590233
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
sourceName: "Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)",
sourceID: "a6",
name: "Carbon",
description: "Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report) and CIAAW. The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/",
url: "http://www.ciaaw.org/carbon.htm",
licenseURL: "http://www.ciaaw.org/bylaws.htm",
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referenceNumber: 4,
sourceName: "Jefferson Lab, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "jlab6",
name: "Carbon",
description: "Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/",
url: "https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele006.html",
licenseNote: "Please see citation and linking information: https://education.jlab.org/faq/index.html",
licenseURL: "https://www.jlab.org/privacy-and-security-notice",
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referenceNumber: 5,
sourceName: "Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "lanl6",
name: "Carbon",
description: "The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.",
url: "https://periodic.lanl.gov/6.shtml",
anid: 507186
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
sourceName: "NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory",
sourceID: "e6",
name: "Carbon",
description: "The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Elements/elInfo.pl?element=6",
licenseURL: "https://www.nist.gov/pml/database-disclaimer",
anid: 2292623
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referenceNumber: 8,
sourceName: "PubChem Elements",
sourceID: "6",
name: "C",
description: "The element property data was retrieved from publications.",
anid: 7660007
},
{
referenceNumber: 7,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "6",
name: "Carbon",
description: "This section provides all form of data related to element Carbon.",
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}
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}
},
{
record: {
recordType: "AtomicNumber",
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recordTitle: "Nitrogen",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01022.html",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
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string: "Nitrogen"
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]
}
},
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referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Nitrogen"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
description: "Element symbol, Also called atomic symbol, typically consists of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet derived from the element name in one of several languages.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "N"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "N"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "InChI=1S/N"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI Key",
description: "International Chemical Identifier hash (InChIKey) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI Key",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[14.006 43, 14.007 28]"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "14.00674"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "14.01"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[14.00643,14.00728]"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
information: [
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name: "Electron Configuration",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "1s2 2s2 2p3",
markup: [
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type: "Superscript"
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Radius",
description: "Atomic radius is the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell containing electrons.",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_radius",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
name: "Van der Waals Atomic Radius",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "155 pm (Van der Waals)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Empirical Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"J.C. Slater, J Chem Phys, 1964, 41(10), 3199-3205. DOI:10.1063/1.1725697"
],
value: {
number: [
65
],
unit: "pm (Empirical)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Covalent Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"B. Cordero, V. Gómez, A.E. Platero-Prats, M. Revés, J. Echeverría, E. Cremades, F. Barragán, S. Alvarez, Dalton Trans. 2008, 21, 2832-2838. DOI:10.1039/b801115j PMID:18478144."
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value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "71(1) pm (Covalent)"
}
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}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
description: "Oxidation state gives the degree of oxidation of an atom in terms of counting electrons.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/O/O04365.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "+5, +4, +3, +2, +1, -1, -2, -3"
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]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "5, 4, 3, 2, 1, −1, −2, −3 (a strongly acidic oxide)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ground Level",
description: "Also called ground-state level. The ground state electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom with lower energy levels.",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/ASD/Html/iehelp.html#IEGROUNDLEV",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ground Level",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "4S°3/2",
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start: 0,
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type: "Superscript"
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start: 3,
length: 3,
type: "Subscript"
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]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ionization Energy",
description: "Ionization energy is the minimum energy required to eject an electron out of a neutral atom or molecule in its ground state.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/I/I03199.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "14.534 eV"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ionization Energy",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "14.53413 eV"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electronegativity",
description: "The concept electronegativity was introduced by L. Pauling as the power of an atom to attract electrons to itself.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01990",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Pauling Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"A.L. Allred, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 1961, 17(3-4), 215-221. DOI:10.1016/0022-1902(61)80142-5"
],
value: {
number: [
3.04
],
unit: "(Pauling Scale)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Allen Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1989, 111, 9003. DOI:10.1021/ja00207a003; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek and L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 2780. DOI:10.1021/ja992866e; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek, E.T. Knight, J.F. Capitani and L.C Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 5132. DOI:10.1021/ja9928677"
],
value: {
number: [
3.066
],
unit: "(Allen Scale)"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Affinity",
description: "Electron affinity refers to energy required to detach an electron from the singly charged negative ion.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01977",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.T Myers, J. Chem. Edu., 1990, 67(4), 307. DOI:10.1021/ed067p307"
],
value: {
number: [
0
],
unit: "eV"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.J. Zollweg, J. Chem. Phys., 1969, 50, 4251. DOI:10.1063/1.1670890"
],
value: {
number: [
-0.21
],
unit: "eV"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Spectra",
description: "Atomic and ionic spectral lines originate from specified electronic transitions between energy levels of atoms and ions, respectively.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00502.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/lines_hold.pl?el=N",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Lines Holdings"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/levels_hold.pl?el=N",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Levels Holdings"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Physical Description",
description: "Physical description, also know as physical characteristics, refers to physical appearance of element substances.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Gas"
}
]
}
}
]
},
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url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
sourceName: "Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)",
sourceID: "e7",
name: "N",
description: "The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.",
url: "https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/",
anid: 6590234
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{
referenceNumber: 3,
sourceName: "Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)",
sourceID: "a7",
name: "Nitrogen",
description: "Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report) and CIAAW. The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/",
url: "http://www.ciaaw.org/nitrogen.htm",
licenseURL: "http://www.ciaaw.org/bylaws.htm",
anid: 2292388
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referenceNumber: 4,
sourceName: "Jefferson Lab, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "jlab7",
name: "Nitrogen",
description: "Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/",
url: "https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele007.html",
licenseNote: "Please see citation and linking information: https://education.jlab.org/faq/index.html",
licenseURL: "https://www.jlab.org/privacy-and-security-notice",
anid: 507069
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{
referenceNumber: 5,
sourceName: "Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "lanl7",
name: "Nitrogen",
description: "The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.",
url: "https://periodic.lanl.gov/7.shtml",
anid: 507187
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
sourceName: "NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory",
sourceID: "e7",
name: "Nitrogen",
description: "The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Elements/elInfo.pl?element=7",
licenseURL: "https://www.nist.gov/pml/database-disclaimer",
anid: 2292624
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referenceNumber: 8,
sourceName: "PubChem Elements",
sourceID: "7",
name: "N",
description: "The element property data was retrieved from publications.",
anid: 7660008
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referenceNumber: 7,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "7",
name: "Nitrogen",
description: "This section provides all form of data related to element Nitrogen.",
anid: 694300
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}
},
{
record: {
recordType: "AtomicNumber",
recordNumber: 8,
recordTitle: "Oxygen",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01022.html",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Oxygen"
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{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
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string: "Oxygen"
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}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
description: "Element symbol, Also called atomic symbol, typically consists of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet derived from the element name in one of several languages.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
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string: "O"
}
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}
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{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "O"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "InChI=1S/O"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI Key",
description: "International Chemical Identifier hash (InChIKey) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI Key",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[15.999 03, 15.999 77]"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
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string: "15.9994"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "16.00"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "[15.99903,15.99977]"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
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type: "Superscript"
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}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Electron Configuration",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "1s2 2s2 2p4",
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Radius",
description: "Atomic radius is the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell containing electrons.",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_radius",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
name: "Van der Waals Atomic Radius",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "152 pm (Van der Waals)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Empirical Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"J.C. Slater, J Chem Phys, 1964, 41(10), 3199-3205. DOI:10.1063/1.1725697"
],
value: {
number: [
60
],
unit: "pm (Empirical)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Covalent Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"B. Cordero, V. Gómez, A.E. Platero-Prats, M. Revés, J. Echeverría, E. Cremades, F. Barragán, S. Alvarez, Dalton Trans. 2008, 21, 2832-2838. DOI:10.1039/b801115j PMID:18478144."
],
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "66(2) pm (Covalent)"
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]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
description: "Oxidation state gives the degree of oxidation of an atom in terms of counting electrons.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/O/O04365.html",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
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}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "2, 1, −1, −2"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ground Level",
description: "Also called ground-state level. The ground state electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom with lower energy levels.",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/ASD/Html/iehelp.html#IEGROUNDLEV",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ground Level",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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}
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]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ionization Energy",
description: "Ionization energy is the minimum energy required to eject an electron out of a neutral atom or molecule in its ground state.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/I/I03199.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "13.618 eV"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ionization Energy",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "13.618055 eV"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electronegativity",
description: "The concept electronegativity was introduced by L. Pauling as the power of an atom to attract electrons to itself.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01990",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Pauling Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"A.L. Allred, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 1961, 17(3-4), 215-221. DOI:10.1016/0022-1902(61)80142-5"
],
value: {
number: [
3.44
],
unit: "(Pauling Scale)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Allen Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1989, 111, 9003. DOI:10.1021/ja00207a003; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek and L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 2780. DOI:10.1021/ja992866e; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek, E.T. Knight, J.F. Capitani and L.C Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 5132. DOI:10.1021/ja9928677"
],
value: {
number: [
3.61
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unit: "(Allen Scale)"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Affinity",
description: "Electron affinity refers to energy required to detach an electron from the singly charged negative ion.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01977",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.T Myers, J. Chem. Edu., 1990, 67(4), 307. DOI:10.1021/ed067p307"
],
value: {
number: [
1.461
],
unit: "eV"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.J. Zollweg, J. Chem. Phys., 1969, 50, 4251. DOI:10.1063/1.1670890"
],
value: {
number: [
1.465
],
unit: "eV"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Spectra",
description: "Atomic and ionic spectral lines originate from specified electronic transitions between energy levels of atoms and ions, respectively.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00502.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/lines_hold.pl?el=O",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Lines Holdings"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/levels_hold.pl?el=O",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Levels Holdings"
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]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Physical Description",
description: "Physical description, also know as physical characteristics, refers to physical appearance of element substances.",
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{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Gas"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Classification",
description: "Elements can be classified few groups according to each element's chemical properties.",
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Non-metal"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Period Number",
description: "The element period number refers to a horizontal row of the periodic table. The periodic table has 7 periods.",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/periodic-table-of-the-elements/The-periodic-table#ref80835",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "2"
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]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Group Number",
description: "Element group refers to a set of chemical elements in the same vertical column of the periodic table",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/group-periodic-table",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "16 - Chalcogen"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Density",
description: "Density is a degree of consistency measured by the quantity of mass per unit volume",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/D/D01590.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "0.001429 grams per cubic centimeter"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Melting Point",
description: "The melting point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from solid to liquid at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/melting-point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "54.36 K (-218.79°C or -361.82°F)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "-218.79°C"
}
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}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Boiling Point",
description: "Boiling Point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from liquid to gas at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "90.20 K (-182.95°C or -297.31°F)"
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]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "-182.96°C"
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}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Crustal Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in earth crust",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "4.61×105 milligrams per kilogram",
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}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Oceanic Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in ocean",
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "8.57×105 milligrams per liter",
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}
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}
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},
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tocHeading: "History",
description: "Element discovery and related information in history",
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referenceNumber: 3,
name: "History",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "The name derives from the Greek oxys for \"acid\" and genes for \"forming\" because the French chemist Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier once thought that oxygen was integral to all acids.",
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string: "Oxygen was discovered independently by the Swedish pharmacist and chemist Carl-Wilhelm Scheele in 1771, and the English clergyman and chemist Joseph Priestley in 1774. Scheele's Chemical Treatise on Air and Fire was delayed in publication until 1777, so Priestley is credited with the discovery because he published first.",
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string: "Oxygen had been produced by several chemists prior to its discovery in 1774, but they failed to recognize it as a distinct element. Joseph Priestley and Carl Wilhelm Scheele both independently discovered oxygen, but Priestly is usually given credit for the discovery. They were both able to produce oxygen by heating mercuric oxide (HgO). Priestley called the gas produced in his experiments 'dephlogisticated air' and Scheele called his 'fire air'. The name oxygen was created by Antoine Lavoisier who incorrectly believed that oxygen was necessary to form all acids. Oxygen is the third most abundant element in the universe and makes up nearly 21% of the earth's atmosphere. Oxygen accounts for nearly half of the mass of the earth's crust, two thirds of the mass of the human body and nine tenths of the mass of water. Large amounts of oxygen can be extracted from liquefied air through a process known as fractional distillation. Oxygen can also be produced through the electrolysis of water or by heating potassium chlorate (KClO3).",
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},
{
string: "Joseph Priestley is generally credited with its discovery, although Scheele also discovered it independently."
},
{
string: "Its atomic weight was used as a standard of comparison for each of the other elements until 1961 when the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry adopted carbon 12 as the new basis."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Description",
description: "Description about this element",
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value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "The gas is colorless, odorless, and tasteless. The liquid and solid forms are a pale blue color and are strongly paramagnetic."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Uses",
description: "Uses information in industry and other fields",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Oxygen is a highly reactive element and is capable of combining with most other elements. It is required by most living organisms and for most forms of combustion. Impurities in molten pig iron are burned away with streams of high pressure oxygen to produce steel. Oxygen can also be combined with acetylene (C2H2) to produce an extremely hot flame used for welding. Liquid oxygen, when combined with liquid hydrogen, makes an excellent rocket fuel. Ozone (O3) forms a thin, protective layer around the earth that shields the surface from the sun's ultraviolet radiation. Oxygen is also a component of hundreds of thousands of organic compounds.",
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stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Plants and animals rely on oxygen for respiration. Hospitals frequently prescribe oxygen for patients with respiratory ailments."
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}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Sources",
description: "Sources (where the element come from) information for the given element",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Oxygen is the third most abundant element found in the sun, and it plays a part in the carbon-nitrogen cycle, the process once thought to give the sun and stars their energy. Oxygen under excited conditions is responsible for the bright red and yellow-green colors of the Aurora Borealis."
},
{
string: "A gaseous element, oxygen forms 21% of the atmosphere by volume and is obtained by liquefaction and fractional distillation. The atmosphere of Mars contains about 0.15% oxygen. The element and its compounds make up 49.2%, by weight, of the earth's crust. About two thirds of the human body and nine tenths of water is oxygen."
},
{
string: "In the laboratory it can be prepared by the electrolysis of water or by heating potassium chlorate with manganese dioxide as a catalyst."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Compounds",
description: "Related compounds information to this element",
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{
referenceNumber: 5,
name: "Molecular Forms",
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stringWithMarkup: [
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},
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string: "Ozone's presence in the atmosphere (amounting to the equivalent of a layer 3 mm thick under ordinary pressures and temperatures) helps prevent harmful ultraviolet rays of the sun from reaching the earth's surface. Pollutants in the atmosphere may have a detrimental effect on this ozone layer. Ozone is toxic and exposure should not exceed 0.2 mg/m# (8-hour time-weighted average - 40-hour work week). Undiluted ozone has a bluish color. Liquid ozone is bluish black and solid ozone is violet-black."
}
]
}
},
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value: {
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}
},
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value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "See more information at the Oxygen compound page."
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referenceNumber: 7,
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stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "oxygen-18(2-)"
},
{
string: "oxygen-15"
},
{
string: "oxygen-15(2-)"
},
{
string: "oxygen-18"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 7,
name: "Formula",
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string: "O"
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string: "O-2"
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string: "O"
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string: "[15O]"
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{
string: "[15O-2]"
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string: "[18O]"
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string: "15.003"
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string: "15.003"
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},
{
tocHeading: "Isotopes",
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stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Oxygen enrichment of steel blast furnaces accounts for the greatest use of the gas. Large quantities are also used in making synthesis gas for ammonia and methanol, ethylene oxide, and for oxy-acetylene welding."
},
{
string: "Air separation plants produce about 99% of the gas, while electrolysis plants produce about 1%."
}
]
}
}
],
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Isotope Mass and Abundance",
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string: "15.994 914 619(1)"
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}
},
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]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Mass, Half Life, and Decay",
description: "This section provides the information from the Nubase2016. The number after the ± refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton. The '?' refers to 'not determined or qualified'. For further explainations, click read more below.",
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string: "23.015696686 ± 0.000130663"
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{
string: "24.019861000 ± 0.000177"
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{
string: "25.029338919 ± 0.000177225"
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{
string: "26.037210155 ± 0.000177081"
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string: "27.047955 ± 0.000537 [Estimated]"
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string: "28.055910 ± 0.00075 [Estimated]"
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string: "70.620 s ± 0.013"
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{
string: "122.24 s ± 0.16"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "26.470 s ± 0.006"
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{
string: "13.51 s ± 0.05"
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{
string: "3.42 s ± 0.10"
},
{
string: "2.25 s ± 0.09"
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{
string: "97 ms ± 8"
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{
string: "77.4 ms ± 4.5"
},
{
string: "5.18 zs ± 0.35"
},
{
string: "4.2 ps ± 3.3"
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{
string: "Not-specified ± <260ns"
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string: "Not-specified ± <100ns"
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},
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{
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referenceNumber: 2,
sourceName: "Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)",
sourceID: "e8",
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description: "The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.",
url: "https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/",
anid: 6590235
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{
referenceNumber: 3,
sourceName: "Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)",
sourceID: "a8",
name: "Oxygen",
description: "Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report) and CIAAW. The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/",
url: "http://www.ciaaw.org/oxygen.htm",
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description: "Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/",
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description: "The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database",
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sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "8",
name: "Oxygen",
description: "This section provides all form of data related to element Oxygen.",
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record: {
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recordNumber: 9,
recordTitle: "Fluorine",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01022.html",
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name: "Element Name",
value: {
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string: "Fluorine"
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},
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referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
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string: "Fluorine"
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},
{
tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
description: "Element symbol, Also called atomic symbol, typically consists of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet derived from the element name in one of several languages.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "F"
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]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "F"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
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}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI Key",
description: "International Chemical Identifier hash (InChIKey) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI Key",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "YCKRFDGAMUMZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N"
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]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "18.998 403 163(6)"
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]
}
},
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value: {
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}
},
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name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
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}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
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},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Radius",
description: "Atomic radius is the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell containing electrons.",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_radius",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
name: "Van der Waals Atomic Radius",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "135 pm pm (Van der Waals)"
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},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Empirical Atomic Radius",
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number: [
50
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unit: "pm (Empirical)"
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},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Covalent Atomic Radius",
reference: [
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tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
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url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/O/O04365.html",
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}
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},
{
tocHeading: "Ground Level",
description: "Also called ground-state level. The ground state electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom with lower energy levels.",
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 3,
length: 3,
type: "Subscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ionization Energy",
description: "Ionization energy is the minimum energy required to eject an electron out of a neutral atom or molecule in its ground state.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/I/I03199.html",
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value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "17.423 eV"
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name: "Ionization Energy",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "17.42282 eV"
}
]
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]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electronegativity",
description: "The concept electronegativity was introduced by L. Pauling as the power of an atom to attract electrons to itself.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01990",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Pauling Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
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],
value: {
number: [
3.98
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unit: "(Pauling Scale)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Allen Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1989, 111, 9003. DOI:10.1021/ja00207a003; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek and L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 2780. DOI:10.1021/ja992866e; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek, E.T. Knight, J.F. Capitani and L.C Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 5132. DOI:10.1021/ja9928677"
],
value: {
number: [
4.193
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unit: "(Allen Scale)"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Affinity",
description: "Electron affinity refers to energy required to detach an electron from the singly charged negative ion.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01977",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.T Myers, J. Chem. Edu., 1990, 67(4), 307. DOI:10.1021/ed067p307"
],
value: {
number: [
3.339
],
unit: "eV"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.J. Zollweg, J. Chem. Phys., 1969, 50, 4251. DOI:10.1063/1.1670890"
],
value: {
number: [
3.5
],
unit: "eV"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Spectra",
description: "Atomic and ionic spectral lines originate from specified electronic transitions between energy levels of atoms and ions, respectively.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00502.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/lines_hold.pl?el=F",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Lines Holdings"
}
]
}
},
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referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/levels_hold.pl?el=F",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Levels Holdings"
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]
},
{
tocHeading: "Physical Description",
description: "Physical description, also know as physical characteristics, refers to physical appearance of element substances.",
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Gas"
}
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}
}
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},
{
tocHeading: "Element Classification",
description: "Elements can be classified few groups according to each element's chemical properties.",
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value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Non-metal"
}
]
}
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},
{
tocHeading: "Element Period Number",
description: "The element period number refers to a horizontal row of the periodic table. The periodic table has 7 periods.",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/periodic-table-of-the-elements/The-periodic-table#ref80835",
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value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "2"
}
]
}
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tocHeading: "Element Group Number",
description: "Element group refers to a set of chemical elements in the same vertical column of the periodic table",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/group-periodic-table",
information: [
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value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "17 - Halogen"
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}
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{
tocHeading: "Density",
description: "Density is a degree of consistency measured by the quantity of mass per unit volume",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/D/D01590.html",
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
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string: "0.001696 grams per cubic centimeter"
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},
{
tocHeading: "Melting Point",
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url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/melting-point",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "53.53 K (-219.62°C or -363.32°F)"
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value: {
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string: "-219.67°C"
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},
{
tocHeading: "Boiling Point",
description: "Boiling Point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from liquid to gas at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_point",
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value: {
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string: "-188.11°C"
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},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Crustal Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in earth crust",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust",
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value: {
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value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "1.3 milligrams per liter"
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string: "The name derives from the Latin fluere for \"flow\" or \"flux\" because fluorite (CaF2) was used as a flux in metallurgy owing to its low melting point. It was discovered in hydrofluoric acid by the Swedish pharmacist and chemist Carl-Wilhelm Scheele in 1771, but it was not isolated until 1886 by the French pharmacist and chemist Henri Moissan.",
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string: "Fluorine is the most reactive of all elements and no chemical substance is capable of freeing fluorine from any of its compounds. For this reason, fluorine does not occur free in nature and was extremely difficult for scientists to isolate. The first recorded use of a fluorine compound dates to around 1670 to a set of instructions for etching glass that called for Bohemian emerald (CaF2). Chemists attempted to identify the material that was capable of etching glass and George Gore was able to produce a small amount of fluorine through an electrolytic process in 1869. to Gore, fluorine gas explosively combines with hydrogen gas. That is exactly what happened in Gore's experiment when the fluorine gas that formed on one electrode combined with the hydrogen gas that formed on the other electrode. Ferdinand Frederic Henri Moissan, a French chemist, was the first to successfully isolate fluorine in 1886. He did this through the electrolysis of potassium fluoride (KF) and hydrofluoric acid (HF). He also completely isolated the fluorine gas from the hydrogen gas and he built his electrolysis device completely from platinum. His work was so impressive that he was awarded the Nobel Prize for chemistry in 1906. Today, fluorine is still produced through the electrolysis of potassium fluoride and hydrofluoric acid as well as through the electrolysis of molten potassium acid fluoride (KHF2).",
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string: "From the Latin and French fluere: flow or flux. In 1529, Georigius Agricola described the use of fluorspar as a flux, and as early as 1670 Schwandhard found that glass was etched when exposed to fluorspar treated with acid. Scheele and many later investigators, including Davy, Gay-Lussac, Lavoisier, and Thenard, experimented with hydrofluoric acid, some experiments ending tragically."
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string: "The element was finally isolated in 1866 by Moissan after nearly 74 years of continuous effort."
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}
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string: "Fluorine is the most electronegative and reactive of all elements. It is a pale yellow, corrosive gas, which reacts with most organic and inorganic substances. Finely divided metals, glass, ceramics, carbon, and even water burn in fluorine with a bright flame."
},
{
string: "Until World War II, there was no commercial production of elemental fluorine. The nuclear bomb project and nuclear energy applications, however, made it necessary to produce large quantities."
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string: "Fluorine is added to city water supplies in the proportion of about one part per million to help prevent tooth decay. Sodium fluoride (NaF), stannous(II) fluoride (SnF2) and sodium monofluorophosphate (Na2PO3F) are all fluorine compounds added to toothpaste, also to help prevent tooth decay. Hydrofluoric acid (HF) is used to etch glass, including most of the glass used in light bulbs. Uranium hexafluoride (UF6) is used to separate isotopes of uranium. Crystals of calcium fluoride (CaF2), also known as fluorite and fluorspar, are used to make lenses to focus infrared light. Fluorine joins with carbon to form a class of compounds known as fluorocarbons. Some of these compounds, such as dichlorodifluoromethane (CF2Cl2), were widely used in air conditioning and refrigeration systems and in aerosol spray cans, but have been phased out due to the damage they were causing to the earth's ozone layer.",
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string: "Fluorine and its compounds are used in producing uranium (from the hexafluoride) and more than 100 commercial fluorochemicals, including many high-temperature plastics. Hydrofluoric acid etches glass of light bulbs. Fluorochlorohydrocarbons are extensively used in air conditioning and refrigeration."
},
{
string: "The presence of fluorine as a soluble fluoride in drinking water to the extent of 2 ppm may cause mottled enamel in teeth when used by children acquiring permanent teeth; in smaller amounts, however, fluoride helps prevent dental cavities."
},
{
string: "Elemental fluorine has been studied as a rocket propellant as it has an exceptionally high specific impulse value."
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]
}
}
]
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tocHeading: "Compounds",
description: "Related compounds information to this element",
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}
]
}
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string: "Safe handling techniques enable the transport liquid fluorine by the ton."
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{
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{
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name: "Decay Modes, Intensities and Uncertainties [%]",
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referenceNumber: 1,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "PubChem",
description: "Data deposited in or computed by PubChem",
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referenceNumber: 2,
sourceName: "Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)",
sourceID: "e9",
name: "F",
description: "The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.",
url: "https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/",
anid: 6590236
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sourceName: "Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)",
sourceID: "a9",
name: "Fluorine",
description: "Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report) and CIAAW. The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/",
url: "http://www.ciaaw.org/fluorine.htm",
licenseURL: "http://www.ciaaw.org/bylaws.htm",
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sourceName: "Jefferson Lab, U.S. Department of Energy",
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description: "Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/",
url: "https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele009.html",
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licenseURL: "https://www.jlab.org/privacy-and-security-notice",
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referenceNumber: 5,
sourceName: "Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy",
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description: "The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.",
url: "https://periodic.lanl.gov/9.shtml",
anid: 507189
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{
referenceNumber: 6,
sourceName: "NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory",
sourceID: "e9",
name: "Fluorine",
description: "The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Elements/elInfo.pl?element=9",
licenseURL: "https://www.nist.gov/pml/database-disclaimer",
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sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "9",
name: "Fluorine",
description: "This section provides all form of data related to element Fluorine.",
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recordTitle: "Fermium",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01022.html",
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referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
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string: "Fermium"
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referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Name",
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string: "Fermium"
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}
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},
{
tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
description: "Element symbol, Also called atomic symbol, typically consists of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet derived from the element name in one of several languages.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
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string: "Fm"
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}
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referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
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string: "Fm"
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]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "InChI=1S/Fm"
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]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI Key",
description: "International Chemical Identifier hash (InChIKey) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI Key",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "MIORUQGGZCBUGO-UHFFFAOYSA-N"
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}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
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string: "257"
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string: "257"
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}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Relative Mass: 257.0951061(69)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
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}
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]
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tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
description: "Oxidation state gives the degree of oxidation of an atom in terms of counting electrons.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/O/O04365.html",
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value: {
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string: "+3"
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}
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]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ground Level",
description: "Also called ground-state level. The ground state electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom with lower energy levels.",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/ASD/Html/iehelp.html#IEGROUNDLEV",
information: [
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name: "Ground Level",
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{
tocHeading: "Ionization Energy",
description: "Ionization energy is the minimum energy required to eject an electron out of a neutral atom or molecule in its ground state.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/I/I03199.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "6.50 eV"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ionization Energy",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "6.50 eV (The level was determined by interpolation or extrapolation of known experimental values or by semiempirical calculation; its absolutre accuracy is reflected in the number of significant figures assigned to it.)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electronegativity",
description: "The concept electronegativity was introduced by L. Pauling as the power of an atom to attract electrons to itself.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01990",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Pauling Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"A.L. Allred, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 1961, 17(3-4), 215-221. DOI:10.1016/0022-1902(61)80142-5"
],
value: {
number: [
1.3
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unit: "(Pauling Scale)"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Spectra",
description: "Atomic and ionic spectral lines originate from specified electronic transitions between energy levels of atoms and ions, respectively.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00502.html",
information: [
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name: "Atomic Spectra",
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string: "Levels Holdings"
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}
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},
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tocHeading: "Physical Description",
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{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Solid"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Classification",
description: "Elements can be classified few groups according to each element's chemical properties.",
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value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Metal"
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tocHeading: "Element Period Number",
description: "The element period number refers to a horizontal row of the periodic table. The periodic table has 7 periods.",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/periodic-table-of-the-elements/The-periodic-table#ref80835",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "7"
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}
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},
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tocHeading: "Element Group Number",
description: "Element group refers to a set of chemical elements in the same vertical column of the periodic table",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/group-periodic-table",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "- Actinide"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Melting Point",
description: "The melting point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from solid to liquid at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/melting-point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1800 K (1527°C or 2781°F)"
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]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1527°C"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Crustal Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in earth crust",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Not Applicable"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Oceanic Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in ocean",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Not Applicable"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "History",
description: "Element discovery and related information in history",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Fermium was discovered by a team of scientists led by Albert Ghiorso in 1952 while studying the radioactive debris produced by the detonation of the first hydrogen bomb. The isotope they discovered, fermium-255, has a half-life of about 20 hours and was produced by combining 17 neutrons with uranium-238, which then underwent eight beta decays. Today, fermium is produced though a lengthy chain of nuclear reactions that involves bombarding each isotope in the chain with neutrons and then allowing the resulting isotope to undergo beta decay. Fermium's most stable isotope, fermium-257, has a half-life of about 100.5 days. It decays into californium-253 through alpha decay or decays through spontaneous fission."
}
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}
},
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value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Fermium, element 100, is the eighth transuranium element of the actinide series and is named after the Italian physicist and Nobel Laureate Enrico Fermi. Element 100 was first discovered in 1952 in the fallout from the 10-megaton \"Ivy Mike\" nuclear test in the south Pacific the first successful test of a hydrogen fusion bomb. Researchers identified a new Pu-244 isotope found on filter papers on drone aircraft flown through the fallout. They determined that it could only have formed by the unexpected absorption of six neutrons by uranium-238 followed by successive beta-decays. At the time, the absorption of neutrons by a heavy nucleus was thought to be a rare process, but the identification of Pu-244 raised the possibility that still more neutrons could have been absorbed by the uranium nuclei leading to additional new elements."
},
{
string: "Element 99, einsteinium was discovered almost immediately on other filter papers by Albert Ghiorso and co-workers at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory in collaboration with Argonne and Los Alamos National Laboratories, demonstrating that 15 neutrons were captured by U-238! The subsequent discovery of fermium required more material, as the yield of element 100 was expected to be at least an order of magnitude lower than that of einsteinium. So, contaminated coral from ground zero on Eniwetok atoll was shipped to Berkeley for processing and analysis. About two months after the Ivy-Mike test, a new activity was isolated emitting high-energy α-particles (7.1 MeV) with a half-life of about 1 day. It was the β− decay daughter of an isotope of einsteinium, and it had to be an isotope of element 100. : It was identified as 255Fm (half-life 20.07 hours). The discovery of the new elements, and the new data on neutron capture, was kept secret on the orders of the U.S. Military until 1955 due to Cold War tensions. Later the Berkeley team was able to prepare elements 99 and 100 in the lab by neutron bombardment of Pu-239 in a cyclotron. They published this work in 1954, with the disclaimer that these were not the first studies that had been carried out on the element. The 'Ivy Mike' studies were later declassified and published in 1955. Meanwhile, a group at the Nobel Institute for Physics in Stockholm independently claimed discovery of element 100 by producing an isotope with a 30-minute half-life and published their work in May 1954. Nevertheless, the historical precedence of the Berkeley team was generally recognized, and with it the prerogative to name the new element in honor of the recently deceased Enrico Fermi, the developer of the first artificial self-sustained nuclear reactor.",
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tocHeading: "Description",
description: "Description about this element",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Fermium is the heaviest synthetic element that can be formed by neutron bombardment of lighter elements, and hence the heaviest element that can be prepared in macroscopic quantities. The chemical properties of fermium have been studied solely using tracer amounts and innovative experimental techniques are required. Fermium metal has not been prepared, however measurements have been made on fermium alloys with rare earth metals and a number of predictions have been made. It was deduced that fermium metal prefers a divalent state but with modest compression can form a trivalent state. Other measurements on mixed fermium alloys and compounds include the magnetic moment, inner-shell binding energies, x-ray energies, sublimation enthalpy, etc."
},
{
string: "The chemistry of fermium is typical of the late actinides, with a dominance of the +3 oxidation state but also a tendency toward an accessible +2 oxidation state. In the solid state no pure fermium compounds have been prepared, however Fm(III) has been studied by co-crystallization techniques as a trace component in a rare earth matrix with the same charge. Fermium co-precipitates with rare earth fluorides and hydroxides. In aqueous solution, fermium exists in solution as the Fm3+ ion, which has a hydration number of 16.9 and an acid dissociation constant of 1.6 × 10−4 (pKa = 3.8). Fm3+ forms complexes with a wide variety of organic ligands with hard donor atoms such as oxygen, and these complexes are usually more stable than those of the lighter actinides. It also forms complexes with ligands such as chloride or nitrate and, again, these complexes appear to be more stable than those formed by einsteinium or californium. Bonding in the heavier actinides is mostly ionic in character and the ionic radius of the Fm3+ ion is smaller than the preceding An3+ ions because of the actinide contraction. This is the result of a higher effective nuclear charge of fermium, and thus fermium forms shorter and stronger metal–ligand bonds. In the heavier actinides there is an increasing tendency to form a divalent ion that emerges at einsteinium. Fm3+ can be readily reduced to stable Fm2+ using moderately strong reducing agents such as samarium(II) chloride. In aqueous media, the Fm(III)/Fm(III) redox couple has been investigated via radio-electrochemistry and other techniques. The electrode potentials have been estimated to be similar to that of the ytterbium redox couple. The redox potentials for the various fermium couples have been measured and/or estimated by various workers: Fm3+ → Fm2+ (- 1.15 V); Fm2+ → Fm0 (-2.37 V), all versus the Normal Hydrogen Electrode.",
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tocHeading: "Uses",
description: "Uses information in industry and other fields",
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value: {
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string: "Due to the small amounts produced and its short half-life, there are currently no uses for fermium outside of basic scientific research."
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url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ptable"
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tocHeading: "Production",
description: "Substance or material production for related element",
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string: "Because of the short half-life of all fermium isotopes, all that may have been present on the Earth during its formation has long since decayed away. Einsteinium and fermium did occur in the natural nuclear fission reactor at Oklo, but no longer exist. Fermium is produced as the result of multiple neutron captures in lighter elements, such as uranium and curium, followed by successive beta decays. The probability of such events increases with increased neutron flux, and nuclear explosions are the most powerful neutron sources on Earth. Fermium is also produced by the bombardment of lighter actinides with neutrons in nuclear reactors or accelerators. Fermium-257 is the heaviest isotope that is obtained via neutron capture, and can only be produced in nanogram quantities. The major source is the 85 MW High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR) at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory in Tennessee, USA. In a HFIR \"campaign\", tens of grams of curium are irradiated to produce heavier actinides and picogram quantities of fermium. The quantities of fermium produced in 20–200 kiloton thermonuclear explosions are believed to be of the order of milligrams, although it is mixed in with a huge quantity of debris. Forty picograms of 257Fm were recovered from 10 kilograms of debris from the 'Hutch' nuclear test in 1969. After production, fermium must be separated from debris and a host of other actinides and lanthanide fission products by solvent extraction, ion exchange, etc.). The annual reactor production of fermium-257 is in the picogram range. However, pure 255Fm (half-life 20 hours) can be easily isolated by \"milking\" the beta-decay daughter of pure 255Es (half-life 39.8 days).",
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sourceName: "Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)",
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sourceName: "Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)",
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url: "https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele100.html",
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{
referenceNumber: 6,
sourceName: "NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory",
sourceID: "e100",
name: "Fermium",
description: "The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database",
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recordTitle: "Mendelevium",
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tocHeading: "Identifiers",
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section: [
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tocHeading: "Element Name",
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tocHeading: "Properties",
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tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
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tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
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tocHeading: "Ground Level",
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tocHeading: "Ionization Energy",
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tocHeading: "Electronegativity",
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referenceNumber: 8,
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tocHeading: "Estimated Crustal Abundance",
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{
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{
string: "7 s ± 3"
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{
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{
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string: "1.60 h ± 0.06"
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{
string: "27.8 d ± 0.8"
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{
string: "40 m [Estimated]"
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{
string: "3 m [Estimated]"
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name: "Decay Modes, Intensities and Uncertainties [%]",
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stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "β+>77%; β+SF>10%; α<23%",
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sourceName: "Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)",
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description: "The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.",
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sourceName: "NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory",
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name: "Mendelevium",
description: "The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database",
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tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
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{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
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tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
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url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
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tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
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information: [
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tocHeading: "InChI Key",
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tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
information: [
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value: {
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{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
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tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
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tocHeading: "Ground Level",
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tocHeading: "Ionization Energy",
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},
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referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ionization Energy",
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stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "6.62621 eV"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electronegativity",
description: "The concept electronegativity was introduced by L. Pauling as the power of an atom to attract electrons to itself.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01990",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Pauling Scale Electronegativity",
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url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00502.html",
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value: {
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string: "- Actinide"
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tocHeading: "Melting Point",
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url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/melting-point",
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string: "827°C"
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tocHeading: "Estimated Crustal Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in earth crust",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust",
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value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Not Applicable"
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Not Applicable"
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tocHeading: "History",
description: "Element discovery and related information in history",
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "In 1957, a group of scientists working at the Nobel Institute of Physics in Stockhlom, Sweden, announced the discovery of a new element. They produced this new element, which they named nobelium, by bombarding a target of curium-244 with ions of carbon-13 with a device called a cyclotron. The isotope they created had a half-life of 10 minutes. In 1958, another group of scientists, Albert Ghiorso, Glenn T. Seaborg, Torbørn Sikkeland and John R. Walton, working at the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory in Berkeley, California, attempted to confirm the Nobel Institute's discovery. They were unable to produce any isotope of nobelium with a half-life of 10 minutes, but were able to produce nobelium-254, with a half-life of three seconds, by bombarding curium-246 with carbon-12. A third group, working at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, Russia, also could not duplicate the Nobel Institute's work but were able to confirm the Berkeley group's work. Credit for discovering nobelium was eventually given to the scientists working at Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, who decided to keep the name nobelium. Today, the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory is known as the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. Nobelium's most stable isotope, nobelium-259, has a half-life of about 58 minutes. It decays into fermium-255 through alpha decay, into mendelevium-259 through electron capture or through spontaneous fission."
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string: "Named after Alfred Nobel, inventor of dynamite. Nobelium was unambiguously discovered and identified in April 1958 at Berkeley by A. Ghiorso, T. Sikkeland, J.R. Walton, and G.T. Seaborg, who used a new double-recoil technique. A heavy-ion linear accelerator (HILAC) was used to bombard a thin target of curium (95%244Cm and 4.5% 246Cm) with 12C ions to produce 102No according to the 246Cm(12C, 4n) reaction.",
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string: "In 1957 workers in the United States, Britain, and Sweden announced the discovery of an isotope of element 102 with a 10-minute half-life at 8.5 MeV, as a result of bombarding 244Cm with 13C nuclei. On the basis of this experiment, the name nobelium was assigned and accepted by the Commission on Atomic Weights of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.",
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string: "The acceptance of the name was premature because both Russian and American efforts now completely rule out the possibility of any isotope of Element 102 having a half-life of 10 min in the vicinity of 8.5 MeV. Early work in 1957 on the search for this element, in Russia at the Kurchatov Institute, was marred by the assignment of 8.9 +/- 0.4 MeV alpha radiation with a half-life of 2 to 40 sec, which was too indefinite to support discovery claims."
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string: "Confirmatory experiments at Berkeley in 1966 have shown the existence of 254102 with a 55-s half-life, 252102 with a 2.3-s half-life, and 257102 with a 23-s half-life.",
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string: "Following tradition giving the right to name an element to the discoverer(s), the Berkeley group in 1967, suggested that the hastily given name nobelium along with the symbol No , be retained."
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tocHeading: "Description",
description: "Description about this element",
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tocHeading: "Uses",
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tocHeading: "Compounds",
description: "Related compounds information to this element",
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name: "Compounds",
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string: "250.087562 ± 0.000215 [Estimated]"
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string: "251.088942 ± 0.000123 [Estimated]"
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string: "251.088942 ± 0.000123 [Estimated]"
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{
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sourceName: "PubChem",
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{
referenceNumber: 2,
sourceName: "Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)",
sourceID: "e102",
name: "No",
description: "The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.",
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anid: 6590329
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{
referenceNumber: 3,
sourceName: "Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)",
sourceID: "a102",
name: "Nobelium",
description: "Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report) and CIAAW. The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/",
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url: "https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele102.html",
licenseNote: "Please see citation and linking information: https://education.jlab.org/faq/index.html",
licenseURL: "https://www.jlab.org/privacy-and-security-notice",
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referenceNumber: 5,
sourceName: "Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy",
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name: "Nobelium",
description: "The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.",
url: "https://periodic.lanl.gov/102.shtml",
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referenceNumber: 6,
sourceName: "NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory",
sourceID: "e102",
name: "Nobelium",
description: "The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database",
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licenseURL: "https://www.nist.gov/pml/database-disclaimer",
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referenceNumber: 8,
sourceName: "PubChem Elements",
sourceID: "102",
name: "No",
description: "The element property data was retrieved from publications.",
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record: {
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recordNumber: 103,
recordTitle: "Lawrencium",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01022.html",
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url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
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tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
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},
{
tocHeading: "InChI Key",
description: "International Chemical Identifier hash (InChIKey) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI Key",
value: {
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tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
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name: "Atomic Weight",
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{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
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tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
description: "Oxidation state gives the degree of oxidation of an atom in terms of counting electrons.",
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tocHeading: "Ground Level",
description: "Also called ground-state level. The ground state electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom with lower energy levels.",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/ASD/Html/iehelp.html#IEGROUNDLEV",
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tocHeading: "Ionization Energy",
description: "Ionization energy is the minimum energy required to eject an electron out of a neutral atom or molecule in its ground state.",
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{
tocHeading: "Atomic Spectra",
description: "Atomic and ionic spectral lines originate from specified electronic transitions between energy levels of atoms and ions, respectively.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00502.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/levels_hold.pl?el=Lr",
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stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Levels Holdings"
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tocHeading: "Physical Description",
description: "Physical description, also know as physical characteristics, refers to physical appearance of element substances.",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Solid"
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},
{
tocHeading: "Element Classification",
description: "Elements can be classified few groups according to each element's chemical properties.",
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value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Metal"
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},
{
tocHeading: "Element Period Number",
description: "The element period number refers to a horizontal row of the periodic table. The periodic table has 7 periods.",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/periodic-table-of-the-elements/The-periodic-table#ref80835",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "7"
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},
{
tocHeading: "Element Group Number",
description: "Element group refers to a set of chemical elements in the same vertical column of the periodic table",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/group-periodic-table",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "3 - Actinide"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Melting Point",
description: "The melting point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from solid to liquid at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/melting-point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1900 K (1627°C or 2961°F)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1627°C"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Crustal Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in earth crust",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Not Applicable"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Oceanic Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in ocean",
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{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Not Applicable"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "History",
description: "Element discovery and related information in history",
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Lawrencium was created by four American scientists, Albert Ghiorso, Torbjørn Sikkeland, Almon E. Larsh and Robert M. Latimer, in March, 1961. Working at the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory in Berkeley, California, the scientists placed three micrograms (0.000003 grams) of californium in the target chamber of a device called a linear accelerator. The scientists used the accelerator to bombard the californium with boron ions. Several different isotopes of lawrencium were created and there is some confusion as to which isotope the group actually detected. Today, the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory is known as the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. Lawrencium's most stable isotope, lawrencium-262, has a half-life of about 4 hours. It decays into nobelium-262 through electron capture, mendelevium-258 through alpha decay or through spontaneous fission."
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}
},
{
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{
string: "Named after Lawrence, inventor of the cyclotron. This member of the 5f transition elements (actinide series) was discovered in March 1961 by A. Ghiorso, T. Sikkeland, A.E. Larsh, and R.M. Latimer. A 3-Mg californium target, consisting of a mixture of isotopes of mass number 249, 250, 251, and 252, was bombarded with either 10B or 11B. The electrically charged transmutation nuclei recoiled with an atmosphere of helium and were collected on a thin copper conveyor tape which was then moved to place collected atoms in front of a series of solid-state detectors. The isotope of element 103 produced in this way decayed by emitting an 8.6 MeV alpha particle with a half-life of 8 s.",
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{
string: "In 1967, Flerov and associates at the Dubna Laboratory reported their inability to detect an alpha emitter with a half-life of 8 s which was assigned by the Berkeley group to 257103. This assignment has been changed to 258Lr or 259Lr.",
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},
{
string: "In 1965, the Dubna workers found a longer-lived lawrencium isotope, 256Lr, with a half-life of 35 s. In 1968, Thiorso and associates at Berkeley used a few atoms of this isotope to study the oxidation behavior of lawrencium. Using solvent extraction techniques and working very rapidly, they extracted lawrencium ions from a buffered aqueous solution into an organic solvent completing each extraction in about 30 s.",
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tocHeading: "Description",
description: "Description about this element",
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stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Lawrencium behaves differently from dipositive nobelium and more like the tripositive elements earlier in the actinide series."
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]
}
}
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},
{
tocHeading: "Uses",
description: "Uses information in industry and other fields",
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Since only tiny amounts of lawrencium have ever been produced, there are currently no uses for it outside of basic scientific research."
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}
}
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},
{
tocHeading: "Compounds",
description: "Related compounds information to this element",
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referenceNumber: 7,
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stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "See more information at the Lawrencium compound page."
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tocHeading: "Atomic Mass, Half Life, and Decay",
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{
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{
string: "253.095089 ± 0.000217 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "257.099480 ± 0.000047 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "258.101753 ± 0.000109 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "258.101753 ± 0.000109 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "259.102901 ± 0.000076 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "260.105504 ± 0.000133 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "261.106880 ± 0.000215 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "262.109611 ± 0.000215 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "263.111358 ± 0.000304 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "264.114200 ± 0.000468 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "265.116193 ± 0.000587 [Estimated]"
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
string: "27 s ± 3"
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{
string: "6.0 s ± 0.4"
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string: "Not-specified"
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{
string: "3.6 s ± 0.4"
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{
string: "Not-specified"
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{
string: "6.2 s ± 0.3"
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{
string: "3.0 m ± 0.5"
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{
string: "39 m ± 12"
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{
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{
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{
string: "10 h [Estimated]"
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{
string: "10 h [Estimated]"
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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reference: [
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sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "PubChem",
description: "Data deposited in or computed by PubChem",
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{
referenceNumber: 2,
sourceName: "Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)",
sourceID: "e103",
name: "Lr",
description: "The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.",
url: "https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/",
anid: 6590330
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
sourceName: "Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)",
sourceID: "a103",
name: "Lawrencium",
description: "Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report) and CIAAW. The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/",
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licenseURL: "http://www.ciaaw.org/bylaws.htm",
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referenceNumber: 4,
sourceName: "Jefferson Lab, U.S. Department of Energy",
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description: "Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/",
url: "https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele103.html",
licenseNote: "Please see citation and linking information: https://education.jlab.org/faq/index.html",
licenseURL: "https://www.jlab.org/privacy-and-security-notice",
anid: 507165
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{
referenceNumber: 5,
sourceName: "Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "lanl103",
name: "Lawrencium",
description: "The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.",
url: "https://periodic.lanl.gov/103.shtml",
anid: 507283
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
sourceName: "NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory",
sourceID: "e103",
name: "Lawrencium",
description: "The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Elements/elInfo.pl?element=103",
licenseURL: "https://www.nist.gov/pml/database-disclaimer",
anid: 2292720
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sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "103",
name: "Lawrencium",
description: "This section provides all form of data related to element Lawrencium.",
anid: 694396
}
]
}
},
{
record: {
recordType: "AtomicNumber",
recordNumber: 104,
recordTitle: "Rutherfordium",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
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},
{
tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
description: "Element symbol, Also called atomic symbol, typically consists of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet derived from the element name in one of several languages.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Symbol",
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string: "Rf"
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}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Rf"
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}
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]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
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tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
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{
string: "52 us ± 14"
},
{
string: "23.2 us ± 1.0"
},
{
string: "4.7 us ± 1.1"
},
{
string: "247 us ± 73"
},
{
string: "1.66 s ± 0.07"
},
{
string: "50 us ± 17"
},
{
string: "6.67 ms ± 0.10"
},
{
string: "25 us ± 2"
},
{
string: "17 us ± 2"
},
{
string: "27 us ± 5"
},
{
string: "4.82 s ± 0.13"
},
{
string: "4.3 s ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "106 us ± 6"
},
{
string: "13.8 ms ± 0.9"
},
{
string: "2.63 s ± 0.26"
},
{
string: "Not-specified"
},
{
string: "Not-specified"
},
{
string: "21 ms ± 1"
},
{
string: "2.2 s ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "20 s ± 4"
},
{
string: "250 ms ± 100"
},
{
string: "47 ms ± 5"
},
{
string: "11 m ± 3"
},
{
string: "1 h [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "1.6 m ± 0.8"
},
{
string: "4 h [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "2.5 h ± 1.5"
},
{
string: "1 h [Estimated]"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Discovery Year",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1997"
},
{
string: "1995"
},
{
string: "1997"
},
{
string: "2015"
},
{
string: "2015"
},
{
string: "1975"
},
{
string: "2015"
},
{
string: "1975"
},
{
string: "2009"
},
{
string: "2009"
},
{
string: "2009"
},
{
string: "1969"
},
{
string: "1997"
},
{
string: "2009"
},
{
string: "1969"
},
{
string: "1969"
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: "1985"
},
{
string: "1970"
},
{
string: "1970"
},
{
string: "1985"
},
{
string: "1978"
},
{
string: "2003"
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: "2010"
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: "2004"
},
{
string: ""
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Decay Modes, Intensities and Uncertainties [%]",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "SF=?; α ?"
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string: "SF=?; α=5%[Estimated]"
},
{
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},
{
string: "IT=100%; SF ?"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "SF=45±0.3%; α=48±0.3%; β+<1%",
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{
string: "IT=100%"
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{
string: "SF=?; α=0.32±1.7%"
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{
string: "IT=100%; SF ?"
},
{
string: "IT=100%; SF ?"
},
{
string: "IT=100%; SF ?"
},
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string: "α=?; β+=19.4±1.4%; SF=1.3±0.3%",
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start: 23,
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},
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string: ""
},
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string: ""
},
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string: "SF=?; α=2%[Estimated]; ε=0.01%[Estimated]"
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{
string: "SF=73±0.6%; α=27±0.6%"
},
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string: "α=?; β+<15%; SF<10%",
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string: "SF≈100%"
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string: "SF=100%"
},
{
string: "SF=?; α=30%"
},
{
string: "α ?"
},
{
string: "SF≈100%; α ?"
},
{
string: "α ?; SF ?"
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{
string: "SF=100%"
},
{
string: "α ?; SF ?"
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]
}
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reference: [
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referenceNumber: 1,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "PubChem",
description: "Data deposited in or computed by PubChem",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
sourceName: "Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)",
sourceID: "e104",
name: "Rf",
description: "The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.",
url: "https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/",
anid: 6590331
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
sourceName: "Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)",
sourceID: "a104",
name: "Rutherfordium",
description: "Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report) and CIAAW. The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/",
url: "http://www.ciaaw.org/",
licenseURL: "http://www.ciaaw.org/bylaws.htm",
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description: "Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/",
url: "https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele104.html",
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licenseURL: "https://www.jlab.org/privacy-and-security-notice",
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referenceNumber: 5,
sourceName: "Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "lanl104",
name: "Rutherfordium",
description: "The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.",
url: "https://periodic.lanl.gov/104.shtml",
anid: 507284
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{
referenceNumber: 6,
sourceName: "NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory",
sourceID: "e104",
name: "Rutherfordium",
description: "The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Elements/elInfo.pl?element=104",
licenseURL: "https://www.nist.gov/pml/database-disclaimer",
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recordTitle: "Dubnium",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01022.html",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Dubnium"
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referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
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},
{
tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
description: "Element symbol, Also called atomic symbol, typically consists of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet derived from the element name in one of several languages.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Db"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Db"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "InChI=1S/Db"
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}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI Key",
description: "International Chemical Identifier hash (InChIKey) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI Key",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "PUKKTGLVJQVIOF-UHFFFAOYSA-N"
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}
}
]
}
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},
{
tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "268"
}
]
}
},
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value: {
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string: "268"
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}
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referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Relative Mass: 268.12567(57#)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
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{
tocHeading: "Atomic Radius",
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tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
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value: {
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tocHeading: "Ionization Energy",
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name: "Ionization Energy",
value: {
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tocHeading: "Atomic Spectra",
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url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00502.html",
information: [
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tocHeading: "Physical Description",
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tocHeading: "Element Classification",
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value: {
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string: "Metal"
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tocHeading: "Element Period Number",
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url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/group-periodic-table",
information: [
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value: {
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string: "5"
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},
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tocHeading: "Estimated Crustal Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in earth crust",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust",
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value: {
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string: "Not Applicable"
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}
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value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Not Applicable"
}
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tocHeading: "History",
description: "Element discovery and related information in history",
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Scientists working at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, Russia, first reported the production of dubnium in 1967. They bombarded atoms of americium-243 with ions of neon-22, forming atoms of dubnium-260 and five free neutrons and atoms of dubnium-261 and four free neutrons. In 1970, a group of scientists working at the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, now known as the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, in Berkeley, California, bombarded atoms of californium-249 with ions of nitrogen-15, forming atoms of dubnium-260 and 4 free neutrons. Credit for the discovery of dubnium is still under debate. Dubnium's most stable isotope, dubnium-268, has a half-life of about 32 hours and decays through spontaneous fission."
}
]
}
},
{
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value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "In 1967 G.N. Flerov reported that a Soviet team working at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research at Dubna may have produced a few atoms of 260105 and 261105 by bombarding 243Am with 22Ne. The evidence was based on time-coincidence measurements of alpha energies.",
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string: "In 1970 Dubna scientists synthesized Element 105 and, by the end of April 1970, \"had investigated all the types of decay of the new element and had determined its chemical properties,\" according to a report in 1970. The Soviet group had not proposed a name for 105. In late April 1970, it was announced that Ghiorso, Nurmia, Haris, K.A.Y. Eskola, and P.L. Eskola, working at the University of California at Berkeley, had positively identified element 105. The discovery was made by bombarding a target of 249Cf with a beam of 84 MeV nitrogen nuclei in the Heavy Ion Linear Accelerator (HILAC). When a15N nuclear is absorbed by a 249Cf nucleus, four neutrons are emitted and a new atom of 260105 with a half-life of 1.6 s is formed. While the first atoms of Element 105 are said to have been detected conclusively on March 5, 1970, there is evidence that Element 105 had been formed in Berkeley experiments a year earlier by the method described.",
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string: "Ghiorso and his associates have attempted to confirm Soviet findings by more sophisticated methods without success. The Berkeley Group proposed the name hahnium after the late German scientist Otto Hahn (1879-1968) and symbol Ha. However, the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry panel members in 1977 recommended that element 105 be named to Dubnium (symbol Db) after the site of the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Russia. Unfortunately, the name hahnium will not be used again according to the rules for naming new elements. Some scientists still use the earlier name of hahnium because it had been used for about 25 years."
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{
tocHeading: "Atomic Mass, Half Life, and Decay",
description: "This section provides the information from the Nubase2016. The number after the ± refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton. The '?' refers to 'not determined or qualified'. For further explainations, click read more below.",
url: "https://pubchemdocs.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nubase2016",
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"Decay Modes, Intensities and Uncertainties [%]"
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name: "Nuclide",
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string: "255Db",
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string: "261Db",
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},
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string: "262Db",
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{
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},
{
string: "264Db",
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},
{
string: "265Db",
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},
{
string: "266Db",
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},
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string: "267Db",
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},
{
string: "268Db",
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start: 0,
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},
{
string: "269Db",
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start: 0,
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type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "270Db",
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}
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name: "Atomic Mass and Uncertainty [u]",
value: {
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{
string: "255.106918 ± 0.000385 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "256.107889 ± 0.000258 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "257.107576 ± 0.000218 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "257.107576 ± 0.000218 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "258.109284 ± 0.000328 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "258.109284 ± 0.000328 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "259.109491865 ± 0.00005694"
},
{
string: "260.111297 ± 0.0001 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "261.111980 ± 0.000118 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "262.114068 ± 0.000154 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "262.114068 ± 0.000154 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "263.114988 ± 0.000181 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "264.117405 ± 0.000253 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "265.118608 ± 0.00024 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "266.121028 ± 0.000304 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "267.122464 ± 0.000443 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "268.125671 ± 0.000568 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "269.127911 ± 0.000669 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "270.131302 ± 0.000662 [Estimated]"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Half Life and Uncertainty",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1.7 s ± 0.5"
},
{
string: "1.7 s ± 0.4"
},
{
string: "2.3 s ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "670 ms ± 60"
},
{
string: "4.5 s ± 0.4"
},
{
string: "1.9 s ± 0.5"
},
{
string: "510 ms ± 160"
},
{
string: "1.52 s ± 0.13"
},
{
string: "4.7 s ± 1.0"
},
{
string: "34 s ± 4"
},
{
string: "Not-specified"
},
{
string: "29 s ± 9"
},
{
string: "3 m [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "15 m [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "80 m ± 70"
},
{
string: "100 m ± 60"
},
{
string: "29 h ± 4"
},
{
string: "3 h [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "2.0 h ± 1.3"
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]
}
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{
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name: "Discovery Year",
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string: "1977"
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{
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{
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{
string: "1985"
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{
string: "2001"
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{
string: "1970"
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{
string: "1970"
},
{
string: "1971"
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{
string: ""
},
{
string: "1992"
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{
string: ""
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: "2007"
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{
string: "2004"
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{
string: "2004"
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{
string: ""
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string: "2010"
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name: "Decay Modes, Intensities and Uncertainties [%]",
value: {
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referenceNumber: 1,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "PubChem",
description: "Data deposited in or computed by PubChem",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"
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{
referenceNumber: 2,
sourceName: "Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)",
sourceID: "e105",
name: "Db",
description: "The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.",
url: "https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/",
anid: 6590332
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{
referenceNumber: 3,
sourceName: "Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)",
sourceID: "a105",
name: "Dubnium",
description: "Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report) and CIAAW. The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/",
url: "http://www.ciaaw.org/",
licenseURL: "http://www.ciaaw.org/bylaws.htm",
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sourceName: "Jefferson Lab, U.S. Department of Energy",
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url: "https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele105.html",
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licenseURL: "https://www.jlab.org/privacy-and-security-notice",
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url: "https://periodic.lanl.gov/105.shtml",
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referenceNumber: 6,
sourceName: "NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory",
sourceID: "e105",
name: "Dubnium",
description: "The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Elements/elInfo.pl?element=105",
licenseURL: "https://www.nist.gov/pml/database-disclaimer",
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recordTitle: "Seaborgium",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01022.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Seaborgium"
}
]
}
},
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referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
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string: "Seaborgium"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
description: "Element symbol, Also called atomic symbol, typically consists of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet derived from the element name in one of several languages.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Sg"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Sg"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "InChI=1S/Sg"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI Key",
description: "International Chemical Identifier hash (InChIKey) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI Key",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "VAOUCABZIBBBJH-UHFFFAOYSA-N"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "271"
}
]
}
},
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referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
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string: "269"
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]
}
},
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referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Relative Mass: 271.13393(63#)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
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string: "[Rn]7s25f146d4",
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referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Electron Configuration",
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string: "[Rn]5f14 6d4 7s2",
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},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Radius",
description: "Atomic radius is the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell containing electrons.",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_radius",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
name: "Empirical Atomic Radius",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "empirical: 132 pm (predicted)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
description: "Oxidation state gives the degree of oxidation of an atom in terms of counting electrons.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/O/O04365.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "6, (5), (4), (3), 0 (parenthesized oxidation states are predictions)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ground Level",
description: "Also called ground-state level. The ground state electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom with lower energy levels.",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/ASD/Html/iehelp.html#IEGROUNDLEV",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ground Level",
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}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ionization Energy",
description: "Ionization energy is the minimum energy required to eject an electron out of a neutral atom or molecule in its ground state.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/I/I03199.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ionization Energy",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "7.8 eV (The level was determined by interpolation or extrapolation of known experimental values or by semiempirical calculation; its absolutre accuracy is reflected in the number of significant figures assigned to it.)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Spectra",
description: "Atomic and ionic spectral lines originate from specified electronic transitions between energy levels of atoms and ions, respectively.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00502.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/levels_hold.pl?el=Sg",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Levels Holdings"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Physical Description",
description: "Physical description, also know as physical characteristics, refers to physical appearance of element substances.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Solid"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Classification",
description: "Elements can be classified few groups according to each element's chemical properties.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Metal"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Period Number",
description: "The element period number refers to a horizontal row of the periodic table. The periodic table has 7 periods.",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/periodic-table-of-the-elements/The-periodic-table#ref80835",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "7"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Group Number",
description: "Element group refers to a set of chemical elements in the same vertical column of the periodic table",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/group-periodic-table",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "6"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Crustal Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in earth crust",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Not Applicable"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Oceanic Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in ocean",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Not Applicable"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "History",
description: "Element discovery and related information in history",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Seaborgium was first produced by a team of scientists led by Albert Ghiorso working at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory in Berkeley, California, in 1974. They created seaborgium by bombarding atoms of californium-249 with ions of oxygen-18 using a machine called the Super-Heavy Ion Linear Accelerator. The collision produced atoms of seaborgium-263 and four free neutrons. Seaborgium-263 is an isotope of seaborgium with a half-life of about 1 second. Three months before the Berkeley group announced their discovery, a team of scientists working at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, Russia, claimed to have produced seaborgium. Their method involved bombarding atoms of lead-207 and lead-208 with ions of chromium-54 with a device called a cyclotron. They believed that they had produced atoms of seaborgium-259. The Berkeley group's work was confirmed in 1993 and they were credited with the discovery. Seaborgium's most stable isotope, seaborgium-271, has a half-life of about 2.4 minutes. It decays into rutherfordium-267 through alpha decay or decays through spontaneous fission.."
}
]
}
},
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referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "IIn June 1974, members of the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, U.S.S.R., reported their discovery of Element 106, which they reported to have synthesized. Glenn Seaborg was part of this group, and the element was named in his honor."
},
{
string: "In September 1974, workers of the Lawrence Berkeley and Livermore Laboratories also claimed creation Element 106 \"without any scientific doubt.\" The LBL and LLL Group used the Super HILAC to accelerate 18O ions onto a 249Cf target.",
markup: [
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start: 202,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
},
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start: 218,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "Element 106 was created by the reaction 249Cf(18O, 4N)263X, which decayed by alpha emission to rutherfordium, and then by alpha emission to nobelium, which in turn further decayed by alpha between daughter and granddaughter. The element so identified had alpha energies of 9.06 and 9.25 MeV with a half-life of 0.9 +/- 0.2 s.",
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},
{
string: "At Dubna, 280-MeV ions of 54Cr from the 310-cm cyclotron were used to strike targets of 206Pb, 207Pb, and 208Pb, in separate runs. Foils exposed to a rotating target disc were used to detect spontaneous fission activities. The foils were etched and examined microscopically to detect the number of fission tracks and the half-life of the fission activity. Other experiments were made to aid in confirmation of the discovery.",
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tocHeading: "Description",
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tocHeading: "Uses",
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tocHeading: "Compounds",
description: "Related compounds information to this element",
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string: "260.114383508 ± 0.000022045"
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string: "261.115948188 ± 0.000019853"
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string: "263.118294 ± 0.000102 [Estimated]"
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string: "263.118294 ± 0.000102 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "264.118929 ± 0.000304 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "265.121090 ± 0.000132 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "265.121090 ± 0.000132 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "266.121973 ± 0.000263 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "267.124322 ± 0.000276 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "268.125392 ± 0.000504 [Estimated]"
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string: "269.128570 ± 0.000391 [Estimated]"
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string: "270.130426 ± 0.000598 [Estimated]"
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string: "271.133932 ± 0.000628 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "272.135890 ± 0.000781 [Estimated]"
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{
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{
string: "9.2 s ± 1.6"
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{
string: "16.4 s ± 2.4"
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{
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tocHeading: "InChI",
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tocHeading: "InChI Key",
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tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
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section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
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tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
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tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
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tocHeading: "Ionization Energy",
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tocHeading: "Atomic Spectra",
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tocHeading: "Estimated Crustal Abundance",
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url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust",
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},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Oceanic Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in ocean",
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tocHeading: "History",
description: "Element discovery and related information in history",
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string: "First produced in 1976 by scientists working at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, Russia, and later confirmed in 1981 by Peter Armbruster, Gottfried Münzenber and their team working at the Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung in Darmstadt, Germany, bohrium was produced by bombarding a target of bismuth-209 with ions of chromium-54. Bohrium's most stable isotope, bohrium-270, has a half-life of about 1 minute. It decays into dubnium-266 through alpha decay."
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}
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string: "In 1976 Soviet scientists at Dubna announced they had synthesized element 107 by bombarding 204Bi with heavy nuclei of 54Cr. Reports say that experiments in 1975 had allowed scientists \"to glimpse\" the new element for 2/1000 s. A rapidly rotating cylinder, coated with a thin layer of bismuth metal, was used as a target. This was bombarded by a stream of 54Cr ions fired tangentially.",
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string: "The existence of element 107 was confirmed by a team of West German physicists at the Heavy Ion Research Laboratory at Darmstadt, who created and identified six nuclei of element 107."
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},
{
tocHeading: "Description",
description: "Description about this element",
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tocHeading: "Uses",
description: "Uses information in industry and other fields",
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
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string: "Since only a few atoms of bohrium have ever been made, there are currently no uses for bohrium outside of basic scientific research."
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}
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},
{
tocHeading: "Compounds",
description: "Related compounds information to this element",
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referenceNumber: 7,
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stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "See more information at the Bohrium compound page."
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string: "262.122965 ± 0.000328 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "262.122965 ± 0.000328 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "263.122916 ± 0.000327 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "264.124593 ± 0.00019 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "264.124593 ± 0.00019 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "265.124977 ± 0.000251 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "266.126790 ± 0.000175 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "267.127500 ± 0.000282 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "268.129691 ± 0.000409 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "269.130412 ± 0.000402 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "270.133362 ± 0.000308 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "271.135182 ± 0.000446 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "272.138261 ± 0.000571 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "273.140240 ± 0.000743 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "274.143513 ± 0.000664 [Estimated]"
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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sourceName: "Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)",
sourceID: "e107",
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anid: 6590334
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sourceName: "Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)",
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url: "https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele107.html",
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sourceName: "Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy",
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anid: 507287
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sourceName: "NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory",
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description: "The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database",
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tocHeading: "Identifiers",
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tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
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tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
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tocHeading: "InChI Key",
description: "International Chemical Identifier hash (InChIKey) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
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tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
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tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
information: [
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{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
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tocHeading: "Atomic Radius",
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tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
description: "Oxidation state gives the degree of oxidation of an atom in terms of counting electrons.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/O/O04365.html",
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referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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tocHeading: "Ground Level",
description: "Also called ground-state level. The ground state electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom with lower energy levels.",
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tocHeading: "Ionization Energy",
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url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/I/I03199.html",
information: [
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stringWithMarkup: [
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]
}
}
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},
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tocHeading: "Atomic Spectra",
description: "Atomic and ionic spectral lines originate from specified electronic transitions between energy levels of atoms and ions, respectively.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00502.html",
information: [
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string: "Solid"
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tocHeading: "Element Classification",
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tocHeading: "Element Period Number",
description: "The element period number refers to a horizontal row of the periodic table. The periodic table has 7 periods.",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/periodic-table-of-the-elements/The-periodic-table#ref80835",
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tocHeading: "Element Group Number",
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url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/group-periodic-table",
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tocHeading: "Estimated Crustal Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in earth crust",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
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string: "Not Applicable"
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},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Oceanic Abundance",
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
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string: "Not Applicable"
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}
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},
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tocHeading: "History",
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string: "Hassium was first produced by Peter Armbruster, Gottfried Münzenber and their team working at the Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung in Darmstadt, Germany in 1984. They bombarded atoms of lead-208 with ions of iron-58 with a device known as a linear accelerator. This produced atoms of hassium-265, an isotope with a half-life of about 2 milliseconds (0.002 seconds), and a free neutron. Hassium's most stable isotope, hassium-270, has a half-life of about 22 seconds. It decays into seaborgium-266 through alpha decay."
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},
{
tocHeading: "Uses",
description: "Uses information in industry and other fields",
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Since only small amounts of hassium have ever been produced, it currently has no uses outside of basic scientific research."
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}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Compounds",
description: "Related compounds information to this element",
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referenceNumber: 7,
name: "Compounds",
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stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "See more information at the Hassium compound page."
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tocHeading: "Isotopes",
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{
string: "265.129791799 ± 0.000025719"
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{
string: "265.129791799 ± 0.000025719"
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{
string: "266.130045252 ± 0.00004154"
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{
string: "266.130045252 ± 0.00004154"
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string: "267.131673 ± 0.000103 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "267.131673 ± 0.000103 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "268.131863 ± 0.000304 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "269.133725 ± 0.000133 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "270.134314 ± 0.000266 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "271.137135 ± 0.000301 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "272.138494 ± 0.000547 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "273.141590 ± 0.000394 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "273.141590 ± 0.000394 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "274.143303 ± 0.000635 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "275.146667 ± 0.000631 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "276.148455 ± 0.00081 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "277.151899 ± 0.000581 [Estimated]"
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string: "277.151899 ± 0.000581 [Estimated]"
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{
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{
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{
string: "280 ms ± 220"
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
string: "10 s [Estimated]"
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{
string: "1060 ms ± 500"
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{
string: "Not-specified"
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{
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{
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{
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{
string: "α≈100%; IT ?"
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string: "α=?; SF≈1.4%[Estimated]"
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{
string: "α=?"
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string: "α=?; IT ?"
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{
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{
string: "α=100%"
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{
string: "α=100%; SF ?"
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{
string: "α ?; SF ?"
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{
string: "α ?; SF ?"
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string: "α≈100%"
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{
string: "α ?; SF ?"
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string: "α ?; SF ?"
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string: "α=100%"
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reference: [
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referenceNumber: 2,
sourceName: "Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)",
sourceID: "e108",
name: "Hs",
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anid: 6590335
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referenceNumber: 3,
sourceName: "Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)",
sourceID: "a108",
name: "Hassium",
description: "Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report) and CIAAW. The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/",
url: "http://www.ciaaw.org/",
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sourceName: "Jefferson Lab, U.S. Department of Energy",
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description: "Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/",
url: "https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele108.html",
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licenseURL: "https://www.jlab.org/privacy-and-security-notice",
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sourceName: "Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy",
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name: "Hassium",
description: "The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.",
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referenceNumber: 6,
sourceName: "NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory",
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name: "Hassium",
description: "The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database",
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tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
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tocHeading: "Element Name",
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tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
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tocHeading: "InChI Key",
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information: [
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section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
information: [
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value: {
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},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
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{
tocHeading: "Atomic Radius",
description: "Atomic radius is the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell containing electrons.",
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{
tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
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url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/O/O04365.html",
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value: {
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tocHeading: "Atomic Spectra",
description: "Atomic and ionic spectral lines originate from specified electronic transitions between energy levels of atoms and ions, respectively.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00502.html",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/levels_hold.pl?el=Mt",
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stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Levels holdings"
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tocHeading: "Physical Description",
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string: "Solid"
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tocHeading: "Element Classification",
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tocHeading: "Element Period Number",
description: "The element period number refers to a horizontal row of the periodic table. The periodic table has 7 periods.",
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tocHeading: "Element Group Number",
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url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/group-periodic-table",
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tocHeading: "Estimated Crustal Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in earth crust",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust",
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value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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}
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tocHeading: "Estimated Oceanic Abundance",
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Not Applicable"
}
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}
}
]
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},
{
tocHeading: "History",
description: "Element discovery and related information in history",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Meitnerium was first produced by Peter Armbruster, Gottfried Münzenber and their team working at the Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung in Darmstadt, Germany in 1982. They bombarded atoms of bismuth-209 with ions of iron-58 with a device known as a linear accelerator. This produced atoms of meitnerium-266, an isotope with a half-life of about 3.8 milliseconds (0.0038 seconds), and a free neutron. Meitnerium's most stable isotope, meitnerium-278, has a half-life of about 8 seconds. It decays into bohrium-274 through alpha decay."
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}
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string: "In this experiment, a week of target bombardment was required to produce a single fused nucleus. The team confirmed the existence of element 109 by four independent measurements. The newly formed atom recoiled from the target at predicted velocity and was separated from smaller, faster nuclei by a newly developed velocity filter. The time of flight to the detector and the striking energy were measured and found to match predicted values."
},
{
string: "The nucleus of 266X started to decay 5 ms after striking the detector. A high-energy alpha particle was emitted, producing 262/107X. This in turn emitted an alpha particle, becoming 258/105Db, which in turn captured an electron and became 258/104Rf. This in turn decayed into other nuclides. This experiment demonstrated the feasibility of using fusion techniques as a method of making new, heavy nuclei.",
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tocHeading: "Uses",
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tocHeading: "Compounds",
description: "Related compounds information to this element",
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string: "267.137189 ± 0.00054 [Estimated]"
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string: "269.138884 ± 0.000497 [Estimated]"
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string: "270.140323 ± 0.000183 [Estimated]"
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string: "271.140742 ± 0.000354 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "272.143406 ± 0.000521 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "274.147339 ± 0.00038 [Estimated]"
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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sourceName: "Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)",
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tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
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tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
description: "Element symbol, Also called atomic symbol, typically consists of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet derived from the element name in one of several languages.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
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tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
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name: "InChI",
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tocHeading: "InChI Key",
description: "International Chemical Identifier hash (InChIKey) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI Key",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "NCBMSFCPDGXTHD-UHFFFAOYSA-N"
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}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
information: [
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value: {
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},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
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tocHeading: "Atomic Radius",
description: "Atomic radius is the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell containing electrons.",
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tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
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url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/O/O04365.html",
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value: {
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tocHeading: "Atomic Spectra",
description: "Atomic and ionic spectral lines originate from specified electronic transitions between energy levels of atoms and ions, respectively.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00502.html",
information: [
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name: "Atomic Spectra",
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tocHeading: "Physical Description",
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string: "Expected to be a Solid"
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tocHeading: "Element Classification",
description: "Elements can be classified few groups according to each element's chemical properties.",
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value: {
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string: "Metal"
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}
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},
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tocHeading: "Element Period Number",
description: "The element period number refers to a horizontal row of the periodic table. The periodic table has 7 periods.",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/periodic-table-of-the-elements/The-periodic-table#ref80835",
information: [
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value: {
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tocHeading: "Element Group Number",
description: "Element group refers to a set of chemical elements in the same vertical column of the periodic table",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/group-periodic-table",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
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tocHeading: "Estimated Crustal Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in earth crust",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Not Applicable"
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}
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},
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tocHeading: "Estimated Oceanic Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in ocean",
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Not Applicable"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "History",
description: "Element discovery and related information in history",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Darmstadtium was first produced by Peter Armbruster, Gottfried Münzenber and their team working at the Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung in Darmstadt, Germany on November 9th, 1994. They bombarded atoms of lead with ions of nickel with a device known as a linear accelerator. This produced one atom of darmstadtium-269, an isotope with a half-life of about 0.17 milliseconds (0.00017 seconds), after at least a billion billion (1,000,000,000,000,000,000) nickel ions were fired at the lead target over the course of a week. Darmstadtium's most stable isotope, darmstadtium-281, has a half-life of about 20 seconds. About 15% of the time, it decays into hassium-277 through alpha decay. The remaining 85% of the time, it decays through spontaneous fission."
}
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value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "November 9, 1994 at 4:39 pm, the first atom with atomic number 110 was detected at the Gesellschaft fur Schwerionenforschung (GSI) in Darmstadt, in Germany."
},
{
string: "Element 110 was produced by fusing a nickel and lead atom together. This was achieved by accelerating the nickel atoms to a high energy in the heavy ion accelerator.\"This rare reaction occurs only at a very specific velocity of the nickel projectile. Over a period of many days, many billion billion nickel atoms must be shot at a lead target in order to produce and identify a single atom of element 110. The atoms produced in the nickel-lead collisions are selected by a velocity filter and then captured in a detector system which measures their decay. The energy of the emitted helium nuclei serves to identify the atom\" (Press Release). This element was only found to have a lifetime of less than 1/1000th of a second. It is expected that soon a heavier version of element 110 that might be more stable, and that lives slightly longer will be developed."
},
{
string: "The name darmstatdium was confirmed by IUPAC in August 2003."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Description",
description: "Description about this element",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Darmstadtium is named after the city Darmstadt, Germany."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Uses",
description: "Uses information in industry and other fields",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
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string: "280.161590 ± 0.000838 [Estimated]"
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{
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tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
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tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
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tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
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{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
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tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
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description: "The element period number refers to a horizontal row of the periodic table. The periodic table has 7 periods.",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/periodic-table-of-the-elements/The-periodic-table#ref80835",
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string: "Roentgenium was first produced by Peter Armbruster, Gottfried Münzenber and their team working at the Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung in Darmstadt, Germany in late 1994. They bombarded atoms of bismuth-209 with ions of nickel-64 with a device known as a linear accelerator. This produced three atoms of roentgenium-272, an isotope with a half-life of about 1.5 milliseconds (0.0015 seconds), and a free neutron. Roentgenium's most stable isotope, roentgenium-281, has a half-life of about 26 seconds and decays through spontaneous fission."
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string: "Discovered by Gesellschaft Schwerionenforschung (GSI) in Darmstadt, in 1994. Reasearch group of S. Hofmann, V. Ninov, F.P. Hessberger, P. Armbruster, H. Folger, G. Munzenberg, H.J. Schott, and others."
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string: "4.5 ms ± 1.0"
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{
string: "2 ms [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "29 ms ± 18"
},
{
string: "5 ms [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "10 ms [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "10 ms [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "8 ms ± 5"
},
{
string: "180 ms ± 110"
},
{
string: "4.3 s ± 0.7"
},
{
string: "24 s ± 8"
},
{
string: "1.6 m ± 0.7"
},
{
string: "30 s [Estimated]"
}
]
}
},
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{
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referenceNumber: 2,
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string: "α ?"
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string: "α ?; SF ?"
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{
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{
string: "α=100%"
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{
string: "α=100%"
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{
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recordTitle: "Copernicium",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01022.html",
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name: "Element Name",
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referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Name",
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string: "Copernicium"
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tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
description: "Element symbol, Also called atomic symbol, typically consists of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet derived from the element name in one of several languages.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Symbol",
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},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
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string: "Cn"
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}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "InChI=1S/Cn"
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},
{
tocHeading: "InChI Key",
description: "International Chemical Identifier hash (InChIKey) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI Key",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "NOTIIDSZELDPOP-UHFFFAOYSA-N"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "285"
}
]
}
},
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string: "285"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Relative Mass: 285.17712(60#)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[Rn] 7s2 5f14 6d10(predicted)",
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{
tocHeading: "Atomic Radius",
description: "Atomic radius is the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell containing electrons.",
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{
referenceNumber: 5,
name: "Empirical Atomic Radius",
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stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "empirical: 147 pm (predicted)"
}
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}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
description: "Oxidation state gives the degree of oxidation of an atom in terms of counting electrons.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/O/O04365.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "2, (1), 0 (parenthesized oxidation states are predictions)"
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]
}
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{
tocHeading: "Physical Description",
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Expected to be a Solid"
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}
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},
{
tocHeading: "Element Classification",
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string: "Metal"
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tocHeading: "Element Period Number",
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url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/group-periodic-table",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "12"
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},
{
tocHeading: "Boiling Point",
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url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_point",
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{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "357+112−108K(84+112−108°C,183+202−194°F)"
}
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}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Crustal Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in earth crust",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Not Applicable"
}
]
}
}
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},
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tocHeading: "Estimated Oceanic Abundance",
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{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Not Applicable"
}
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}
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tocHeading: "History",
description: "Element discovery and related information in history",
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Copernicium was first produced by Peter Armbruster, Gottfried Münzenber and their team working at the Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung in Darmstadt, Germany on February 9, 1996. They bombarded atoms of lead with ions of zinc with a device known as a linear accelerator. This produced atoms of copernicium-277, an isotope with a half-life of about 0.24 milliseconds (0.00024 seconds). Copernicium's most stable isotope, copernicium-285, has a half-life of about 30 seconds. It decays into darmstadtium-281 through alpha decay."
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}
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string: "On February 9, 1996, element 277Cn was created at the Gesellschaft fur Schwerionenforschung in Darmstadt, Germany by using the reaction 208Pb + 70Zn. Unlike element 110, Copernicium has properties more similar to radon than mercury, but due to its short half-life, it is difficult to study. As of 2011, Copernicum's most stable isotope has an atomic weight of 285.",
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{
tocHeading: "Description",
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string: "Copernicium is named after the astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus."
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tocHeading: "Uses",
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Since only a few atoms of copernicium have ever been produced, it currently has no uses outside of basic scientific research."
},
{
string: "Originally, the symbol Cp was recommended for Copernicium. That symbol was rejected because Cp had previously been used for the element lutetium which, prior to 1949, had cassiopeium as an alternative allowed name. Please see this file for additional details."
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}
}
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tocHeading: "Isotopes",
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{
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{
string: "282.170668 ± 0.000704 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "283.173362 ± 0.000653 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "284.174499 ± 0.000865 [Estimated]"
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{
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{
string: "5 ms [Estimated]"
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{
string: "180 ms ± 80"
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{
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{
string: "4.1 s ± 1.0"
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{
string: "104 ms ± 20"
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{
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{
string: "α ?; SF ?"
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{
string: "SF=100%"
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{
string: "SF=100%"
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{
string: "α=100%"
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recordTitle: "Nihonium",
section: [
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tocHeading: "Identifiers",
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section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
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{
tocHeading: "InChI Key",
description: "International Chemical Identifier hash (InChIKey) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI Key",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "KUGNSLWRKGRKGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "286"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
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{
string: "286"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Relative Mass: 284.17873(62#)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[Rn] 5f14 6d10 7s2 7p1(predicted)",
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]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Radius",
description: "Atomic radius is the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell containing electrons.",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_radius",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
name: "Empirical Atomic Radius",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "empirical: 170 pm (predicted)"
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]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Physical Description",
description: "Physical description, also know as physical characteristics, refers to physical appearance of element substances.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Expected to be a Solid"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Classification",
description: "Elements can be classified few groups according to each element's chemical properties.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Metal"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Period Number",
description: "The element period number refers to a horizontal row of the periodic table. The periodic table has 7 periods.",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/periodic-table-of-the-elements/The-periodic-table#ref80835",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "7"
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]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Group Number",
description: "Element group refers to a set of chemical elements in the same vertical column of the periodic table",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/group-periodic-table",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "13"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Melting Point",
description: "The melting point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from solid to liquid at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/melting-point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "700K(430°C,810°F)(predicted)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Boiling Point",
description: "Boiling Point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from liquid to gas at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1430K(1130°C,2070°F)(predicted)"
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]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Crustal Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in earth crust",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Not Applicable"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Oceanic Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in ocean",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Not Applicable"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "History",
description: "Element discovery and related information in history",
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "On July 23, 2004, scientists working at the RIKEN Nishina Center for Accelerator-based Science in Wako, Japan, created the first two atoms of the element nihonium by accelerating zinc ions to 10 percent the speed of light and then impacting them onto a thin bismuth target. Both atoms quickly underwent a series of four alpha decays, forming dubnium-262, which then decayed by spontaneous fission. Nihonium's most stable isotope, nihonium-286, has a half-life of about 20 seconds. It decays into roentgenium-282 through alpha decay."
}
]
}
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value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "On November 28th, 2016 element 113 was named “nihonium” with the symbol Nh. The name was proposed by the discoverers at RIKEN Nishina Center for Accelerator-Based Science in Japan. The name means mean “the Land of Rising Sun” and comes from the word “Nihon,” which means “Japan” in Japanese."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Uses",
description: "Uses information in industry and other fields",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Since only a few atoms of nihonium have ever been produced, it currently has no uses outside of basic scientific research."
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]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Isotopes",
description: "Isotopes are variants of a chemical element which contain different neutron number",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
name: "Stable Isotope Count",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "0"
}
]
}
}
],
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Mass, Half Life, and Decay",
description: "This section provides the information from the Nubase2016. The number after the ± refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton. The '?' refers to 'not determined or qualified'. For further explainations, click read more below.",
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string: "280Nh",
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},
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string: "281Nh",
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string: "282Nh",
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},
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string: "283Nh",
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start: 0,
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},
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string: "284Nh",
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string: "278.170574 ± 0.000198 [Estimated]"
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string: "279.170950 ± 0.00075 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "280.172991 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "281.173710 ± 0.000322 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "282.175766 ± 0.000387 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "283.176820 ± 0.000468 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "284.178843 ± 0.000573 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "285.180066 ± 0.000866 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "286.182518 ± 0.000704 [Estimated]"
},
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string: "287.183840 ± 0.000778 [Estimated]"
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{
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{
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},
{
string: "140 ms ± 90"
},
{
string: "160 ms ± 100"
},
{
string: "930 ms ± 140"
},
{
string: "3.3 s ± 1.1"
},
{
string: "7 s ± 3"
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{
string: "2 m [Estimated]"
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{
string: "α=100%"
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{
string: "α=100%"
},
{
string: "α=100%"
},
{
string: "α=100%"
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{
string: "α=100%"
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{
string: "α ?; SF ?"
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],
reference: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "PubChem",
description: "Data deposited in or computed by PubChem",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
sourceName: "Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)",
sourceID: "e113",
name: "Nh",
description: "The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.",
url: "https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/",
anid: 6590340
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
sourceName: "Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)",
sourceID: "a113",
name: "Nihonium",
description: "Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report) and CIAAW. The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/",
url: "http://www.ciaaw.org/",
licenseURL: "http://www.ciaaw.org/bylaws.htm",
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referenceNumber: 4,
sourceName: "Jefferson Lab, U.S. Department of Energy",
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name: "Nihonium",
description: "Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/",
url: "https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele113.html",
licenseNote: "Please see citation and linking information: https://education.jlab.org/faq/index.html",
licenseURL: "https://www.jlab.org/privacy-and-security-notice",
anid: 507175
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{
referenceNumber: 5,
sourceName: "Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "lanl113",
name: "Nihonium",
description: "The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.",
url: "https://periodic.lanl.gov/113.shtml",
anid: 507293
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
sourceName: "NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory",
sourceID: "e113",
name: "Nihonium",
description: "The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements.",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Elements/elInfo.pl?element=113",
licenseURL: "https://www.nist.gov/pml/database-disclaimer",
anid: 2292730
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{
record: {
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recordNumber: 114,
recordTitle: "Flerovium",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01022.html",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Flerovium"
}
]
}
},
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referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Flerovium"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
description: "Element symbol, Also called atomic symbol, typically consists of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet derived from the element name in one of several languages.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Fl"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Fl"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "InChI=1S/Fl"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI Key",
description: "International Chemical Identifier hash (InChIKey) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI Key",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "WIHJCBVMYKIGOT-UHFFFAOYSA-N"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "289"
}
]
}
},
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referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
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string: "289"
}
]
}
},
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referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Relative Mass: 289.19042(60#)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[Rn] 7s27p2 5f14 6d10(predicted)",
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length: 1,
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type: "Superscript"
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start: 19,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Radius",
description: "Atomic radius is the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell containing electrons.",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_radius",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
name: "Empirical Atomic Radius",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "empirical: 180 pm (predicted)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
description: "Oxidation state gives the degree of oxidation of an atom in terms of counting electrons.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/O/O04365.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "0, 1, 2, 4, 6 (predicted)"
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]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Physical Description",
description: "Physical description, also know as physical characteristics, refers to physical appearance of element substances.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Expected to be a Solid"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Classification",
description: "Elements can be classified few groups according to each element's chemical properties.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Metal"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Period Number",
description: "The element period number refers to a horizontal row of the periodic table. The periodic table has 7 periods.",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/periodic-table-of-the-elements/The-periodic-table#ref80835",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "7"
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]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Group Number",
description: "Element group refers to a set of chemical elements in the same vertical column of the periodic table",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/group-periodic-table",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "14"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Boiling Point",
description: "Boiling Point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from liquid to gas at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "~210K(~−60°C,~−80°F)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Crustal Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in earth crust",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Not Applicable"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Oceanic Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in ocean",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Not Applicable"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "History",
description: "Element discovery and related information in history",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Flerovium was first produced by scientists working at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, Russia in 1998. They bombarded atoms of plutonium with ions of calcium. This produced a single atom of flerovium-289, an isotope with a half-life of about 21 seconds. Flerovium's most stable isotope, flerovium-289, has a half-life of about 0.97 seconds. It decays into copernicium-285 through alpha decay."
}
]
}
},
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referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Flerovium is radioactive and has the symbol Fl and the atomic number 114. The element is named after Russian physicist Georgy Flyorov, who founded the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, Russia, where the element was first discovered in 1999."
},
{
string: "Element 114 has a 30-second half-life, which is much longer than element 112's. This is evidence of the \"island of stability\" that was predicted to occur around element 114 (where the combination of protons and neutrons would combine to make a stable structure)."
},
{
string: "A beam containing 48Ca was aimed into a244Pu target to make this atom.",
markup: [
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start: 18,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 39,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "The name Flerovium was adopted by IUPAC on May 31, 2012."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Uses",
description: "Uses information in industry and other fields",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Since only a few atoms of flerovium have ever been produced, it currently has no uses outside of basic scientific research."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Isotopes",
description: "Isotopes are variants of a chemical element which contain different neutron number",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
name: "Stable Isotope Count",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "0"
}
]
}
}
],
section: [
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tocHeading: "Atomic Mass, Half Life, and Decay",
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]
},
{
tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
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referenceNumber: 6,
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},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
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tocHeading: "Atomic Radius",
description: "Atomic radius is the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell containing electrons.",
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referenceNumber: 5,
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tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
description: "Oxidation state gives the degree of oxidation of an atom in terms of counting electrons.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/O/O04365.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
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tocHeading: "Physical Description",
description: "Physical description, also know as physical characteristics, refers to physical appearance of element substances.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Expected to be a Solid"
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]
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}
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},
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tocHeading: "Element Classification",
description: "Elements can be classified few groups according to each element's chemical properties.",
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tocHeading: "Element Period Number",
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url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/periodic-table-of-the-elements/The-periodic-table#ref80835",
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tocHeading: "Element Group Number",
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url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/group-periodic-table",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 4,
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{
tocHeading: "Melting Point",
description: "The melting point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from solid to liquid at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/melting-point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
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{
tocHeading: "Boiling Point",
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referenceNumber: 5,
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{
tocHeading: "Estimated Crustal Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in earth crust",
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
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tocHeading: "Estimated Oceanic Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in ocean",
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{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Not Applicable"
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}
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tocHeading: "History",
description: "Element discovery and related information in history",
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
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string: "On December 6, 2000, scientists working at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, Russia, along with scientists from the U.S. Department of Energy's Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, announced the creation of livermorium. They produced livermorium by bombarding atoms of curium-248 with ions of calcium-48. This produced livermorium-292, an isotope with a half-life of about 0.6 milliseconds (0.0006 seconds), and four free neutrons. Livermorium's most stable isotope, livermorium-293, has a half-life of about 53 milliseconds. It decays into flerovium-289 through alpha decay."
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tocHeading: "Uses",
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tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
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{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
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tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
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url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
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information: [
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tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
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tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
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string: "Expected to be a Solid"
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}
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string: "294.210974 ± 0.000708 [Estimated]"
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}
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},
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}
],
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section: [
{
tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01022.html",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Oganesson"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Oganesson"
}
]
}
}
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},
{
tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
description: "Element symbol, Also called atomic symbol, typically consists of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet derived from the element name in one of several languages.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Og"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Og"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "InChI=1S/Og"
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]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI Key",
description: "International Chemical Identifier hash (InChIKey) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI Key",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "GOANEQIZDYDFCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "294"
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}
},
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referenceNumber: 5,
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},
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referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Relative Mass: 294.21392(71#)"
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]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "[Rn] 7s2 7p6 5f14 6d10(predicted)",
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tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
description: "Oxidation state gives the degree of oxidation of an atom in terms of counting electrons.",
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tocHeading: "Physical Description",
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referenceNumber: 4,
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string: "Expected to be a Gas"
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tocHeading: "Element Classification",
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string: "Non-metal"
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}
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tocHeading: "Element Period Number",
description: "The element period number refers to a horizontal row of the periodic table. The periodic table has 7 periods.",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/periodic-table-of-the-elements/The-periodic-table#ref80835",
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tocHeading: "Element Group Number",
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url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/group-periodic-table",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "18 - Noble Gas"
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}
}
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},
{
tocHeading: "Boiling Point",
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url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_point",
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{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "350±30K(80±30°C,170±50°F)(extrapolated)"
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},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Crustal Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in earth crust",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust",
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{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Not Applicable"
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]
}
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},
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tocHeading: "Estimated Oceanic Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in ocean",
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{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Not Applicable"
}
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}
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}
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},
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tocHeading: "History",
description: "Element discovery and related information in history",
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string: "On October 16, 2006, scientists working at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, Russia, along with scientists from the U.S. Department of Energy's Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, announced the creation of oganesson. They produced oganesson by bombarding atoms of californium-249 with ions of calcium-48. This produced oganesson-294, an isotope with a half-life of about 0.89 milliseconds (0.00089 seconds), and three free neutrons. The californium target was irradiated with a total of 1.6*1019 calcium ions over the course of 1080 hours, resulting in the production of three atoms of oganesson. Oganesson's most stable isotope, oganesson-294, has a half-life of about 0.89 milliseconds. It decays into livermorium-290 through alpha decay.",
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string: "On Novemer 28th, 2016, element 118 was named Oganesson with the symbol (Og). The name was proposed by the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna (Russia) and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (USA). It honors Professor Yuri Oganessian (born 1933) for his pioneering contributions to transactinoid elements research."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Uses",
description: "Uses information in industry and other fields",
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value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Since only a few atoms of oganesson have ever been produced, it currently has no uses outside of basic scientific research."
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}
}
]
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tocHeading: "Isotopes",
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referenceNumber: 2,
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referenceNumber: 5,
sourceName: "Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "lanl118",
name: "Oganesson",
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url: "https://periodic.lanl.gov/118.shtml",
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referenceNumber: 6,
sourceName: "NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory",
sourceID: "e118",
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recordTitle: "Strontium",
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tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
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url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
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information: [
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referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI",
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string: "InChI=1S/Sr"
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]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI Key",
description: "International Chemical Identifier hash (InChIKey) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI Key",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "CIOAGBVUUVVLOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N"
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]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
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tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
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},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Radius",
description: "Atomic radius is the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell containing electrons.",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_radius",
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referenceNumber: 5,
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value: {
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string: "249 pm (Van der Waals)"
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}
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{
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number: [
200
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unit: "pm (Empirical)"
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{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Covalent Atomic Radius",
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value: {
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{
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value: {
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}
}
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},
{
tocHeading: "Ground Level",
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]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ionization Energy",
description: "Ionization energy is the minimum energy required to eject an electron out of a neutral atom or molecule in its ground state.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/I/I03199.html",
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},
{
tocHeading: "Electronegativity",
description: "The concept electronegativity was introduced by L. Pauling as the power of an atom to attract electrons to itself.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01990",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Pauling Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
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],
value: {
number: [
0.95
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unit: "(Pauling Scale)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Allen Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1989, 111, 9003. DOI:10.1021/ja00207a003; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek and L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 2780. DOI:10.1021/ja992866e; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek, E.T. Knight, J.F. Capitani and L.C Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 5132. DOI:10.1021/ja9928677"
],
value: {
number: [
0.963
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unit: "(Allen Scale)"
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},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Affinity",
description: "Electron affinity refers to energy required to detach an electron from the singly charged negative ion.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01977",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.T Myers, J. Chem. Edu., 1990, 67(4), 307. DOI:10.1021/ed067p307"
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value: {
number: [
0
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unit: "eV"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.J. Zollweg, J. Chem. Phys., 1969, 50, 4251. DOI:10.1063/1.1670890"
],
value: {
number: [
-1.51
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unit: "eV"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Spectra",
description: "Atomic and ionic spectral lines originate from specified electronic transitions between energy levels of atoms and ions, respectively.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00502.html",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/lines_hold.pl?el=Sr",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Lines Holdings"
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tocHeading: "Physical Description",
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value: {
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string: "Solid"
}
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}
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},
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tocHeading: "Element Classification",
description: "Elements can be classified few groups according to each element's chemical properties.",
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tocHeading: "Element Period Number",
description: "The element period number refers to a horizontal row of the periodic table. The periodic table has 7 periods.",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/periodic-table-of-the-elements/The-periodic-table#ref80835",
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tocHeading: "Element Group Number",
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url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/group-periodic-table",
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stringWithMarkup: [
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tocHeading: "Density",
description: "Density is a degree of consistency measured by the quantity of mass per unit volume",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/D/D01590.html",
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referenceNumber: 4,
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{
tocHeading: "Melting Point",
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url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/melting-point",
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value: {
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tocHeading: "Boiling Point",
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string: "1377°C"
}
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{
tocHeading: "Estimated Crustal Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in earth crust",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust",
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value: {
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},
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tocHeading: "Estimated Oceanic Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in ocean",
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "7.9 milligrams per liter"
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tocHeading: "History",
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string: "The name derives from Strontian, a town in Scotland. The mineral strontianite is found in mines in Strontian. The element was discovered in 1792 by the Scottish chemist and physician Thomas Charles Hope, who observed the brilliant red flame colour of strontium. It was first isolated by the English chemist Humphry Davy in 1808."
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string: "Strontium was discovered by Adair Crawford, an Irish chemist, in 1790 while studying the mineral witherite (BaCO3). When he mixed witherite with hydrochloric acid (HCl) he did not get the results he expected. He assumed that his sample of witherite was contaminated with an mineral, a mineral he named strontianite (SrCO3). Strontium was first isolated by Sir Humphry Davy, an English chemist, in 1808 through the electrolysis of a mixture of strontium chloride (SrCl2) and mercuric oxide (HgO). Today, strontium is obtained from two of its most common ores, celestite (SrSO4) and strontianite (SrCO3), by treating them with hydrochloric acid, forming strontium chloride. The strontium chloride, usually mixed with potassium chloride (KCl), is then melted and electrolyzed, forming strontium and chlorine gas (Cl2).",
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tocHeading: "Description",
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string: "Two strontium compounds, strontium carbonate (SrCO3) and strontium nitrate (Sr(NO3)2), burn with a bright, red flame and are used in fireworks and signal flares. Strontium carbonate is also used to make certain kinds of glass and is the base material for making most other strontium compounds.",
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{
tocHeading: "Atomic Mass, Half Life, and Decay",
description: "This section provides the information from the Nubase2016. The number after the ± refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton. The '?' refers to 'not determined or qualified'. For further explainations, click read more below.",
url: "https://pubchemdocs.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nubase2016",
displayControls: {
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"Half Life and Uncertainty",
"Discovery Year",
"Decay Modes, Intensities and Uncertainties [%]"
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information: [
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Nuclide",
value: {
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length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "74Sr",
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{
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{
string: "76Sr",
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{
string: "77Sr",
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},
{
string: "78Sr",
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{
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},
{
string: "79Sr",
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{
start: 0,
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type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "80Sr",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
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type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "81Sr",
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{
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},
{
string: "81Srm",
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{
string: "81Srn",
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{
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{
string: "82Sr",
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},
{
string: "83Sr",
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{
start: 0,
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type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "83Srm",
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length: 1,
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{
string: "84Sr",
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{
string: "85Sr",
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{
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{
string: "85Srm",
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start: 4,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "86Sr",
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
string: "89Sr",
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},
{
string: "90Sr",
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},
{
string: "91Sr",
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},
{
string: "92Sr",
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{
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type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "93Sr",
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type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "94Sr",
markup: [
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type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "95Sr",
markup: [
{
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type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "96Sr",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "97Sr",
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length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "97Srm",
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{
string: "98Sr",
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},
{
string: "99Sr",
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{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "100Sr",
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},
{
string: "100Srm",
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{
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},
{
string: "101Sr",
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]
},
{
string: "102Sr",
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{
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type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "103Sr",
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},
{
string: "104Sr",
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},
{
string: "105Sr",
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},
{
string: "106Sr",
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]
},
{
string: "107Sr",
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]
}
},
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name: "Atomic Mass and Uncertainty [u]",
value: {
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string: "72.965700 ± 0.00043 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "73.956170 ± 0.000107 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "74.949952770 ± 0.000236183"
},
{
string: "75.941762761 ± 0.000037"
},
{
string: "76.937945455 ± 0.0000085"
},
{
string: "77.932179980 ± 0.000008"
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{
string: "78.929707664 ± 0.000009"
},
{
string: "79.924517540 ± 0.000003718"
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{
string: "80.923211394 ± 0.000003358"
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{
string: "80.923211394 ± 0.000003358"
},
{
string: "80.923211394 ± 0.000003358"
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{
string: "81.918399847 ± 0.000006432"
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{
string: "82.917554374 ± 0.000007336"
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{
string: "82.917554374 ± 0.000007336"
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{
string: "83.913419120 ± 0.000001334"
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{
string: "84.912932043 ± 0.00000302"
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{
string: "84.912932043 ± 0.00000302"
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{
string: "85.90926072631 ± 0.00000000561"
},
{
string: "85.90926072631 ± 0.00000000561"
},
{
string: "86.90887749615 ± 0.00000000548"
},
{
string: "86.90887749615 ± 0.00000000548"
},
{
string: "87.90561225561 ± 0.00000000599"
},
{
string: "88.907450808 ± 0.000000098"
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{
string: "89.907730885 ± 0.00000228"
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{
string: "90.910195958 ± 0.000005853"
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{
string: "91.911038224 ± 0.000003675"
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{
string: "92.914024311 ± 0.000008109"
},
{
string: "93.915355643 ± 0.000001785"
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{
string: "94.919355840 ± 0.000006239"
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{
string: "95.921712692 ± 0.000009098"
},
{
string: "96.926374776 ± 0.000003633"
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{
string: "96.926374776 ± 0.000003633"
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{
string: "96.926374776 ± 0.000003633"
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{
string: "97.928691860 ± 0.000003463"
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{
string: "98.932880511 ± 0.000005089"
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{
string: "99.935779615 ± 0.000007686"
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{
string: "99.935779615 ± 0.000007686"
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{
string: "100.940606266 ± 0.000009103"
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{
string: "101.944004680 ± 0.000072"
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{
string: "102.949090 ± 0.00021 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "103.952650 ± 0.00032 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "104.958550 ± 0.00054 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "105.962651 ± 0.000644 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "106.968975 ± 0.000751 [Estimated]"
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{
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name: "Half Life and Uncertainty",
value: {
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string: ">25 ms"
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{
string: "27 ms ± 8"
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{
string: "88 ms ± 3"
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{
string: "7.89 s ± 0.07"
},
{
string: "9.0 s ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "156.1 s ± 2.7"
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{
string: "2.25 m ± 0.10"
},
{
string: "106.3 m ± 1.5"
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{
string: "22.3 m ± 0.4"
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{
string: "390 ns ± 50"
},
{
string: "6.4 us ± 0.5"
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{
string: "25.36 d ± 0.03"
},
{
string: "32.41 h ± 0.03"
},
{
string: "4.95 s ± 0.12"
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{
string: "Stable"
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{
string: "64.849 d ± 0.007"
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{
string: "67.63 m ± 0.04"
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{
string: "Stable"
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{
string: "455 ns ± 7"
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{
string: "Stable"
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{
string: "2.815 h ± 0.012"
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{
string: "Stable"
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{
string: "50.563 d ± 0.025"
},
{
string: "28.79 y ± 0.06"
},
{
string: "9.65 h ± 0.06"
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{
string: "2.611 h ± 0.017"
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{
string: "7.43 m ± 0.03"
},
{
string: "75.3 s ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "23.90 s ± 0.14"
},
{
string: "1.07 s ± 0.01"
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{
string: "429 ms ± 5"
},
{
string: "165 ns ± 4"
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{
string: "515 ns ± 10"
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{
string: "653 ms ± 2"
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{
string: "269 ms ± 1"
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{
string: "202 ms ± 3"
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{
string: "122 ns ± 9"
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{
string: "113.8 ms ± 1.7"
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{
string: "69 ms ± 6"
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{
string: "53 ms ± 10"
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{
string: "50.6 ms ± 4.2"
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{
string: "39 ms ± 5"
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{
string: "21 ms ± 8"
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
string: "1952"
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{
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{
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{
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{
string: "1952"
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{
string: "1972"
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{
string: "1936"
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{
string: "1940"
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{
string: "1940"
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{
string: "1931"
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{
string: "1971"
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{
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{
string: "1923"
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
string: "1959"
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{
string: "1959"
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{
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{
string: "1971"
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
string: "1978"
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{
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{
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{
string: "1986"
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{
string: "1997"
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{
string: "1997"
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{
string: "1997"
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{
string: "2010"
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{
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string: "IT=100%"
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string: "IT ?"
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string: "IT=100%"
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string: "IT=100%"
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reference: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "PubChem",
description: "Data deposited in or computed by PubChem",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
sourceName: "Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)",
sourceID: "e38",
name: "Sr",
description: "The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.",
url: "https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/",
anid: 6590265
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
sourceName: "Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)",
sourceID: "a38",
name: "Strontium",
description: "Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report) and CIAAW. The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/",
url: "http://www.ciaaw.org/strontium.htm",
licenseURL: "http://www.ciaaw.org/bylaws.htm",
anid: 2292419
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
sourceName: "Jefferson Lab, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "jlab38",
name: "Strontium",
description: "Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/",
url: "https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele038.html",
licenseNote: "Please see citation and linking information: https://education.jlab.org/faq/index.html",
licenseURL: "https://www.jlab.org/privacy-and-security-notice",
anid: 507100
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
sourceName: "Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "lanl38",
name: "Strontium",
description: "The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.",
url: "https://periodic.lanl.gov/38.shtml",
anid: 507218
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
sourceName: "NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory",
sourceID: "e38",
name: "Strontium",
description: "The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Elements/elInfo.pl?element=38",
licenseURL: "https://www.nist.gov/pml/database-disclaimer",
anid: 2292655
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
sourceName: "PubChem Elements",
sourceID: "38",
name: "Sr",
description: "The element property data was retrieved from publications.",
anid: 7660039
},
{
referenceNumber: 7,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "38",
name: "Strontium",
description: "This section provides all form of data related to element Strontium.",
anid: 694331
}
]
}
},
{
record: {
recordType: "AtomicNumber",
recordNumber: 39,
recordTitle: "Yttrium",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01022.html",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Yttrium"
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]
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referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Yttrium"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
description: "Element symbol, Also called atomic symbol, typically consists of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet derived from the element name in one of several languages.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Y"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Y"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "InChI=1S/Y"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI Key",
description: "International Chemical Identifier hash (InChIKey) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI Key",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "VWQVUPCCIRVNHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Atomic Weight",
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string: "88.905 84(1)"
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}
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{
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value: {
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string: "88.90584"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
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string: "88.91"
}
]
}
},
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referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "88.90584(2)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
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string: "[Kr]5s24d1",
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}
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name: "Electron Configuration",
value: {
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}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Radius",
description: "Atomic radius is the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell containing electrons.",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_radius",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
name: "Van der Waals Atomic Radius",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "219 pm (Van der Waals)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Empirical Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"J.C. Slater, J Chem Phys, 1964, 41(10), 3199-3205. DOI:10.1063/1.1725697"
],
value: {
number: [
180
],
unit: "pm (Empirical)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Covalent Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"B. Cordero, V. Gómez, A.E. Platero-Prats, M. Revés, J. Echeverría, E. Cremades, F. Barragán, S. Alvarez, Dalton Trans. 2008, 21, 2832-2838. DOI:10.1039/b801115j PMID:18478144."
],
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "190(7) pm (Covalent)"
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]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
description: "Oxidation state gives the degree of oxidation of an atom in terms of counting electrons.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/O/O04365.html",
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value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "3, 2, 1 (a weakly basic oxide)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ground Level",
description: "Also called ground-state level. The ground state electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom with lower energy levels.",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/ASD/Html/iehelp.html#IEGROUNDLEV",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ground Level",
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}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ionization Energy",
description: "Ionization energy is the minimum energy required to eject an electron out of a neutral atom or molecule in its ground state.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/I/I03199.html",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
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string: "6.217 eV"
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]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ionization Energy",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "6.21726 eV"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electronegativity",
description: "The concept electronegativity was introduced by L. Pauling as the power of an atom to attract electrons to itself.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01990",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Pauling Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"A.L. Allred, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 1961, 17(3-4), 215-221. DOI:10.1016/0022-1902(61)80142-5"
],
value: {
number: [
1.22
],
unit: "(Pauling Scale)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Allen Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1989, 111, 9003. DOI:10.1021/ja00207a003; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek and L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 2780. DOI:10.1021/ja992866e; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek, E.T. Knight, J.F. Capitani and L.C Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 5132. DOI:10.1021/ja9928677"
],
value: {
number: [
1.12
],
unit: "(Allen Scale)"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Affinity",
description: "Electron affinity refers to energy required to detach an electron from the singly charged negative ion.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01977",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.T Myers, J. Chem. Edu., 1990, 67(4), 307. DOI:10.1021/ed067p307"
],
value: {
number: [
0.307
],
unit: "eV"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.J. Zollweg, J. Chem. Phys., 1969, 50, 4251. DOI:10.1063/1.1670890"
],
value: {
number: [
-0.4
],
unit: "eV"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Spectra",
description: "Atomic and ionic spectral lines originate from specified electronic transitions between energy levels of atoms and ions, respectively.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00502.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/lines_hold.pl?el=Y",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Lines Holdings"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/levels_hold.pl?el=Y",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Levels Holdings"
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]
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},
{
tocHeading: "Physical Description",
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Solid"
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}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Classification",
description: "Elements can be classified few groups according to each element's chemical properties.",
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Metal"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Period Number",
description: "The element period number refers to a horizontal row of the periodic table. The periodic table has 7 periods.",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/periodic-table-of-the-elements/The-periodic-table#ref80835",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "5"
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]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Group Number",
description: "Element group refers to a set of chemical elements in the same vertical column of the periodic table",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/group-periodic-table",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "3"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Density",
description: "Density is a degree of consistency measured by the quantity of mass per unit volume",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/D/D01590.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "4.47 grams per cubic centimeter"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Melting Point",
description: "The melting point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from solid to liquid at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/melting-point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1795 K (1522°C or 2772°F)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1526°C"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Boiling Point",
description: "Boiling Point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from liquid to gas at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "3618 K (3345°C or 6053°F)"
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]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "2930°C"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Crustal Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in earth crust",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust",
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "3.3×101 milligrams per kilogram",
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}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Oceanic Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in ocean",
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "1.3×10-5 milligrams per liter",
markup: [
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}
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]
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tocHeading: "History",
description: "Element discovery and related information in history",
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referenceNumber: 3,
name: "History",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "The name derives from the Swedish village of Ytterby where the mineral gadolinite was found. In 1794, the Finnish chemist Johan Gadolin discovered yttrium in the mineral ytterbite, which was later renamed gadolinite for Gadolin. Gadolin originally called the element ytterbium after ytterbite. The name was subsequently shortened to yttrium, and later another element was given the name ytterbium."
}
]
}
},
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value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Yttrium was discovered by Johan Gadolin, a Finnish chemist, while analyzing the composition of the mineral gadolinite ((Ce, La, Nd, Y)2FeBe2Si2O10) in 1789. Gadolinite, which was named for Johan Gadolin, was discovered several years earlier in a quarry near the town of Ytterby, Sweden. Today, yttrium is primarily obtained through an ion exchange process from monazite sand ((Ce, La, Th, Nd, Y)PO4), a material rich in rare earth elements.",
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string: "Namded after Ytterby, a village in Sweden near Vauxholm. Yttria earth containing yttrium was discovered by Gadolin in 1794. Ytterby is the site of a quarry which yielded many unusual minerals containing rare earths and other elements. This small town, near Stockholm, bears the honor of giving names to erbium, terbium, and ytterbium as well as yttrium."
},
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string: "In 1843 Mosander showed that yttira could be resolved into the oxides (or earths) of three elements. The name yttria was reserved for the most basic one; the others were named erbia and terbia."
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]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Description",
description: "Description about this element",
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stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Yttrium has a silver-metallic luster and is relatively stable in air. Turnings of the metal, however, ignite in air if their temperature exceeds 400°C. Finely divided yttrium is very unstable in air."
}
]
}
}
]
},
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tocHeading: "Uses",
description: "Uses information in industry and other fields",
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Although metallic yttrium is not widely used, several of its compounds are. Yttrium oxide (Y2O3) and yttrium orthovanadate (YVO4) are both combined with europium to produce the red phosphor used in color televisions. Garnets made from yttrium and iron (Y3Fe5O12) are used as microwave filters in microwave communications equipment. Garnets made from yttrium and aluminum (Y3Al5O12) are used in jewelry as simulated diamond.",
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string: "Yttrium oxide is one of the most important compounds of yttrium and accounts for the largest use. It is widely used in making YVO4 europium, and Y2O3 europium phosphors to give the red color in color television tubes. Hundreds of thousands of pounds are now used in this application.",
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string: "Yttrium oxide also is used to produce yttrium-iron-garnets, which are very effective microwave filters."
},
{
string: "Yttrium iron, aluminum, and gadolinium garnets, with formulas such as Y3Fe5O12 and Y3Al5O12, have interesting magnetic properties. Yttrium iron garnet is also exceptionally efficient as both a transmitter and transducer of acoustic energy. Yttrium aluminum garnet, with a hardness of 8.5, is also finding use as a gemstone (simulated diamond).",
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string: "Small amounts of yttrium (0.1 to 0.2%) can be used to reduce the grain size in chromium, molybdenum, zirconium, and titanium, and to increase strength of aluminum and magnesium alloys."
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{
string: "Alloys with other useful properties can be obtained by using yttrium as an additive. The metal can be used as a deoxidizer for vanadium and other nonferrous metals. The metal has a low cross section for nuclear capture. 90Y, one of the isotopes of yttrium, exists in equilibrium with its parent 90Sr, a product of nuclear explosions. Yttrium has been considered for use as a nodulizer for producing nodular cast iron, in which the graphite forms compact nodules instead of the usual flakes. Such iron has increased ductility.",
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string: "Yttrium also can be used in laser systems and as a catalyst for ethylene polymerization reactions."
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{
string: "It also has potential use in ceramic and glass formulas, as the oxide has a high melting point and imparts shock resistance and low expansion characteristics to glass."
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]
}
}
]
},
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tocHeading: "Sources",
description: "Sources (where the element come from) information for the given element",
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value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Yttrium occurs in nearly all of the rare-earth minerals. Analysis of lunar rock samples obtained during the Apollo missions show a relatively high yttrium content."
},
{
string: "It is recovered commercially from monazite sand, which contains about 3%, and from bastnasite, which contains about 0.2%. Wohler obtained the impure element in 1828 by reduction of the anhydrous chloride with potassium. The metal is now produced commercially by reduction of the fluoride with calcium metal. It can also be prepared by other techniques."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Compounds",
description: "Related compounds information to this element",
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referenceNumber: 7,
name: "Compounds",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Yttrium",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "See more information at the Yttrium compound page."
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{
string: "87.909501276 ± 0.00000161"
},
{
string: "88.905841205 ± 0.00000173"
},
{
string: "88.905841205 ± 0.00000173"
},
{
string: "89.907144800 ± 0.000001729"
},
{
string: "89.907144800 ± 0.000001729"
},
{
string: "90.907298066 ± 0.000001978"
},
{
string: "90.907298066 ± 0.000001978"
},
{
string: "91.908945745 ± 0.000009798"
},
{
string: "91.908945745 ± 0.000009798"
},
{
string: "92.909578422 ± 0.000011259"
},
{
string: "92.909578422 ± 0.000011259"
},
{
string: "93.911592063 ± 0.000006849"
},
{
string: "93.911592063 ± 0.000006849"
},
{
string: "94.912818711 ± 0.000007277"
},
{
string: "94.912818711 ± 0.000007277"
},
{
string: "95.915902953 ± 0.000006535"
},
{
string: "95.915902953 ± 0.000006535"
},
{
string: "96.918280286 ± 0.000007213"
},
{
string: "96.918280286 ± 0.000007213"
},
{
string: "96.918280286 ± 0.000007213"
},
{
string: "97.922388360 ± 0.000008511"
},
{
string: "97.922388360 ± 0.000008511"
},
{
string: "97.922388360 ± 0.000008511"
},
{
string: "97.922388360 ± 0.000008511"
},
{
string: "97.922388360 ± 0.000008511"
},
{
string: "98.924154288 ± 0.000007114"
},
{
string: "98.924154288 ± 0.000007114"
},
{
string: "99.927721063 ± 0.000012008"
},
{
string: "99.927721063 ± 0.000012008"
},
{
string: "100.930154138 ± 0.000007614"
},
{
string: "100.930154138 ± 0.000007614"
},
{
string: "100.930154138 ± 0.000007614"
},
{
string: "101.934327889 ± 0.000004377"
},
{
string: "101.934327889 ± 0.000004377"
},
{
string: "102.937243208 ± 0.000012028"
},
{
string: "103.941960 ± 0.00043 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "104.944959000 ± 0.001435"
},
{
string: "105.950560 ± 0.00054 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "106.954520 ± 0.00054 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "107.959960 ± 0.00064 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "108.964358 ± 0.000751 [Estimated]"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Half Life and Uncertainty",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "100 us [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "120 us ± >200ns [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "63 ms ± 17"
},
{
string: "54 ms ± 5"
},
{
string: "5.8 s ± 0.6"
},
{
string: "14.8 s ± 0.6"
},
{
string: "30.1 s ± 0.5"
},
{
string: "4.8 s ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "4.7 us ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "70.4 s ± 1.0"
},
{
string: "8.30 s ± 0.20"
},
{
string: "258 ns ± 22"
},
{
string: "147 ns ± 7"
},
{
string: "7.08 m ± 0.08"
},
{
string: "2.85 m ± 0.02"
},
{
string: "39.5 m ± 0.8"
},
{
string: "4.6 s ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "292 ns ± 10"
},
{
string: "2.68 h ± 0.05"
},
{
string: "4.86 h ± 0.20"
},
{
string: "178 ns ± 7"
},
{
string: "14.74 h ± 0.02"
},
{
string: "47.4 m ± 0.4"
},
{
string: "125.3 ns ± 5.5"
},
{
string: "79.8 h ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "13.37 h ± 0.03"
},
{
string: "106.626 d ± 0.021"
},
{
string: "301 us ± 3"
},
{
string: "13.98 ms ± 0.17"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "15.663 s ± 0.005"
},
{
string: "64.00 h ± 0.21"
},
{
string: "3.19 h ± 0.06"
},
{
string: "58.51 d ± 0.06"
},
{
string: "49.71 m ± 0.04"
},
{
string: "3.54 h ± 0.01"
},
{
string: "3.7 us ± 0.5"
},
{
string: "10.18 h ± 0.08"
},
{
string: "820 ms ± 40"
},
{
string: "18.7 m ± 0.1"
},
{
string: "1.295 us ± 0.005"
},
{
string: "10.3 m ± 0.1"
},
{
string: "48.6 us ± 0.5"
},
{
string: "5.34 s ± 0.05"
},
{
string: "9.6 s ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "3.75 s ± 0.03"
},
{
string: "1.17 s ± 0.03"
},
{
string: "142 ms ± 8"
},
{
string: "548 ms ± 2"
},
{
string: "2.0 s ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "610 ns ± 9"
},
{
string: "6.87 us ± 0.05"
},
{
string: "806 ns ± 21"
},
{
string: "1.484 s ± 0.007"
},
{
string: "8.6 us ± 0.8"
},
{
string: "735 ms ± 7"
},
{
string: "940 ms ± 30"
},
{
string: "426 ms ± 20"
},
{
string: "190 ns ± 40"
},
{
string: "870 ns ± 90"
},
{
string: "298 ms ± 9"
},
{
string: "360 ms ± 40"
},
{
string: "239 ms ± 12"
},
{
string: "197 ms ± 4"
},
{
string: "95 ms ± 9"
},
{
string: "74 ms ± 6"
},
{
string: "33.5 ms ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "30 ms ± 5"
},
{
string: "25 ms ± 5"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Discovery Year",
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stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: ""
},
{
string: "2001"
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{
string: "1999"
},
{
string: "1992"
},
{
string: "1998"
},
{
string: "1992"
},
{
string: "1981"
},
{
string: "1998"
},
{
string: "1997"
},
{
string: "1981"
},
{
string: "1980"
},
{
string: "1994"
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{
string: "1994"
},
{
string: "1962"
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{
string: "1972"
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{
string: "1962"
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{
string: "1976"
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{
string: "2005"
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{
string: "1952"
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{
string: "1952"
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{
string: "1977"
},
{
string: "1951"
},
{
string: "1962"
},
{
string: "2000"
},
{
string: "1940"
},
{
string: "1940"
},
{
string: "1948"
},
{
string: "1955"
},
{
string: "1962"
},
{
string: "1923"
},
{
string: "1951"
},
{
string: "1937"
},
{
string: "1961"
},
{
string: "1943"
},
{
string: "1953"
},
{
string: "1940"
},
{
string: "2009"
},
{
string: "1948"
},
{
string: "1974"
},
{
string: "1948"
},
{
string: "1999"
},
{
string: "1959"
},
{
string: "1981"
},
{
string: "1975"
},
{
string: "1974"
},
{
string: "1970"
},
{
string: "1970"
},
{
string: "1986"
},
{
string: "1970"
},
{
string: "1977"
},
{
string: "1972"
},
{
string: "1970"
},
{
string: "1972"
},
{
string: "1975"
},
{
string: "1985"
},
{
string: "1977"
},
{
string: "1977"
},
{
string: "1983"
},
{
string: "2012"
},
{
string: "2009"
},
{
string: "1983"
},
{
string: "1980"
},
{
string: "1994"
},
{
string: "1994"
},
{
string: "1994"
},
{
string: "1997"
},
{
string: "1997"
},
{
string: "2010"
},
{
string: "2010"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Decay Modes, Intensities and Uncertainties [%]",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "β+ ?; β+p ?; p ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 7,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+ ?; p ?; β+p ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 12,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=?; β+p ?; p<10%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 7,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%; β+p ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%; β+p ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=81±0.2%; β+=19±0.2%",
markup: [
{
start: 13,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
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{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=60±0.5%; IT=40±0.5%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+≈100%; IT<0.002%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=99.31±0.4%; β+=0.69±0.4%",
markup: [
{
start: 16,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=98.43±1.1%; β+=1.57±1.1%",
markup: [
{
start: 16,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IS=100."
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT≈100%; β-=0.0018±0.2%",
markup: [
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT>98.5%; β-<1.5%",
markup: [
{
start: 11,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=0.055±0.4%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β->99.3%; IT<0.7%; β-n<0.08%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 20,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "IT=94.8±0.9%; β-=5.2±0.9%",
markup: [
{
start: 15,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=0.331±2.4%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
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{
string: "β-=?; IT=10%[Estimated]; β-n=3.4±1%",
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{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 26,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=1.7±0.4%",
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=0.92±0.8%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=1%[Estimated]",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=1.94±1.8%",
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "IT=100%"
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{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=4.9±1.2%",
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start: 1,
length: 1,
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string: "β-=100%; β-n=4.9±1.2%",
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string: "β-=100%; β-n=8.0±1.7%",
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type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=34±1%; β-2n=0%[Estimated]",
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 10,
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type: "Superscript"
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type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "β-=100%; β-n<82%; β-2n=0%[Estimated]",
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type: "Superscript"
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=20%[Estimated]; β-2n=0.5%[Estimated]",
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type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=30%[Estimated]; β-2n=0.1%[Estimated]",
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{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=30%[Estimated]; β-2n=2%[Estimated]",
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type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=60%[Estimated]; β-2n=1.5%[Estimated]",
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],
reference: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "PubChem",
description: "Data deposited in or computed by PubChem",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
sourceName: "Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)",
sourceID: "e39",
name: "Y",
description: "The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.",
url: "https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/",
anid: 6590266
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
sourceName: "Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)",
sourceID: "a39",
name: "Yttrium",
description: "Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report) and CIAAW. The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/",
url: "http://www.ciaaw.org/yttrium.htm",
licenseURL: "http://www.ciaaw.org/bylaws.htm",
anid: 2292420
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
sourceName: "Jefferson Lab, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "jlab39",
name: "Yttrium",
description: "Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/",
url: "https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele039.html",
licenseNote: "Please see citation and linking information: https://education.jlab.org/faq/index.html",
licenseURL: "https://www.jlab.org/privacy-and-security-notice",
anid: 507101
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
sourceName: "Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "lanl39",
name: "Yttrium",
description: "The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.",
url: "https://periodic.lanl.gov/39.shtml",
anid: 507219
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
sourceName: "NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory",
sourceID: "e39",
name: "Yttrium",
description: "The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Elements/elInfo.pl?element=39",
licenseURL: "https://www.nist.gov/pml/database-disclaimer",
anid: 2292656
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
sourceName: "PubChem Elements",
sourceID: "39",
name: "Y",
description: "The element property data was retrieved from publications.",
anid: 7660040
},
{
referenceNumber: 7,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "39",
name: "Yttrium",
description: "This section provides all form of data related to element Yttrium.",
anid: 694332
}
]
}
},
{
record: {
recordType: "AtomicNumber",
recordNumber: 40,
recordTitle: "Zirconium",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01022.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Zirconium"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Zirconium"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
description: "Element symbol, Also called atomic symbol, typically consists of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet derived from the element name in one of several languages.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Zr"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Zr"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "InChI=1S/Zr"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI Key",
description: "International Chemical Identifier hash (InChIKey) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI Key",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "91.224(2)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "91.224"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "91.22"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "91.224(2)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[Kr]5s24d2",
markup: [
{
start: 6,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 9,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Electron Configuration",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[Kr]4d2 5s2",
markup: [
{
start: 6,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Radius",
description: "Atomic radius is the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell containing electrons.",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_radius",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
name: "Van der Waals Atomic Radius",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "186 pm (Van der Waals)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Empirical Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"J.C. Slater, J Chem Phys, 1964, 41(10), 3199-3205. DOI:10.1063/1.1725697"
],
value: {
number: [
155
],
unit: "pm (Empirical)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Covalent Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"B. Cordero, V. Gómez, A.E. Platero-Prats, M. Revés, J. Echeverría, E. Cremades, F. Barragán, S. Alvarez, Dalton Trans. 2008, 21, 2832-2838. DOI:10.1039/b801115j PMID:18478144."
],
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "175(7) pm (Covalent)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
description: "Oxidation state gives the degree of oxidation of an atom in terms of counting electrons.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/O/O04365.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "+4"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "4, 3, 2, 1, −2 (an amphoteric oxide)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ground Level",
description: "Also called ground-state level. The ground state electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom with lower energy levels.",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/ASD/Html/iehelp.html#IEGROUNDLEV",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ground Level",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "3F2",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 2,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ionization Energy",
description: "Ionization energy is the minimum energy required to eject an electron out of a neutral atom or molecule in its ground state.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/I/I03199.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "6.634 eV"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ionization Energy",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "6.634126 eV"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electronegativity",
description: "The concept electronegativity was introduced by L. Pauling as the power of an atom to attract electrons to itself.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01990",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Pauling Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"A.L. Allred, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 1961, 17(3-4), 215-221. DOI:10.1016/0022-1902(61)80142-5"
],
value: {
number: [
1.33
],
unit: "(Pauling Scale)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Allen Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1989, 111, 9003. DOI:10.1021/ja00207a003; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek and L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 2780. DOI:10.1021/ja992866e; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek, E.T. Knight, J.F. Capitani and L.C Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 5132. DOI:10.1021/ja9928677"
],
value: {
number: [
1.32
],
unit: "(Allen Scale)"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Affinity",
description: "Electron affinity refers to energy required to detach an electron from the singly charged negative ion.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01977",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.T Myers, J. Chem. Edu., 1990, 67(4), 307. DOI:10.1021/ed067p307"
],
value: {
number: [
0.426
],
unit: "eV"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.J. Zollweg, J. Chem. Phys., 1969, 50, 4251. DOI:10.1063/1.1670890"
],
value: {
number: [
0.45
],
unit: "eV"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Spectra",
description: "Atomic and ionic spectral lines originate from specified electronic transitions between energy levels of atoms and ions, respectively.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00502.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/lines_hold.pl?el=Zr",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Lines Holdings"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/levels_hold.pl?el=Zr",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Levels Holdings"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Physical Description",
description: "Physical description, also know as physical characteristics, refers to physical appearance of element substances.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Solid"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Classification",
description: "Elements can be classified few groups according to each element's chemical properties.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Metal"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Period Number",
description: "The element period number refers to a horizontal row of the periodic table. The periodic table has 7 periods.",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/periodic-table-of-the-elements/The-periodic-table#ref80835",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "5"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Group Number",
description: "Element group refers to a set of chemical elements in the same vertical column of the periodic table",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/group-periodic-table",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "4"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Density",
description: "Density is a degree of consistency measured by the quantity of mass per unit volume",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/D/D01590.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "6.52 grams per cubic centimeter"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Melting Point",
description: "The melting point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from solid to liquid at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/melting-point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "2128 K (1855°C or 3371°F)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1855°C"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Boiling Point",
description: "Boiling Point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from liquid to gas at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "4682 K (4409°C or 7968°F)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "4377°C"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Crustal Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in earth crust",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1.65×102 milligrams per kilogram",
markup: [
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start: 7,
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type: "Superscript"
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]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Oceanic Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in ocean",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "3×10-5 milligrams per liter",
markup: [
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start: 4,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
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]
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "History",
description: "Element discovery and related information in history",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "History",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "The name derives from the Arabic zargun for \"gold-like\". It was discovered in zirconia by the German chemist Martin-Heinrich Klaproth in 1789. Zirconium was first isolated by Swedish chemist Jöns Jacob Berzelius in 1824 in an impure state, and finally by the chemists D. Lely, Jr. and L. Hamburger in a pure state in 1914.",
markup: [
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}
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}
},
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Zirconium was discovered by Martin Heinrich Klaproth, a German chemist, while analyzing the composition of the mineral jargon (ZrSiO4) in 1789. Zirconium was isolated by Jöns Jacob Berzelius, a Swedish chemist, in 1824 and finally prepared in a pure form in 1914. Obtaining pure zirconium is very difficult because it is chemically similar to hafnium, an element which is always found mixed with deposits of zirconium. Today, most zirconium is obtained from the minerals zircon (ZrSiO4) and baddeleyite (ZrO2) through a process known as the Kroll Process.",
markup: [
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referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "From the Persian zargun, gold like. Zircon, the primary gemstone of zirconium, is also known as jargon, hyacinth, jacinth, or ligure. This mineral, or its variations, is mentioned in biblical writings. The mineral was not known to contain a new element until Klaproth, in 1789, analyzed a jargon from Ceylon and identified the new element, which Werner named zircon (silex circonius), and which Klaproth called Zirkonertz (zirconia). The impure metal was first isolated by Berzelius in 1824 by heating a mixture of potassium and potassium zirconium fluoride in a small decomposition process they developed."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Description",
description: "Description about this element",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Reactor-grade zirconium is essentially free of hafnium. Zircaloy(R) is an important alloy developed specifically for nuclear applications. Zirconium is exceptionally resistant to corrosion by many common acids and alkalis, by sea water, and by other agents. Alloyed with zinc, zirconium becomes magnetic at temperatures below 35°K."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Uses",
description: "Uses information in industry and other fields",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Zirconium is a corrosion resistant metal that is used in high performance pumps and valves. Since it also does not easily absorb neutrons, zirconium is widely used in nuclear reactors. The nuclear power industry uses nearly 90% of the zirconium produced each year, which must be nearly free of hafnium. Zirconium is also used as an alloying agent in steel, to make some types of surgical equipment and as a getter, a material that combines with and removes trace gases from vacuum tubes."
},
{
string: "Zircon (ZrSiO4) is a zirconium compound that can take many different forms, the most popular of which is a clear, transparent gemstone that can be cut to look like diamond and is frequently used in jewelry. Zirconium dioxide (ZrO2) can withstand very high temperatures and is used to make crucibles and to line the walls of high temperature furnaces. Zirconium carbonate (3ZrO2·CO2·H2O) is used in lotions to treat poison ivy.",
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length: 1,
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},
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referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "It is used extensively by the chemical industry where corrosive agents are employed. Zirconium is used as a getter in vacuum tubes, as an alloying agent in steel, in surgical appliances, photoflash bulbs, explosive primers, rayon spinnerets, lamp filaments, etc. It is used in poison ivy lotions in the form of the carbonate as it combines with urushiol. With niobium, zirconium is superconductive at low temperatures and is used to make superconductive magnets, which offer hope of direct large-scale generation of electric power. Zirconium oxide (zircon) has a high index of refraction and is used as a gem material. The impure oxide, zirconia, is used for laboratory crucibles that will withstand heat shock, for linings of metallurgical furnaces, and by the glass and ceramic industries as a refractory material. Its use as a refractory material accounts for a large share of all zirconium consumed."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Sources",
description: "Sources (where the element come from) information for the given element",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Zirconium is produced from the mineral zircon (ZrSiO4). It is found in abundance in S-type stars, and has been identified in the sun and meteorites. Analysis of lunar rock samples obtained during the various Apollo missions to the moon show a surprisingly high zirconium oxide content, compared with terrestrial rocks.",
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]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Compounds",
description: "Related compounds information to this element",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 7,
name: "Compounds",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Zirconium",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "See more information at the Zirconium compound page."
}
]
}
}
],
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Forms",
description: "Other element forms, ions, isotopes, etc.",
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{
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{
tocHeading: "Isotope Mass and Abundance",
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string: "16.5 h ± 0.1"
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string: "23 Ey ± 2"
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string: "104.8 ns ± 1.7"
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string: "293 ns ± 10"
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string: "7.1 s ± 0.4"
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string: "2.3 s ± 0.1"
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string: "2.9 s ± 0.2"
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string: "1.38 s ± 0.07"
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string: "670 ms ± 28"
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string: "178.6 ms ± 5.8"
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string: "145.7 ms ± 2.4"
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string: "540 ns ± 30"
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string: "1976"
},
{
string: "1967"
},
{
string: "2005"
},
{
string: "1970"
},
{
string: "1970"
},
{
string: "1970"
},
{
string: "1972"
},
{
string: "1970"
},
{
string: "1987"
},
{
string: "1990"
},
{
string: "1992"
},
{
string: "1994"
},
{
string: "1994"
},
{
string: "1997"
},
{
string: "2011"
},
{
string: "1997"
},
{
string: "1997"
},
{
string: "2010"
},
{
string: "2010"
}
]
}
},
{
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value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "β+ ?; β+p ?; p ?",
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length: 1,
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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string: "β+=100%; β+p ?",
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type: "Superscript"
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type: "Superscript"
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string: "β+=100%",
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string: "β+=100%; β+p=0.12±0.2%",
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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string: "IT=100%"
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string: "IT=100%"
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{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IS=11.22±0.5%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
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{
string: "IS=17.15±0.8%"
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type: "Superscript"
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{
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type: "Superscript"
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type: "Superscript"
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string: "IS=2.80±0.9%; 2β-=100%",
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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},
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string: "β-=100%",
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},
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string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
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type: "Superscript"
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},
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string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
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type: "Superscript"
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],
reference: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "PubChem",
description: "Data deposited in or computed by PubChem",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
sourceName: "Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)",
sourceID: "e40",
name: "Zr",
description: "The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.",
url: "https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/",
anid: 6590267
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
sourceName: "Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)",
sourceID: "a40",
name: "Zirconium",
description: "Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report) and CIAAW. The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/",
url: "http://www.ciaaw.org/zirconium.htm",
licenseURL: "http://www.ciaaw.org/bylaws.htm",
anid: 2292421
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
sourceName: "Jefferson Lab, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "jlab40",
name: "Zirconium",
description: "Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/",
url: "https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele040.html",
licenseNote: "Please see citation and linking information: https://education.jlab.org/faq/index.html",
licenseURL: "https://www.jlab.org/privacy-and-security-notice",
anid: 507102
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
sourceName: "Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "lanl40",
name: "Zirconium",
description: "The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.",
url: "https://periodic.lanl.gov/40.shtml",
anid: 507220
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
sourceName: "NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory",
sourceID: "e40",
name: "Zirconium",
description: "The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Elements/elInfo.pl?element=40",
licenseURL: "https://www.nist.gov/pml/database-disclaimer",
anid: 2292657
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
sourceName: "PubChem Elements",
sourceID: "40",
name: "Zr",
description: "The element property data was retrieved from publications.",
anid: 7660041
},
{
referenceNumber: 7,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "40",
name: "Zirconium",
description: "This section provides all form of data related to element Zirconium.",
anid: 694333
}
]
}
},
{
record: {
recordType: "AtomicNumber",
recordNumber: 41,
recordTitle: "Niobium",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01022.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Niobium"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Niobium"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
description: "Element symbol, Also called atomic symbol, typically consists of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet derived from the element name in one of several languages.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Nb"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Nb"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "InChI=1S/Nb"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI Key",
description: "International Chemical Identifier hash (InChIKey) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI Key",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "92.906 37(1)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "92.90637"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "92.91"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "92.90637(2)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "[Kr]5s14d4",
markup: [
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 9,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Electron Configuration",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[Kr]4d4 5s",
markup: [
{
start: 6,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Radius",
description: "Atomic radius is the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell containing electrons.",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_radius",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
name: "Van der Waals Atomic Radius",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "207 pm (Van der Waals)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Empirical Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"J.C. Slater, J Chem Phys, 1964, 41(10), 3199-3205. DOI:10.1063/1.1725697"
],
value: {
number: [
145
],
unit: "pm (Empirical)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Covalent Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"B. Cordero, V. Gómez, A.E. Platero-Prats, M. Revés, J. Echeverría, E. Cremades, F. Barragán, S. Alvarez, Dalton Trans. 2008, 21, 2832-2838. DOI:10.1039/b801115j PMID:18478144."
],
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "164(6) pm (Covalent)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
description: "Oxidation state gives the degree of oxidation of an atom in terms of counting electrons.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/O/O04365.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "+5, +3"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "5, 4, 3, 2, 1, −1, −3 (a mildly acidic oxide)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ground Level",
description: "Also called ground-state level. The ground state electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom with lower energy levels.",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/ASD/Html/iehelp.html#IEGROUNDLEV",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ground Level",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "6D1/2",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 2,
length: 3,
type: "Subscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ionization Energy",
description: "Ionization energy is the minimum energy required to eject an electron out of a neutral atom or molecule in its ground state.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/I/I03199.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "6.759 eV"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ionization Energy",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "6.75885 eV"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electronegativity",
description: "The concept electronegativity was introduced by L. Pauling as the power of an atom to attract electrons to itself.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01990",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Pauling Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"A.L. Allred, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 1961, 17(3-4), 215-221. DOI:10.1016/0022-1902(61)80142-5"
],
value: {
number: [
1.6
],
unit: "(Pauling Scale)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Allen Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1989, 111, 9003. DOI:10.1021/ja00207a003; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek and L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 2780. DOI:10.1021/ja992866e; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek, E.T. Knight, J.F. Capitani and L.C Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 5132. DOI:10.1021/ja9928677"
],
value: {
number: [
1.41
],
unit: "(Allen Scale)"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Affinity",
description: "Electron affinity refers to energy required to detach an electron from the singly charged negative ion.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01977",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.T Myers, J. Chem. Edu., 1990, 67(4), 307. DOI:10.1021/ed067p307"
],
value: {
number: [
0.893
],
unit: "eV"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.J. Zollweg, J. Chem. Phys., 1969, 50, 4251. DOI:10.1063/1.1670890"
],
value: {
number: [
1.13
],
unit: "eV"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Spectra",
description: "Atomic and ionic spectral lines originate from specified electronic transitions between energy levels of atoms and ions, respectively.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00502.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/lines_hold.pl?el=Nb",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Lines Holdings"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/levels_hold.pl?el=Nb",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Levels Holdings"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Physical Description",
description: "Physical description, also know as physical characteristics, refers to physical appearance of element substances.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Solid"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Classification",
description: "Elements can be classified few groups according to each element's chemical properties.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Metal"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Period Number",
description: "The element period number refers to a horizontal row of the periodic table. The periodic table has 7 periods.",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/periodic-table-of-the-elements/The-periodic-table#ref80835",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "5"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Group Number",
description: "Element group refers to a set of chemical elements in the same vertical column of the periodic table",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/group-periodic-table",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "5"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Density",
description: "Density is a degree of consistency measured by the quantity of mass per unit volume",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/D/D01590.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "8.57 grams per cubic centimeter"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Melting Point",
description: "The melting point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from solid to liquid at atmospheric pressure",
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{
string: "79.958754 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "80.950230 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "81.944079 ± 0.000322 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "81.944079 ± 0.000322 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "82.938211000 ± 0.000162"
},
{
string: "83.934279000 ± 0.000014"
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{
string: "83.934279000 ± 0.000014"
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{
string: "83.934279000 ± 0.000014"
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{
string: "84.928845837 ± 0.0000044"
},
{
string: "84.928845837 ± 0.0000044"
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{
string: "85.925781535 ± 0.000005903"
},
{
string: "85.925781535 ± 0.000005903"
},
{
string: "86.920692472 ± 0.000007302"
},
{
string: "86.920692472 ± 0.000007302"
},
{
string: "87.918224287 ± 0.000063134"
},
{
string: "87.918224287 ± 0.000063134"
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{
string: "88.913445272 ± 0.000025369"
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{
string: "88.913445272 ± 0.000025369"
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{
string: "89.911259204 ± 0.000003561"
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{
string: "89.911259204 ± 0.000003561"
},
{
string: "89.911259204 ± 0.000003561"
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{
string: "89.911259204 ± 0.000003561"
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{
string: "89.911259204 ± 0.000003561"
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{
string: "89.911259204 ± 0.000003561"
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{
string: "90.906990274 ± 0.000003141"
},
{
string: "90.906990274 ± 0.000003141"
},
{
string: "90.906990274 ± 0.000003141"
},
{
string: "91.907188568 ± 0.000001915"
},
{
string: "91.907188568 ± 0.000001915"
},
{
string: "91.907188568 ± 0.000001915"
},
{
string: "91.907188568 ± 0.000001915"
},
{
string: "92.906373161 ± 0.0000016"
},
{
string: "92.906373161 ± 0.0000016"
},
{
string: "92.906373161 ± 0.0000016"
},
{
string: "93.907278992 ± 0.000001601"
},
{
string: "93.907278992 ± 0.000001601"
},
{
string: "94.906831115 ± 0.000000545"
},
{
string: "94.906831115 ± 0.000000545"
},
{
string: "95.908101591 ± 0.000000157"
},
{
string: "96.908098414 ± 0.000004561"
},
{
string: "96.908098414 ± 0.000004561"
},
{
string: "97.910332650 ± 0.000005369"
},
{
string: "97.910332650 ± 0.000005369"
},
{
string: "98.911609371 ± 0.000012886"
},
{
string: "98.911609371 ± 0.000012886"
},
{
string: "99.914333963 ± 0.000008573"
},
{
string: "99.914333963 ± 0.000008573"
},
{
string: "99.914333963 ± 0.000008573"
},
{
string: "99.914333963 ± 0.000008573"
},
{
string: "100.915306496 ± 0.000004024"
},
{
string: "101.918083697 ± 0.000002732"
},
{
string: "101.918083697 ± 0.000002732"
},
{
string: "102.919453403 ± 0.000004224"
},
{
string: "103.922899115 ± 0.000002938"
},
{
string: "103.922899115 ± 0.000002938"
},
{
string: "104.924942564 ± 0.000004324"
},
{
string: "105.928927768 ± 0.000004424"
},
{
string: "105.928927768 ± 0.000004424"
},
{
string: "105.928927768 ± 0.000004424"
},
{
string: "106.931589672 ± 0.000008612"
},
{
string: "107.936074988 ± 0.000008842"
},
{
string: "107.936074988 ± 0.000008842"
},
{
string: "108.939141000 ± 0.0002775"
},
{
string: "108.939141000 ± 0.0002775"
},
{
string: "109.943843000 ± 0.0009"
},
{
string: "110.947530 ± 0.00032 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "111.952470 ± 0.00032 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "112.956510 ± 0.00043 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "113.962010 ± 0.00054 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "114.966340 ± 0.00054 [Estimated]"
}
]
}
},
{
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name: "Half Life and Uncertainty",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Not-specified"
},
{
string: "Not-specified"
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{
string: "<44 ns"
},
{
string: "50 ms ± 5"
},
{
string: "92 ns ± 17"
},
{
string: "3.9 s ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "9.8 s ± 0.9"
},
{
string: "176 ns ± 46"
},
{
string: "92 ns ± 5"
},
{
string: "20.5 s ± 0.7"
},
{
string: "3.3 s ± 0.9"
},
{
string: "88 s ± 1"
},
{
string: "56.3 s ± 8.3"
},
{
string: "3.7 m ± 0.1"
},
{
string: "2.6 m ± 0.1"
},
{
string: "14.50 m ± 0.11"
},
{
string: "7.7 m ± 0.1"
},
{
string: "2.03 h ± 0.07"
},
{
string: "1.10 h ± 0.03"
},
{
string: "14.60 h ± 0.05"
},
{
string: "63 us ± 2"
},
{
string: "18.81 s ± 0.06"
},
{
string: "<1 us"
},
{
string: "6.19 ms ± 0.08"
},
{
string: "472 ns ± 13"
},
{
string: "680 y ± 130"
},
{
string: "60.86 d ± 0.22"
},
{
string: "3.76 us ± 0.12"
},
{
string: "34.7 My ± 2.4"
},
{
string: "10.15 d ± 0.02"
},
{
string: "5.9 us ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "167 ns ± 4"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "16.12 y ± 0.12"
},
{
string: "1.5 us ± 0.5"
},
{
string: "20.4 ky ± 0.4"
},
{
string: "6.263 m ± 0.004"
},
{
string: "34.991 d ± 0.006"
},
{
string: "3.61 d ± 0.03"
},
{
string: "23.35 h ± 0.05"
},
{
string: "72.1 m ± 0.7"
},
{
string: "58.7 s ± 1.8"
},
{
string: "2.86 s ± 0.06"
},
{
string: "51.3 m ± 0.4"
},
{
string: "15.0 s ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "2.5 m ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "1.5 s ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "2.99 s ± 0.11"
},
{
string: "460 ns ± 60"
},
{
string: "12.43 us ± 0.26"
},
{
string: "7.1 s ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "4.3 s ± 0.4"
},
{
string: "1.3 s ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "1.5 s ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "4.9 s ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "940 ms ± 40"
},
{
string: "2.95 s ± 0.06"
},
{
string: "1050 ms ± 100"
},
{
string: "800 ns ± 50"
},
{
string: "849 ns ± 45"
},
{
string: "289 ms ± 9"
},
{
string: "198 ms ± 6"
},
{
string: "109 ns ± 2"
},
{
string: "106.9 ms ± 4.9"
},
{
string: "115 ns ± 8"
},
{
string: "82 ms ± 2"
},
{
string: "54 ms ± 2"
},
{
string: "38 ms ± 2"
},
{
string: "32 ms ± 4"
},
{
string: "17 ms ± 5"
},
{
string: "23 ms ± 8"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Discovery Year",
value: {
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{
string: ""
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: "1992"
},
{
string: "2008"
},
{
string: "1988"
},
{
string: "1977"
},
{
string: "2009"
},
{
string: "2000"
},
{
string: "1988"
},
{
string: "1988"
},
{
string: "1974"
},
{
string: "1994"
},
{
string: "1971"
},
{
string: "1972"
},
{
string: "1964"
},
{
string: "1971"
},
{
string: "1954"
},
{
string: "1954"
},
{
string: "1951"
},
{
string: "1967"
},
{
string: "1969"
},
{
string: "1981"
},
{
string: "1967"
},
{
string: "1978"
},
{
string: "1951"
},
{
string: "1950"
},
{
string: "1974"
},
{
string: "1938"
},
{
string: "1959"
},
{
string: "1958"
},
{
string: "1989"
},
{
string: "1932"
},
{
string: "1965"
},
{
string: "2007"
},
{
string: "1938"
},
{
string: "1962"
},
{
string: "1951"
},
{
string: "1969"
},
{
string: "1949"
},
{
string: "1951"
},
{
string: "1950"
},
{
string: "1960"
},
{
string: "1948"
},
{
string: "1950"
},
{
string: "1960"
},
{
string: "1967"
},
{
string: "1967"
},
{
string: "1986"
},
{
string: "1980"
},
{
string: "1970"
},
{
string: "1972"
},
{
string: "1976"
},
{
string: "1971"
},
{
string: "1971"
},
{
string: "1976"
},
{
string: "1984"
},
{
string: "1976"
},
{
string: "1999"
},
{
string: "1999"
},
{
string: "1992"
},
{
string: "1994"
},
{
string: "2012"
},
{
string: "1994"
},
{
string: "2011"
},
{
string: "1994"
},
{
string: "1997"
},
{
string: "1997"
},
{
string: "1997"
},
{
string: "2010"
},
{
string: "2010"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Decay Modes, Intensities and Uncertainties [%]",
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{
string: "p ?; β+ ?; β+p ?",
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start: 6,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 12,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "p ?; β+ ?; β+p ?",
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start: 6,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 12,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "p ?; β+ ?; β+p ?",
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start: 6,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 12,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%; β+p ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
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{
string: "β+=100%",
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
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{
string: "IT=100%"
},
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string: "β+=100%",
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start: 1,
length: 1,
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}
]
},
{
string: "IT=?; β+ ?",
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start: 7,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
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start: 1,
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type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
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{
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
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{
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
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{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
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type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
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type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
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},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100[gs=0,m=100]"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "ε≈100%; e+=0.0138±2.5%",
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]
},
{
string: "IT=96.6±0.5%; ε=3.4±0.5%; ; e+=0.0028±0.2%",
markup: [
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start: 29,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
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{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IS=100."
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT ?"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=99.50±0.6%; β-=0.50±0.6%",
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{
start: 16,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=94.4±0.6%; β-=5.6±0.6%",
markup: [
{
start: 15,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
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{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
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{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-≈100%; IT=0.1%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=?; IT<3.8%",
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
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string: "β-=100%",
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=0%[Estimated]",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=0.06±0.3%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=0.05±0.3%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=1.7±0.9%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=4.5±0.3%",
markup: [
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=7.4±0.8%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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string: "β-=100%; β-n=6.3±0.5%; β-2n=0%[Estimated]",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=31±0.5%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
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type: "Superscript"
},
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start: 10,
length: 1,
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string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=40±0.8%; β-2n=0.09%[Estimated]",
markup: [
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type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=90%[Estimated]; β-2n=0%[Estimated]",
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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string: "β-=100%; β-n=70%[Estimated]; β-2n=1%[Estimated]",
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string: "β-=100%; β-n=50%[Estimated]; β-2n=6%[Estimated]",
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],
reference: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "PubChem",
description: "Data deposited in or computed by PubChem",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
sourceName: "Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)",
sourceID: "e41",
name: "Nb",
description: "The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.",
url: "https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/",
anid: 6590268
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
sourceName: "Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)",
sourceID: "a41",
name: "Niobium",
description: "Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report) and CIAAW. The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/",
url: "http://www.ciaaw.org/niobium.htm",
licenseURL: "http://www.ciaaw.org/bylaws.htm",
anid: 2292422
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
sourceName: "Jefferson Lab, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "jlab41",
name: "Niobium",
description: "Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/",
url: "https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele041.html",
licenseNote: "Please see citation and linking information: https://education.jlab.org/faq/index.html",
licenseURL: "https://www.jlab.org/privacy-and-security-notice",
anid: 507103
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
sourceName: "Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "lanl41",
name: "Niobium",
description: "The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.",
url: "https://periodic.lanl.gov/41.shtml",
anid: 507221
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
sourceName: "NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory",
sourceID: "e41",
name: "Niobium",
description: "The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Elements/elInfo.pl?element=41",
licenseURL: "https://www.nist.gov/pml/database-disclaimer",
anid: 2292658
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
sourceName: "PubChem Elements",
sourceID: "41",
name: "Nb",
description: "The element property data was retrieved from publications.",
anid: 7660042
},
{
referenceNumber: 7,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "41",
name: "Niobium",
description: "This section provides all form of data related to element Niobium.",
anid: 694334
}
]
}
},
{
record: {
recordType: "AtomicNumber",
recordNumber: 42,
recordTitle: "Molybdenum",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01022.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Molybdenum"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Molybdenum"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
description: "Element symbol, Also called atomic symbol, typically consists of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet derived from the element name in one of several languages.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Mo"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Mo"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "InChI=1S/Mo"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI Key",
description: "International Chemical Identifier hash (InChIKey) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI Key",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "95.95(1)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "95.95"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "95.96"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "95.95(1)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[Kr]5s14d5",
markup: [
{
start: 6,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 9,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Electron Configuration",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[Kr]4d5 5s",
markup: [
{
start: 6,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Radius",
description: "Atomic radius is the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell containing electrons.",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_radius",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
name: "Van der Waals Atomic Radius",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "209 pm (Van der Waals)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Empirical Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"J.C. Slater, J Chem Phys, 1964, 41(10), 3199-3205. DOI:10.1063/1.1725697"
],
value: {
number: [
145
],
unit: "pm (Empirical)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Covalent Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"B. Cordero, V. Gómez, A.E. Platero-Prats, M. Revés, J. Echeverría, E. Cremades, F. Barragán, S. Alvarez, Dalton Trans. 2008, 21, 2832-2838. DOI:10.1039/b801115j PMID:18478144."
],
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "154(5) pm (Covalent)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
description: "Oxidation state gives the degree of oxidation of an atom in terms of counting electrons.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/O/O04365.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "+6"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, −1, −2, −4 (a strongly acidic oxide)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ground Level",
description: "Also called ground-state level. The ground state electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom with lower energy levels.",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/ASD/Html/iehelp.html#IEGROUNDLEV",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ground Level",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "7S3",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 2,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ionization Energy",
description: "Ionization energy is the minimum energy required to eject an electron out of a neutral atom or molecule in its ground state.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/I/I03199.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "7.092 eV"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ionization Energy",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "7.09243 eV"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electronegativity",
description: "The concept electronegativity was introduced by L. Pauling as the power of an atom to attract electrons to itself.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01990",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Pauling Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"A.L. Allred, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 1961, 17(3-4), 215-221. DOI:10.1016/0022-1902(61)80142-5"
],
value: {
number: [
2.16
],
unit: "(Pauling Scale)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Allen Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1989, 111, 9003. DOI:10.1021/ja00207a003; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek and L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 2780. DOI:10.1021/ja992866e; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek, E.T. Knight, J.F. Capitani and L.C Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 5132. DOI:10.1021/ja9928677"
],
value: {
number: [
1.47
],
unit: "(Allen Scale)"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Affinity",
description: "Electron affinity refers to energy required to detach an electron from the singly charged negative ion.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01977",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.T Myers, J. Chem. Edu., 1990, 67(4), 307. DOI:10.1021/ed067p307"
],
value: {
number: [
0.746
],
unit: "eV"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.J. Zollweg, J. Chem. Phys., 1969, 50, 4251. DOI:10.1063/1.1670890"
],
value: {
number: [
1.18
],
unit: "eV"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Spectra",
description: "Atomic and ionic spectral lines originate from specified electronic transitions between energy levels of atoms and ions, respectively.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00502.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/lines_hold.pl?el=Mo",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Lines Holdings"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/levels_hold.pl?el=Mo",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Levels Holdings"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Physical Description",
description: "Physical description, also know as physical characteristics, refers to physical appearance of element substances.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Solid"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Classification",
description: "Elements can be classified few groups according to each element's chemical properties.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Metal"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Period Number",
description: "The element period number refers to a horizontal row of the periodic table. The periodic table has 7 periods.",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/periodic-table-of-the-elements/The-periodic-table#ref80835",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "5"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Group Number",
description: "Element group refers to a set of chemical elements in the same vertical column of the periodic table",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/group-periodic-table",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "6"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Density",
description: "Density is a degree of consistency measured by the quantity of mass per unit volume",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/D/D01590.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "10.2 grams per cubic centimeter"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Melting Point",
description: "The melting point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from solid to liquid at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/melting-point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "2896 K (2623°C or 4753°F)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "2623°C"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Boiling Point",
description: "Boiling Point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from liquid to gas at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "4912 K (4639°C or 8382°F)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "4639°C"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Crustal Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in earth crust",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1.2 milligrams per kilogram"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Oceanic Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in ocean",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1×10-2 milligrams per liter",
markup: [
{
start: 4,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "History",
description: "Element discovery and related information in history",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "History",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "The name derives from the Greek molybdos for \"lead\". The ancients used the term \"lead\" for any black mineral that leaves a mark on paper. Molybdenum was discovered by the Swedish pharmacist and chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele in 1778. It was first isolated by the Swedish chemist Peter-Jacob Hjelm in 1781.",
markup: [
{
start: 32,
length: 8,
type: "Italics"
}
]
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Molybdenum was discovered by Carl Welhelm Scheele, a Swedish chemist, in 1778 in a mineral known as molybdenite (MoS2) which had been confused as a lead compound. Molybdenum was isolated by Peter Jacob Hjelm in 1781. Today, most molybdenum is obtained from molybdenite, wulfenite (PbMoO4) and powellite (CaMoO4). These ores typically occur in conjunction with ores of tin and tungsten. Molybdenum is also obtained as a byproduct of mining and processing tungsten and copper.",
markup: [
{
start: 116,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
},
{
start: 286,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
},
{
start: 309,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
}
]
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
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{
string: "89.913931272 ± 0.000003717"
},
{
string: "89.913931272 ± 0.000003717"
},
{
string: "90.911745195 ± 0.000006696"
},
{
string: "90.911745195 ± 0.000006696"
},
{
string: "91.906807155 ± 0.000000168"
},
{
string: "91.906807155 ± 0.000000168"
},
{
string: "92.906808773 ± 0.000000193"
},
{
string: "92.906808773 ± 0.000000193"
},
{
string: "92.906808773 ± 0.000000193"
},
{
string: "93.905083592 ± 0.000000151"
},
{
string: "94.905837442 ± 0.000000132"
},
{
string: "95.904674774 ± 0.000000128"
},
{
string: "96.906016903 ± 0.000000176"
},
{
string: "97.905403608 ± 0.000000186"
},
{
string: "98.907707298 ± 0.000000245"
},
{
string: "98.907707298 ± 0.000000245"
},
{
string: "98.907707298 ± 0.000000245"
},
{
string: "99.907467976 ± 0.000000323"
},
{
string: "100.910337641 ± 0.000000331"
},
{
string: "100.910337641 ± 0.000000331"
},
{
string: "100.910337641 ± 0.000000331"
},
{
string: "101.910288138 ± 0.000008923"
},
{
string: "102.913085140 ± 0.000009911"
},
{
string: "103.913740756 ± 0.000009576"
},
{
string: "104.916975159 ± 0.000009731"
},
{
string: "105.918266218 ± 0.000009812"
},
{
string: "106.922112692 ± 0.000009912"
},
{
string: "106.922112692 ± 0.000009912"
},
{
string: "107.924040367 ± 0.000009912"
},
{
string: "108.928431106 ± 0.00001201"
},
{
string: "108.928431106 ± 0.00001201"
},
{
string: "109.930710680 ± 0.000026004"
},
{
string: "110.935652016 ± 0.000013502"
},
{
string: "110.935652016 ± 0.000013502"
},
{
string: "111.938310 ± 0.00021 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "112.943650 ± 0.000322 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "113.946530 ± 0.00032 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "114.951960 ± 0.00043 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "115.955448 ± 0.000537 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "116.961170 ± 0.000537 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "117.964970 ± 0.000537 [Estimated]"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Half Life and Uncertainty",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1 ms ± >400ns [Estimated]"
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{
string: "30 ms ± >400ns [Estimated]"
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{
string: "23 ms ± 19"
},
{
string: "2.3 s ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "3.2 s ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "19.1 s ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "14.1 s ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "8.0 m ± 0.2"
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{
string: "2.11 m ± 0.10"
},
{
string: "190 ms ± 15"
},
{
string: "5.56 h ± 0.09"
},
{
string: "1.12 us ± 0.05"
},
{
string: "15.49 m ± 0.01"
},
{
string: "64.6 s ± 0.6"
},
{
string: "Stable ± >190Ey"
},
{
string: "190 ns ± 3"
},
{
string: "4.0 ky ± 0.8"
},
{
string: "6.85 h ± 0.07"
},
{
string: "1.8 us ± 1.0"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "Stable"
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{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "Stable ± >100Ty"
},
{
string: "65.976 h ± 0.024"
},
{
string: "15.5 us ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "760 ns ± 60"
},
{
string: "7.1 Ey ± 0.4"
},
{
string: "14.61 m ± 0.03"
},
{
string: "226 ns ± 7"
},
{
string: "133 ns ± 70"
},
{
string: "11.3 m ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "67.5 s ± 1.5"
},
{
string: "60 s ± 2"
},
{
string: "35.6 s ± 1.6"
},
{
string: "8.73 s ± 0.12"
},
{
string: "3.5 s ± 0.5"
},
{
string: "420 ns ± 30"
},
{
string: "1.105 s ± 0.010"
},
{
string: "700 ms ± 14"
},
{
string: "210 ns ± 60"
},
{
string: "292 ms ± 7"
},
{
string: "193.6 ms ± 4.4"
},
{
string: "~200 ms"
},
{
string: "125 ms ± 5"
},
{
string: "80 ms ± 2"
},
{
string: "58 ms ± 2"
},
{
string: "45.5 ms ± 2.0"
},
{
string: "32 ms ± 4"
},
{
string: "22 ms ± 5"
},
{
string: "21 ms ± 6"
}
]
}
},
{
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string: "2013"
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{
string: "2013"
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{
string: "1999"
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{
string: "1991"
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{
string: "1992"
},
{
string: "1991"
},
{
string: "1977"
},
{
string: "1971"
},
{
string: "1980"
},
{
string: "1980"
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{
string: "1953"
},
{
string: "1971"
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{
string: "1948"
},
{
string: "1953"
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{
string: "1930"
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{
string: "1964"
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{
string: "1946"
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{
string: "1950"
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{
string: "2005"
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{
string: "1930"
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{
string: "1930"
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{
string: "1930"
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{
string: "1930"
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{
string: "1930"
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{
string: "1948"
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{
string: "1958"
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{
string: "1975"
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{
string: "1930"
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{
string: "1941"
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{
string: "1977"
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{
string: "1977"
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{
string: "1954"
},
{
string: "1963"
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{
string: "1962"
},
{
string: "1962"
},
{
string: "1969"
},
{
string: "1972"
},
{
string: "1976"
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{
string: "1972"
},
{
string: "1992"
},
{
string: "2012"
},
{
string: "1992"
},
{
string: "1994"
},
{
string: "2011"
},
{
string: "1994"
},
{
string: "1994"
},
{
string: "1997"
},
{
string: "2010"
},
{
string: "2010"
},
{
string: "2010"
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{
string: "2015"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Decay Modes, Intensities and Uncertainties [%]",
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stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "β+ ?; β+p ?",
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "β+ ?; β+p ?",
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 7,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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string: "β+=100%; β+p ?",
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type: "Superscript"
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type: "Superscript"
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start: 1,
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type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "β+=100%; β+p=0.14±0.2%",
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "β+=100%",
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
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{
string: "β+=100%; β+p=15±0.5%",
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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string: "β+=100%",
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{
string: "β+=100%",
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{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
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{
string: "IT=100%"
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string: "β+=100%",
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{
string: "IT=50.0±1.6%; β+=50.0±1.6%",
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start: 15,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "IS=14.53±3%; 2β+ ?",
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{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "ε=100%"
},
{
string: "IT≈100%; β+=0.12±0.1%",
markup: [
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "IT ?"
},
{
string: "IS=9.15±0.9%"
},
{
string: "IS=15.84±1.1%"
},
{
string: "IS=16.67±1.5%"
},
{
string: "IS=9.60±1.4%"
},
{
string: "IS=24.39±3.7%; 2β- ?",
markup: [
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type: "Superscript"
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]
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{
string: "β-=100%",
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type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IS=9.82±3.1%; 2β-=100%",
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start: 16,
length: 1,
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]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
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type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
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type: "Superscript"
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]
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{
string: "β-=100%",
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
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{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n<0.5%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=1.3±0.6%",
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=2.0±0.7%",
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type: "Superscript"
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string: "β-=100%; β-n<12%",
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start: 1,
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type: "Superscript"
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type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=0.02%[Estimated]",
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type: "Superscript"
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string: "β-=100%; β-n=0.3%[Estimated]",
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=3%[Estimated]",
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string: "β-=100%; β-n=3%[Estimated]",
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{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=3%[Estimated]; β-2n=0.01%[Estimated]",
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string: "β-=100%; β-n=10%[Estimated]; β-2n=0%[Estimated]",
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length: 1,
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],
reference: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "PubChem",
description: "Data deposited in or computed by PubChem",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
sourceName: "Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)",
sourceID: "e42",
name: "Mo",
description: "The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.",
url: "https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/",
anid: 6590269
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
sourceName: "Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)",
sourceID: "a42",
name: "Molybdenum",
description: "Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report) and CIAAW. The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/",
url: "http://www.ciaaw.org/molybdenum.htm",
licenseURL: "http://www.ciaaw.org/bylaws.htm",
anid: 2292423
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
sourceName: "Jefferson Lab, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "jlab42",
name: "Molybdenum",
description: "Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/",
url: "https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele042.html",
licenseNote: "Please see citation and linking information: https://education.jlab.org/faq/index.html",
licenseURL: "https://www.jlab.org/privacy-and-security-notice",
anid: 507104
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
sourceName: "Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "lanl42",
name: "Molybdenum",
description: "The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.",
url: "https://periodic.lanl.gov/42.shtml",
anid: 507222
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
sourceName: "NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory",
sourceID: "e42",
name: "Molybdenum",
description: "The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Elements/elInfo.pl?element=42",
licenseURL: "https://www.nist.gov/pml/database-disclaimer",
anid: 2292659
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
sourceName: "PubChem Elements",
sourceID: "42",
name: "Mo",
description: "The element property data was retrieved from publications.",
anid: 7660043
},
{
referenceNumber: 7,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "42",
name: "Molybdenum",
description: "This section provides all form of data related to element Molybdenum.",
anid: 694335
}
]
}
},
{
record: {
recordType: "AtomicNumber",
recordNumber: 43,
recordTitle: "Technetium",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01022.html",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Technetium"
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referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
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string: "Technetium"
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},
{
tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
description: "Element symbol, Also called atomic symbol, typically consists of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet derived from the element name in one of several languages.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Symbol",
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string: "Tc"
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}
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referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
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string: "Tc"
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}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "InChI=1S/Tc"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI Key",
description: "International Chemical Identifier hash (InChIKey) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI Key",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "GKLVYJBZJHMRIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "98"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
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string: "98"
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]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "[98]"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[Kr]5s24d5",
markup: [
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 9,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Electron Configuration",
value: {
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},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Radius",
description: "Atomic radius is the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell containing electrons.",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_radius",
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referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Empirical Atomic Radius",
reference: [
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value: {
number: [
135
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unit: "pm (Empirical)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Covalent Atomic Radius",
reference: [
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{
tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
description: "Oxidation state gives the degree of oxidation of an atom in terms of counting electrons.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/O/O04365.html",
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},
{
tocHeading: "Ground Level",
description: "Also called ground-state level. The ground state electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom with lower energy levels.",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/ASD/Html/iehelp.html#IEGROUNDLEV",
information: [
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{
tocHeading: "Ionization Energy",
description: "Ionization energy is the minimum energy required to eject an electron out of a neutral atom or molecule in its ground state.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/I/I03199.html",
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},
{
tocHeading: "Electronegativity",
description: "The concept electronegativity was introduced by L. Pauling as the power of an atom to attract electrons to itself.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01990",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Pauling Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
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value: {
number: [
1.9
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unit: "(Pauling Scale)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Allen Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1989, 111, 9003. DOI:10.1021/ja00207a003; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek and L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 2780. DOI:10.1021/ja992866e; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek, E.T. Knight, J.F. Capitani and L.C Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 5132. DOI:10.1021/ja9928677"
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value: {
number: [
1.51
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unit: "(Allen Scale)"
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},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Affinity",
description: "Electron affinity refers to energy required to detach an electron from the singly charged negative ion.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01977",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.T Myers, J. Chem. Edu., 1990, 67(4), 307. DOI:10.1021/ed067p307"
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value: {
number: [
0.55
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unit: "eV"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.J. Zollweg, J. Chem. Phys., 1969, 50, 4251. DOI:10.1063/1.1670890"
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value: {
number: [
0.99
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unit: "eV"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Spectra",
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url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00502.html",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 6,
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stringWithMarkup: [
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tocHeading: "Element Period Number",
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url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/periodic-table-of-the-elements/The-periodic-table#ref80835",
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value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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tocHeading: "Density",
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tocHeading: "Melting Point",
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value: {
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tocHeading: "Estimated Crustal Abundance",
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url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust",
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tocHeading: "History",
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string: "Technetium was the first artificially produced element. It was isolated by Carlo Perrier and Emilio Segrè in 1937. Technetium was created by bombarding molybdenum atoms with deuterons that had been accelerated by a device called a cyclotron. Today, technetium is produced by bombarding molybdenum-98 with neutrons. Molybdenum-98 becomes molybdenum-99 when it captures a neutron. Molybdenum-99, with a half-life of 65.94 hours, decays into technetium-99 through beta decay. While technetium has never been found to occur naturally on earth, its spectral lines have been observed in S-, M- and N-type stars."
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string: "From the Greek word technetos, artificial. Element 43 was predicted on the basis of the periodic table, and was erroneously reported as having been discovered in 1925, at which time it was named masurium. The element was actually discovered by Perrier and Segre in Italy in 1937. It was also found in a sample of molybdenum sent by E. Lawrence that was bombarded by deuterons in the Berkeley cyclotron. Technetium was the first element to be produced artificially. Since its discovery, searches for the element in terrestrial material have been made. Finally in 1962, technetium-99 was isolated and identified in African pitchblende (a uranium rich ore) in extremely minute quantities as a spontaneous fission product of uranium-238 by B.T. Kenna and P.K. Kuroda. If it does exist, the concentration must be very small. Technetium has been found in the spectrum of S-, M-, and N-type stars, and its presence in stellar matter is leading to new theories of the production of heavy elements in the stars.",
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length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "84Tc",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "85Tc",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "86Tc",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "86Tcm",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 4,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "87Tc",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "87Tcm",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 4,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "87Tcn",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 4,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "88Tc",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "88Tcm",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 4,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "88Tcn",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 4,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "89Tc",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "89Tcm",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 4,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "90Tc",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "90Tcm",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 4,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "91Tc",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "91Tcm",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 4,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "92Tc",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "92Tcm",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 4,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "92Tcn",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 4,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "92Tcp",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 4,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "93Tc",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "93Tcm",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 4,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "93Tcn",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 4,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "94Tc",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "94Tcm",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 4,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "95Tc",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "95Tcm",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 4,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "96Tc",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "96Tcm",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 4,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "97Tc",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "97Tcm",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 4,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "98Tc",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "98Tcm",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 4,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "99Tc",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "99Tcm",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 4,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "100Tc",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "100Tcm",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "100Tcn",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "101Tc",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "101Tcm",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
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{
string: "102Tc",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "102Tcm",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "103Tc",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "104Tc",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "104Tcm",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "104Tcn",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "105Tc",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "106Tc",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "107Tc",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "107Tcm",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
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{
string: "107Tcn",
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{
start: 0,
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{
string: "108Tc",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "109Tc",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "110Tc",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "111Tc",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "112Tc",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "112Tcm",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
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{
string: "113Tc",
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{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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]
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{
string: "113Tcm",
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{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
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{
string: "114Tc",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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]
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{
string: "114Tcm",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
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{
string: "115Tc",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "116Tc",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "117Tc",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "118Tc",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "119Tc",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "120Tc",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "121Tc",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
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]
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Atomic Mass and Uncertainty [u]",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "82.966377 ± 0.000537 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "83.959527 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "84.950778 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "85.944637 ± 0.000322 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "85.944637 ± 0.000322 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "86.938067187 ± 0.0000045"
},
{
string: "86.938067187 ± 0.0000045"
},
{
string: "86.938067187 ± 0.0000045"
},
{
string: "87.933782381 ± 0.00016"
},
{
string: "87.933782381 ± 0.00016"
},
{
string: "87.933782381 ± 0.00016"
},
{
string: "88.927648650 ± 0.0000041"
},
{
string: "88.927648650 ± 0.0000041"
},
{
string: "89.924073921 ± 0.0000011"
},
{
string: "89.924073921 ± 0.0000011"
},
{
string: "90.918424975 ± 0.000002536"
},
{
string: "90.918424975 ± 0.000002536"
},
{
string: "91.915269779 ± 0.00000333"
},
{
string: "91.915269779 ± 0.00000333"
},
{
string: "91.915269779 ± 0.00000333"
},
{
string: "91.915269779 ± 0.00000333"
},
{
string: "92.910245149 ± 0.000001086"
},
{
string: "92.910245149 ± 0.000001086"
},
{
string: "92.910245149 ± 0.000001086"
},
{
string: "93.909652325 ± 0.00000437"
},
{
string: "93.909652325 ± 0.00000437"
},
{
string: "94.907652287 ± 0.000005453"
},
{
string: "94.907652287 ± 0.000005453"
},
{
string: "95.907866681 ± 0.000005524"
},
{
string: "95.907866681 ± 0.000005524"
},
{
string: "96.906360723 ± 0.00000442"
},
{
string: "96.906360723 ± 0.00000442"
},
{
string: "97.907211205 ± 0.000003628"
},
{
string: "97.907211205 ± 0.000003628"
},
{
string: "98.906249678 ± 0.000000974"
},
{
string: "98.906249678 ± 0.000000974"
},
{
string: "99.907652711 ± 0.00000145"
},
{
string: "99.907652711 ± 0.00000145"
},
{
string: "99.907652711 ± 0.00000145"
},
{
string: "100.907305260 ± 0.000025768"
},
{
string: "100.907305260 ± 0.000025768"
},
{
string: "101.909207275 ± 0.00000984"
},
{
string: "101.909207275 ± 0.00000984"
},
{
string: "102.909174008 ± 0.000010531"
},
{
string: "103.911428905 ± 0.000026718"
},
{
string: "103.911428905 ± 0.000026718"
},
{
string: "103.911428905 ± 0.000026718"
},
{
string: "104.911657952 ± 0.000037857"
},
{
string: "105.914356697 ± 0.00001315"
},
{
string: "106.915458485 ± 0.00000931"
},
{
string: "106.915458485 ± 0.00000931"
},
{
string: "106.915458485 ± 0.00000931"
},
{
string: "107.918493541 ± 0.000009413"
},
{
string: "108.920254156 ± 0.00001038"
},
{
string: "109.923741312 ± 0.000010195"
},
{
string: "110.925899016 ± 0.000011359"
},
{
string: "111.929941644 ± 0.00000592"
},
{
string: "111.929941644 ± 0.00000592"
},
{
string: "112.932569033 ± 0.0000036"
},
{
string: "112.932569033 ± 0.0000036"
},
{
string: "113.937090000 ± 0.000465"
},
{
string: "113.937090000 ± 0.000465"
},
{
string: "114.939538000 ± 0.0008475"
},
{
string: "115.944760 ± 0.00032 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "116.948060 ± 0.00043 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "117.952990 ± 0.00043 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "118.956660 ± 0.00054 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "119.961870 ± 0.00054 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "120.965883 ± 0.000537 [Estimated]"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Half Life and Uncertainty",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Not-specified"
},
{
string: "Not-specified"
},
{
string: "Not-specified ± <110ns"
},
{
string: "55 ms ± 7"
},
{
string: "1.10 us ± 0.12"
},
{
string: "2.2 s ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "2 s [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "647 ns ± 24"
},
{
string: "6.4 s ± 0.8"
},
{
string: "5.8 s ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "146 ns ± 12"
},
{
string: "12.8 s ± 0.9"
},
{
string: "12.9 s ± 0.8"
},
{
string: "49.2 s ± 0.4"
},
{
string: "8.7 s ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "3.14 m ± 0.02"
},
{
string: "3.3 m ± 0.1"
},
{
string: "4.25 m ± 0.15"
},
{
string: "1.03 us ± 0.07"
},
{
string: "<0.1 us"
},
{
string: "<0.1 us"
},
{
string: "2.75 h ± 0.05"
},
{
string: "43.5 m ± 1.0"
},
{
string: "10.2 us ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "293 m ± 1"
},
{
string: "52.0 m ± 1.0"
},
{
string: "20.0 h ± 0.1"
},
{
string: "61 d ± 2"
},
{
string: "4.28 d ± 0.07"
},
{
string: "51.5 m ± 1.0"
},
{
string: "4.21 My ± 0.16"
},
{
string: "91.0 d ± 0.6"
},
{
string: "4.2 My ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "14.7 us ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "211.1 ky ± 1.2"
},
{
string: "6.006 h ± 0.0005"
},
{
string: "15.46 s ± 0.19"
},
{
string: "8.32 us ± 0.14"
},
{
string: "3.2 us ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "14.22 m ± 0.01"
},
{
string: "636 us ± 8"
},
{
string: "5.28 s ± 0.15"
},
{
string: "4.35 m ± 0.07"
},
{
string: "54.2 s ± 0.8"
},
{
string: "18.3 m ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "3.5 us ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "400 ns ± 20"
},
{
string: "7.6 m ± 0.1"
},
{
string: "35.6 s ± 0.6"
},
{
string: "21.2 s ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "3.85 us ± 0.05"
},
{
string: "184 ns ± 3"
},
{
string: "5.17 s ± 0.07"
},
{
string: "1.14 s ± 0.03"
},
{
string: "900 ms ± 13"
},
{
string: "350 ms ± 11"
},
{
string: "323 ms ± 6"
},
{
string: "150 ns ± 17"
},
{
string: "152 ms ± 8"
},
{
string: "527 ns ± 16"
},
{
string: "90 ms ± 20"
},
{
string: "100 ms ± 20"
},
{
string: "78 ms ± 2"
},
{
string: "57 ms ± 3"
},
{
string: "44.5 ms ± 3.0"
},
{
string: "30 ms ± 4"
},
{
string: "22 ms ± 3"
},
{
string: "21 ms ± 5"
},
{
string: "22 ms ± 6"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Discovery Year",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: ""
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: "1992"
},
{
string: "2000"
},
{
string: "1991"
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: "2009"
},
{
string: "1991"
},
{
string: "1993"
},
{
string: "2009"
},
{
string: "1991"
},
{
string: "1991"
},
{
string: "1974"
},
{
string: "1974"
},
{
string: "1974"
},
{
string: "1975"
},
{
string: "1964"
},
{
string: "1976"
},
{
string: "1976"
},
{
string: "1976"
},
{
string: "1948"
},
{
string: "1939"
},
{
string: "1973"
},
{
string: "1948"
},
{
string: "1948"
},
{
string: "1947"
},
{
string: "1959"
},
{
string: "1947"
},
{
string: "1950"
},
{
string: "1946"
},
{
string: "1954"
},
{
string: "1955"
},
{
string: "1976"
},
{
string: "1938"
},
{
string: "1958"
},
{
string: "1952"
},
{
string: "1958"
},
{
string: "1967"
},
{
string: "1941"
},
{
string: "1964"
},
{
string: "1954"
},
{
string: "1954"
},
{
string: "1957"
},
{
string: "1956"
},
{
string: "1981"
},
{
string: "1999"
},
{
string: "1955"
},
{
string: "1965"
},
{
string: "1965"
},
{
string: "2007"
},
{
string: "1974"
},
{
string: "1970"
},
{
string: "1976"
},
{
string: "1976"
},
{
string: "1988"
},
{
string: "1990"
},
{
string: "2010"
},
{
string: "1992"
},
{
string: "2010"
},
{
string: "1994"
},
{
string: "2011"
},
{
string: "1994"
},
{
string: "1997"
},
{
string: "1997"
},
{
string: "2010"
},
{
string: "2010"
},
{
string: "2010"
},
{
string: "2015"
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reference: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "PubChem",
description: "Data deposited in or computed by PubChem",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
sourceName: "Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)",
sourceID: "e43",
name: "Tc",
description: "The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.",
url: "https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/",
anid: 6590270
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
sourceName: "Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)",
sourceID: "a43",
name: "Technetium",
description: "Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report) and CIAAW. The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/",
url: "http://www.ciaaw.org/",
licenseURL: "http://www.ciaaw.org/bylaws.htm",
anid: 2292424
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{
referenceNumber: 4,
sourceName: "Jefferson Lab, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "jlab43",
name: "Technetium",
description: "Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/",
url: "https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele043.html",
licenseNote: "Please see citation and linking information: https://education.jlab.org/faq/index.html",
licenseURL: "https://www.jlab.org/privacy-and-security-notice",
anid: 507105
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{
referenceNumber: 5,
sourceName: "Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "lanl43",
name: "Technetium",
description: "The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.",
url: "https://periodic.lanl.gov/43.shtml",
anid: 507223
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
sourceName: "NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory",
sourceID: "e43",
name: "Technetium",
description: "The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Elements/elInfo.pl?element=43",
licenseURL: "https://www.nist.gov/pml/database-disclaimer",
anid: 2292660
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
sourceName: "PubChem Elements",
sourceID: "43",
name: "Tc",
description: "The element property data was retrieved from publications.",
anid: 7660044
},
{
referenceNumber: 7,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "43",
name: "Technetium",
description: "This section provides all form of data related to element Technetium.",
anid: 694336
}
]
}
},
{
record: {
recordType: "AtomicNumber",
recordNumber: 44,
recordTitle: "Ruthenium",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01022.html",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Ruthenium"
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name: "Element Name",
value: {
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string: "Ruthenium"
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]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
description: "Element symbol, Also called atomic symbol, typically consists of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet derived from the element name in one of several languages.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Ru"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Ru"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "InChI=1S/Ru"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI Key",
description: "International Chemical Identifier hash (InChIKey) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI Key",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "101.07(2)"
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]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "101.07"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "101.1"
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]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "101.07(2)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
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string: "[Kr]5s14d7",
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Electron Configuration",
value: {
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string: "[Kr]4d7 5s",
markup: [
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start: 6,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Radius",
description: "Atomic radius is the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell containing electrons.",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_radius",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
name: "Van der Waals Atomic Radius",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "207 pm (Van der Waals)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Empirical Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"J.C. Slater, J Chem Phys, 1964, 41(10), 3199-3205. DOI:10.1063/1.1725697"
],
value: {
number: [
130
],
unit: "pm (Empirical)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Covalent Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"B. Cordero, V. Gómez, A.E. Platero-Prats, M. Revés, J. Echeverría, E. Cremades, F. Barragán, S. Alvarez, Dalton Trans. 2008, 21, 2832-2838. DOI:10.1039/b801115j PMID:18478144."
],
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "146(7) pm (Covalent)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
description: "Oxidation state gives the degree of oxidation of an atom in terms of counting electrons.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/O/O04365.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "+3"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "-4, -2, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 (a mildly acidic oxide)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ground Level",
description: "Also called ground-state level. The ground state electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom with lower energy levels.",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/ASD/Html/iehelp.html#IEGROUNDLEV",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ground Level",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "5F5",
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start: 0,
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type: "Superscript"
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start: 2,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
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]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ionization Energy",
description: "Ionization energy is the minimum energy required to eject an electron out of a neutral atom or molecule in its ground state.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/I/I03199.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "7.361 eV"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ionization Energy",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "7.36050 eV"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electronegativity",
description: "The concept electronegativity was introduced by L. Pauling as the power of an atom to attract electrons to itself.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01990",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Pauling Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"A.L. Allred, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 1961, 17(3-4), 215-221. DOI:10.1016/0022-1902(61)80142-5"
],
value: {
number: [
2.2
],
unit: "(Pauling Scale)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Allen Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1989, 111, 9003. DOI:10.1021/ja00207a003; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek and L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 2780. DOI:10.1021/ja992866e; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek, E.T. Knight, J.F. Capitani and L.C Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 5132. DOI:10.1021/ja9928677"
],
value: {
number: [
1.54
],
unit: "(Allen Scale)"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Affinity",
description: "Electron affinity refers to energy required to detach an electron from the singly charged negative ion.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01977",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.T Myers, J. Chem. Edu., 1990, 67(4), 307. DOI:10.1021/ed067p307"
],
value: {
number: [
1.05
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},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
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number: [
1.51
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unit: "eV"
}
}
]
},
{
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url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00502.html",
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tocHeading: "Melting Point",
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url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/melting-point",
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value: {
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tocHeading: "Estimated Crustal Abundance",
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tocHeading: "History",
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string: "The name derives from the Latin ruthenia for the old name of Russia. It was discovered in a crude platinum ore by the Russian chemist Gottfried Wilhelm Osann in 1828. Osann thought that he had found three new metals in the sample, pluranium, ruthenium, and polinium. In 1844, Russian chemist Karl Karlovich Klaus was able to show that Osann's mistake was due to the impurity of the sample, and Klaus was able to isolate the ruthenium metal.",
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}
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string: "From the Latin word Ruthenia, Russia. In 1827, Berzelius and Osann examined the residues left after dissolving crude platinum from the Ural mountains in aqua regia. While Berzelius found no unusual metals, Osann thought he found three new metals, one of which he named ruthenium. In 1844 Klaus, generally recognized as the discoverer, showed that Osann's ruthenium oxide was very impure and that it contained a new metal. Klaus obtained 6 g of ruthenium from the portion of crude platinum that is insoluble in aqua regia."
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}
}
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}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Compounds",
description: "Related compounds information to this element",
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{
string: "105Ru",
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{
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{
string: "106Ru",
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{
string: "107Ru",
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{
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{
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{
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{
string: "111Ru",
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{
string: "112Ru",
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{
string: "113Ru",
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{
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{
string: "114Ru",
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{
string: "115Ru",
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{
string: "115Rum",
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string: "116Ru",
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{
string: "117Ru",
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{
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{
string: "119Ru",
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{
string: "121Ru",
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{
string: "122Ru",
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{
string: "123Ru",
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{
string: "124Ru",
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{
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{
string: "84.966774 ± 0.000537 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "85.957305 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "86.951132 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "87.941664 ± 0.000322 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "88.937455 ± 0.00032 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "89.930344379 ± 0.000004004"
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{
string: "90.926741532 ± 0.000002384"
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{
string: "90.926741532 ± 0.000002384"
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{
string: "91.920234375 ± 0.000002917"
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{
string: "92.917104444 ± 0.000002216"
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{
string: "92.917104444 ± 0.000002216"
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{
string: "92.917104444 ± 0.000002216"
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{
string: "93.911342863 ± 0.000003374"
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{
string: "96.907545779 ± 0.000002965"
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{
string: "97.905286713 ± 0.000006937"
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{
string: "98.905930278 ± 0.000000369"
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{
string: "99.904210452 ± 0.000000368"
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{
string: "100.905573075 ± 0.000000445"
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{
string: "100.905573075 ± 0.000000445"
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{
string: "101.904340300 ± 0.000000448"
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{
string: "102.906314833 ± 0.000000475"
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{
string: "102.906314833 ± 0.000000475"
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{
string: "103.905425360 ± 0.000002681"
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{
string: "104.907745525 ± 0.000002682"
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{
string: "104.907745525 ± 0.000002682"
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{
string: "105.907328203 ± 0.000005787"
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{
string: "106.909969885 ± 0.00000931"
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{
string: "107.910185841 ± 0.000009318"
},
{
string: "108.913323756 ± 0.000009612"
},
{
string: "108.913323756 ± 0.000009612"
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{
string: "109.914038548 ± 0.00000958"
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{
string: "110.917567616 ± 0.000010394"
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{
string: "111.918806972 ± 0.000010305"
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{
string: "112.922846396 ± 0.000039587"
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{
string: "112.922846396 ± 0.000039587"
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{
string: "113.924613780 ± 0.000003811"
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{
string: "114.928942393 ± 0.000095004"
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{
string: "114.928942393 ± 0.000095004"
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{
string: "115.931219193 ± 0.000004"
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{
string: "116.936135000 ± 0.000465"
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{
string: "116.936135000 ± 0.000465"
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{
string: "117.938529 ± 0.000215 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "118.943570 ± 0.00032 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "118.943570 ± 0.00032 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "119.946310 ± 0.00043 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "120.951640 ± 0.00043 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "121.954750 ± 0.000537 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "122.960193 ± 0.000537 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "123.963542 ± 0.000644 [Estimated]"
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{
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name: "Half Life and Uncertainty",
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string: "1 ms ± >400ns [Estimated]"
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string: "50 ms ± >400ns [Estimated]"
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{
string: "50 ms ± >1.5us [Estimated]"
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{
string: "1.3 s ± 0.3"
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{
string: "1.5 s ± 0.2"
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{
string: "11 s ± 3"
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{
string: "8.0 s ± 0.4"
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{
string: "7.6 s ± 0.8"
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{
string: "3.65 m ± 0.05"
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{
string: "59.7 s ± 0.6"
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{
string: "10.8 s ± 0.3"
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{
string: "2.49 us ± 0.15"
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{
string: "51.8 m ± 0.6"
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{
string: "71 us ± 4"
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string: "1.643 h ± 0.013"
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string: "Stable ± >80Ey"
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string: "2.837 d ± 0.0014"
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{
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string: "Stable"
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{
string: "Stable"
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string: "17.5 us ± 0.4"
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{
string: "Stable"
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{
string: "39.247 d ± 0.013"
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{
string: "1.69 ms ± 0.07"
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{
string: "Stable"
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{
string: "4.44 h ± 0.02"
},
{
string: "340 ns ± 15"
},
{
string: "371.8 d ± 0.18"
},
{
string: "3.75 m ± 0.05"
},
{
string: "4.55 m ± 0.05"
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{
string: "34.5 s ± 1.0"
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{
string: "680 ns ± 30"
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{
string: "12.04 s ± 0.17"
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{
string: "2.12 s ± 0.07"
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{
string: "1.75 s ± 0.07"
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{
string: "800 ms ± 50"
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{
string: "510 ms ± 30"
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{
string: "540 ms ± 30"
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{
string: "318 ms ± 19"
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{
string: "76 ms ± 6"
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{
string: "204 ms ± 6"
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{
string: "151 ms ± 3"
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{
string: "2.49 us ± 0.6"
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{
string: "99 ms ± 3"
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{
string: "69.5 ms ± 2.0"
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{
string: "384 ns ± 22"
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{
string: "45 ms ± 2"
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{
string: "29 ms ± 2"
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{
string: "25 ms ± 1"
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{
string: "19 ms ± 2"
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
string: "β+=100%; β+p ?",
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string: "β+=100%",
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string: "IS=1.87±0.3%"
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string: "IS=12.76±1.4%"
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{
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},
{
string: "IS=17.06±0.2%"
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{
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{
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type: "Superscript"
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],
reference: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "PubChem",
description: "Data deposited in or computed by PubChem",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
sourceName: "Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)",
sourceID: "e44",
name: "Ru",
description: "The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.",
url: "https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/",
anid: 6590271
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
sourceName: "Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)",
sourceID: "a44",
name: "Ruthenium",
description: "Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report) and CIAAW. The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/",
url: "http://www.ciaaw.org/ruthenium.htm",
licenseURL: "http://www.ciaaw.org/bylaws.htm",
anid: 2292425
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
sourceName: "Jefferson Lab, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "jlab44",
name: "Ruthenium",
description: "Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/",
url: "https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele044.html",
licenseNote: "Please see citation and linking information: https://education.jlab.org/faq/index.html",
licenseURL: "https://www.jlab.org/privacy-and-security-notice",
anid: 507106
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
sourceName: "Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "lanl44",
name: "Ruthenium",
description: "The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.",
url: "https://periodic.lanl.gov/44.shtml",
anid: 507224
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
sourceName: "NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory",
sourceID: "e44",
name: "Ruthenium",
description: "The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Elements/elInfo.pl?element=44",
licenseURL: "https://www.nist.gov/pml/database-disclaimer",
anid: 2292661
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
sourceName: "PubChem Elements",
sourceID: "44",
name: "Ru",
description: "The element property data was retrieved from publications.",
anid: 7660045
},
{
referenceNumber: 7,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "44",
name: "Ruthenium",
description: "This section provides all form of data related to element Ruthenium.",
anid: 694337
}
]
}
},
{
record: {
recordType: "AtomicNumber",
recordNumber: 45,
recordTitle: "Rhodium",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01022.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Rhodium"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Rhodium"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
description: "Element symbol, Also called atomic symbol, typically consists of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet derived from the element name in one of several languages.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Rh"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Rh"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "InChI=1S/Rh"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI Key",
description: "International Chemical Identifier hash (InChIKey) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI Key",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "102.905 49(2)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "102.90550"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "102.9"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "102.90550(2)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[Kr]5s14d8",
markup: [
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start: 6,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 9,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Electron Configuration",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[Kr]4d8 5s",
markup: [
{
start: 6,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Radius",
description: "Atomic radius is the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell containing electrons.",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_radius",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
name: "Van der Waals Atomic Radius",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "195 pm (Van der Waals)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Empirical Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"J.C. Slater, J Chem Phys, 1964, 41(10), 3199-3205. DOI:10.1063/1.1725697"
],
value: {
number: [
135
],
unit: "pm (Empirical)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Covalent Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"B. Cordero, V. Gómez, A.E. Platero-Prats, M. Revés, J. Echeverría, E. Cremades, F. Barragán, S. Alvarez, Dalton Trans. 2008, 21, 2832-2838. DOI:10.1039/b801115j PMID:18478144."
],
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "142(7) pm (Covalent)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
description: "Oxidation state gives the degree of oxidation of an atom in terms of counting electrons.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/O/O04365.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "+3"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, −1, −3 (an amphoteric oxide)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ground Level",
description: "Also called ground-state level. The ground state electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom with lower energy levels.",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/ASD/Html/iehelp.html#IEGROUNDLEV",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ground Level",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "4F9/2",
markup: [
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start: 0,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 2,
length: 3,
type: "Subscript"
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]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ionization Energy",
description: "Ionization energy is the minimum energy required to eject an electron out of a neutral atom or molecule in its ground state.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/I/I03199.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "7.459 eV"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ionization Energy",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "7.45890 eV"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electronegativity",
description: "The concept electronegativity was introduced by L. Pauling as the power of an atom to attract electrons to itself.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01990",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Pauling Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"A.L. Allred, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 1961, 17(3-4), 215-221. DOI:10.1016/0022-1902(61)80142-5"
],
value: {
number: [
2.28
],
unit: "(Pauling Scale)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Allen Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1989, 111, 9003. DOI:10.1021/ja00207a003; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek and L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 2780. DOI:10.1021/ja992866e; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek, E.T. Knight, J.F. Capitani and L.C Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 5132. DOI:10.1021/ja9928677"
],
value: {
number: [
1.56
],
unit: "(Allen Scale)"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Affinity",
description: "Electron affinity refers to energy required to detach an electron from the singly charged negative ion.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01977",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.T Myers, J. Chem. Edu., 1990, 67(4), 307. DOI:10.1021/ed067p307"
],
value: {
number: [
1.137
],
unit: "eV"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.J. Zollweg, J. Chem. Phys., 1969, 50, 4251. DOI:10.1063/1.1670890"
],
value: {
number: [
1.68
],
unit: "eV"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Spectra",
description: "Atomic and ionic spectral lines originate from specified electronic transitions between energy levels of atoms and ions, respectively.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00502.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/lines_hold.pl?el=Rh",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Lines Holdings"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/levels_hold.pl?el=Rh",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Levels Holdings"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Physical Description",
description: "Physical description, also know as physical characteristics, refers to physical appearance of element substances.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Solid"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Classification",
description: "Elements can be classified few groups according to each element's chemical properties.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Metal"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Period Number",
description: "The element period number refers to a horizontal row of the periodic table. The periodic table has 7 periods.",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/periodic-table-of-the-elements/The-periodic-table#ref80835",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "5"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Group Number",
description: "Element group refers to a set of chemical elements in the same vertical column of the periodic table",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/group-periodic-table",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "9"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Density",
description: "Density is a degree of consistency measured by the quantity of mass per unit volume",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/D/D01590.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "12.4 grams per cubic centimeter"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Melting Point",
description: "The melting point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from solid to liquid at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/melting-point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "2237 K (1964°C or 3567°F)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1964°C"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Boiling Point",
description: "Boiling Point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from liquid to gas at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "3968 K (3695°C or 6683°F)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "3695°C"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Crustal Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in earth crust",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1×10-3 milligrams per kilogram",
markup: [
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start: 4,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
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]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Oceanic Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in ocean",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Not Applicable"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "History",
description: "Element discovery and related information in history",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "History",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "The name derives from the Greek rhodon for rose because of the rose color of dilute solutions of its salts. It was discovered by the English chemist and physicist William Hyde Wollaston in 1803 in a crude platinum ore.",
markup: [
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start: 32,
length: 6,
type: "Italics"
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}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Rhodium was discovered by William Hyde Wollaston, an English chemist, in 1803 shortly after his discovery of the element palladium. He obtained rhodium from a sample of platinum ore that was obtained from South America. After removing the platinum and palladium from the sample, he was left with a dark red powder. The powder turned out to be sodium rhodium chloride (Na3RhCl6·12H2O). Wollaston obtained rhodium from the powder by treating it with hydrogen gas (H2). Rhodium tends to occur along with deposits of platinum and is primarily obtained as a byproduct of mining and refining platinum. Rhodium is also obtained as a byproduct of the nickel mining operation in the Sudbury region of Ontario, Canada.",
markup: [
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type: "Subscript"
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start: 463,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
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}
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}
},
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referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "From the Greek word rhodon, rose. Wollaston discovered rhodium between 1803 and 1804 in crude platinum ore he presumably obtained from South America."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Description",
description: "Description about this element",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "The metal is silvery white and at red heat slowly changes in air to the resquioxide. At higher temperatures it converts back to the element. Rhodium has a higher melting point and lower density than platinum. It is highly reflective, hard, and durable."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Uses",
description: "Uses information in industry and other fields",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Rhodium is used to make electrical contacts, as jewelry and in catalytic converters, but is most frequently used as an alloying agent in other materials, such as platinum and palladium. These alloys are used to make such things as furnace coils, electrodes for aircraft spark plugs and laboratory crucibles."
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Rhodium's primary use is as an alloying agent to harden platinum and palladium. Such alloys are used for furnace windings, thermocoupling elements, bushings for glass fiber production, electrodes for aircraft spark plugs, and laboratory crucibles. It is useful as an electrical contact material as it has a low electrical resistance, a low and stable contact resistance, and is highly resistant to corrosion. Plated rhodium, produced by electroplating or evaporation, is exceptionally hard and is used for optical instruments. Rhodium is also used for jewelry, for decoration, and as a catalyst."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Sources",
description: "Sources (where the element come from) information for the given element",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Rhodium occurs natively with other platinum metals in river sands of the Urals and in North and South America. It is also found with other platinum metals in the copper-nickel sulfide area of the Sudbury, Ontario region. Although the quantity occurring there is very small, the large tonnages of nickel processed make the recovery commercially feasible. The annual world production of rhodium is only 7 or 8 tons."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Compounds",
description: "Related compounds information to this element",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 7,
name: "Compounds",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Rhodium",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "See more information at the Rhodium compound page."
}
]
}
}
],
section: [
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tocHeading: "Element Forms",
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string: "[102Rh]"
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{
string: "[Rh+3]"
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{
string: "[107Rh]"
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{
string: "[99Rh]"
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{
string: "[100Rh]"
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{
string: "[101Rh]"
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{
string: "[Rh+2]"
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string: "[104Rh]"
}
]
}
},
{
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string: "102.905"
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{
string: "105.907"
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{
string: "102.905"
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{
string: "101.907"
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{
string: "102.905"
},
{
string: "106.907"
},
{
string: "98.908"
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{
string: "99.908"
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{
string: "100.906"
},
{
string: "102.905"
},
{
string: "103.907"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Handling and Storage",
description: "Handling and Storage information",
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{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Exposure to rhodium (metal fume and dust, as Rh) should not exceed 1 mg/m^3 (8-hour time-weighted average, 40-hour week)."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Isotopes",
description: "Isotopes are variants of a chemical element which contain different neutron number",
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referenceNumber: 4,
name: "Stable Isotope Count",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1"
}
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}
}
],
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{
tocHeading: "Isotope Mass and Abundance",
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displayControls: {
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stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "102.905 49(2)"
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name: "Abundance (uncertainty)",
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stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1"
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}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Mass, Half Life, and Decay",
description: "This section provides the information from the Nubase2016. The number after the ± refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton. The '?' refers to 'not determined or qualified'. For further explainations, click read more below.",
url: "https://pubchemdocs.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nubase2016",
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{
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{
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string: "92Rh",
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start: 0,
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{
string: "93Rh",
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{
start: 0,
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},
{
string: "94Rh",
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{
start: 0,
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type: "Superscript"
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},
{
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{
string: "95Rh",
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string: "95Rhm",
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start: 4,
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},
{
string: "96Rh",
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{
start: 0,
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type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "96Rhm",
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{
start: 0,
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{
start: 4,
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type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "97Rh",
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{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "97Rhm",
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{
start: 0,
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type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 4,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "98Rh",
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{
start: 0,
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type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "98Rhm",
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start: 0,
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{
start: 4,
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},
{
string: "99Rh",
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{
start: 0,
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},
{
string: "99Rhm",
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{
start: 4,
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},
{
string: "100Rh",
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{
start: 0,
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type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "100Rhm",
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{
start: 0,
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type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
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start: 5,
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{
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},
{
string: "101Rh",
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{
start: 0,
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type: "Superscript"
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{
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{
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{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "104Rh",
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start: 0,
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start: 5,
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{
string: "105Rh",
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{
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type: "Superscript"
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string: "108Rh",
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string: "113Rh",
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start: 0,
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string: "115Rh",
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},
{
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name: "Atomic Mass and Uncertainty [u]",
value: {
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{
string: "87.960429 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "88.950767 ± 0.000387 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "89.944498 ± 0.000322 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "89.944498 ± 0.000322 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "90.937123 ± 0.00032 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "90.937123 ± 0.00032 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "91.932367694 ± 0.0000047"
},
{
string: "91.932367694 ± 0.0000047"
},
{
string: "92.925912781 ± 0.000002821"
},
{
string: "93.921730453 ± 0.000003627"
},
{
string: "93.921730453 ± 0.000003627"
},
{
string: "93.921730453 ± 0.000003627"
},
{
string: "94.915897895 ± 0.000004171"
},
{
string: "94.915897895 ± 0.000004171"
},
{
string: "95.914451710 ± 0.000010737"
},
{
string: "95.914451710 ± 0.000010737"
},
{
string: "96.911327876 ± 0.000038071"
},
{
string: "96.911327876 ± 0.000038071"
},
{
string: "97.910707740 ± 0.000012782"
},
{
string: "97.910707740 ± 0.000012782"
},
{
string: "98.908124690 ± 0.000007189"
},
{
string: "98.908124690 ± 0.000007189"
},
{
string: "99.908114141 ± 0.000019458"
},
{
string: "99.908114141 ± 0.000019458"
},
{
string: "99.908114141 ± 0.000019458"
},
{
string: "99.908114141 ± 0.000019458"
},
{
string: "100.906158905 ± 0.00000627"
},
{
string: "100.906158905 ± 0.00000627"
},
{
string: "101.906834270 ± 0.000006881"
},
{
string: "101.906834270 ± 0.000006881"
},
{
string: "102.905494068 ± 0.00000247"
},
{
string: "102.905494068 ± 0.00000247"
},
{
string: "103.906645295 ± 0.000002472"
},
{
string: "103.906645295 ± 0.000002472"
},
{
string: "104.905687806 ± 0.000002685"
},
{
string: "104.905687806 ± 0.000002685"
},
{
string: "105.907285901 ± 0.000005785"
},
{
string: "105.907285901 ± 0.000005785"
},
{
string: "106.906747974 ± 0.000012937"
},
{
string: "106.906747974 ± 0.000012937"
},
{
string: "107.908714688 ± 0.000015024"
},
{
string: "107.908714688 ± 0.000015024"
},
{
string: "108.908749326 ± 0.000004336"
},
{
string: "108.908749326 ± 0.000004336"
},
{
string: "109.911079742 ± 0.000019114"
},
{
string: "109.911079742 ± 0.000019114"
},
{
string: "110.911642531 ± 0.000007354"
},
{
string: "111.914404705 ± 0.000047327"
},
{
string: "111.914404705 ± 0.000047327"
},
{
string: "112.915439567 ± 0.000007653"
},
{
string: "113.918721296 ± 0.000076824"
},
{
string: "113.918721296 ± 0.000076824"
},
{
string: "114.920310993 ± 0.000007854"
},
{
string: "115.924061645 ± 0.000079261"
},
{
string: "115.924061645 ± 0.000079261"
},
{
string: "116.926035623 ± 0.000009546"
},
{
string: "117.930340443 ± 0.000026017"
},
{
string: "118.932556952 ± 0.00001"
},
{
string: "119.936860 ± 0.00021 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "119.936860 ± 0.00021 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "120.939613000 ± 0.000665"
},
{
string: "121.944090 ± 0.000322 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "121.944090 ± 0.000322 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "122.947010 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "123.951809 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "124.954911 ± 0.000537 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "125.959957 ± 0.000537 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "126.963467 ± 0.000644 [Estimated]"
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{
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string: "1 ms [Estimated]"
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{
string: "10 ms ± >1.5us [Estimated]"
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{
string: "15 ms ± 7"
},
{
string: "1.1 s ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "1.60 s ± 0.15"
},
{
string: "1.46 s ± 0.11"
},
{
string: "4.66 s ± 0.25"
},
{
string: "0.53 s ± 0.37"
},
{
string: "13.9 s ± 1.6"
},
{
string: "70.6 s ± 0.6"
},
{
string: "480 ns ± 30"
},
{
string: "25.8 s ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "5.02 m ± 0.10"
},
{
string: "1.96 m ± 0.04"
},
{
string: "9.90 m ± 0.10"
},
{
string: "1.51 m ± 0.02"
},
{
string: "30.7 m ± 0.6"
},
{
string: "46.2 m ± 1.6"
},
{
string: "8.72 m ± 0.12"
},
{
string: "3.6 m ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "16.1 d ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "4.7 h ± 0.1"
},
{
string: "20.8 h ± 0.1"
},
{
string: "214.0 ns ± 2.0"
},
{
string: "4.6 m ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "130 ns ± 10"
},
{
string: "3.3 y ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "4.34 d ± 0.01"
},
{
string: "207.0 d ± 1.5"
},
{
string: "3.742 y ± 0.010"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "56.114 m ± 0.009"
},
{
string: "42.3 s ± 0.4"
},
{
string: "4.34 m ± 0.03"
},
{
string: "35.357 h ± 0.037"
},
{
string: "42.9 s ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "30.07 s ± 0.35"
},
{
string: "131 m ± 2"
},
{
string: "21.7 m ± 0.4"
},
{
string: ">10 us"
},
{
string: "16.8 s ± 0.5"
},
{
string: "6.0 m ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "80 s ± 2"
},
{
string: "1.66 us ± 0.04"
},
{
string: "3.35 s ± 0.12"
},
{
string: "28.5 s ± 1.3"
},
{
string: "11 s ± 1"
},
{
string: "3.4 s ± 0.4"
},
{
string: "6.73 s ± 0.15"
},
{
string: "2.80 s ± 0.12"
},
{
string: "1.85 s ± 0.05"
},
{
string: "1.85 s ± 0.05"
},
{
string: "990 ms ± 50"
},
{
string: "685 ms ± 39"
},
{
string: "570 ms ± 50"
},
{
string: "421 ms ± 30"
},
{
string: "284 ms ± 9"
},
{
string: "190 ms ± 6"
},
{
string: "129.6 ms ± 4.2"
},
{
string: "295 ns ± 16"
},
{
string: "76 ms ± 5"
},
{
string: "51 ms ± 6"
},
{
string: "830 ns ± 120"
},
{
string: "42 ms ± 4"
},
{
string: "30 ms ± 2"
},
{
string: "26.5 ms ± 2.0"
},
{
string: "19 ms ± 3"
},
{
string: "28 ms ± 14"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Discovery Year",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: ""
},
{
string: "1995"
},
{
string: "1994"
},
{
string: "2001"
},
{
string: "1994"
},
{
string: "2004"
},
{
string: "1994"
},
{
string: "2004"
},
{
string: "1994"
},
{
string: "1979"
},
{
string: "2004"
},
{
string: "1973"
},
{
string: "1967"
},
{
string: "1974"
},
{
string: "1967"
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{
string: "1966"
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{
string: "1955"
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{
string: "1971"
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{
string: "1955"
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{
string: "1966"
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{
string: "1952"
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{
string: "1952"
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{
string: "1948"
},
{
string: "1965"
},
{
string: "1973"
},
{
string: "1984"
},
{
string: "1948"
},
{
string: "1944"
},
{
string: "1941"
},
{
string: "1962"
},
{
string: "1934"
},
{
string: "1943"
},
{
string: "1939"
},
{
string: "1939"
},
{
string: "1945"
},
{
string: "1950"
},
{
string: "1947"
},
{
string: "1955"
},
{
string: "1951"
},
{
string: "1986"
},
{
string: "1955"
},
{
string: "1969"
},
{
string: "1972"
},
{
string: "1987"
},
{
string: "1963"
},
{
string: "1969"
},
{
string: "1975"
},
{
string: "1972"
},
{
string: "1987"
},
{
string: "1971"
},
{
string: "1988"
},
{
string: "1987"
},
{
string: "1988"
},
{
string: "1970"
},
{
string: "1987"
},
{
string: "1991"
},
{
string: "1994"
},
{
string: "1994"
},
{
string: "1994"
},
{
string: "2012"
},
{
string: "1994"
},
{
string: "1997"
},
{
string: "2012"
},
{
string: "2010"
},
{
string: "2010"
},
{
string: "2010"
},
{
string: "2010"
},
{
string: "2015"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Decay Modes, Intensities and Uncertainties [%]",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "β+ ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+ ?; β+p ?; p ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 7,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%; β+p ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%; β+p ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%; β+p=1.3±0.5%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%; IT ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%; β+p=1.9±0.1%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%; β+p=?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%; β+p=1.8±0.5%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=88±0.5%; β+=12±0.5%",
markup: [
{
start: 13,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=60±0.5%; β+=40±0.5%",
markup: [
{
start: 13,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=94.4±0.6%; IT=5.6±0.6%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=89±0.5%; β+=11±0.5%",
markup: [
{
start: 13,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+≈100%; IT<0.16%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "ε=95.1±0.5%; e+=4.9±0.5%",
markup: [
{
start: 14,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT≈98.3%; β+≈1.7%",
markup: [
{
start: 11,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "ε=100%"
},
{
string: "ε=92.80±2.5%; IT=7.20±2.5%"
},
{
string: "β+=78±0.5%; β-=22±0.5%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 13,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+≈100%; IT=0.233±2.4%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IS=100."
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-≈100%; β+=0.45±1%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT≈100%; β-=0.13±0.1%",
markup: [
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=0.05%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n<2.1%",
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n<7.6%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=3.1±1.4%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=6.4±1.6%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n<5.4%; β-2n=0%[Estimated]",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 20,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=7%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=10%[Estimated]; β-2n=0.01%[Estimated]",
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=20%[Estimated]; β-2n=0%[Estimated]",
markup: [
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
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start: 10,
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type: "Superscript"
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},
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string: "β-=100%; β-n=20%[Estimated]; β-2n=0.3%[Estimated]",
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},
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},
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string: "β-=100%; β-n=20%[Estimated]; β-2n=0.03%[Estimated]",
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length: 1,
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string: "β-=100%; β-n=30%[Estimated]; β-2n=0.2%[Estimated]",
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],
reference: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "PubChem",
description: "Data deposited in or computed by PubChem",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
sourceName: "Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)",
sourceID: "e45",
name: "Rh",
description: "The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.",
url: "https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/",
anid: 6590272
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
sourceName: "Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)",
sourceID: "a45",
name: "Rhodium",
description: "Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report) and CIAAW. The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/",
url: "http://www.ciaaw.org/rhodium.htm",
licenseURL: "http://www.ciaaw.org/bylaws.htm",
anid: 2292426
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
sourceName: "Jefferson Lab, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "jlab45",
name: "Rhodium",
description: "Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/",
url: "https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele045.html",
licenseNote: "Please see citation and linking information: https://education.jlab.org/faq/index.html",
licenseURL: "https://www.jlab.org/privacy-and-security-notice",
anid: 507107
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
sourceName: "Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "lanl45",
name: "Rhodium",
description: "The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.",
url: "https://periodic.lanl.gov/45.shtml",
anid: 507225
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
sourceName: "NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory",
sourceID: "e45",
name: "Rhodium",
description: "The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Elements/elInfo.pl?element=45",
licenseURL: "https://www.nist.gov/pml/database-disclaimer",
anid: 2292662
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
sourceName: "PubChem Elements",
sourceID: "45",
name: "Rh",
description: "The element property data was retrieved from publications.",
anid: 7660046
},
{
referenceNumber: 7,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "45",
name: "Rhodium",
description: "This section provides all form of data related to element Rhodium.",
anid: 694338
}
]
}
},
{
record: {
recordType: "AtomicNumber",
recordNumber: 46,
recordTitle: "Palladium",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01022.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Palladium"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Palladium"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
description: "Element symbol, Also called atomic symbol, typically consists of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet derived from the element name in one of several languages.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Pd"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Pd"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "InChI=1S/Pd"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI Key",
description: "International Chemical Identifier hash (InChIKey) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI Key",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "106.42(1)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "106.42"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "106.4"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "106.42(1)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "[Kr]4d10",
markup: [
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start: 6,
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type: "Superscript"
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}
},
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referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Electron Configuration",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "[Kr]4d10",
markup: [
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start: 6,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
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}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Radius",
description: "Atomic radius is the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell containing electrons.",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_radius",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
name: "Van der Waals Atomic Radius",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "202 pm (Van der Waals)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Empirical Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"J.C. Slater, J Chem Phys, 1964, 41(10), 3199-3205. DOI:10.1063/1.1725697"
],
value: {
number: [
140
],
unit: "pm (Empirical)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Covalent Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"B. Cordero, V. Gómez, A.E. Platero-Prats, M. Revés, J. Echeverría, E. Cremades, F. Barragán, S. Alvarez, Dalton Trans. 2008, 21, 2832-2838. DOI:10.1039/b801115j PMID:18478144."
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},
{
tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
description: "Oxidation state gives the degree of oxidation of an atom in terms of counting electrons.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/O/O04365.html",
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value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "0, +1, +2, +3, +4 (a mildly basic oxide)"
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]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ground Level",
description: "Also called ground-state level. The ground state electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom with lower energy levels.",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/ASD/Html/iehelp.html#IEGROUNDLEV",
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stringWithMarkup: [
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},
{
tocHeading: "Ionization Energy",
description: "Ionization energy is the minimum energy required to eject an electron out of a neutral atom or molecule in its ground state.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/I/I03199.html",
information: [
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value: {
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name: "Ionization Energy",
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stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "8.336839 eV"
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]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electronegativity",
description: "The concept electronegativity was introduced by L. Pauling as the power of an atom to attract electrons to itself.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01990",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Pauling Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"A.L. Allred, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 1961, 17(3-4), 215-221. DOI:10.1016/0022-1902(61)80142-5"
],
value: {
number: [
2.2
],
unit: "(Pauling Scale)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Allen Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1989, 111, 9003. DOI:10.1021/ja00207a003; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek and L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 2780. DOI:10.1021/ja992866e; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek, E.T. Knight, J.F. Capitani and L.C Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 5132. DOI:10.1021/ja9928677"
],
value: {
number: [
1.58
],
unit: "(Allen Scale)"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Affinity",
description: "Electron affinity refers to energy required to detach an electron from the singly charged negative ion.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01977",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.T Myers, J. Chem. Edu., 1990, 67(4), 307. DOI:10.1021/ed067p307"
],
value: {
number: [
0.557
],
unit: "eV"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.J. Zollweg, J. Chem. Phys., 1969, 50, 4251. DOI:10.1063/1.1670890"
],
value: {
number: [
1.02
],
unit: "eV"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Spectra",
description: "Atomic and ionic spectral lines originate from specified electronic transitions between energy levels of atoms and ions, respectively.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00502.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/lines_hold.pl?el=Pd",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Lines Holdings"
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}
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stringWithMarkup: [
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}
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{
tocHeading: "Physical Description",
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value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "Solid"
}
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}
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},
{
tocHeading: "Element Classification",
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},
{
tocHeading: "Element Period Number",
description: "The element period number refers to a horizontal row of the periodic table. The periodic table has 7 periods.",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/periodic-table-of-the-elements/The-periodic-table#ref80835",
information: [
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value: {
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string: "5"
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{
tocHeading: "Element Group Number",
description: "Element group refers to a set of chemical elements in the same vertical column of the periodic table",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/group-periodic-table",
information: [
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tocHeading: "Density",
description: "Density is a degree of consistency measured by the quantity of mass per unit volume",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/D/D01590.html",
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value: {
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string: "12.0 grams per cubic centimeter"
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}
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},
{
tocHeading: "Melting Point",
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url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/melting-point",
information: [
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value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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value: {
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string: "1554.9°C"
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{
tocHeading: "Boiling Point",
description: "Boiling Point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from liquid to gas at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_point",
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "3236 K (2963°C or 5365°F)"
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string: "2963°C"
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{
tocHeading: "Estimated Crustal Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in earth crust",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust",
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stringWithMarkup: [
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tocHeading: "History",
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string: "The name derives from the second largest asteroid of the solar system Pallas (named after the goddess of wisdom and arts—Pallas Athene). The element was discovered by the English chemist and physicist William Hyde Wollaston in 1803, one year after the discovery of Pallas by the German astronomer Wilhelm Olbers in 1802. The discovery was originally published anonymously by Wollaston to obtain priority, while not disclosing any details about his preparation."
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tocHeading: "Description",
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string: "Palladium dichloride (PdCl2), a palladium compound, can absorb large amounts of carbon monoxide (CO) gas and is used in carbon monoxide detectors.",
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{
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}
]
}
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tocHeading: "Sources",
description: "Sources (where the element come from) information for the given element",
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value: {
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string: "Discovered in 1803 by Wollaston, Palladium is found with platinum and other metals of the platinum group in placer deposits of Russia, South America, North America, Ethiopia, and Australia. It is also found associated with the nickel-copper deposits of South Africa and Ontario. Palladium's separation from the platinum metals depends upon the type of ore in which it is found."
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Compounds",
description: "Related compounds information to this element",
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{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Atomic Mass and Uncertainty [u]",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "89.957370 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "90.950692 ± 0.00043 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "91.941406 ± 0.000322 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "92.936660 ± 0.000323 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "93.929036292 ± 0.000004602"
},
{
string: "93.929036292 ± 0.000004602"
},
{
string: "93.929036292 ± 0.000004602"
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{
string: "94.924888512 ± 0.000003253"
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{
string: "94.924888512 ± 0.000003253"
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{
string: "95.918213744 ± 0.000004502"
},
{
string: "95.918213744 ± 0.000004502"
},
{
string: "96.916471987 ± 0.0000052"
},
{
string: "97.912698337 ± 0.00000509"
},
{
string: "98.911773290 ± 0.000005347"
},
{
string: "99.908520315 ± 0.000018935"
},
{
string: "100.908284828 ± 0.000004925"
},
{
string: "101.905632058 ± 0.000000594"
},
{
string: "102.906110840 ± 0.000001019"
},
{
string: "103.904030401 ± 0.000001434"
},
{
string: "104.905079487 ± 0.000001222"
},
{
string: "104.905079487 ± 0.000001222"
},
{
string: "105.903480293 ± 0.000001186"
},
{
string: "106.905128064 ± 0.000001289"
},
{
string: "106.905128064 ± 0.000001289"
},
{
string: "106.905128064 ± 0.000001289"
},
{
string: "107.903891805 ± 0.000001189"
},
{
string: "108.905950574 ± 0.000001195"
},
{
string: "108.905950574 ± 0.000001195"
},
{
string: "108.905950574 ± 0.000001195"
},
{
string: "109.905172868 ± 0.000000657"
},
{
string: "110.907690347 ± 0.000000785"
},
{
string: "110.907690347 ± 0.000000785"
},
{
string: "111.907329986 ± 0.000007025"
},
{
string: "112.910261267 ± 0.000007455"
},
{
string: "112.910261267 ± 0.000007455"
},
{
string: "113.910368780 ± 0.000007456"
},
{
string: "114.913658718 ± 0.000014541"
},
{
string: "114.913658718 ± 0.000014541"
},
{
string: "115.914297210 ± 0.000007656"
},
{
string: "116.917954944 ± 0.000007785"
},
{
string: "116.917954944 ± 0.000007785"
},
{
string: "117.919066847 ± 0.000002673"
},
{
string: "118.923340459 ± 0.000008851"
},
{
string: "118.923340459 ± 0.000008851"
},
{
string: "119.924551258 ± 0.000002459"
},
{
string: "120.928950343 ± 0.0000036"
},
{
string: "120.928950343 ± 0.0000036"
},
{
string: "120.928950343 ± 0.0000036"
},
{
string: "121.930631694 ± 0.000021"
},
{
string: "122.935126000 ± 0.0008475"
},
{
string: "123.937316 ± 0.00032 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "123.937316 ± 0.00032 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "124.941900 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "125.944326 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "125.944326 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "125.944326 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "125.944326 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "126.949350 ± 0.000537 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "127.952238 ± 0.000537 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "127.952238 ± 0.000537 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "128.959624 ± 0.000644 [Estimated]"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Half Life and Uncertainty",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "10 ms ± >400ns [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "10 ms ± >1.5us [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "1.1 s ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "1.15 s ± 0.05"
},
{
string: "9.0 s ± 0.5"
},
{
string: "511.0 ns ± 7.3"
},
{
string: "197 ns ± 22"
},
{
string: "7.5 s ± 0.5"
},
{
string: "13.3 s ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "122 s ± 2"
},
{
string: "1.81 us ± 0.01"
},
{
string: "3.10 m ± 0.09"
},
{
string: "17.7 m ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "21.4 m ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "3.63 d ± 0.09"
},
{
string: "8.47 h ± 0.06"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "16.991 d ± 0.019"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "36.1 us ± 0.4"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "6.5 My ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "850 ns ± 100"
},
{
string: "21.3 s ± 0.5"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "13.701 h ± 0.0024"
},
{
string: "380 ns ± 50."
},
{
string: "4.696 m ± 0.003"
},
{
string: "Stable ± >200Ey"
},
{
string: "23.4 m ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "5.5 h ± 0.1"
},
{
string: "21.04 h ± 0.17"
},
{
string: "93 s ± 5"
},
{
string: "300 ms ± 100"
},
{
string: "2.42 m ± 0.06"
},
{
string: "25 s ± 2"
},
{
string: "50 s ± 3"
},
{
string: "11.8 s ± 0.4"
},
{
string: "4.3 s ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "19.1 ms ± 0.7"
},
{
string: "1.9 s ± 0.1"
},
{
string: "920 ms ± 80"
},
{
string: "3 ms [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "492 ms ± 33"
},
{
string: "290 ms ± 1"
},
{
string: "460 ns ± 90"
},
{
string: "460 ns ± 90"
},
{
string: "195 ms ± 5"
},
{
string: "108 ms ± 2"
},
{
string: "88 ms ± 15"
},
{
string: ">20 us"
},
{
string: "57 ms ± 10"
},
{
string: "48.6 ms ± 1.2"
},
{
string: "330 ns ± 40"
},
{
string: "440 ns ± 30"
},
{
string: "23.0 ns ± 0.9"
},
{
string: "38 ms ± 2"
},
{
string: "35 ms ± 3"
},
{
string: "5.8 us ± 0.8"
},
{
string: "31 ms ± 7"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Discovery Year",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "2016"
},
{
string: "1995"
},
{
string: "1994"
},
{
string: "1994"
},
{
string: "1982"
},
{
string: "1995"
},
{
string: "2011"
},
{
string: "1980"
},
{
string: "1982"
},
{
string: "1980"
},
{
string: "1983"
},
{
string: "1969"
},
{
string: "1955"
},
{
string: "1955"
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{
string: "1948"
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{
string: "1948"
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{
string: "1935"
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{
string: "1950"
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{
string: "1935"
},
{
string: "1935"
},
{
string: "1970"
},
{
string: "1935"
},
{
string: "1958"
},
{
string: "1969"
},
{
string: "1952"
},
{
string: "1935"
},
{
string: "1937"
},
{
string: "1978"
},
{
string: "1957"
},
{
string: "1935"
},
{
string: "1937"
},
{
string: "1952"
},
{
string: "1951"
},
{
string: "1954"
},
{
string: "1993"
},
{
string: "1958"
},
{
string: "1958"
},
{
string: "1987"
},
{
string: "1970"
},
{
string: "1968"
},
{
string: "1990"
},
{
string: "1969"
},
{
string: "1991"
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: "1993"
},
{
string: "1994"
},
{
string: "2007"
},
{
string: "2007"
},
{
string: "1994"
},
{
string: "1994"
},
{
string: "1997"
},
{
string: "2012"
},
{
string: "2008"
},
{
string: "2008"
},
{
string: "2013"
},
{
string: "2013"
},
{
string: "2014"
},
{
string: "2010"
},
{
string: "2010"
},
{
string: "2013"
},
{
string: "2015"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Decay Modes, Intensities and Uncertainties [%]",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "β+ ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+ ?; β+p ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 7,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%; β+p ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%; β+p=7.5±0.5%",
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{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%; β+p ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=?; IT=11±0.3%; β+p=0.93±1.5%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 19,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
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{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "ε=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IS=1.02±0.1%; 2β+ ?",
markup: [
{
start: 16,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "ε=100%"
},
{
string: "IS=11.14±0.8%"
},
{
string: "IS=22.33±0.8%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IS=27.33±0.3%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IS=26.46±0.9%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IS=11.72±0.9%; 2β- ?",
markup: [
{
start: 17,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
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string: "IT=73±0.3%; β-=27±0.3%",
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
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string: "β-=100%",
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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string: "β-=100%",
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string: "IT=100%"
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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},
{
string: "β-=92.0±2%; IT=8.0±2%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
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string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=0%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT ?; β- ?",
markup: [
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start: 7,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n<0.7%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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string: "β-=100%; β-n<0.8%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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string: "IT=100%; β- ?; β-n=0%[Estimated]",
markup: [
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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length: 1,
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string: "IT=100%; β- ?; β-n=0%[Estimated]",
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 16,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "β-=100%; β-n<2.5%",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=0.4%[Estimated]",
markup: [
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type: "Superscript"
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=0.03%[Estimated]",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
string: "IT=100%; β- ?",
markup: [
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start: 10,
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type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β-=100 ?; β-n=6%[Estimated]",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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length: 1,
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{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=?; β ?"
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=10%[Estimated]; β-2n=0%[Estimated]",
markup: [
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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type: "Superscript"
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string: "IT=100%"
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string: "β-=100%; β-n=90%[Estimated]; β-2n=2%[Estimated]",
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type: "Superscript"
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],
reference: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "PubChem",
description: "Data deposited in or computed by PubChem",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
sourceName: "Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)",
sourceID: "e46",
name: "Pd",
description: "The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.",
url: "https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/",
anid: 6590273
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
sourceName: "Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)",
sourceID: "a46",
name: "Palladium",
description: "Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report) and CIAAW. The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/",
url: "http://www.ciaaw.org/palladium.htm",
licenseURL: "http://www.ciaaw.org/bylaws.htm",
anid: 2292427
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
sourceName: "Jefferson Lab, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "jlab46",
name: "Palladium",
description: "Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/",
url: "https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele046.html",
licenseNote: "Please see citation and linking information: https://education.jlab.org/faq/index.html",
licenseURL: "https://www.jlab.org/privacy-and-security-notice",
anid: 507108
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
sourceName: "Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "lanl46",
name: "Palladium",
description: "The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.",
url: "https://periodic.lanl.gov/46.shtml",
anid: 507226
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
sourceName: "NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory",
sourceID: "e46",
name: "Palladium",
description: "The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Elements/elInfo.pl?element=46",
licenseURL: "https://www.nist.gov/pml/database-disclaimer",
anid: 2292663
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
sourceName: "PubChem Elements",
sourceID: "46",
name: "Pd",
description: "The element property data was retrieved from publications.",
anid: 7660047
},
{
referenceNumber: 7,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "46",
name: "Palladium",
description: "This section provides all form of data related to element Palladium.",
anid: 694339
}
]
}
},
{
record: {
recordType: "AtomicNumber",
recordNumber: 47,
recordTitle: "Silver",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01022.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Silver"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Silver"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
description: "Element symbol, Also called atomic symbol, typically consists of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet derived from the element name in one of several languages.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Ag"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Ag"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "InChI=1S/Ag"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI Key",
description: "International Chemical Identifier hash (InChIKey) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI Key",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "107.8682(2)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "107.8682"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "107.9"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "107.8682(2)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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string: "[Kr]5s14d10",
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 9,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
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]
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Electron Configuration",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[Kr]4d10 5s",
markup: [
{
start: 6,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Radius",
description: "Atomic radius is the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell containing electrons.",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_radius",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
name: "Van der Waals Atomic Radius",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "172 pm (Van der Waals)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Empirical Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"J.C. Slater, J Chem Phys, 1964, 41(10), 3199-3205. DOI:10.1063/1.1725697"
],
value: {
number: [
160
],
unit: "pm (Empirical)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Covalent Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"B. Cordero, V. Gómez, A.E. Platero-Prats, M. Revés, J. Echeverría, E. Cremades, F. Barragán, S. Alvarez, Dalton Trans. 2008, 21, 2832-2838. DOI:10.1039/b801115j PMID:18478144."
],
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "145(5) pm (Covalent)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
description: "Oxidation state gives the degree of oxidation of an atom in terms of counting electrons.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/O/O04365.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "+1"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "−2, −1, 1, 2, 3 (an amphoteric oxide)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ground Level",
description: "Also called ground-state level. The ground state electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom with lower energy levels.",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/ASD/Html/iehelp.html#IEGROUNDLEV",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ground Level",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "2S1/2",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 2,
length: 3,
type: "Subscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ionization Energy",
description: "Ionization energy is the minimum energy required to eject an electron out of a neutral atom or molecule in its ground state.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/I/I03199.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "7.576 eV"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ionization Energy",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "7.576234 eV"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electronegativity",
description: "The concept electronegativity was introduced by L. Pauling as the power of an atom to attract electrons to itself.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01990",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Pauling Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"A.L. Allred, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 1961, 17(3-4), 215-221. DOI:10.1016/0022-1902(61)80142-5"
],
value: {
number: [
1.93
],
unit: "(Pauling Scale)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Allen Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1989, 111, 9003. DOI:10.1021/ja00207a003; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek and L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 2780. DOI:10.1021/ja992866e; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek, E.T. Knight, J.F. Capitani and L.C Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 5132. DOI:10.1021/ja9928677"
],
value: {
number: [
1.87
],
unit: "(Allen Scale)"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Affinity",
description: "Electron affinity refers to energy required to detach an electron from the singly charged negative ion.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01977",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.T Myers, J. Chem. Edu., 1990, 67(4), 307. DOI:10.1021/ed067p307"
],
value: {
number: [
1.302
],
unit: "eV"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.J. Zollweg, J. Chem. Phys., 1969, 50, 4251. DOI:10.1063/1.1670890"
],
value: {
number: [
2
],
unit: "eV"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Spectra",
description: "Atomic and ionic spectral lines originate from specified electronic transitions between energy levels of atoms and ions, respectively.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00502.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/lines_hold.pl?el=Ag",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Lines Holdings"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/levels_hold.pl?el=Ag",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Levels Holdings"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Physical Description",
description: "Physical description, also know as physical characteristics, refers to physical appearance of element substances.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Solid"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Classification",
description: "Elements can be classified few groups according to each element's chemical properties.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Metal"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Period Number",
description: "The element period number refers to a horizontal row of the periodic table. The periodic table has 7 periods.",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/periodic-table-of-the-elements/The-periodic-table#ref80835",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "5"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Group Number",
description: "Element group refers to a set of chemical elements in the same vertical column of the periodic table",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/group-periodic-table",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "11"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Density",
description: "Density is a degree of consistency measured by the quantity of mass per unit volume",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/D/D01590.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "10.501 grams per cubic centimeter"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Melting Point",
description: "The melting point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from solid to liquid at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/melting-point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1234.93 K (961.78°C or 1763.20°F)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "961.78°C"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Boiling Point",
description: "Boiling Point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from liquid to gas at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_point",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "2435 K (2162°C or 3924°F)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "2162°C"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Crustal Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in earth crust",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "7.5×10-2 milligrams per kilogram",
markup: [
{
start: 6,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Estimated Oceanic Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in ocean",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "4×10-5 milligrams per liter",
markup: [
{
start: 4,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "History",
description: "Element discovery and related information in history",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "History",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "The name derives from the Anglo-Saxon seofor and siolfur, which is of unknown origin. The symbol Ag derives from the Latin argentum and Sanskrit argunas from \"bright\". Silver was known in prehistoric times.",
markup: [
{
start: 38,
length: 6,
type: "Italics"
},
{
start: 49,
length: 7,
type: "Italics"
},
{
start: 123,
length: 8,
type: "Italics"
},
{
start: 145,
length: 7,
type: "Italics"
}
]
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Archaeological evidence suggests that people have been using silver for at least 5000 years. Silver can be obtained from pure deposits, from silver ores such as argentite (Ag2S) and horn silver (AgCl), and in conjunction with deposits of ores containing lead, gold or copper.",
markup: [
{
start: 174,
length: 1,
type: "Subscript"
}
]
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
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{
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{
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{
string: "91.960139 ± 0.000537 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "92.950330 ± 0.00043 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "93.943736 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "93.943736 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "93.943736 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "94.936020 ± 0.00032 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "94.936020 ± 0.00032 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "94.936020 ± 0.00032 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "94.936020 ± 0.00032 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "95.930743906 ± 0.000096708"
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{
string: "95.930743906 ± 0.000096708"
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{
string: "95.930743906 ± 0.000096708"
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{
string: "95.930743906 ± 0.000096708"
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{
string: "95.930743906 ± 0.000096708"
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{
string: "96.923965326 ± 0.000118204"
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{
string: "96.923965326 ± 0.000118204"
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{
string: "97.921559972 ± 0.000035327"
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{
string: "97.921559972 ± 0.000035327"
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{
string: "98.917645768 ± 0.000006725"
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{
string: "98.917645768 ± 0.000006725"
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{
string: "99.916115445 ± 0.000005367"
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{
string: "99.916115445 ± 0.000005367"
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{
string: "100.912683953 ± 0.000005193"
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{
string: "100.912683953 ± 0.000005193"
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{
string: "101.911704540 ± 0.000008771"
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{
string: "101.911704540 ± 0.000008771"
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{
string: "102.908960560 ± 0.0000044"
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{
string: "102.908960560 ± 0.0000044"
},
{
string: "103.908623725 ± 0.000004527"
},
{
string: "103.908623725 ± 0.000004527"
},
{
string: "104.906525607 ± 0.000004877"
},
{
string: "104.906525607 ± 0.000004877"
},
{
string: "105.906663507 ± 0.000003237"
},
{
string: "105.906663507 ± 0.000003237"
},
{
string: "106.905091531 ± 0.000002557"
},
{
string: "106.905091531 ± 0.000002557"
},
{
string: "107.905950266 ± 0.000002563"
},
{
string: "107.905950266 ± 0.000002563"
},
{
string: "108.904755773 ± 0.000001381"
},
{
string: "108.904755773 ± 0.000001381"
},
{
string: "109.906110719 ± 0.00000138"
},
{
string: "109.906110719 ± 0.00000138"
},
{
string: "109.906110719 ± 0.00000138"
},
{
string: "110.905296816 ± 0.000001565"
},
{
string: "110.905296816 ± 0.000001565"
},
{
string: "111.907048550 ± 0.0000026"
},
{
string: "112.906572858 ± 0.000017866"
},
{
string: "112.906572858 ± 0.000017866"
},
{
string: "113.908823031 ± 0.0000049"
},
{
string: "113.908823031 ± 0.0000049"
},
{
string: "114.908767363 ± 0.000019611"
},
{
string: "114.908767363 ± 0.000019611"
},
{
string: "115.911386812 ± 0.0000035"
},
{
string: "115.911386812 ± 0.0000035"
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{
string: "115.911386812 ± 0.0000035"
},
{
string: "116.911773974 ± 0.00001457"
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{
string: "116.911773974 ± 0.00001457"
},
{
string: "117.914595487 ± 0.0000027"
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{
string: "117.914595487 ± 0.0000027"
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{
string: "117.914595487 ± 0.0000027"
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{
string: "117.914595487 ± 0.0000027"
},
{
string: "118.915570293 ± 0.000015783"
},
{
string: "118.915570293 ± 0.000015783"
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{
string: "119.918784767 ± 0.0000048"
},
{
string: "119.918784767 ± 0.0000048"
},
{
string: "119.918784767 ± 0.0000048"
},
{
string: "120.920125282 ± 0.000013"
},
{
string: "120.920125282 ± 0.000013"
},
{
string: "121.923664448 ± 0.000041"
},
{
string: "121.923664448 ± 0.000041"
},
{
string: "121.923664448 ± 0.000041"
},
{
string: "121.923664448 ± 0.000041"
},
{
string: "122.925337062 ± 0.000033"
},
{
string: "122.925337062 ± 0.000033"
},
{
string: "122.925337062 ± 0.000033"
},
{
string: "122.925337062 ± 0.000033"
},
{
string: "123.928931229 ± 0.00027"
},
{
string: "123.928931229 ± 0.00027"
},
{
string: "123.928931229 ± 0.00027"
},
{
string: "124.930735000 ± 0.000465"
},
{
string: "124.930735000 ± 0.000465"
},
{
string: "124.930735000 ± 0.000465"
},
{
string: "124.930735000 ± 0.000465"
},
{
string: "125.934857 ± 0.000215 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "125.934857 ± 0.000215 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "125.934857 ± 0.000215 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "126.937262 ± 0.000215 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "126.937262 ± 0.000215 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "127.941363 ± 0.000322 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "128.944197 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "128.944197 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "129.950942 ± 0.000537 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "130.956650 ± 0.000537 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "131.963725 ± 0.000537 [Estimated]"
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]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Half Life and Uncertainty",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1 ms ± >400ns [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "20 ms ± >1.5us [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "37 ms ± 18"
},
{
string: "550 ms ± 60"
},
{
string: "400 ms ± 40"
},
{
string: "1.76 s ± 0.09"
},
{
string: "<500 ms"
},
{
string: "<16 ms"
},
{
string: "<40 ms"
},
{
string: "4.44 s ± 0.04"
},
{
string: "6.9 s ± 0.5"
},
{
string: "100 us ± 10"
},
{
string: "1.543 us ± 0.028"
},
{
string: "160 ns ± 30"
},
{
string: "25.5 s ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "100 ms [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "47.5 s ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "220 ns ± 20"
},
{
string: "2.07 m ± 0.05"
},
{
string: "10.5 s ± 0.5"
},
{
string: "2.01 m ± 0.09"
},
{
string: "2.24 m ± 0.13"
},
{
string: "11.1 m ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "3.10 s ± 0.10"
},
{
string: "12.9 m ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "7.7 m ± 0.5"
},
{
string: "65.7 m ± 0.7"
},
{
string: "5.7 s ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "69.2 m ± 1.0"
},
{
string: "33.5 m ± 2.0"
},
{
string: "41.29 d ± 0.07"
},
{
string: "7.23 m ± 0.16"
},
{
string: "23.96 m ± 0.04"
},
{
string: "8.28 d ± 0.02"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "44.3 s ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "2.382 m ± 0.011"
},
{
string: "438 y ± 9"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "39.6 s ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "24.56 s ± 0.11"
},
{
string: "660 ns ± 40"
},
{
string: "249.83 d ± 0.04"
},
{
string: "7.433 d ± 0.010"
},
{
string: "64.8 s ± 0.8"
},
{
string: "3.130 h ± 0.008"
},
{
string: "5.37 h ± 0.05"
},
{
string: "68.7 s ± 1.6"
},
{
string: "4.6 s ± 0.1"
},
{
string: "1.50 ms ± 0.05"
},
{
string: "20.0 m ± 0.5"
},
{
string: "18.0 s ± 0.7"
},
{
string: "3.83 m ± 0.08"
},
{
string: "20 s ± 1"
},
{
string: "9.3 s ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "73.6 s ± 1.4"
},
{
string: "5.34 s ± 0.05"
},
{
string: "3.76 s ± 0.15"
},
{
string: "~0.1 us"
},
{
string: "2.0 s ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "~0.1 us"
},
{
string: "6.0 s ± 0.5"
},
{
string: "2.1 s ± 0.1"
},
{
string: "1.52 s ± 0.07"
},
{
string: "940 ms ± 100"
},
{
string: "384 ms ± 22"
},
{
string: "780 ms ± 20"
},
{
string: "200 ms [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "529 ms ± 13"
},
{
string: "550 ms ± 50"
},
{
string: "200 ms ± 50"
},
{
string: "6.3 us ± 1.0"
},
{
string: "300 ms ± 5"
},
{
string: "100 ms [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "202 ns ± 20"
},
{
string: "393 ns ± 15"
},
{
string: "177.9 ms ± 2.6"
},
{
string: "144 ms ± 20"
},
{
string: "1.7 us ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "159 ms ± 8"
},
{
string: "50 ms [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "80 ns ± 17"
},
{
string: "491 ns ± 20"
},
{
string: "99.3 ms ± 4.6"
},
{
string: "92 ms ± 9"
},
{
string: "27 us ± 6"
},
{
string: "89 ms ± 2"
},
{
string: "20 ms [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "59 ms ± 5"
},
{
string: "49.9 ms ± 3.5"
},
{
string: "10 ms [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "40.6 ms ± 4.5"
},
{
string: "35 ms ± 8"
},
{
string: "30 ms ± 14"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Discovery Year",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "2016"
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{
string: "1994"
},
{
string: "1994"
},
{
string: "1994"
},
{
string: "2002"
},
{
string: "1994"
},
{
string: "2003"
},
{
string: "2003"
},
{
string: "2003"
},
{
string: "1982"
},
{
string: "2003"
},
{
string: "2011"
},
{
string: "2011"
},
{
string: "2011"
},
{
string: "1978"
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: "1978"
},
{
string: "1998"
},
{
string: "1967"
},
{
string: "1978"
},
{
string: "1970"
},
{
string: "1980"
},
{
string: "1966"
},
{
string: "1975"
},
{
string: "1960"
},
{
string: "1967"
},
{
string: "1954"
},
{
string: "1962"
},
{
string: "1955"
},
{
string: "1959"
},
{
string: "1939"
},
{
string: "1969"
},
{
string: "1937"
},
{
string: "1938"
},
{
string: "1924"
},
{
string: "1940"
},
{
string: "1937"
},
{
string: "1969"
},
{
string: "1924"
},
{
string: "1967"
},
{
string: "1937"
},
{
string: "1975"
},
{
string: "1938"
},
{
string: "1937"
},
{
string: "1957"
},
{
string: "1938"
},
{
string: "1949"
},
{
string: "1958"
},
{
string: "1958"
},
{
string: "1990"
},
{
string: "1949"
},
{
string: "1958"
},
{
string: "1958"
},
{
string: "2005"
},
{
string: "1970"
},
{
string: "1958"
},
{
string: "1990"
},
{
string: "1967"
},
{
string: "1989"
},
{
string: "1971"
},
{
string: "1989"
},
{
string: "1975"
},
{
string: "1975"
},
{
string: "1971"
},
{
string: "2012"
},
{
string: "1971"
},
{
string: "1982"
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: "1978"
},
{
string: "2000"
},
{
string: "2000"
},
{
string: "2013"
},
{
string: "1976"
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: "2013"
},
{
string: "2009"
},
{
string: "1984"
},
{
string: "1995"
},
{
string: "2012"
},
{
string: "1994"
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: "2013"
},
{
string: "2009"
},
{
string: "1994"
},
{
string: "1995"
},
{
string: "2012"
},
{
string: "1995"
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: "2000"
},
{
string: "2000"
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: "2000"
},
{
string: "2013"
},
{
string: "2015"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Decay Modes, Intensities and Uncertainties [%]",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "β+ ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+ ?; p ?; β+p ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 12,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%; β+p ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%; β+p=20%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=95.4±0.7%; β+p=27%; p=4.1±0.6%; 2p=0.5±0.3%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 15,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%; β+p=2.5±0.3%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%; β+p=6.9±0.7%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%; β+p=15.1±2.6%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT ?"
},
{
string: "β+=100%; β+p=0.0012±0.5%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=?; IT ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=51±0.5%; IT=49±0.5%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+≈100%; IT<0.07%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT≈100%; β+=0.34±0.7%",
markup: [
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=?; β-≈0.5%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 7,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%; IT LE 4.2e-6",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IS=51.839±0.8%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=97.15±2%; β+=2.85±2%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 14,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=91.3±0.9%; IT=8.7±0.9%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IS=48.161±0.8%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-≈100%; ε=0.30±0.6%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=98.67±0.8%; IT=1.33±0.8%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=99.3±0.2%; β-=0.7±0.2%",
markup: [
{
start: 15,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=64±0.7%; β-=36±0.7%",
markup: [
{
start: 13,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=79.0±0.3%; IT=21.0±0.3%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=93.0%; IT=7.0%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=92.0%; IT=8.0%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=94.0±1.5%; IT=6.0±1.5%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=59%; IT=41%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n<0.003%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=?; IT ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=68±1%; β-=32±0.5%",
markup: [
{
start: 11,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=0.080±1.3%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β- ?; IT ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=0.186±1%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; IT ?; β-n=0.2%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 16,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; IT ?; β-n=0.2%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 16,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=1.0±0.5%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β- ?; IT ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=1.3±0.9%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=1%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=5%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β- ?; IT ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=6%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; IT ?; β-n=6%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 16,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=7%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β- ?; IT ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=8%[Estimated]; β-2n=0.01%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 29,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=10%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β- ?; β-n=10%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 7,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=90%[Estimated]; β-2n=2%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 30,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=90%[Estimated]; β-2n=10%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 30,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=0%[Estimated]; β-2n=90%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
}
],
reference: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "PubChem",
description: "Data deposited in or computed by PubChem",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
sourceName: "Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)",
sourceID: "e47",
name: "Ag",
description: "The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.",
url: "https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/",
anid: 6590274
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
sourceName: "Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)",
sourceID: "a47",
name: "Silver",
description: "Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report) and CIAAW. The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/",
url: "http://www.ciaaw.org/silver.htm",
licenseURL: "http://www.ciaaw.org/bylaws.htm",
anid: 2292428
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
sourceName: "Jefferson Lab, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "jlab47",
name: "Silver",
description: "Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/",
url: "https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele047.html",
licenseNote: "Please see citation and linking information: https://education.jlab.org/faq/index.html",
licenseURL: "https://www.jlab.org/privacy-and-security-notice",
anid: 507109
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
sourceName: "Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "lanl47",
name: "Silver",
description: "The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.",
url: "https://periodic.lanl.gov/47.shtml",
anid: 507227
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
sourceName: "NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory",
sourceID: "e47",
name: "Silver",
description: "The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Elements/elInfo.pl?element=47",
licenseURL: "https://www.nist.gov/pml/database-disclaimer",
anid: 2292664
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
sourceName: "PubChem Elements",
sourceID: "47",
name: "Ag",
description: "The element property data was retrieved from publications.",
anid: 7660048
},
{
referenceNumber: 7,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "47",
name: "Silver",
description: "This section provides all form of data related to element Silver.",
anid: 694340
}
]
}
},
{
record: {
recordType: "AtomicNumber",
recordNumber: 48,
recordTitle: "Cadmium",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01022.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Cadmium"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Cadmium"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
description: "Element symbol, Also called atomic symbol, typically consists of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet derived from the element name in one of several languages.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Cd"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Cd"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "InChI=1S/Cd"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI Key",
description: "International Chemical Identifier hash (InChIKey) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI Key",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "BDOSMKKIYDKNTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "112.414(4)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "112.414"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "112.4"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "112.414(4)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[Kr]5s24d10",
markup: [
{
start: 6,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 9,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Electron Configuration",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[Kr]4d10 5s2",
markup: [
{
start: 6,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 11,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Radius",
description: "Atomic radius is the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell containing electrons.",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_radius",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
name: "Van der Waals Atomic Radius",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "158 pm (Van der Waals)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Empirical Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"J.C. Slater, J Chem Phys, 1964, 41(10), 3199-3205. DOI:10.1063/1.1725697"
],
value: {
number: [
155
],
unit: "pm (Empirical)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Covalent Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"B. Cordero, V. Gómez, A.E. Platero-Prats, M. Revés, J. Echeverría, E. Cremades, F. Barragán, S. Alvarez, Dalton Trans. 2008, 21, 2832-2838. DOI:10.1039/b801115j PMID:18478144."
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url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/O/O04365.html",
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referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
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]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ground Level",
description: "Also called ground-state level. The ground state electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom with lower energy levels.",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/ASD/Html/iehelp.html#IEGROUNDLEV",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ground Level",
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},
{
tocHeading: "Ionization Energy",
description: "Ionization energy is the minimum energy required to eject an electron out of a neutral atom or molecule in its ground state.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/I/I03199.html",
information: [
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name: "Ionization Energy",
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stringWithMarkup: [
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},
{
tocHeading: "Electronegativity",
description: "The concept electronegativity was introduced by L. Pauling as the power of an atom to attract electrons to itself.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01990",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Pauling Scale Electronegativity",
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],
value: {
number: [
1.69
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unit: "(Pauling Scale)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Allen Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1989, 111, 9003. DOI:10.1021/ja00207a003; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek and L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 2780. DOI:10.1021/ja992866e; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek, E.T. Knight, J.F. Capitani and L.C Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 5132. DOI:10.1021/ja9928677"
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},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Affinity",
description: "Electron affinity refers to energy required to detach an electron from the singly charged negative ion.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01977",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.T Myers, J. Chem. Edu., 1990, 67(4), 307. DOI:10.1021/ed067p307"
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value: {
number: [
0
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unit: "eV"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
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],
value: {
number: [
0.27
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unit: "eV"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Spectra",
description: "Atomic and ionic spectral lines originate from specified electronic transitions between energy levels of atoms and ions, respectively.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00502.html",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/lines_hold.pl?el=Cd",
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stringWithMarkup: [
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stringWithMarkup: [
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tocHeading: "Physical Description",
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string: "Solid"
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tocHeading: "Element Classification",
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tocHeading: "Element Period Number",
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url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/periodic-table-of-the-elements/The-periodic-table#ref80835",
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tocHeading: "Element Group Number",
description: "Element group refers to a set of chemical elements in the same vertical column of the periodic table",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/group-periodic-table",
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tocHeading: "Density",
description: "Density is a degree of consistency measured by the quantity of mass per unit volume",
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referenceNumber: 4,
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{
tocHeading: "Melting Point",
description: "The melting point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from solid to liquid at atmospheric pressure",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/melting-point",
information: [
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referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
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{
tocHeading: "Boiling Point",
description: "Boiling Point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from liquid to gas at atmospheric pressure",
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{
tocHeading: "Estimated Crustal Abundance",
description: "The estimated element abundance in earth crust",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust",
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tocHeading: "Estimated Oceanic Abundance",
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string: "The name derives from Greek kadmeia for \"calamine\" (zinc carbonate), with which it was found as an impurity in nature. It may have been found in furnace flue dust in Thebes, a city in the Boeottia region of central Greece. The mythological king of Phoenicia, Cadmus, founded Thebes and would be a source for the name of the ore. The element was discovered and first isolated by German physician Friedrich Stromeyer in 1817.",
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tocHeading: "Uses",
description: "Uses information in industry and other fields",
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},
{
string: "Cadmium is alloyed with silver to form solder, a metal with a relatively low melting point used to join electrical components, pipes and other metallic items. Cadmium based solders must be handled with care to prevent cadmium poisoning. Cadmium alloys are also used to make low friction bearings that are highly resistant to fatigue."
},
{
string: "Hydrated cadmium sulfate (3CdSO4·5H2O), one of cadmium's compounds, is used in a device called a Weston cell, a type of battery that produces a precise voltage used to calibrate medical and laboratory equipment. Cadmium sulfide (CdS), another cadmium compound, is a yellow powder that is used as a pigment. Other cadmium compounds are used in the phosphors of black and white television sets and in the blue and green phosphors in color television sets.",
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}
]
}
}
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},
{
tocHeading: "Compounds",
description: "Related compounds information to this element",
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{
string: "0.075 12(54)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Mass, Half Life, and Decay",
description: "This section provides the information from the Nubase2016. The number after the ± refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton. The '?' refers to 'not determined or qualified'. For further explainations, click read more below.",
url: "https://pubchemdocs.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nubase2016",
displayControls: {
createTable: {
fromInformationIn: "ThisSection",
numberOfColumns: 5,
columnsFromNamedLists: {
name: [
"Nuclide",
"Atomic Mass and Uncertainty [u]",
"Half Life and Uncertainty",
"Discovery Year",
"Decay Modes, Intensities and Uncertainties [%]"
],
useNamesAsColumnHeadings: true
}
}
},
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Nuclide",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "94Cd",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "95Cd",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "96Cd",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "96Cdm",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 4,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "97Cd",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "97Cdm",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 4,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "98Cd",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "98Cdm",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 4,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "98Cdn",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 4,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "99Cd",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "100Cd",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "101Cd",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "102Cd",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "103Cd",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "104Cd",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "105Cd",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "106Cd",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "107Cd",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "108Cd",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "109Cd",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "109Cdm",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "109Cdn",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "110Cd",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "111Cd",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "111Cdm",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "112Cd",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "113Cd",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "113Cdm",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "114Cd",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "115Cd",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "115Cdm",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "116Cd",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "117Cd",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "117Cdm",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "118Cd",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "119Cd",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "119Cdm",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "120Cd",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "121Cd",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "121Cdm",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "122Cd",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "123Cd",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "123Cdm",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "124Cd",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "125Cd",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "125Cdm",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "125Cdn",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "126Cd",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "127Cd",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "127Cdm",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "127Cdn",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "128Cd",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "128Cdm",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "128Cdn",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "128Cdp",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "129Cd",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "129Cdm",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "129Cdn",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "130Cd",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "130Cdm",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 5,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "131Cd",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "132Cd",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "133Cd",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "134Cd",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 3,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Atomic Mass and Uncertainty [u]",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "93.956908 ± 0.000537 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "94.949940 ± 0.00043 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "95.940340 ± 0.00043 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "95.940340 ± 0.00043 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "96.935100 ± 0.00032 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "96.935100 ± 0.00032 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "97.927389317 ± 0.000055605"
},
{
string: "97.927389317 ± 0.000055605"
},
{
string: "97.927389317 ± 0.000055605"
},
{
string: "98.924925847 ± 0.0000017"
},
{
string: "99.920348820 ± 0.000001799"
},
{
string: "100.918586211 ± 0.0000016"
},
{
string: "101.914481799 ± 0.000001784"
},
{
string: "102.913416923 ± 0.000001943"
},
{
string: "103.909856230 ± 0.000001795"
},
{
string: "104.909463895 ± 0.000001494"
},
{
string: "105.906459797 ± 0.000001184"
},
{
string: "106.906612108 ± 0.000001787"
},
{
string: "107.904183587 ± 0.000001205"
},
{
string: "108.904986698 ± 0.000001649"
},
{
string: "108.904986698 ± 0.000001649"
},
{
string: "108.904986698 ± 0.000001649"
},
{
string: "109.903007460 ± 0.000000407"
},
{
string: "110.904183766 ± 0.000000383"
},
{
string: "110.904183766 ± 0.000000383"
},
{
string: "111.902763883 ± 0.000000268"
},
{
string: "112.904408097 ± 0.000000262"
},
{
string: "112.904408097 ± 0.000000262"
},
{
string: "113.903364990 ± 0.000000296"
},
{
string: "114.905437417 ± 0.000000699"
},
{
string: "114.905437417 ± 0.000000699"
},
{
string: "115.904763230 ± 0.000000172"
},
{
string: "116.907226038 ± 0.000001087"
},
{
string: "116.907226038 ± 0.000001087"
},
{
string: "117.906921955 ± 0.000021471"
},
{
string: "118.909846903 ± 0.000040467"
},
{
string: "118.909846903 ± 0.000040467"
},
{
string: "119.909868067 ± 0.000004"
},
{
string: "120.912963663 ± 0.000002085"
},
{
string: "120.912963663 ± 0.000002085"
},
{
string: "121.913459052 ± 0.000002468"
},
{
string: "122.916892453 ± 0.000002894"
},
{
string: "122.916892453 ± 0.000002894"
},
{
string: "123.917657363 ± 0.000003215"
},
{
string: "124.921257577 ± 0.000003097"
},
{
string: "124.921257577 ± 0.000003097"
},
{
string: "124.921257577 ± 0.000003097"
},
{
string: "125.922429127 ± 0.000002658"
},
{
string: "126.926196624 ± 0.000013"
},
{
string: "126.926196624 ± 0.000013"
},
{
string: "126.926196624 ± 0.000013"
},
{
string: "127.927812857 ± 0.000007776"
},
{
string: "127.927812857 ± 0.000007776"
},
{
string: "127.927812857 ± 0.000007776"
},
{
string: "127.927812857 ± 0.000007776"
},
{
string: "128.932304399 ± 0.000018"
},
{
string: "128.932304399 ± 0.000018"
},
{
string: "128.932304399 ± 0.000018"
},
{
string: "129.934387566 ± 0.000024"
},
{
string: "129.934387566 ± 0.000024"
},
{
string: "130.940720000 ± 0.00011"
},
{
string: "131.946040 ± 0.00021 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "132.952850 ± 0.00032 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "133.958218 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Half Life and Uncertainty",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "80 ms ± >400ns [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "90 ms ± 40"
},
{
string: "880 ms ± 90"
},
{
string: "300 ms ± 110"
},
{
string: "1.10 s ± 0.08"
},
{
string: "3.8 s ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "9.2 s ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "189 ns ± 19"
},
{
string: "240 ns ± 40"
},
{
string: "16 s ± 3"
},
{
string: "49.1 s ± 0.5"
},
{
string: "1.36 m ± 0.05"
},
{
string: "5.5 m ± 0.5"
},
{
string: "7.3 m ± 0.1"
},
{
string: "57.7 m ± 1.0"
},
{
string: "55.5 m ± 0.4"
},
{
string: "Stable ± >1.1Zy"
},
{
string: "6.50 h ± 0.02"
},
{
string: "Stable ± >410Py"
},
{
string: "461.6 d ± 0.4"
},
{
string: "12 us ± 2"
},
{
string: "10.9 us ± 0.5"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "48.50 m ± 0.09"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "8.04 Py ± 0.05"
},
{
string: "13.89 y ± 0.11"
},
{
string: "Stable ± >92Py"
},
{
string: "53.46 h ± 0.05"
},
{
string: "44.56 d ± 0.24"
},
{
string: "28.7 Ey ± 1.3"
},
{
string: "2.49 h ± 0.04"
},
{
string: "3.36 h ± 0.05"
},
{
string: "50.3 m ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "2.69 m ± 0.02"
},
{
string: "2.20 m ± 0.02"
},
{
string: "50.80 s ± 0.21"
},
{
string: "13.5 s ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "8.3 s ± 0.8"
},
{
string: "5.24 s ± 0.03"
},
{
string: "2.10 s ± 0.02"
},
{
string: "1.82 s ± 0.03"
},
{
string: "1.25 s ± 0.02"
},
{
string: "680 ms ± 40"
},
{
string: "480 ms ± 30"
},
{
string: "19 us ± 3"
},
{
string: "513 ms ± 6"
},
{
string: "330 ms ± 20"
},
{
string: "200 ms [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "17.5 us ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "246 ms ± 2"
},
{
string: "270 ns ± 7"
},
{
string: "3.56 us ± 0.06"
},
{
string: "6.3 ms ± 0.8"
},
{
string: "151.5 ms ± 5.7"
},
{
string: "147 ms ± 3"
},
{
string: "3.6 ms ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "126.8 ms ± 1.8"
},
{
string: "240 ns ± 16"
},
{
string: "98 ms ± 2"
},
{
string: "82 ms ± 4"
},
{
string: "61 ms ± 6"
},
{
string: "65 ms ± 15"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Discovery Year",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "2016"
},
{
string: "2011"
},
{
string: "2008"
},
{
string: "2011"
},
{
string: "1978"
},
{
string: "1982"
},
{
string: "1978"
},
{
string: "1996"
},
{
string: "2004"
},
{
string: "1978"
},
{
string: "1970"
},
{
string: "1969"
},
{
string: "1969"
},
{
string: "1960"
},
{
string: "1955"
},
{
string: "1950"
},
{
string: "1935"
},
{
string: "1946"
},
{
string: "1935"
},
{
string: "1950"
},
{
string: "1956"
},
{
string: "1964"
},
{
string: "1925"
},
{
string: "1925"
},
{
string: "1945"
},
{
string: "1925"
},
{
string: "1925"
},
{
string: "1965"
},
{
string: "1925"
},
{
string: "1939"
},
{
string: "1959"
},
{
string: "1925"
},
{
string: "1939"
},
{
string: "1966"
},
{
string: "1961"
},
{
string: "1961"
},
{
string: "1974"
},
{
string: "1973"
},
{
string: "1965"
},
{
string: "1982"
},
{
string: "1973"
},
{
string: "1983"
},
{
string: "1986"
},
{
string: "1974"
},
{
string: "1986"
},
{
string: "1986"
},
{
string: "2011"
},
{
string: "1978"
},
{
string: "1986"
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: "2010"
},
{
string: "1986"
},
{
string: "2009"
},
{
string: "2009"
},
{
string: "2016"
},
{
string: "1986"
},
{
string: "2003"
},
{
string: "2014"
},
{
string: "1986"
},
{
string: "2007"
},
{
string: "2000"
},
{
string: "2000"
},
{
string: "2010"
},
{
string: "2015"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Decay Modes, Intensities and Uncertainties [%]",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "β+ ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+ ?; β+p ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 7,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%; β+p=5.5±4%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%; β+p ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%; β+p=11.8±2%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%; β+p=25±0.4%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%; β+p<0.025%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%; β+p=0.21±0.8%; β+α<1e-4%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 25,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IS=1.25±0.6%; 2β+ ?",
markup: [
{
start: 16,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IS=0.89±0.3%; 2β+ ?",
markup: [
{
start: 16,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "ε=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IS=12.49±1.8%"
},
{
string: "IS=12.80±1.2%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IS=24.13±2.1%"
},
{
string: "IS=12.22±1.2%; β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 16,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=99.9036±1.9%; IT=0.0964±1.9%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IS=28.73±4.2%; 2β- ?",
markup: [
{
start: 17,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-≈100%; IT<0.003%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IS=7.49±1.8%; 2β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 16,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-≈100%; IT≈0%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=?; IT ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=0.03%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β- ?; IT ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=0.7%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=0.1%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=0.1%[Estimated]",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=3.5±1%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=3.5±1%; β-2n=0%[Estimated]",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 22,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=60±1.5%; β-2n=0.2%[Estimated]",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
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start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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start: 23,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=0.5%[Estimated]; β-2n=90%[Estimated]",
markup: [
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start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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]
},
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string: "β-=100%; β-n=0.2%[Estimated]; β-2n=90%[Estimated]",
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}
]
}
}
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}
],
reference: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "PubChem",
description: "Data deposited in or computed by PubChem",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
sourceName: "Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)",
sourceID: "e48",
name: "Cd",
description: "The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.",
url: "https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/",
anid: 6590275
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
sourceName: "Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)",
sourceID: "a48",
name: "Cadmium",
description: "Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report) and CIAAW. The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/",
url: "http://www.ciaaw.org/cadmium.htm",
licenseURL: "http://www.ciaaw.org/bylaws.htm",
anid: 2292429
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
sourceName: "Jefferson Lab, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "jlab48",
name: "Cadmium",
description: "Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/",
url: "https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele048.html",
licenseNote: "Please see citation and linking information: https://education.jlab.org/faq/index.html",
licenseURL: "https://www.jlab.org/privacy-and-security-notice",
anid: 507110
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
sourceName: "Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "lanl48",
name: "Cadmium",
description: "The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.",
url: "https://periodic.lanl.gov/48.shtml",
anid: 507228
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
sourceName: "NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory",
sourceID: "e48",
name: "Cadmium",
description: "The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Elements/elInfo.pl?element=48",
licenseURL: "https://www.nist.gov/pml/database-disclaimer",
anid: 2292665
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
sourceName: "PubChem Elements",
sourceID: "48",
name: "Cd",
description: "The element property data was retrieved from publications.",
anid: 7660049
},
{
referenceNumber: 7,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "48",
name: "Cadmium",
description: "This section provides all form of data related to element Cadmium.",
anid: 694341
}
]
}
},
{
record: {
recordType: "AtomicNumber",
recordNumber: 49,
recordTitle: "Indium",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01022.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Indium"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Indium"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
description: "Element symbol, Also called atomic symbol, typically consists of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet derived from the element name in one of several languages.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "In"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "In"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "InChI=1S/In"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI Key",
description: "International Chemical Identifier hash (InChIKey) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI Key",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "APFVFJFRJDLVQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "114.818(1)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "114.818"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "114.8"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "114.818(1)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wavefunctions called orbitals, according to the Pauli principle. From one configuration several states with different multiplicities may result.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01248.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[Kr]5s24d105p1",
markup: [
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start: 6,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
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{
start: 9,
length: 2,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 13,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Electron Configuration",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "[Cd]5p"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Radius",
description: "Atomic radius is the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell containing electrons.",
url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_radius",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 5,
name: "Van der Waals Atomic Radius",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "193 pm (Van der Waals)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Empirical Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"J.C. Slater, J Chem Phys, 1964, 41(10), 3199-3205. DOI:10.1063/1.1725697"
],
value: {
number: [
155
],
unit: "pm (Empirical)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Covalent Atomic Radius",
reference: [
"B. Cordero, V. Gómez, A.E. Platero-Prats, M. Revés, J. Echeverría, E. Cremades, F. Barragán, S. Alvarez, Dalton Trans. 2008, 21, 2832-2838. DOI:10.1039/b801115j PMID:18478144."
],
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "142(5) pm (Covalent)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Oxidation States",
description: "Oxidation state gives the degree of oxidation of an atom in terms of counting electrons.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/O/O04365.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "+3"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "3, 2, 1, −1, −2, −5 (an amphoteric oxide)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ground Level",
description: "Also called ground-state level. The ground state electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom with lower energy levels.",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/ASD/Html/iehelp.html#IEGROUNDLEV",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ground Level",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "2P°1/2",
markup: [
{
start: 0,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 3,
length: 3,
type: "Subscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Ionization Energy",
description: "Ionization energy is the minimum energy required to eject an electron out of a neutral atom or molecule in its ground state.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/I/I03199.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "5.786 eV"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Ionization Energy",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "5.7863557 eV"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electronegativity",
description: "The concept electronegativity was introduced by L. Pauling as the power of an atom to attract electrons to itself.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01990",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Pauling Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"A.L. Allred, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 1961, 17(3-4), 215-221. DOI:10.1016/0022-1902(61)80142-5"
],
value: {
number: [
1.78
],
unit: "(Pauling Scale)"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Allen Scale Electronegativity",
reference: [
"L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1989, 111, 9003. DOI:10.1021/ja00207a003; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek and L.C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 2780. DOI:10.1021/ja992866e; J.B. Mann, T.L. Meek, E.T. Knight, J.F. Capitani and L.C Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 5132. DOI:10.1021/ja9928677"
],
value: {
number: [
1.656
],
unit: "(Allen Scale)"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Affinity",
description: "Electron affinity refers to energy required to detach an electron from the singly charged negative ion.",
url: "http://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E01977",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.T Myers, J. Chem. Edu., 1990, 67(4), 307. DOI:10.1021/ed067p307"
],
value: {
number: [
0.3
],
unit: "eV"
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
name: "Electron Affinity",
reference: [
"R.J. Zollweg, J. Chem. Phys., 1969, 50, 4251. DOI:10.1063/1.1670890"
],
value: {
number: [
0.2
],
unit: "eV"
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Spectra",
description: "Atomic and ionic spectral lines originate from specified electronic transitions between energy levels of atoms and ions, respectively.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00502.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/lines_hold.pl?el=In",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Lines Holdings"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Spectra",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/levels_hold.pl?el=In",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Levels Holdings"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Physical Description",
description: "Physical description, also know as physical characteristics, refers to physical appearance of element substances.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Solid"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Classification",
description: "Elements can be classified few groups according to each element's chemical properties.",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Metal"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Period Number",
description: "The element period number refers to a horizontal row of the periodic table. The periodic table has 7 periods.",
url: "https://www.britannica.com/science/periodic-table-of-the-elements/The-periodic-table#ref80835",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "5"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
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{
string: "95.959323 ± 0.000537 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "96.949340 ± 0.00043 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "97.942140 ± 0.00032 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "97.942140 ± 0.00032 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "98.934110 ± 0.00032 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "98.934110 ± 0.00032 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "99.930957180 ± 0.000195942"
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{
string: "100.926340 ± 0.00021 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "100.926340 ± 0.00021 [Estimated]"
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{
string: "101.924105916 ± 0.000004909"
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{
string: "102.919878613 ± 0.000010332"
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{
string: "102.919878613 ± 0.000010332"
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{
string: "103.918214540 ± 0.0000062"
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{
string: "103.918214540 ± 0.0000062"
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{
string: "104.914502324 ± 0.000011"
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{
string: "104.914502324 ± 0.000011"
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{
string: "105.913463603 ± 0.000013125"
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{
string: "105.913463603 ± 0.000013125"
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{
string: "106.910290071 ± 0.000011943"
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{
string: "106.910290071 ± 0.000011943"
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{
string: "107.909693655 ± 0.000009276"
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{
string: "107.909693655 ± 0.000009276"
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{
string: "108.907149685 ± 0.000004261"
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{
string: "108.907149685 ± 0.000004261"
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{
string: "108.907149685 ± 0.000004261"
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{
string: "109.907170665 ± 0.000012402"
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{
string: "109.907170665 ± 0.000012402"
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{
string: "110.905107233 ± 0.000003675"
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{
string: "110.905107233 ± 0.000003675"
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{
string: "111.905538704 ± 0.000004563"
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{
string: "111.905538704 ± 0.000004563"
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{
string: "111.905538704 ± 0.000004563"
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{
string: "111.905538704 ± 0.000004563"
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{
string: "112.904060448 ± 0.000000202"
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{
string: "112.904060448 ± 0.000000202"
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{
string: "113.904916402 ± 0.000000323"
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{
string: "113.904916402 ± 0.000000323"
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{
string: "113.904916402 ± 0.000000323"
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{
string: "113.904916402 ± 0.000000323"
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{
string: "114.903878773 ± 0.000000012"
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{
string: "114.903878773 ± 0.000000012"
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{
string: "115.905259992 ± 0.000000236"
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{
string: "115.905259992 ± 0.000000236"
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{
string: "115.905259992 ± 0.000000236"
},
{
string: "116.904515712 ± 0.000005239"
},
{
string: "116.904515712 ± 0.000005239"
},
{
string: "117.906356659 ± 0.000008322"
},
{
string: "117.906356659 ± 0.000008322"
},
{
string: "117.906356659 ± 0.000008322"
},
{
string: "118.905850944 ± 0.000007844"
},
{
string: "118.905850944 ± 0.000007844"
},
{
string: "118.905850944 ± 0.000007844"
},
{
string: "118.905850944 ± 0.000007844"
},
{
string: "119.907966805 ± 0.000042952"
},
{
string: "119.907966805 ± 0.000042952"
},
{
string: "119.907966805 ± 0.000042952"
},
{
string: "120.907851286 ± 0.00002943"
},
{
string: "120.907851286 ± 0.00002943"
},
{
string: "120.907851286 ± 0.00002943"
},
{
string: "121.910280966 ± 0.000053738"
},
{
string: "121.910280966 ± 0.000053738"
},
{
string: "121.910280966 ± 0.000053738"
},
{
string: "122.910433826 ± 0.000021285"
},
{
string: "122.910433826 ± 0.000021285"
},
{
string: "122.910433826 ± 0.000021285"
},
{
string: "122.910433826 ± 0.000021285"
},
{
string: "123.913182263 ± 0.00003282"
},
{
string: "123.913182263 ± 0.00003282"
},
{
string: "124.913604591 ± 0.00002901"
},
{
string: "124.913604591 ± 0.00002901"
},
{
string: "124.913604591 ± 0.00002901"
},
{
string: "124.913604591 ± 0.00002901"
},
{
string: "125.916507344 ± 0.000028901"
},
{
string: "125.916507344 ± 0.000028901"
},
{
string: "125.916507344 ± 0.000028901"
},
{
string: "126.917448546 ± 0.000022713"
},
{
string: "126.917448546 ± 0.000022713"
},
{
string: "126.917448546 ± 0.000022713"
},
{
string: "126.917448546 ± 0.000022713"
},
{
string: "127.920401053 ± 0.000164766"
},
{
string: "127.920401053 ± 0.000164766"
},
{
string: "127.920401053 ± 0.000164766"
},
{
string: "128.921805486 ± 0.000002891"
},
{
string: "128.921805486 ± 0.000002891"
},
{
string: "128.921805486 ± 0.000002891"
},
{
string: "128.921805486 ± 0.000002891"
},
{
string: "128.921805486 ± 0.000002891"
},
{
string: "129.924977288 ± 0.000040844"
},
{
string: "129.924977288 ± 0.000040844"
},
{
string: "129.924977288 ± 0.000040844"
},
{
string: "129.924977288 ± 0.000040844"
},
{
string: "130.926972122 ± 0.0000029"
},
{
string: "130.926972122 ± 0.0000029"
},
{
string: "130.926972122 ± 0.0000029"
},
{
string: "130.926972122 ± 0.0000029"
},
{
string: "131.932998449 ± 0.000064447"
},
{
string: "132.938310 ± 0.00021 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "132.938310 ± 0.00021 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "133.944540 ± 0.00032 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "134.950050 ± 0.00043 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "135.956511 ± 0.000429 [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "136.962383 ± 0.000537 [Estimated]"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Half Life and Uncertainty",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "1 ms ± >400ns [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "50 ms ± 30"
},
{
string: "37 ms ± 5"
},
{
string: "1.01 s ± 0.13"
},
{
string: "3.1 s ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "1 s [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "5.83 s ± 0.17"
},
{
string: "15.1 s ± 1.1"
},
{
string: "10 s [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "23.3 s ± 0.1"
},
{
string: "60 s ± 1"
},
{
string: "34 s ± 2"
},
{
string: "1.80 m ± 0.03"
},
{
string: "15.7 s ± 0.5"
},
{
string: "5.07 m ± 0.07"
},
{
string: "48 s ± 6"
},
{
string: "6.2 m ± 0.1"
},
{
string: "5.2 m ± 0.1"
},
{
string: "32.4 m ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "50.4 s ± 0.6"
},
{
string: "58.0 m ± 1.2"
},
{
string: "39.6 m ± 0.7"
},
{
string: "4.167 h ± 0.018"
},
{
string: "1.34 m ± 0.07"
},
{
string: "209 ms ± 6"
},
{
string: "4.92 h ± 0.08"
},
{
string: "69.1 m ± 0.5"
},
{
string: "2.806 d ± 0.0007"
},
{
string: "7.7 m ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "14.88 m ± 0.15"
},
{
string: "20.67 m ± 0.08"
},
{
string: "690 ns ± 50"
},
{
string: "2.81 us ± 0.03"
},
{
string: "Stable"
},
{
string: "1.657 h ± 0.0004"
},
{
string: "71.9 s ± 0.1"
},
{
string: "49.51 d ± 0.01"
},
{
string: "43.1 ms ± 0.6"
},
{
string: "4.3 ns ± 0.4"
},
{
string: "441 Ty ± 25"
},
{
string: "4.486 h ± 0.004"
},
{
string: "14.10 s ± 0.03"
},
{
string: "54.29 m ± 0.17"
},
{
string: "2.18 s ± 0.04"
},
{
string: "43.2 m ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "116.2 m ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "5.0 s ± 0.5"
},
{
string: "4.364 m ± 0.007"
},
{
string: "8.5 s ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "2.4 m ± 0.1"
},
{
string: "18.0 m ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "130 ns ± 15"
},
{
string: "240 ns ± 25"
},
{
string: "3.08 s ± 0.08"
},
{
string: "46.2 s ± 0.8"
},
{
string: "47.3 s ± 0.5"
},
{
string: "23.1 s ± 0.6"
},
{
string: "3.88 m ± 0.10"
},
{
string: "17 us ± 2"
},
{
string: "1.5 s ± 0.3"
},
{
string: "10.3 s ± 0.6"
},
{
string: "10.8 s ± 0.4"
},
{
string: "6.17 s ± 0.05"
},
{
string: "47.4 s ± 0.4"
},
{
string: "1.4 us ± 0.2"
},
{
string: ">100 us"
},
{
string: "3.12 s ± 0.09"
},
{
string: "3.7 s ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "2.36 s ± 0.04"
},
{
string: "12.2 s ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "9.4 us ± 0.6"
},
{
string: "5.0 ms ± 1.5"
},
{
string: "1.53 s ± 0.01"
},
{
string: "1.64 s ± 0.05"
},
{
string: "22 us ± 2"
},
{
string: "1.09 s ± 0.01"
},
{
string: "3.67 s ± 0.04"
},
{
string: "1.04 s ± 0.10"
},
{
string: "9 us ± 2"
},
{
string: "816 ms ± 27"
},
{
string: "720 ms ± 100"
},
{
string: "23 us ± 2"
},
{
string: "570 ms ± 10"
},
{
string: "1.23 s ± 0.03"
},
{
string: "11.2 us ± 0.2"
},
{
string: "670 ms ± 100"
},
{
string: "110 ms ± 15"
},
{
string: "284 ms ± 10"
},
{
string: "540 ms ± 10"
},
{
string: "540 ms ± 10"
},
{
string: "5.3 us ± 0.4"
},
{
string: "261 ms ± 3"
},
{
string: "350 ms ± 50"
},
{
string: "320 ms ± 60"
},
{
string: "669 ns ± 34"
},
{
string: "198 ms ± 2"
},
{
string: "165 ms ± 3"
},
{
string: "180 ms [Estimated]"
},
{
string: "140 ms ± 4"
},
{
string: "101 ms ± 4"
},
{
string: "86 ms ± 9"
},
{
string: "70 ms ± 40"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Discovery Year",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "2016"
},
{
string: "2011"
},
{
string: "1994"
},
{
string: "2001"
},
{
string: "1994"
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: "1982"
},
{
string: "1988"
},
{
string: ""
},
{
string: "1981"
},
{
string: "1978"
},
{
string: "1988"
},
{
string: "1977"
},
{
string: "1988"
},
{
string: "1975"
},
{
string: "1975"
},
{
string: "1962"
},
{
string: "1966"
},
{
string: "1949"
},
{
string: "1973"
},
{
string: "1949"
},
{
string: "1955"
},
{
string: "1948"
},
{
string: "1966"
},
{
string: "1963"
},
{
string: "1939"
},
{
string: "1962"
},
{
string: "1947"
},
{
string: "1966"
},
{
string: "1947"
},
{
string: "1953"
},
{
string: "1976"
},
{
string: "1976"
},
{
string: "1934"
},
{
string: "1939"
},
{
string: "1937"
},
{
string: "1939"
},
{
string: "1958"
},
{
string: "1975"
},
{
string: "1924"
},
{
string: "1961"
},
{
string: "1937"
},
{
string: "1945"
},
{
string: "1950"
},
{
string: "1937"
},
{
string: "1940"
},
{
string: "1949"
},
{
string: "1964"
},
{
string: "1969"
},
{
string: "1949"
},
{
string: "1973"
},
{
string: "1974"
},
{
string: "2002"
},
{
string: "1958"
},
{
string: "1960"
},
{
string: "1960"
},
{
string: "1960"
},
{
string: "1974"
},
{
string: "2010"
},
{
string: "1963"
},
{
string: "1979"
},
{
string: "1979"
},
{
string: "1960"
},
{
string: "1960"
},
{
string: "2004"
},
{
string: "2010"
},
{
string: "1964"
},
{
string: "1974"
},
{
string: "1967"
},
{
string: "1974"
},
{
string: "1998"
},
{
string: "1998"
},
{
string: "1974"
},
{
string: "1970"
},
{
string: "2003"
},
{
string: "1975"
},
{
string: "1974"
},
{
string: "2004"
},
{
string: "2004"
},
{
string: "1975"
},
{
string: "1986"
},
{
string: "1988"
},
{
string: "1975"
},
{
string: "1976"
},
{
string: "2003"
},
{
string: "2004"
},
{
string: "2004"
},
{
string: "1973"
},
{
string: "1973"
},
{
string: "1986"
},
{
string: "2003"
},
{
string: "1976"
},
{
string: "1984"
},
{
string: "1984"
},
{
string: "2009"
},
{
string: "1973"
},
{
string: "1996"
},
{
string: "1996"
},
{
string: "1996"
},
{
string: "2002"
},
{
string: "2015"
},
{
string: "2015"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
name: "Decay Modes, Intensities and Uncertainties [%]",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "β+ ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%; p ?; β+p ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 15,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%; β+p=5.6±0.3%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%; β+p=19±0.2%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%; β+p=0.9±0.4%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+ ?; IT ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%; β+p=1.64±2.4%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%; β+p=?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=95%[Estimated]; IT=5%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%; β+p=0.0093±1.3%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=67%; IT=33%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=80%; β+=20%",
markup: [
{
start: 9,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=?; β+=25%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 7,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100[gs=100,m=0]"
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β+=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "ε=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β+=57.4±4.8%; β-=42.6±4.8%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 15,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IS=4.29±0.5%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=99.50±1.5%; β+=0.50±1.5%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 16,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=96.75±2.4%; β+=3.25±2.4%",
markup: [
{
start: 16,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100[gs=0,m=100]"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IS=95.71±0.5%; β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 16,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=95.0±0.7%; β-=5.0±0.7%",
markup: [
{
start: 15,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-≈100%; ε=0.0237±4.3%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100[gs=0,m=100]"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=52.9±1.5%; IT=47.1±1.5%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=98.6 3[gs=0,m=98.6]; β-=1.4±0.3%",
markup: [
{
start: 25,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=95.6%; IT=4.4%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=98.8±0.2%; IT=1.2±0.2%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-≈100%; IT ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n<0.03%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=0.69±0.4%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=1%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=0.038±0.3%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=0.23±0.7%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-≈100%; IT<0.3%; β-n=3.6±0.4%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 19,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-≈100%; IT ?",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT≈100%; β- ?",
markup: [
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=0.93±1.3%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=1.65±1.5%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=1.65±1.5%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=2.2±0.3%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-≈100%; β-n<2.0±0.3%; IT<0.018%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β->99%; β-n=0.028±0.5%; IT<1%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 9,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT=100%"
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=6.3±0.9%; β-2n=0%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 24,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=85±1%; β-2n=0.4%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 21,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "IT ?; β- ?",
markup: [
{
start: 7,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=65%; β-2n<4%",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 19,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β- ?; β-n=90%[Estimated]; β-2n=8%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 7,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 27,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=0%[Estimated]; β-2n=90%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 29,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
},
{
string: "β-=100%; β-n=0%[Estimated]; β-2n=90%[Estimated]",
markup: [
{
start: 1,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 10,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
},
{
start: 29,
length: 1,
type: "Superscript"
}
]
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
}
],
reference: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "PubChem",
description: "Data deposited in or computed by PubChem",
url: "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"
},
{
referenceNumber: 2,
sourceName: "Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)",
sourceID: "e49",
name: "In",
description: "The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.",
url: "https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/",
anid: 6590276
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
sourceName: "Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)",
sourceID: "a49",
name: "Indium",
description: "Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report) and CIAAW. The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/",
url: "http://www.ciaaw.org/indium.htm",
licenseURL: "http://www.ciaaw.org/bylaws.htm",
anid: 2292430
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
sourceName: "Jefferson Lab, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "jlab49",
name: "Indium",
description: "Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/",
url: "https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele049.html",
licenseNote: "Please see citation and linking information: https://education.jlab.org/faq/index.html",
licenseURL: "https://www.jlab.org/privacy-and-security-notice",
anid: 507111
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
sourceName: "Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy",
sourceID: "lanl49",
name: "Indium",
description: "The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.",
url: "https://periodic.lanl.gov/49.shtml",
anid: 507229
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
sourceName: "NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory",
sourceID: "e49",
name: "Indium",
description: "The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database",
url: "https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Elements/elInfo.pl?element=49",
licenseURL: "https://www.nist.gov/pml/database-disclaimer",
anid: 2292666
},
{
referenceNumber: 8,
sourceName: "PubChem Elements",
sourceID: "49",
name: "In",
description: "The element property data was retrieved from publications.",
anid: 7660050
},
{
referenceNumber: 7,
sourceName: "PubChem",
sourceID: "49",
name: "Indium",
description: "This section provides all form of data related to element Indium.",
anid: 694342
}
]
}
},
{
record: {
recordType: "AtomicNumber",
recordNumber: 50,
recordTitle: "Tin",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Identifiers",
description: "Element names and identifiers, inluding atomic symbol, InChI string and InChI key.",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Element Name",
description: "Element name refers to a formal name for a given elemnt originating from factors such as common usage and the person or place involved in its discovery. Element, also called chemical element, refers to a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01022.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Tin"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Name",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Tin"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Element Symbol",
description: "Element symbol, Also called atomic symbol, typically consists of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet derived from the element name in one of several languages.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00503.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Sn"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Element Symbol",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "Sn"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI",
description: "International Chemical Identifier (InChI) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "InChI=1S/Sn"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "InChI Key",
description: "International Chemical Identifier hash (InChIKey) computed from chemical structure using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) standard.",
url: "http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/e-resources/inchi.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 1,
name: "InChI Key",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N"
}
]
}
}
]
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Properties",
description: "Element property refers to a set of data elements common to a set of particular properties, including atomic number, atomic mass, density, melting point, boiling point etc.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04883.html",
section: [
{
tocHeading: "Atomic Weight",
description: "Also called relative atomic mass, is the ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The Standard atomic weights refer to recommended values of relative atomic masses of the elements revised biennially by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances and applicable to elements in any normal sample with a high level of confidence. The number in the parenthesis refers to an uncertainty when exist. The unit of atomic weight is [u] or [da], means unified atomic mass unit or dalton.",
url: "https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/R/R05258.html",
information: [
{
referenceNumber: 3,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "118.710(7)"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 4,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "118.710"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 5,
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "118.7"
}
]
}
},
{
referenceNumber: 6,
name: "Atomic Weight",
value: {
stringWithMarkup: [
{
string: "118.710(7)"
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
tocHeading: "Electron Configuration",
description: "The electron configuration refers a distribution of the electrons of an atom or a molecular entity over a set of one-electron wa